Relevant bibliographies by topics / Regressive development

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Regressive development'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 June 2025
Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Regressive development"

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Baird, Sarah, Craig McIntosh, and Berk Özler. "The regressive demands of demand-driven development." Journal of Public Economics 106 (October 2013): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.07.002.

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Tchernev, Georgi, and Ivanka Temelkova. "Primary Regressive, But Metastasizing Melanoma!?" Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 5 (2019): 893–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.048.

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BACKGROUND: Cases of regressive melanomas represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge because time intervals between the presence of the primary tumour formation, the metastasis and the involution of the primary tumour may intertwine or occur at different times. The regression of cutaneous melanomas does not necessarily guarantee prevention from the development of locoregional or distant metastases. There are cases in which the prognosis of patients with the development of subsequent metastasis within regressive melanomas may be better depending on the number and location of metastases.
 CASE REPORT: We are presenting a 42-year-old patient with two timed removals of enlarged inguinal lymph nodes within one year, as the subsequent histological examination identified histopathological data for metastasis of melanoma. BRAF testing was positive for BRAF mutation. Within the anamnesis, it was further clear that the patient had an irritated melanocytic lesion in the lateral right thigh area, which over the time disappeared and shortly after that, the enlargement of locoregional lymph nodes has been noted.
 CONCLUSION: In the presented case prognosis and therapeutic options for treatment of patients with regression melanomas and subsequent development of lymph node metastasis have been discussed. Currently, there is no consentaneous opinion on the applicability of the early adjuvant therapy with targeted therapies or immunotherapy in patients with regressive and non-regressive type melanomas. We suggest and share the idea that early adjuvant therapy may be beneficial generally in patients with stage III melanomas.
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Kato, Junko, and Seiki Tanaka. "Human development without democratic accountability: how regressive taxation contributes to human development through state capacity." Japanese Journal of Political Science 19, no. 3 (2018): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109918000233.

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AbstractState revenue production since the third wave of democratization contrasts sharply with the experiences of the first and second waves of democratization. The late democratizers tend to adopt and raise revenue from a regressive tax on consumption (the value-added tax: VAT), which is more compatible with economic development in global markets but is considered as unequal taxation. How does the weak redistributive (i.e., regressive) effect of this form of taxation affect the welfare of people? We build on the conventional wisdom that democratic accountability through multiparty contestation improves human development. Focused on taxation, we argue that an increasing state financial capacity contributes to an increase in human development, even when electoral contestation is absent. Empirical analyses employed a reduction in infant mortality as an indicator for the improvement of human development and demonstrate the counter-intuitive effect of the VAT on human development. Despite the effect of weak redistribution, the VAT contributes to human development in countries with less democratic accountability. The results also show that the state's financial capacity to secure tax compliance, rather than a mere increase in tax revenue, intervenes critically in such development in countries since the third wave. We conclude that the increased state financial capacity with regressive taxation is expected to promote human development in newly emerging democratic states.
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Shabrina, Tiara, Joko Adianto, and Rossa Turpuk Gabe. "Regressive Incremental Housing Development in Kampung Muka, North Jakarta." International Journal of Architectonic, Spatial, and Environmental Design 15, no. 2 (2021): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2325-1662/cgp/v15i02/81-95.

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Phillips, Jonathan D. "Progressive and Regressive Pedogenesis and Complex Soil Evolution." Quaternary Research 40, no. 2 (1993): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1069.

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AbstractThe simultaneous operation of regressive and progressive pedogenetic pathways raises the possibility that soil evolution may exhibit patterns far richer and more complex than increasing development over time. This possibility is explored via a numerical model incorporating the relative rates of progressive and regressive pedogenesis and feedbacks between these rates and the degree of soil development. This model may exhibit deterministic chaos and sensitive dependence on initial conditions with realistic parameter values. Variations in profile development in a region of the North Carolina Coastal Plain where soil-forming factors are relatively constant is consistent with deterministic chaos. Chaotic soil evolution suggests that soil development may reflect the interplay between progressive and regressive soil-forming processes in addition to—or instead of—the age of a surface or deposit. The former may produce a state of development which is unique to a particular time, sensitively dependent on the (unknown) initial conditions, and not simply related to age. Soils and their genetic signatures as indicators of relative ages and Quaternary environments may need to be reinterpreted in this light.
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Firth, Callum R., David E. Smith, James D. Hansom, and Stephen G. Pearson. "Holocene spit development on a regressive shoreline, Dornoch Firth, Scotland." Marine Geology 124, no. 1-4 (1995): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(95)00041-v.

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Nixdorf-Bergweiler, B. E., E. Wallhäusser-Franke, and T. J. Devoogd. "Regressive development in neuronal structure during song learning in birds." Journal of Neurobiology 27, no. 2 (1995): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.480270207.

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Finlay, Barbara L., Kenneth C. Wikler, and Dale R. Sengelaub. "Regressive Events in Brain Development and Scenarios for Vertebrate Brain Evolution." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 30, no. 1-2 (1987): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000118640.

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Ozonoff, Sally, Brenda J. Williams, and Rebecca Landa. "Parental report of the early development of children with regressive autism." Autism 9, no. 5 (2005): 461–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361305057880.

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Chowdhury, S., M. Rahman, N. M. Zayed, K. B. M. Rajibul Hasan, and V. Nitsenko. "The impact of financial development on accelerating the environmental degradation in Bangladesh." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-2/102.

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Purpose. To examine long-run and short-run effects of industrial financial development on carbon emissions in Bangladesh. Methodology. The auto-regressive distributed lag model was implemented on the data collected from 1976 to 2020 to exhibit cointegration in regression form. Traditional unit roots as well as the Zivot-Andrews structural break test was conducted for investigating a significant single-break. The auto-regressive distributed lag model (ARDL) model approved long-run cointegration having a structural break in this study. Findings. The results conclude that energy consumption triggers carbon emissions with a significant effect on short and long-run models but financial development has no significant effect on environmental degradation. A considerable U-shape Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is observed at the nexus of carbon emissions and economic growth. Originality. The current study proposed to contribute to the existing literature by assessing the effects of financial development, economic growth, and energy consumption on environmental degradation in Bangladesh using modern econometric methodologies. Practical value. The results obtained will be useful to scientists, economists and practitioners dealing with economic and environmental development of different industries.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Regressive development"

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Liu, Xi. "Some new developments for quantile regression." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/16204.

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Quantile regression (QR) (Koenker and Bassett, 1978), as a comprehensive extension to standard mean regression, has been steadily promoted from both theoretical and applied aspects. Bayesian quantile regression (BQR), which deals with unknown parameter estimation and model uncertainty, is a newly proposed tool of QR. This thesis aims to make some novel contributions to the following three issues related to QR. First, whereas QR for continuous responses has received much attention in literatures, QR for discrete responses has received far less attention. Second, conventional QR methods often show that QR curves crossing lead to invalid distributions for the response. In particular, given a set of covariates, it may turn out, for example, that the predicted 95th percentile of the response is smaller than the 90th percentile for some values of the covariates. Third, mean-based clustering methods are widely developed, but need improvements to deal with clustering extreme-type, heavy tailed-type or outliers problems. This thesis focuses on methods developed over these three challenges: modelling quantile regression with discrete responses, ensuring non-crossing quantile curves for any given sample and modelling tails for collinear data with outliers. The main contributions are listed as below: * The first challenge is studied in Chapter 2, in which a general method for Bayesian inference of regression models beyond the mean with discrete responses is developed. In particular, this method is developed for both Bayesian quantile regression and Bayesian expectile regression. This method provides a direct Bayesian approach to these regression models with a simple and intuitive interpretation of the regression results. The posterior distribution under this approach is shown to not only be coherent to the response variable, irrespective of its true distribution, but also proper in relation to improper priors for unknown model parameters. * Chapter 3 investigates a new kernel-weighted likelihood smoothing quantile regression method. The likelihood is based on a normal scale-mixture representation of an asymmetric Laplace distribution (ALD). This approach benefits of the same good design adaptation just as the local quantile regression (Spokoiny et al., 2014) does and ensures non-crossing quantile curves for any given sample. * In Chapter 4, we introduce an asymmetric Laplace distribution to model the response variable using profile regression, a Bayesian non-parametric model for clustering responses and covariates simultaneously. This development allows us to model more accurately for clusters which are asymmetric and predict more accurately for extreme values of the response variable and/or outliers. In addition to the three major aforementioned challenges, this thesis also addresses other important issues such as smoothing extreme quantile curves and avoiding insensitive to heteroscedastic errors as well as outliers in the response variable. The performances of all the three developments are evaluated via both simulation studies and real data analysis.
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Zhu, Meidong. "Development and regression of the human hyaloid system." Thesis, Sydney Medical School, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14472.

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Woolmore, Ashley. "Regression periods in infancy and maternal post-natal depression." Thesis, Open University, 1998. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54154/.

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van de Rijt-Plooij & Plooij (1992) have found periods of 'regressive behaviour' (Regression Periods), which accompany developmental transitions in infancy. In fullterm normal infants these periods occur at specific ages. The present study had two central aims. Firstly, to see if the Plooijs' finding of Regression Periods at 12, 17 and 26 weeks postpartum could be replicated. Secondly, to investigate the relationship between the length of Regression Periods for a control group of participants and a group of participants at heightened risk of developing insecure mother-infant attachment: mothers presenting with symptoms of post-natal depression. Forty-five mother-infant dyads participated in this prospective, longitudinal study. After seeing mothers at home, they were interviewed weekly, for approximately 15 weeks, about specific infant behaviours and their reactions to their infant. Following two types of manipulation of the data, Regression Periods for control group participants were detected at weeks 12, 16,20 and 24, whereas for participants in the post-natal depression group, Regression Periods were detected at weeks 14, 17 and 25, supporting the Plooijs' findings. Regression Periods were longer in the post-natal depression group. Depressed mothers were also less flexible in their mothering style, measured on the Facilitators & Regulators questionnaire. Based on the findings of this study, the development of insecure attachment is discussed. A clinical implication of this work is that information about Regression Periods could be made available to new-mothers, using Regression Period knowledge to focus on the prevention of insecure attachment.
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Fréchette, Luc A. "Development of urban traffic models using a Bayesian regression approach." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22112.pdf.

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Ranganai, Edmore. "Aspects of model development using regression quantiles and elemental regressions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18668.

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Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is well known that ordinary least squares (OLS) procedures are sensitive to deviations from the classical Gaussian assumptions (outliers) as well as data aberrations in the design space. The two major data aberrations in the design space are collinearity and high leverage. Leverage points can also induce or hide collinearity in the design space. Such leverage points are referred to as collinearity influential points. As a consequence, over the years, many diagnostic tools to detect these anomalies as well as alternative procedures to counter them were developed. To counter deviations from the classical Gaussian assumptions many robust procedures have been proposed. One such class of procedures is the Koenker and Bassett (1978) Regressions Quantiles (RQs), which are natural extensions of order statistics, to the linear model. RQs can be found as solutions to linear programming problems (LPs). The basic optimal solutions to these LPs (which are RQs) correspond to elemental subset (ES) regressions, which consist of subsets of minimum size to estimate the necessary parameters of the model. On the one hand, some ESs correspond to RQs. On the other hand, in the literature it is shown that many OLS statistics (estimators) are related to ES regression statistics (estimators). Therefore there is an inherent relationship amongst the three sets of procedures. The relationship between the ES procedure and the RQ one, has been noted almost “casually” in the literature while the latter has been fairly widely explored. Using these existing relationships between the ES procedure and the OLS one as well as new ones, collinearity, leverage and outlier problems in the RQ scenario were investigated. Also, a lasso procedure was proposed as variable selection technique in the RQ scenario and some tentative results were given for it. These results are promising. Single case diagnostics were considered as well as their relationships to multiple case ones. In particular, multiple cases of the minimum size to estimate the necessary parameters of the model, were considered, corresponding to a RQ (ES). In this way regression diagnostics were developed for both ESs and RQs. The main problems that affect RQs adversely are collinearity and leverage due to the nature of the computational procedures and the fact that RQs’ influence functions are unbounded in the design space but bounded in the response variable. As a consequence of this, RQs have a high affinity for leverage points and a high exclusion rate of outliers. The influential picture exhibited in the presence of both leverage points and outliers is the net result of these two antagonistic forces. Although RQs are bounded in the response variable (and therefore fairly robust to outliers), outlier diagnostics were also considered in order to have a more holistic picture. The investigations used comprised analytic means as well as simulation. Furthermore, applications were made to artificial computer generated data sets as well as standard data sets from the literature. These revealed that the ES based statistics can be used to address problems arising in the RQ scenario to some degree of success. However, due to the interdependence between the different aspects, viz. the one between leverage and collinearity and the one between leverage and outliers, “solutions” are often dependent on the particular situation. In spite of this complexity, the research did produce some fairly general guidelines that can be fruitfully used in practice.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is bekend dat die gewone kleinste kwadraat (KK) prosedures sensitief is vir afwykings vanaf die klassieke Gaussiese aannames (uitskieters) asook vir data afwykings in die ontwerpruimte. Twee tipes afwykings van belang in laasgenoemde geval, is kollinearitiet en punte met hoë hefboom waarde. Laasgenoemde punte kan ook kollineariteit induseer of versteek in die ontwerp. Na sodanige punte word verwys as kollinêre hefboom punte. Oor die jare is baie diagnostiese hulpmiddels ontwikkel om hierdie afwykings te identifiseer en om alternatiewe prosedures daarteen te ontwikkel. Om afwykings vanaf die Gaussiese aanname teen te werk, is heelwat robuuste prosedures ontwikkel. Een sodanige klas van prosedures is die Koenker en Bassett (1978) Regressie Kwantiele (RKe), wat natuurlike uitbreidings is van rangorde statistieke na die lineêre model. RKe kan bepaal word as oplossings van lineêre programmeringsprobleme (LPs). Die basiese optimale oplossings van hierdie LPs (wat RKe is) kom ooreen met die elementale deelversameling (ED) regressies, wat bestaan uit deelversamelings van minimum grootte waarmee die parameters van die model beraam kan word. Enersyds geld dat sekere EDs ooreenkom met RKe. Andersyds, uit die literatuur is dit bekend dat baie KK statistieke (beramers) verwant is aan ED regressie statistieke (beramers). Dit impliseer dat daar dus ‘n inherente verwantskap is tussen die drie klasse van prosedures. Die verwantskap tussen die ED en die ooreenkomstige RK prosedures is redelik “terloops” van melding gemaak in die literatuur, terwyl laasgenoemde prosedures redelik breedvoerig ondersoek is. Deur gebruik te maak van bestaande verwantskappe tussen ED en KK prosedures, sowel as nuwes wat ontwikkel is, is kollineariteit, punte met hoë hefboom waardes en uitskieter probleme in die RK omgewing ondersoek. Voorts is ‘n lasso prosedure as veranderlike seleksie tegniek voorgestel in die RK situasie en is enkele tentatiewe resultate daarvoor gegee. Hierdie resultate blyk belowend te wees, veral ook vir verdere navorsing. Enkel geval diagnostiese tegnieke is beskou sowel as hul verwantskap met meervoudige geval tegnieke. In die besonder is veral meervoudige gevalle beskou wat van minimum grootte is om die parameters van die model te kan beraam, en wat ooreenkom met ‘n RK (ED). Met sodanige benadering is regressie diagnostiese tegnieke ontwikkel vir beide EDs en RKe. Die belangrikste probleme wat RKe negatief beinvloed, is kollineariteit en punte met hoë hefboom waardes agv die aard van die berekeningsprosedures en die feit dat RKe se invloedfunksies begrensd is in die ruimte van die afhanklike veranderlike, maar onbegrensd is in die ontwerpruimte. Gevolglik het RKe ‘n hoë affiniteit vir punte met hoë hefboom waardes en poog gewoonlik om uitskieters uit te sluit. Die finale uitset wat verkry word wanneer beide punte met hoë hefboom waardes en uitskieters voorkom, is dan die netto resultaat van hierdie twee teenstrydige pogings. Alhoewel RKe begrensd is in die onafhanklike veranderlike (en dus redelik robuust is tov uitskieters), is uitskieter diagnostiese tegnieke ook beskou om ‘n meer holistiese beeld te verkry. Die ondersoek het analitiese sowel as simulasie tegnieke gebruik. Voorts is ook gebruik gemaak van kunsmatige datastelle en standard datastelle uit die literatuur. Hierdie ondersoeke het getoon dat die ED gebaseerde statistieke met ‘n redelike mate van sukses gebruik kan word om probleme in die RK omgewing aan te spreek. Dit is egter belangrik om daarop te let dat as gevolg van die interafhanklikheid tussen kollineariteit en punte met hoë hefboom waardes asook dié tussen punte met hoë hefboom waardes en uitskieters, “oplossings” dikwels afhanklik is van die bepaalde situasie. Ten spyte van hierdie kompleksiteit, is op grond van die navorsing wat gedoen is, tog redelike algemene riglyne verkry wat nuttig in die praktyk gebruik kan word.
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Frechette, Luc A. Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Civil and Environmental. "Development of urban traffic models using a Bayesian regression approach." Ottawa, 1996.

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Fridgeirsdottir, Gudrun A. "The development of a multiple linear regression model for aiding formulation development of solid dispersions." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52176/.

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As poor solubility continues to be problem for new chemical entities (NCEs) in medicines development the use and interest in solid dispersions as a formulation-based solution has grown. Solid dispersions, where a drug is typically dispersed in a molecular state within an amorphous water-soluble polymer, present a good strategy to significantly enhance the effective drug solubility and hence bioavailability of drugs. The main drawback of this formulation strategy is the inherent instability of the amorphous form. With the right choice of polymer and manufacturing method, sufficient stability can be accomplished. However, finding the right combination of carrier and manufacturing method can be challenging, being labour, time and material costly. Therefore, a knowledge based support tool based upon a statistically significant data set to help with the formulation process would be of great value in the pharmaceutical industry. Here, 60 solid dispersion formulations were produced using ten, poorly soluble, chemically diverse APIs, three commonly used polymers and two manufacturing methods (spray drying and hot-melt extrusion). A long term stability study, up to one year, was performed on all formulations at accelerated conditions. Samples were regularly checked for the onset of crystallisation during the period, using mainly, polarised light microscopy. The stability data showed a large variance in stability between, methods, polymers and APIs. No obvious trends could be observed. Using statistical modelling, the experimental data in combination with calculated and predicted physicochemical properties of the APIs, several multiple linear regression (MLR) models were built. These had a good adjusted R2 and most showed good predictability in leave-one-out cross validations. Additionally, a validation on half of the models (eg. those based on spray-drying models) using an external dataset showed excellent predictability, with the correct ranking of formulations and accurate prediction of stability. In conclusion, this work has provided important insight into the complex correlations between the physical stability of amorphous solid dispersions and factors such as manufacturing method, carrier and properties of the API. Due to the expansive number of formulations studied here, which is far greater than previously published in the literature in a single study, more general conclusions can be drawn about these correlations than has previously been possible. This thesis has shown the potential of using well-founded statistical models in the formulation development of solid dispersion and given more insight into the complexity of these systems and how stability of these is dependent on multiple factors.
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Saadat, Huzaifa. "Design and development of an automated regression test suite for UEFI." Master's thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-159277.

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Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is an industry standard for implementing the basic firmware in the computers. This standard replaces BIOS. A huge amount of C code has been written for the implementation of UEFI. Yet there has been a very little focus on testing UEFI code. The thesis shows how the industry can perform a meaningful testing of UEFI. Spanning the test coverage with the help of test tools over all UEFI phases is a key objective. Moreover, techniques such as Test Driven Development and source code analysis are explained in terms of UEFI to make sure the bugs are minimized in the first place. The results show that the usage of test and analysis tools point to a large number of issues. Some of these issues can be fixed at a very early stage in the Software Development Life Cycle. For this reason the developers and testers should be convinced that they need to focus on testing UEFI from a software perspective.
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Ding, Eric J. (Eric Jaw-Torng). "Using ADL for regression test development in a distributed object environment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41381.

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Bergman, Linnea. "Progress or Regression? How Poverty and Development are Portrayed in Advertising." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22316.

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The aim of this paper is to show how organizations portray the developing world and development support in advertisements and how it relates to the criticism existing against development support. What messages are sent to the reader? Do the advertisements contradict the existing criticism against development support or do they reinforce stereotypes and prejudices?Four organizations are analyzed: the Red Cross; Save the Children; PLAN Sweden; and We Effect. The main focus is on their campaigns and outreaching work connected to these campaigns. The analysis is based on a qualitative discourse analysis of the material complemented by a semiotic approach.The developing world is presented as old-fashioned and out obsolete. The problems existing there are simplified and insufficient solutions are offered. Children are commonly occurring and often presented as the main receivers of the support even though the support is available for all ages. Women are over-represented, while men are rarely occurring. However, men are indirect portrayed as the perpetrators and thus the notion of men is present, presenting them as dangerous and irresponsible. The women on the other hand are associated with traditional work e.g. cleaning and sewing as well as caring about the family. Despite that the organizations work all over the world the pictures mainly show black women and children. Overall the developing world is depicted as dependent on others to reach positive development. Difference is accentuated, which could increase prejudices and stereotypes. It is mainly rural environment that is portrayed, which could be seen as depicting the development world as old-fashion and timeless. Positive images of Sweden are used while negative images of other places creating a huge gap between the readers and the people and places presented.
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Books on the topic "Regressive development"

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Iradian, Garbis. Rapid growth in transition economies: Panel regression approach. International Monetary Fund, 2007.

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M, Black Donald, ed. A symposium: Documenting regression of atherosclerosis : practical approaches in drug development. Excerpta Medica, 2002.

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James, Kim. Group regression and team development: Implications for the top team consultant. Cranfield University, 1997.

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National Seminar on the "Issues in Human Development" (2004 Allahabad, India). Human development, concept issues in the context of globalisation. Rawat Publications, 2006.

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Baddeley, Michelle. Running regressions: A practical introduction to OLS in economics, finance and development studies. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Sweden, Robert C. Van. Regression to dependence: A second opportunity for ego integration and developmental progression. J. Aronson, 1995.

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Ley, Eduardo. We just averaged over two trillion cross-country growth regressions. International Monetary Fund, Fiscal Affairs Department, 1999.

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Bible, John. A unifying framework supporting the analysis and development of safe regression test selection techniques. Oregon State University, Dept. of Computer Science, 1999.

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Flynn, Robert H. Development of regression equations to estimate flow durations and low-flow-frequency statistics in New Hampshire streams. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.

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Flynn, Robert H. Development of regression equations to estimate flow durations and low-flow-frequency statistics in New Hampshire streams. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Regressive development"

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Avram, Andrei A. "Contextual Neutralisation of Voicing in Maltese Obstruents." In Semitic Languages and Cultures. Open Book Publishers, 2025. https://doi.org/10.11647/obp.0445.03.

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This chapter explores the historical evolution of contextual voicing neutralization in Maltese obstruents, focusing on regressive voicing assimilation and word-final devoicing. By comparing Modern Maltese with its Arabic ancestor, evidence shows sporadic instances of spontaneous voicing and devoicing in earlier stages, transitioning to systematic phonological rules by the late 18th century. An analysis of texts, lexicons, and notarial records from the 15th to 18th centuries reveals that while early Maltese exhibited voiced obstruents and mixed clusters, regressive assimilation and word-final devoicing gradually became pervasive. Both rules, first attested in the 16th century, spread via lexical diffusion, affecting Semitic roots and Romance loanwords alike. The study underscores the typological shift from unrestricted obstruent voicing contrasts in Arabic to the Maltese system characterized by regressive assimilation and word-final devoicing. This development challenges claims of direct inheritance from Sicilian Arabic, suggesting instead a Maltese-specific innovation. Despite some exceptions, such as non-integrated borrowings, these phonological rules persist synchronically in Modern Maltese. The findings contribute to understanding the diachronic phonology of Maltese, highlighting its divergence from other Arabic varieties and its typological realignment. The study also emphasizes the importance of historical linguistic evidence in reconstructing phonological change and its implications for the interaction of Semitic and Romance components in Maltese.
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Waterstradt, Désirée. "Down Mom! The Development of Unacknowledged Shame, Child Centering, and Gender Relations in Germany." In Palgrave Studies on Norbert Elias. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60958-9_9.

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AbstractChild-centered education is supposed to help children become independent, responsible, and confident. From a sociological point of view child centering is a key concept that refers to the multi-layered power dynamics within a long-term sociohistorical process. Based on process sociology, this chapter will explore how since the Enlightenment, national interest in the child has grown and child-centered institutions, professions, and family structures have emerged. This chapter examines the tabooing of shame in the process of child-centeredness, using Germany as an example. The changing figurations since the Enlightenment show the interdependence of child centering and gender relations. In this process, child centering has often followed the regressive fantasies of adults, who looking back, elevate childhood as an ideal state and paradise to which they long to return. The result is an unrealistic exaggeration of the image of the mother which leads to a split between the ideal and enemy image. Since mothers can only fail individually and collectively in the face of the ideal image, mothers become the scapegoats of modernity. Hostility towards mothers or momism and sexism aimed at mothers and caring fathers develops as a fundamental but tabooed form of social discrimination.
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Do Luu, Duc, and Luu Minh Hai. "Multi-variable Regressive Models for Diagnostics of the Unbalances on Rapid Rotor in Shop Dynamic Balance." In Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020). Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69610-8_37.

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Lee, Juhee. "Developmental Regression." In Pediatric Immunology. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21262-9_6.

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Véras de Oliveira, Roberto. "On the Historical Development of Brazil: What Development?" In Crisis and Social Regression in Brazil. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99402-4_1.

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Grabill, Kristen M. "Regression Analysis." In Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development. Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_2385.

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Barbaglia, Luca, Sergio Consoli, and Sebastiano Manzan. "Exploring the Predictive Power of News and Neural Machine Learning Models for Economic Forecasting." In Mining Data for Financial Applications. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66981-2_11.

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AbstractForecasting economic and financial variables is a challenging task for several reasons, such as the low signal-to-noise ratio, regime changes, and the effect of volatility among others. A recent trend is to extract information from news as an additional source to forecast economic activity and financial variables. The goal is to evaluate if news can improve forecasts from standard methods that usually are not well-specified and have poor out-of-sample performance. In a currently on-going project, our goal is to combine a richer information set that includes news with a state-of-the-art machine learning model. In particular, we leverage on two recent advances in Data Science, specifically on Word Embedding and Deep Learning models, which have recently attracted extensive attention in many scientific fields. We believe that by combining the two methodologies, effective solutions can be built to improve the prediction accuracy for economic and financial time series. In this preliminary contribution, we provide an overview of the methodology under development and some initial empirical findings. The forecasting model is based on DeepAR, an auto-regressive probabilistic Recurrent Neural Network model, that is combined with GloVe Word Embeddings extracted from economic news. The target variable is the spread between the US 10-Year Treasury Constant Maturity and the 3-Month Treasury Constant Maturity (T10Y3M). The DeepAR model is trained on a large number of related GloVe Word Embedding time series, and employed to produce point and density forecasts.
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Jurečková, Jana, and Jan Picek. "Averaged Regression Quantiles." In Contemporary Developments in Statistical Theory. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02651-0_12.

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Sher, Buh-Yun, Shin-Chung Shao, and Wen-Shyong Hsieh. "Mining regression rules and regression trees." In Research and Development in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-64383-4_23.

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Nishii, Ryuei. "Regression Analysis and Its Development." In Mathematics for Industry. Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55060-0_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Regressive development"

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Seher-Weiß, Susanne. "ACT/FHS System Identification Including Rotor and Engine Dynamics." In Vertical Flight Society 73rd Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0073-2017-12102.

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At the DLR Institute of Flight Systems models of the ACT/FHS, an EC135 with a fly-by-wire/light flight control system, are needed for control law development and simulation. Thus, models are sought that cover the whole flight envelope and are valid over a broad range of frequencies. Furthermore, if the models are to be used in the feedforward loop of the model following control system, they have to be invertible and thus must not have any positive transmission zeros. Maximum likelihood system identification in the frequency domain was used to derive the desired models. For rotor flapping the explicit formulation with flapping angles was modified slightly to avoid positive transmission zeros. For the regressive lead-lag a simple model formulation was found that needs only one dipole with two states. The engine dynamics were first modeled separately and then coupled to the body/rotor model. The final integrated model has seventeen states and yields a good match for frequencies up to 30 rad/s.
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Panigrahy, Sunil Kumar, Fa Xing Che, Yeow Chon Ong, Prasad Nagavenkata Nune, Hong Wan Ng, and Gokul Kumar. "Linear Regression Model development for Package Warpage." In 2024 IEEE Electrical Design of Advanced Packaging and Systems (EDAPS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/edaps64431.2024.10988472.

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Banerjee, Sumit, Paragkanti Chattopadhyay, Susanta Karmakar, Kalpana Roy, Monalisa Chakraborty, and Sourav Bhattacharya. "Prediction of Air Pollution with Polynomial Regression Model." In 2025 First Global Conference on AI Research and Emerging Developments. Ganitara Research Foundation, 2025. https://doi.org/10.63169/gcared2025.p15.

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Pious, Ignatious K., A. Rajalakshmi, Prem Kumar R, Varun C M, M. Nalini, and Siva Subramanian R. "Enhancing Prediction Accuracy Through Random Forest in Classification and Regression." In 2024 International Conference on Smart Technologies for Sustainable Development Goals (ICSTSDG). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icstsdg61998.2024.11026358.

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Ansari, Sam, Ali Bou Nassif, Soliman Mahmoud, et al. "Impact of Outliers on Regression and Classification Models: An Empirical Analysis." In 2024 17th International Conference on Development in eSystem Engineering (DeSE). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/dese63988.2024.10912020.

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Antipova, Ekaterina, Liliya Sushkevich, and Anton Tsitou. "SHRINKING CITIES OF BELARUS: DEVELOPMENT FACTORS AND SHIFTS IN THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE." In Book of Abstracts and Contributed Papers. Geographical Institute "Jovan Cvijić" SASA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/csge5.59ea.

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The article assesses factors, the scale of demographic shrinkage of Belarusian cities and shifts in the spatial structure based on statistical data from three intercensus periods—1989–1999, 1999–2009, and 2009–2019. Using a set of methods of mathematical-statistical, balance, cartographic, typographers, geographic systematization and GIS technologies, for the first time in relation to Belarus, criteria for shrinking cities were determined, calculations of population dynamics for 1989–2019, indicators of natural and migration movements of the population, demographic balance of all cities of Belarus were performed. The analysis established that the main factors of demographic shrinkage are the migration transition of the 1970s, the political and socio-economic transformations of the transition period of the 1990s, and the demographic transition of the 1980–1990s. The authors determined that 46.1% of the country’s cities are classified as shrinking. A distinctive feature of the methodology in comparison with similar studies is the development of a typograph of cities by the nature of shrinkage, distinguishing three types (outpacing shrinkage, catching-up shrinkage and reversible demographic trend). There is a predominance of cities of catching-up shrinkage with negative population dynamics in two intercensus periods (1999–2009–2019) and a predominantly regressive type of demographic balance (68%), which are geographically distributed throughout the country. Every fourth shrinking city in Belarus belongs to the most unfavorable type—outpacing shrinkage with stable negative population dynamics in three intercensus periods (1989–2019) and a regressive type of demographic balance (since 1999), which are represented in the Vitebsk, Gomel, and Mogilev regions. A peculiar phenomenon is represented by shrinking cities of the third type (7.5%), located in the zone of radioactive contamination after the Chernobyl accident and the socio-economic periphery, in which, against the background of negative dynamics, a progressive type of demographic balance began to be observed. The demographic shrinkage of Belarusian cities against the backdrop of the transition to post-industrial development has led to shifts in the spatial and functional structure. This trend manifested itself in a reduction of the area of production functional zones.
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"Age Structure Models of Largest Cities in the South of Russia." In XII Ural Demographic Forum “Paradigms and models of demographic development”. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2021-2-18.

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This article examines age structure models of largest cities in the South of Russia. The research studies the parameters of the age structure of population, the factors contributing to the growth of demographic load and the disproportion of age structure of the population of largest cities in the South of Russia. The study used a statistical method, including the collection, processing, analysis of demographic statistics on the age structure in the considered cities, the calculation of demographic coefficients, their examination and interpretation of the obtained values. The research is based on the hypothesis of accelerated population ageing in the largest cities that demonstrated an increase in the share of the population over the working age along with a decrease in the share of people under the working age. It was concluded that all large cities in the considered region are characterised by a model of regressive age structure of population; a more positive situation is observed in cities with a higher birth rate.
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Magazzino, C. "Energy consumption, real GDP, and financial development nexus in Italy: an application of an auto-regressive distributed lag bound testing approach." In ENERGY QUEST 2016. WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/eq160031.

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Marquez, Eleazar. "Development of an Improved Mathematical Representation Which Captures the Nonlinear Dynamic Behavior of a Drill-String Assembly." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95551.

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Abstract In this study, an improved mathematical representation of a drill-string assembly is developed to provide an alternative assessment on vibration irregularities proliferating downhole due to bit-rock interference. Lateral vibrations receive particular attention due to their high frequency content which alter the dynamic response of the drill-string, instigate casing damage, and impede optimal penetration rates. The response of the drill-string is captured by synthesizing compatible stationary bit excitations, via an auto-regressive digital filter, and implementing Monte Carlo simulation, while the power spectral density function is approximated to elucidate the dynamic characteristics during drilling. Formulating adequate physical parameters for the equation of motion implies incorporating a finite element technique, where the flexibility of the drill-string and elastic characteristics of the well-bore are accounted for. In conjunction with the stochastic nature of the excitation, the mathematical representation accounts for rig structural parameters, drilling fluid circulating within annulus/casing extremities, and a nonlinearity exhibited through a contact force generated between the well-bore and drill-string segment. To address the nature of the nonlinearity, the method of statistical linearization is incorporated to establish an equivalent linear system.
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Kapukotuwa, R. W. M. C. L. B., M. M. P. L. Muthuranwela, H. G. I. L. Samarakoon, P. G. S. Dilshan, A. K. R. K. Sajeewani, and T. S. G. Peiris. "Development of an ARIMA Model to Predict the Monthly Price of Bitcoin in USD." In SLIIT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCEMENTS IN SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES. Faculty of Humanities & Sciences, SLIIT, 2024. https://doi.org/10.54389/naau4665.

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This study examines the bitcoin price in USD in the world by developing a suitable time series model to identify its future trends. This data set consists of monthly bitcoin prices from August 2010 to July 2024. It was found that the original series is not stationary and not seasonality. The stationary was achieved by the first difference. Of the parsimonious models identified based on the Partial Autocorrelation Function (PACF) and Autocorrelation Function (ACF) of the stationary series, an auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) (2,1,2) model was identified as the best-fitt ed model. The significance of the model and its parameters and information criteria such as the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Schwarz Criterion, and log-likelihood was used to identify the best-fitted model. The model was trained using data from August 2010 to March 2024. The residuals of the model were found to be white noise. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for validation data is 7.09%. The percentage errors for the validating set are all positive and varied from 3.5% to 12.9%. The predicted Bitcoin price (USD) from August to October 2024 are $59947.88, $60308.7, and $60669.53. Bitcoin price can be utilized by market demand and supply, regulatory environment, and technology development. Keywords: ACF; ARIMA models; Bitcoin price; Forecasting; PACF; Time series analysis
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Reports on the topic "Regressive development"

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Lora, Eduardo, Ana Corbacho, and Vicente Fretes Cibils. More than Revenue: Taxation as a Development Tool (Executive Summary). Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005982.

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This executive summary presents the argument for using taxation as a development tool rather than simply a source of revenue. It also touches on some of the problem areas in tax systems including evasion, regressive personal income tax structures, and the failure to use taxes to improve environmental quality and general well-being. Together, this summary and the table of contents of the book provide just a taste of the rich information and valuable policy implications that distinguish this year's edition of the DIA.
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Gupta, Monica. Impact of Self-Development on Developing Teachers. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/tesf2007.2024.

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"This report shares the findings of a project seeking to document the diversity of formats, locales and processes involved in the implementation of the Self-Development curriculum across the eight colleges of Delhi University offering the BElEd programme. It also critically examines the influence of engaging with the Self Development Workshops (SDW) and the course on Human Relations and Communication (HRC) on the “agency” in the personal, professional and social lives of BElEd alumni and pre-service students from these eight colleges. The report further seeks to explore if reflective thinking and conscious development in SDW and HRC enable students in resisting regressive practices and in initiating democratic, equitable and collaborative practices in schools and personal life spaces."
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Mendoza, Pamela, and Miguel Székely. Patterns, Trends and Policy Implications of Private Spending on Skills Development in Mexico and the United States. Inter-American Development Bank, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011784.

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This paper explores families' investment in skills development through education in a high-inequality, low-education quality country such as Mexico, comparing it to a lower-inequality, higher-quality education country such as the United States. The paper uses a series of high-quality Household Income and Expenditure Surveys for both countries spanning around 20 years and different methodological approaches. Of particular interest is the analysis of education expenditure patterns along the income distribution. Policy implications for both cases are discussed. While in Mexico stimulating private spending in education through public resources might be regressive, the opposite might be the case in the United States.
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Ramos-Santiago, Efrain, Yamiretsy Pagan-Albelo, Jeremy Sharp, Curtis Blades, and Kevin Pigg. Evaluation of a permeable dam as an erosion control structure on Coca River, Ecuador. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47169.

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The effort performed here describes the process to evaluate the scour-protection performance of the proposed permeable dam. The US Engineer Research and Development Center, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, built a 1:50 Froude scaled movable bed section model of the permeable dam structure and tested in a specialized flume that simulates regressive erosion propagation. Profiles were collected at various times to track the progression of the scour. Tests evaluated variations of the proposed structure, which included tetrapods, riprap, bridge piers, and longitudinal piles. For the various proposed alternatives, a total of six tests were conducted. The collected profiles show the ability or inability of each alternative and its associated performance. From this analysis, untethered tetrapods could not effectively arrest the local scour around the structure. However, large rock along with invert control stopped the regressive erosion and held the upstream grade.
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Roca, Jerónimo, Luiz Arruda Villela, and Alberto Daniel Barreix. Fiscal Policy and Equity: Estimation of the Progressivity and Redistributive Capacity of Taxes and Social Public Expenditure in the Andean Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008525.

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This study summarizes the assessment of the impact of fiscal policies on equity in the Andean countries. It evaluates the outcome of the main taxes and social public expenditures on income distribution applying a homogeneous methodology. The full effect of taxes is slightly regressive due to a weak personal income tax collection. The accumulated public social expenditure has a much higher redistributive impact. It improves the Gini coefficient by 5 percentage points, however, close to half the effect of developed economies (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - OECD). Considering taxes and social spending on a joint basis, the fiscal policy had a positive but insufficient redistributive effect.
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Occhiali, Giovanni. Implementation Obstacles and Political Appeal of Environmental Taxes in Sub-Saharan Africa: Reflections from Selected Countries. Institute of Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.058.

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Increasing the slow pace of adoption of environmental taxes across low-income countries has become a significant priority among international financial institutions, multilateral development banks, and international donors. Yet little is known about the practical institutional, administrative, and political obstacles that have led to their slow implementation and how they can be made more appealing, especially across sub-Saharan Africa. Based on an extensive literature review and 16 in-depth interviews with ministries of finance, revenue authorities, and other government stakeholders across six African countries, this paper provides some evidence that will support action and research on this theme. While there are differences across the countries covered, a lack of data and analytical capacity to develop effective environmental taxes is a common theme, as well as the historical prioritisation of their revenue mobilisation capacity over their environmental impact. A great variety of government actors with a mandate over natural resources, often with competing policy priorities, coupled with a lack of coordination fora, has also impeded the harmonisation of the environmental charges they levy. These measures are also often perceived to be regressive and to pose an obstacle to industrial development, lowering their appeal, given that poverty reduction and employment creation are an overarching priority. Nonetheless, support for introducing specific environmental tax measures exists across the population and policymakers, especially if their revenue can be earmarked for environmental purposes.
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Edeh, Henry C. Assessing the Equity and Redistributive Effects of Taxation Reforms in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.020.

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Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of poverty and inequality reduction through redistribution have indeed become critical concerns in many low- and middle-income countries, including Nigeria. Although redistribution results from the effect of tax revenue collections, micro household-level empirical analyses of the distributional effect of personal income tax (PIT) and value added tax (VAT) reforms in Nigeria have been scarcely carried out. This study for the first time quantitatively assessed both the equity and redistributive effects of PIT and VAT across different reform scenarios in Nigeria. Data used in this study was mainly drawn from the most recent large scale nationally representative Nigeria Living Standard Survey, conducted in 2018/2019. The Kakwani Index was used to calculate and compare the progressivity of PIT and VAT reforms. A simple static micro-simulation model was employed in assessing the redistributive effect of PIT and VAT reforms in the country. After informality has been accounted for, the PIT was found to be progressive in the pre- 2011 tax scheme, but turned regressive in the post-2011 tax scheme. It was also discovered that the newly introduced lump sum relief allowance in the post-2011 PIT scheme accrues more to the high-income than to the low-income taxpayers – confirming the regressivity of the current PIT scheme. However, the study further shows (through counterfactual simulations) that excluding the relatively high-income taxpayers from sharing in the variable part of the lump sum relief allowance makes PIT progressive in the post-2011 scheme. The VAT was uncovered to be regressive both in the pre-2020 scheme, and in the current VAT reform scheme. Further, after putting informality into consideration, the PIT was found to marginally reduce inequality but increase poverty in the pre-2011 scheme. The post-2011 PIT scheme reduced inequality and increased poverty, but by a smaller proportion – confirming a limited redistribution mainly resulting from the concentration of the lump sum relief allowance at the top of the distribution. However, if the variable part of the lump sum relief allowance is provided for ‘only’ the low-income taxpayers below a predefined income threshold, the post-2011 PIT scheme becomes largely redistributive. VAT was uncovered to marginally increase inequality and poverty in the pre-2020 scheme. Though the current VAT scheme slightly increased inequality, it considerably increased poverty in the country. It is therefore suggested that a better tax reform, with well-regulated relief allowance and differentiated VAT rates, will help to enhance the equity and redistribution capacity of the Nigeria tax system.
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Navarro, Adoracion. Subnational Infrastructure Development and Internal Migration in the Philippines. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62986/dp2023.20.

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Making a comprehensive comparison of subnational levels of infrastructure development in the Philippines is difficult due to the uneven availability of data on infrastructure indicators across geo-political areas. This study shows this is possible at the regional level by developing a demonstration composite subnational infrastructure development index. The study constructed a regional infrastructure development index by picking indicators based on representativeness in the infrastructure subsectors and the uniform availability of data across regions. It also presents one useful application of the index: analyzing the link between subnational infrastructure development and internal migration through a Poisson regression. It then uses the Balik Probinsya Bagong Pag-asa Program, a program engineering the return migration of low-income Filipino families from cities to provinces, to illustrate the usefulness of the regression results in conducting an evidence-based policy analysis. The relationships established through econometric regression and the trends in inter-regional migration show that migration is a phenomenon. Filipino migrants vote with their feet based on demographic and economic factors, including the level of infrastructure development in their origin and destination. Engineering the return to destinations that Filipino migrants left in the first place does not guarantee that they will stay there, given the determinant demographic and economic factors. The resources spent on such engineering can be used instead for programs that minimize spatial development inequities, such as by improving infrastructure to attract investments and jobs.
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Chen, Fuglem, and Kariyawasam. PR-244-9827-R07 Development of Local Buckling Criteria for Corroded Pipelines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011047.

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This report presents the layout of limit state functions, development of regression equations that define the reduced resistance to local buckling due to corrosion defects, and the calibration of partial safety factors. Examples were included to demonstrate the application of proposed criteria to the assessment of in-service pipelines with corrosion defects.
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Patalinghug, Epictetus, Aubrey Tabuga, Madeleine Louise Baiño, Mark Gerard Ruiz, Ma Kristina Ortiz, and Danika Astilla-Magoncia. Philippine Retirement Authority Policy Development with Impact Assessment. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62986/dp2024.13.

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This study's third phase evaluates the regulatory impact analysis (RIA) of policy recommendations aimed at enhancing the Philippine Retirement Authority's (PRA) retirement program, focusing on competitiveness and sustainability. Utilizing methodologies such as benefit-cost analysis, breakeven analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and regression analysis, the study compares targeting foreign retirees aged 40 and above with those aged 50 and above, assesses the cost-effectiveness of current PRA policies, and determines breakeven volumes. Findings reveal that lowering the minimum retirement age to 35 (as a proxy for 40) improved the benefit-cost ratio compared to when the age requirement was 50. However, since 2017, the benefit-cost ratio for the 35+ program has declined due to rising costs outpacing benefits. Cost-effectiveness analysis shows a significant increase in cost-to-retiree ratios post-2017. Breakeven analysis indicates that the number of retirees required ranges from 652 to 759, with breakeven sales volumes between PHP 35 million and PHP 39 million, though these figures have escalated post-2017. Regression analysis identifies that consumer sentiment, exchange rates, and real estate expenditures positively impact foreign retiree volumes, with forecasts showing an upward trend, though lower than pre-pandemic levels. The study concludes that the Philippine retirement industry remains economically viable and attractive. It suggests that PRA's competitiveness does not hinge on being a low-cost provider but rather on a targeted market strategy that builds customer loyalty. Embracing a younger retiree age requirement should be balanced with managing public perceptions and legislative concerns regarding program viability and social impacts.
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