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Tyrcha, Adam Alexander. "The Impact of Migration on a Regulated Rental Market." REGION 7, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18335/region.v7i1.268.
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Throughout the 20th century, the Swedish rental market has generally been heavily regulated, with both a rental queue in place, as well as generally fixed rents, with limited ability to vary these. Though these systems remain in place, in the 21st century, a number of deregulatory measures have been taken. Meanwhile, evolving migration flows and strong humanitarian migration in particular have continued. These developments combined mean that now more than ever, impacts of migration on the rental housing market are increasingly likely. This paper investigates the relationship between foreign-born and internal migration and rents on the housing market. Findings suggest that foreign-born migration, and refugees in particular, impact rents, especially in major cities.
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Black, Sandra E., and Philip E. Strahan. "The Division of Spoils: Rent-Sharing and Discrimination in a Regulated Industry." American Economic Review 91, no. 4 (September 1, 2001): 814–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.4.814.
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Until the middle of the 1970's, regulations constrained banks' ability to enter new markets. Over the subsequent 25 years, states gradually lifted these restrictions. This paper tests whether rents fostered by regulation were shared with labor, and whether firms were discriminating by sharing these rents disproportionately with male workers. We find that average compensation and average wages for banking employees fell after states deregulated. Male wages fell by about 12 percent after deregulation, whereas women's wages fell by only 3 percent, suggesting that rents were shared mainly with men. Women's share of employment in managerial positions also increased following deregulation. (JEL G2, J3, J7, L5)
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Teresa, Benjamin F. "Managing fictitious capital: The legal geography of investment and political struggle in rental housing in New York City." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 48, no. 3 (August 12, 2015): 465–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x15598322.
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Since 2001 investors have purchased rent-regulated housing in New York City with heightened expectation for financial performance, placing pressure on tenants and communities through increasing rents, harassment, eviction, and when financial targets are not met, physical deterioration of buildings. At the heart of this investment strategy is fictitious capital, the extension of credit based on assumptions about future events. This paper shows that beyond assessments about the “truth” or rationality of the expectations underlying fictitious capital, the management of value as a problem is at stake. When the expectations underlying fictitious capital are not realized, a network of actors engage in a set of legal–financial practices to manage the value of rent-regulated multifamily buildings, including banking regulation and its exception, mortgage securitization and special servicing, distressed debt markets, rent stabilization, and foreclosure law. The breakdown of the assumptions of fictitious capital reveals new challenges and opportunities for tenant activism and policy to intervene in preserving rent-regulated housing. The paper focuses on how this financialization of housing not only serves as a moment for the increasing role of financial actors and imperatives, but also how it drives tenant activism and policy to engage legal–financial practices to redefine the tenant–landlord relationship and to tie financial expectations more closely to the material reality of tenants and communities.
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Bettey, Joseph. "‘Ancient custom time out of mind’: copyhold tenure in the west country in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries." Antiquaries Journal 89 (May 19, 2009): 307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581509000055.
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AbstractCopyhold tenure for a number of lives, regulated by manorial custom, was by far the most common form of landholding throughout much of the West Country during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and was only gradually replaced by leaseholds for a term of years during the eighteenth century. Manorial custom, the body of local law and traditional usage, hallowed by long use and enforced in the manorial court, governed all aspects of farming practice, transfer of holdings, entry fines, rents, heriots, rules of cultivation, access to common grazing, wood, stone, fuel and the rights of widows. This paper uses examples from Wiltshire and Dorset to show the great variety of manorial customs, the effect these had on the lives of copyhold tenants and the problems which some long-established customs could cause for landowners.
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Jankovic, Ivan. "Functioning of market economy and rent-seeking: Why it is necessary to diminish the role of government in economic affairs?" Medjunarodni problemi 56, no. 2-3 (2004): 189–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0403189j.
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At the beginning, the author points out that rent-seeking economy is a distinctive phenomenon for majority of the contemporary market economies. It is reflected in the aspirations of the well organised interest groups to capture public choice and politicians as a tool to gain non-market benefits for themselves, or to take activities to gain income by non-market redistributions instead to do it on the market. According to the author examples of rent-seeking economy are antitrust, arbitrary export-import restrictions, subsidies for various sectors of economy, unions' practices of closed shop or collective bargaining. The author notes that there are legitimate public goods and services (such as military and police services or infrastructure) and therefore legitimate taxing and spending for providing of such public necessities. In his opinion, however, rent-seeking economy results from the growing government intervention in economy based upon widening of its role and responsibility to handle a wide spectrum of illegitimate ??social?? issues, rather than rest upon better providing of classical government services. Rent-seeking economy is a result of abandoning the strict market economy with no or little income gained by the extra market redistribution. The social environment where it is permissible and desirable to remove as great as possible economic activities from the free, non-regulated markets to the public sector or to the sector of the highly regulated economy which is cartelised by coercion, leads entrepreneurs to change their orientation. They do not perceive the regular competition as the best way to make success, but by lobbying with the political bodies. The basic rule of rent-seeking is that when there is a chance to gain rent, there will be someone who will try to get it. Therefore, in the author's opinion the government and the public inclining towards state interventionism are the main to blame for the rise of rent-seeking. This is because they make chances to gain rents since the general social and political environment enables it, as well as because there is an insufficiency of detailed legislative and constitutional restrictions on the role of the government in economy. Therefore, the basic condition for elimination or at least reduction of the scope of rent-seeking economy, in the opinion of the author, is to drastically diminish the role of the government in economic affairs. In that way the economy would be strictly separated form the politics, and entrepreneurs would be sent a signal that the reallocation of resources from productive to lobbying activities for gaining privileges is not an appropriate way to gain income. Within this context, the author points to consideration of the achievements of the James Buchanan's public choice theory that deals with the defects of political decision-making. He also points to the fact that the essence of the liberal constitutional reform that could diminish the scope of rent-seeking could be best perceived in the words stated by Friedrich Hayek the Nobel prize winner, saying that the government should be prohibited to employ ??coercive discriminatory acts??. This means that the government should not employ its monopoly of physical force to award economic privileges to anyone, but it should adopt laws of general use to be applied to the unknown number of cases in the future, concludes the author.
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Rude, James, and Ellen Goddard. "Canadian dairy regulations as a driver of foreign direct investment: the case of Saputo." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 24, no. 3 (April 13, 2021): 421–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2020.0116.
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Across North America dairy processors are facing financial difficulties, yet a Canadian processor continues to grow through acquisitions of its competitors. This company, Saputo, grew up in a highly regulated marketplace where input raw milk supplies are restricted, input prices are inflated and imports of final product are restricted. This study asks if the Canadian system of dairy supply management prodded and assisted Saputo into making acquisitions at home and abroad. An empirical model estimates the probability of Saputo making acquisitions as a function of factors influenced by supply management and control variables accounting for Saputo’s financial performance. The results indicate that cash flows, which may be increased by regulatory rents, and a measure of restrictiveness of the Canadian milk supply, both are statistically significant positive determinants of the probability that Saputo will make an acquisition. On average over the estimation period removing the Canadian supply managed regime would reduce the probability of acquisitions by 7%. The implication is that the Canadian system is losing investment and employment opportunities by retaining its restrictive regulatory system.
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Amaral, Luciano. "Imperfect but true competition: innovation and profitability in Portuguese banking during the golden age (1950–1973)." Financial History Review 20, no. 3 (November 1, 2013): 305–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565013000206.
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The institutional environment of Portuguese banking during the golden age years of economic growth (1950–73) has been criticised in many instances, at the time and in recent literature. Direct observers of the period as well as historians have stressed two main aspects of that environment: excessive protection of existing banks, allowing them to obtain high rents, which represented a disincentive for them to compete and innovate; excessive concentration of their activity on short-term commercial paper, thus preventing them from contributing to finance growth. There seems to be a contradiction here, however, with the high growth rates of the years 1950 to 1973. The apparent contradiction is not limited to Portugal, in fact, as rapid growth in many economies in that period occurred within a framework of heavily regulated financial systems. This is the ‘financial paradox’ of the golden age. Portugal is an interesting case in the international perspective. As in the rest of the western world, legislation repressed banking quite tightly, but banks circumvented the law and competed with each other. The signs of competition were visible mostly in two dimensions: the growth of time deposits and geographical expansion.
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Zarecor, Kimberly Elman. "Socialist Neighborhoods after Socialism." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 26, no. 3 (December 22, 2011): 486–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325411428968.
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The Czech Republic’s socialist-era neighborhoods are largely intact twenty years after the end of Communist Party rule. These buildings will be rehabilitated, but not replaced, because of financial and logistical constraints. In the context of the country’s accession to the European Union in 2004 and the recent global economic crisis, this essay questions what can and should be done in an effort to make these neighborhoods better places to live in the present and the future. It starts with a brief history of postwar housing construction and socialist-era design methodologies, exploring postwar architectural practice and innovations in construction technology that were connected to the industrialization of housing production. The role of the Baťa Company in the development of panelák technology is described. In the context of post-socialist rehabilitation efforts, the discussion addresses current housing policy including regulated rents and the shift in emphasis from renting to ownership. Government subsidies and grant programs are considered, as well as problems such as physical degradation and social segregation. The essay proposes that for the future the social and spatial ideas that were part of the original designs may be more important than the architectural style of individual buildings.
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Burganov, Rais, Elena Dolonina, and Zulfia Burganova. "Problems of Modeling the Relationship of Family Related Groups and the State in Political Rent-Seeking Society." SHS Web of Conferences 76 (2020): 01039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207601039.
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The search for political rent is an essential attribute of the coexistence of the interests of family-related groups and the state. A civilized solution to problems in this area has not been fully developed, even in the developed countries of the world. In the media, materials on clan approaches to the distribution of the country's resources are regularly thrown up, which increases tension in human society and uncertainties in future development. In order to take proactive measures, it is necessary to model the state and prospects of the relationship of family-related groups and the state. The paper discusses some approaches to modeling the relationship of family-related groups and the state in political rent-seeking societ. The research methodology uses data from a survey of student youth, which is divided into three groups: students' perceptions of the current political and economic atmosphere of society, assessment of opportunities for access to political rent through family-related ties, assessment of measures for state regulation of the process of obtaining political rent by representatives of family-related groups society. According to the author, in the political life of society, institutions should be created to regulate the behavior of family-related groups in the implementation of political rents.
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Stebletska, Yu. "Evolution stages of the spatial urban development." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 65 (2016): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2016.65.13.
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The factors influencing the change of urban space were considered. Key stages of urban geohistory were emphasized and in accordance with that the main historical types of cities were grouped. Each evolution stage of the spatial urban development was in detail analyzed. The main features, processes, and superior system of settlement for all historical types of cities were defined. Outstanding characteristics of all historical types of cities of all ages were determined and described. A table for features of historical types of cities on key indicators was designed. A decisive influence of economic systems on urban form and its social geography was defined. The influence of the transition of settlements from the early preindustrial economy to the classical industrial city through a capitalist economy, and later to modern approaches and trends in the so-called theory of “post-industrial” city through research of urban geohistory was traced. The way of decay of urban planning of preindustrial age from the rigidly regulated by the state, however well-ordered and well-thought-out planning on the basis of an orthogonal grid in ancient cities, to the spontaneous and disordered development in the Middle Ages, when the core of the city was the fortress and monastery, was studied. Typicality of the cities of the industrial age of the return from the uncontrolled growth, when the decisive role was played by differentiated rents for land in the early models of the industrial city, to the functional zoning in the age of modernism was defined. Urban planning in the post-industrial age in terms of the traditional city through the global processes of urbanization, which create new socio-spatial forms of settlements (metropolitan region, multicentered metropolitan regions) were described. The impact of globalization on the urban space and on creation of new forms of urban settlements was considered. Social and economic features that indicate the development of postmodern metropolis were considered.
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Records, Angela R., and Dennis C. Gross. "Sensor Kinases RetS and LadS Regulate Pseudomonas syringae Type VI Secretion and Virulence Factors." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 14 (May 14, 2010): 3584–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00114-10.
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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a is a resident on leaves of common bean, where it utilizes several well-studied virulence factors, including secreted effectors and toxins, to develop a pathogenic interaction with its host. The B728a genome was recently sequenced, revealing the presence of 1,297 genes with unknown function. This study demonstrates that a 29.9-kb cluster of genes in the B728a genome shares homology to the novel type VI secretion system (T6SS) locus recently described for other Gram-negative bacteria. Western blot analyses showed that B728a secretes Hcp, a T6SS protein, in culture and that this secretion is dependent on clpV, a gene that likely encodes an AAA+ ATPase. In addition, we have identified two B728a sensor kinases that have homology to the P. aeruginosa proteins RetS and LadS. We demonstrate that B728a RetS and LadS reciprocally regulate the T6SS and collectively modulate several virulence-related activities. Quantitative PCR analyses indicated that RetS and LadS regulate genes associated with the type III secretion system and that LadS controls the expression of genes involved in the production of the exopolysaccharides alginate and levan. These analyses also revealed that LadS and the hybrid sensor kinase GacS positively regulate the expression of a putative novel exopolysaccharide called Psl. Plate assays demonstrated that RetS negatively controls mucoidy, while LadS negatively regulates swarming motility. A mutation in retS affected B728a population levels on the surfaces of bean leaves. A model for the LadS and RetS control of B728a virulence activities is proposed.
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Bulow, Jeremy, and Paul Klemperer. "Regulated Prices, Rent Seeking, and Consumer Surplus." Journal of Political Economy 120, no. 1 (February 2012): 160–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/665416.
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Yamashiro, T., M. Tummers, and I. Thesleff. "Expression of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Msx Genes during Root Formation." Journal of Dental Research 82, no. 3 (March 2003): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910308200305.
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Like crown development, root formation is also regulated by interactions between epithelial and mesenchymml tissues. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), together with the transcription factors Msx1 and Msx2, play important roles in these interactions during early tooth morphogenesis. To investigate the involvement of this signaling pathway in root development, we analyzed the expression patterns of Bmp2, Bmp3, Bmp4, and Bmp7 as well as Msx1 and Msx2 in the roots of mouse molars. Bmp4 was expressed in the apical mesenchyme and Msx2 in the root sheath. However, Bmps were not detected in the root sheath epithelium, and Msx transcripts were absent from the underlying mesenchyme. These findings indicate that this Bmp signaling pathway, required for tooth initiation, does not regulate root development, but we suggest that root shape may be regulated by a mechanism similar to that regulating crown shape in cap-stage tooth germs. Msx2 expression continued in the epithelial cell rests of Malassez, and the nearby cementoblasts intensely expressed Bmp3, which may regulate some functions of the fragmented epithelium.
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Lee, Sanghack, and Kiwoong Cheong. "Rent dissipation and social benefit in regulated entry contests." European Journal of Political Economy 21, no. 1 (March 2005): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2004.04.001.
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Homans, Frances R., and James E. Wilen. "Markets and rent dissipation in regulated open access fisheries." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 49, no. 2 (March 2005): 381–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2003.12.008.
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Zolfaghar, Irandokht, David J. Evans, Reza Ronaghi, and Suzanne M. J. Fleiszig. "Type III Secretion-Dependent Modulation of Innate Immunity as One of Multiple Factors Regulated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa RetS." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 7 (July 2006): 3880–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01891-05.
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ABSTRACT Mutation of retS (rtsM) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA103 reduces its virulence in both ocular and respiratory murine models of infection. In vitro, retS mutants exhibit loss of the ExsA-regulated type III secretion system (TTSS), reduced twitching motility, and a decrease in association with, invasion of, and survival within corneal epithelial cells. In addition, transcription of multiple other virulence genes is positively and negatively affected by retS mutation. Since our published data show that ExoU and ExoT, the two TTSS effectors encoded by strain PA103, each confer virulence in this corneal model, we hypothesized that loss of virulence of retS mutants follows loss of type III secretion. Corneal pathology, bacterial colonization, and phagocyte infiltration were compared for wild-type PA103, retS mutants, and various TTSS mutants after infection with ∼106 CFU bacteria. Results showed that either a retS or an exsA (TTSS) mutation delayed disease progression, as illustrated by reduced severity scores and colonization levels during the first 48 h postinfection. Surprisingly, retS mutant infections then became more severe than those involving exsA mutants. By day 7, colonization levels of retS mutants even surpassed those of wild-type bacteria (more than twofold, P = 0.028). Although retS mutants caused more severe opacification of central corneas than both the wild type and the exsA mutants, neither mutant caused the peripheral ring opacity commonly associated with wild-type infection, suggesting that the TTSS was involved. Histological experiments with retS and various TTSS mutants showed that ring opacification required ExoU but not ExoT and that it consisted of dense polymorphonuclear phagocyte infiltration at the corneal periphery and the absence of any cell type in the central cornea. These data suggest that these P. aeruginosa TTSS effectors have different effects on innate immunity and that RetS influences virulence beyond its effects on the TTSS.
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Wolkoff, Michael J. "Property Rights to Rent Regulated Apartments: A Path Towards Decontrol." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 9, no. 2 (1990): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3325416.
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Chung, Jade C. S., Olena Rzhepishevska, Madeleine Ramstedt, and Martin Welch. "Type III secretion system expression in oxygen-limited Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures is stimulated by isocitrate lyase activity." Open Biology 3, no. 1 (January 2013): 120131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.120131.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen and a common cause of chronic infections in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Oxygen limitation was recently reported to regulate the expression of a major virulence determinant in P. aeruginosa , the type III secretion system (T3SS). Here, we show that expression of the T3SS in oxygen-limited growth conditions is strongly dependent on the glyoxylate shunt enzyme, isocitrate lyase (ICL; encoded by aceA ), which was previously shown to be highly expressed in CF isolates. ICL-dependent regulation of the T3SS did not alter the expression level of the master transcriptional regulator, ExsA, but did affect expression of the T3 structural proteins, effectors and regulators (ExsC, ExsD and ExsE). An aceA mutant displayed enhanced biofilm formation during anaerobic growth, which suggested that AceA-dependent modulation of type III secretion might impinge upon the RetS/LadS signalling pathways. Indeed, our data suggest that RetS is able to mediate some of its effects through AceA, as expression of aceA in trans partially restored T3SS expression in a retS mutant. Our findings indicate that AceA is a key player in the metabolic regulation of T3SS expression during oxygen-limited growth of P. aeruginosa . To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that the T3SS can be regulated by factors that do not affect ExsA expression levels.
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Chapelle, Guillaume, Etienne Wasmer, and Pierre-Henri Bono. "Spatial Misallocation and Rent Controls." AEA Papers and Proceedings 109 (May 1, 2019): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20191024.
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In many global cities the rental housing market is partially regulated. We document that the Paris housing market is dual: a flexible rent sector coexists with a large controlled rent sector. The two sectors have very different rent gradients towards the center of the agglomeration. We develop a model explicitly accounting for these features which allows to investigate general equilibrium effects of rent controls at the city level. In this framework the coexistence of a controlled and flexible rent sector increases the spatial misallocation of households. This mismatch can generally be alleviated by an improvement in urban transport infrastructures.
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Nor, Mohamed Ibrahim, Tajul Ariffin Masron, and Sharif Yusuf Gedi. "Modeling of residential property rents in Somalia using two-stage modeling." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 13, no. 2 (July 29, 2019): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-04-2019-0042.
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Purpose Real estate is one of the fundamental growth engines for developing economies as it contributes urbanization and infrastructure development. In recent years, Somalia has witnessed massive real estate development in both housing and commercial buildings. The purpose of this study is twofold. First, the study examines the determinants of residential property rents. Second, it investigates whether residential property rents are fairly valued. Design/methodology/approach This study uses two-stage modeling. A hedonic regression model is used in the first stage, while an artificial neural network is applied in the second stage. Findings After analysis, this study established that size, location and security of a residential property have a significant influence on its monthly rents. Alternatively, the study identified that residential property rents are not fairly valued in Mogadishu and overvaluation is more frequent than undervaluation. Originality/value This implies that Somalia’s real estate industry is more speculative-driven than real demand-driven. Though Somali real estate is an infant industry with huge potentials in the long run, it may end up disastrously following the well-known bubble-then-burst behavior. To avoid such crisis, this study recommends formulating government policies that regulates, supervises and protects the infant real estate industry without undermining the needs of the poor and low-income citizens.
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Deacon, Robert T., David Finnoff, and John Tschirhart. "Restricted capacity and rent dissipation in a regulated open access fishery." Resource and Energy Economics 33, no. 2 (May 2011): 366–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2010.05.003.
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Chang, Sun Joseph, Yan Chen, and Fan Zhang. "Debunking the forest rent model fallacy in a fully regulated forest." European Journal of Forest Research 139, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-019-01240-z.
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Stoker, Andrew W. "Protein tyrosine phosphatases and signalling." Journal of Endocrinology 185, no. 1 (April 2005): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06069.
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A cornerstone of many cell-signalling events rests on reversible phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on proteins. The reversibility relies on the coordinated actions of protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), both of which exist as large protein families. This review focuses on the rapidly evolving field of the PTPs. We now know that rather than simply scavenging phosphotyrosine, the PTPs specifically regulate a wide range of signalling pathways. To illustrate this and to highlight current areas of agreement and contention in the field, this review will present our understanding of PTP action in selected areas and will present current knowledge surrounding the regulatory mechanisms that control PTP enzymes themselves. It will be seen that PTPs control diverse processes such as focal adhesion dynamics, cell–cell adhesion and insulin signalling, and their own actions are in turn regulated by dimerisation, phosphorylation and reversible oxidation.
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Takeuchi, Kasumi, Kosumi Yamada, and Dieter Haas. "ppGpp Controlled by the Gac/Rsm Regulatory Pathway Sustains Biocontrol Activity in Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 25, no. 11 (November 2012): 1440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-02-12-0034-r.
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In Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 and other fluorescent pseudomonads, the Gac/Rsm signal transduction pathway is instrumental for secondary metabolism and biocontrol of root pathogens via the expression of regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs). Furthermore, in strain CHA0, an imbalance in the Krebs cycle can affect the strain's ability to produce extracellular secondary metabolites, including biocontrol factors. Here, we report the metabolome of wild-type CHA0, a gacA-negative mutant, which has lost Gac/Rsm activities, and a retS-negative mutant, which shows strongly enhanced Gac/Rsm-dependent activities. Capillary electrophoresis-based metabolomic profiling revealed that the gacA and retS mutations had opposite effects on the intracellular levels of a number of central metabolites, suggesting that the Gac/Rsm pathway regulates not only secondary metabolism but also primary metabolism in strain CHA0. Among the regulated metabolites identified, the alarmone guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) was characterized in detail by the construction of relA (for ppGpp synthase) and spoT (for ppGpp synthase/hydrolase) deletion mutants. In a relA spoT double mutant, ppGpp synthesis was completely abolished, the expression of Rsm sRNAs was attenuated, and physiological functions such as antibiotic production, root colonization, and plant protection were markedly diminished. Thus, ppGpp appears to be essential for sustaining epiphytic fitness and biocontrol activity of strain CHA0.
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Teresa, Benjamin F. "New dynamics of rent gap formation in New York City rent-regulated housing: privatization, financialization, and uneven development." Urban Geography 40, no. 10 (April 13, 2019): 1399–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2019.1603556.
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Chong, Wei Lan, Kien Hwa Ting, and Fan Fah Cheng. "The performance of externally managed REITs in Asia." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 35, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 200–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-08-2016-0067.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of free cash flow (FCF) on the agency costs and how these FCF and agency costs affect the performance of REITs in Asia. Unlike previous studies that focus on conventional public listed companies and non-regulated industry, the Asian REIT industry being a highly regulated industry provides a new context for further research. Design/methodology/approach The samples for this study comprise REIT data from four major Asian REIT countries, namely, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia. These countries are the leaders in Asian REITs which account for 94 percent of the total market capitalization of REITs in Asia. The study period is from 2002 to 2012 using panel data. This study employs GMM method which is more robust compared to previous studies that used pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) and other panel data methods. Findings The results indicate that FCF and agency costs persist over time in Asian REITs even though REITs are in a highly regulated industry. The findings also imply that REIT managers face substantial costs when they wish to adjust to the equilibrium level of agency costs, whereby the optimum level is always dynamic and not constant over time and moves with the changes in the determinants of agency costs. These agency costs persist over time and have significant impacts on the performance of REITs in Asia. Research limitations/implications There are limited data in selling, general and administrative expenses in Asian REITs which render only limited use of selling, general and administrative expenses ratio in this empirical study on Asian REITs. For future research, researchers can embark on research studies on issues that might determine the speed of adjustment toward the equilibrium level of agency costs in Asian REITs. Practical implications For REIT regulators in Asia, this empirical study helps to provide useful information for policy planning and formulation in REIT corporate governance; and to transform the inherent satellite structure of the externally managed REIT structure into internally managed REIT structure. For REIT managers and practitioners, this empirical study serves as a reflection for them which helps them to be more aware of the dynamism of FCF and agency costs in REITs; and alert them that these FCF and agency costs persist over time which can have significant impacts on the REIT performance, return on assets and return on equity, REIT value and REIT return, respectively in Asia. Thus, they could consider internalizing their REIT management structure for better and more efficient management in REITs in order to mitigate the agency costs that are persistent over time. As a whole, this empirical study contributes significant benefits to all level of the REIT industry in Asia. Social implications This implies that the REITs in Asia should consider internally managed REIT structure since the agency costs persist over time and there are always dynamic and not constant over time and moves with the changes in the determinants of agency costs. The findings also imply that the regulators in Asian REITs should enforce absolute stringent corporate governance rules and regulations in order to govern the existing inherent satellite structure of the externally managed REITs in Asia. Originality/value This empirical study contributes significant benefits to all levels of the REIT industry in Asia and the current limited literature on Asian REITs by examining the impact of FCF and agency costs on the performance of REITs in Asia. This is the first research to embark on FCF and agency costs on REITs in Asia. Furthermore, this study employs GMM method which is more robust compared to previous studies that used pooled OLS and other panel data methods.
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Zaman, Shamsu, Malay Choudhury, James C. Jiang, Pankaj Srivastava, Bidyut K. Mohanty, Christopher Danielson, Sean J. Humphrey, S. Michal Jazwinski, and Deepak Bastia. "Mechanism of Regulation of Intrachromatid Recombination and Long-Range Chromosome Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 36, no. 10 (March 7, 2016): 1451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01100-15.
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The NAD-dependent histone deacetylase Sir2 controls ribosomal DNA (rDNA) silencing by inhibiting recombination and RNA polymerase II-catalyzed transcription in the rDNA ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Sir2 is recruited to nontranscribed spacer 1 (NTS1) of the rDNA array by interaction between the RENT (regulation ofnucleolarsilencing andtelophase exit) complex and the replication terminator protein Fob1. The latter binds to its cognate sites, called replication termini (Ter) or replication fork barriers (RFB), that are located in each copy of NTS1. This work provides new mechanistic insights into the regulation of rDNA silencing and intrachromatid recombination by showing that Sir2 recruitment is stringently regulated by Fob1 phosphorylation at specific sites in its C-terminal domain (C-Fob1), which also regulates long-range Ter-Ter interactions. We show further that long-range Fob1-mediated Ter-Ter interactions intransare downregulated by Sir2. These regulatory mechanisms control intrachromatid recombination and the replicative life span (RLS).
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Czyżewski, Andrzej, Bazyli Czyżewski, and Adam Majchrzak. "Absolutna renta gruntowa – ujęcie retrospektywne i współczesne." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 124 (December 29, 2018): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2018.124.26.
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In the article, the Authors refer to the theory of land rent, with particular reference to the absolute rent, as to the existence of which in economics there is no compliance. The aim of the considerations is to assess how the rent for the scarcity of agricultural land is shaped nowadays under the conditions of current trends on land market in the European Union and dilemmas in this scope. At the same time, the thesis was verified that a different approach to the absolute rent from the land is necessary, depending on the area and ownership structure or production goals of farms. However, the observed causalities may change as a result of introducing or increasing restrictions on trade in agricultural properties regulated by European or individual EU Member States law, as well as postulated instruments of the common agricultural policy.
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Banihashemi, Lili, Gerald M. Wilson, Neha Das, and Gary Brewer. "Upf1/Upf2 Regulation of 3′ Untranslated Region Splice Variants of AUF1 Links Nonsense-Mediated and A+U-Rich Element-Mediated mRNA Decay." Molecular and Cellular Biology 26, no. 23 (September 25, 2006): 8743–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.02251-05.
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ABSTRACT AUF1 is an RNA-binding protein that targets mRNAs containing A+U-rich elements (AREs) for rapid cytoplasmic turnover. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing produces five variants of AUF1 mRNA that differ in the composition of their 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTRs). Previous work suggested that this heterogeneity in 3′-UTR sequence could regulate AUF1 expression by two potential mechanisms. First, AUF1 may regulate its own expression by binding to AREs in 3′-UTR splice variants that retain intron 9. The second potential mechanism, and the focus of this report, is regulation of a subset of 3′-UTR splice variants by the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway. Two of the five AUF1 mRNA 3′-UTR variants position the translational termination codon more than 50 nucleotides upstream of an exon-exon junction, creating a potential triggering signal for NMD in mammalian cells. Disruption of cellular NMD pathways by RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Upf1/Rent1 or Upf2/Rent2 or transfection of a dominant-negative Upf1 mutant specifically enhanced expression of these two candidate NMD substrate mRNAs in cells, involving stabilization of each transcript. Ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that both Upf1 and Upf2 can associate with an NMD-sensitive AUF1 mRNA 3′-UTR variant in cells. Finally, quantitation of AUF1 mRNA 3′-UTR splice variants during murine embryonic development showed that the expression of NMD-sensitive AUF1 mRNAs is specifically enhanced as development proceeds, contributing to dynamic changes in AUF1 3′-UTR structures during embryogenesis. Together, these studies provide the first evidence of linkage between the nonsense- and ARE-mediated mRNA decay pathways, which may constitute a new mechanism regulating the expression of ARE-containing mRNAs.
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Grafton, R. Quentin. "Rent Capture in an Individual Transferable Quota Fishery." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-058.
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The problem of capturing economic rent in a fishery regulated by an individual transferable quota scheme is addressed using a profit tax and a quota tax as two methods of rent collection. Using a theoretical model of a fishery with representative fishers employing different harvesting functions, the effects of the taxes are evaluated with respect to their ability to capture rent, flexibility to adjust to changes in the fishery, effects upon economic efficiency, the burden of taxation on different fishers, and ease of implementation. A quota tax is shown to be preferred over a comparable profit tax by those fishers who earn the highest average net returns on quota owned. A quota tax also has the potential to allow fishers to capture the full benefits of efficiency improvements. The profit tax can allow for greater risk sharing between the regulator and fishers and is able to capture the entire rent in the fishery in both the short and long run.
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Jørgensen, Dan. "How Chemicals Are Regulated in the European Union: A Commentary." European Journal of Risk Regulation 2, no. 2 (June 2011): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00001082.
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Professor Ragnar Lofstedt has written a very interesting and thought provoking paper “Risk versus Hazard Assessment – How to Regulate in the 21st Century”. The paper reflects upon the advantages and disadvantages of using risk assessments compared to hazard assessments of chemical compounds. It investigates the debate that has been going on in recent years in Europe between regulators, politicians, NGOs and industry on the subject.This commentary will discuss some of the assumptions that the analysis rests on as well as some of the conclusions that are presented in the paper.First, the commentary will discuss the definition and critique of the “risk assessment” approach that Lofstedt presents. The commentary here concludes that Lofstedt's analysis of risk assessment does not take sufficiently into account the fact that risks can not always be calculated in an exact way because uncertainty rather than certainty is the condition when analysing chemicals.
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Babilot, George, Roger Frantz, and Louis Green. "Natural Monopolies and Rent: A Georgist Remedy for X-Inefficiency Among Publicly-regulated Firms." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 46, no. 2 (April 1987): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1987.tb01956.x.
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Indriliūnaitė, Rasa, and Apolonijus Žilys. "Risks Induced by Lithuanian Housing Policy for the Youth Living in the Private Rental Sector." Public Policy And Administration 17, no. 3 (October 29, 2018): 454–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.17.3.21958.
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Rapid expansion of welfare state model and persistent processes of housing sector commodification are corroding the stable social security net and transforming the structure of housing sector at the same time. The growing private rent sector becomes a desirable option for those households which struggle to acquire housing in private housing sector. Lithuanian private rent sector is a peculiar case because the rent segment is poorly regulated and the practice of informal rent is widely spread. Even the general official framework of Lithuanian housing policy considers private rent sector an economic activity, but not the residential one – the rent is legally treated as just a contract between the renter and the tenant. The study aims at showcasing the situation of Lithuanian youth (18–35 yr.) who rent housing units privately, and their attitudes towards private rent sector. The analysis presents the differences in socio-demographic features and value orientations among young tenants and home-owners. The article describes several profiles of young tenants: they usually live in more compact housing units and are more likely to be single or cohabitate with a partner and without any children. Important feature of Lithuanian private rent sector is a quite short residential period, and the fact that the majority of young tenants have not declared or registered rented housing unit as their primary place of residency. Young tenants are more anxious about their liability to the renter, but not about their rights as the tenants. More than one quarter of young tenants participate in informal housing rent sector, only about half of young tenants have legal contracts with renters. All these features of the private sector allow concluding about the rent sector’s ambivalence or existence of various levels of residential security for young tenants.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.17.3.21958
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Szczechowicz, Jarosław Adam. "Possibility to terminate the contract of the rent-free use of arable land without the notice period due to failure to settle the tax obligation." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum 19, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/aspal.5500.
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The study discusses the issue of a contract of the rent-free use of agricultural land (Article 708 of the Civil Code 1964). Particular attention has been paid to the possibility of terminating the contract without notice period due to failure to settle the tax obligation. The admission of the provisions on the failure in paying rent to the contract for the rent-free use of arable land means that the lack of payment of taxes or other burdens related to the ownership of real estate, which is the equivalent of not paying the rent in the lease contract, authorizes the termination of this contract. The author shares the view formulated in the decisions of the Supreme Court that Article 703 of the Civil Code (1964) is a provision of a relatively binding nature. As a consequence, adopting the above position leads to the conclusion that the contract may be terminated even without the notice period if the parties to the contract have differently regulated the effects of delay in payment of these benefits than is stipulated in Article 703 (1964).
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Mancl, Jordan M., William K. Ray, Rich F. Helm, and Florian D. Schubot. "Helix Cracking Regulates the Critical Interaction between RetS and GacS in Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Structure 27, no. 5 (May 2019): 785–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2019.02.006.
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Levaggi, Laura, and Rosella Levaggi. "Rent Extraction through Alternative Forms of Competition in the Provision of Paternalistic Goods." ISRN Economics 2012 (December 31, 2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/703541.
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We compare the properties in terms of rent extraction of spatial competition and monopoly franchises using Dutch first price auctions, two of the most widely used tools to regulate public service provision. In a framework where the regulator can imperfectly observe costs, but the latter are not necessarily private information to each competitor, spatial competition is more effective in extracting rent if providers are very different in their productivity and if they can observe the costs of their competitors. When they are quite similar and have limited information on the competitors' characteristics, the use of a monopoly franchise through an auction mechanism should be preferred. In the latter environment, a multiple object auction allows more rent to be extracted from the provider.
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Vukelić, Mario. "Zakup i najam nekretnina i stečajni dužnik kao ugovaratelj." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci 38, no. 1 (2017): 631–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30925/zpfsr.38.1.23.
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This paper analyses the legal consequences of initiating insolvency proceedings with respect to entering into, cancellation, termination or withdrawal from a Real Property Lease or Rent Agreement. The position of the insolvency debtor as tenant or lessee, and as landlord or lessor, as well as the right of the insolvency administrator to choose to continue with, to withdraw from, to cancel or terminate such agreements are discussed herein. The provisions of the Insolvency Act and other acts are taken into consideration, since such acts regulate real property lease and rent issues, and which refer to the contractor - insolvency debtor.
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Phillips, Catherine R. "The Computer Social Worker: Regulatory practices, regulated bodies and science." Qualitative Social Work 18, no. 3 (August 2, 2017): 443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325017723700.
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Social work assessments, and in turn clinical judgment and intervention practices, are increasingly framed by standardised tools and technologies that are digitised. These tools and technologies mediate social workers’ relationships with services users, while also privileging, and in turn reiterating, particular identities and particular forms of knowledge. In this article, I am interested in how standardised tools and technologies, like computers, operate to mediate the relationship between social workers and services users. I work with an autoethnographic narrative in order to examine standardised social work practice. Methodologically, autoethnography rests within a reflexive frame of qualitative research, allowing us to excavate our experiences in order to understand how our lives are ordered and knowledge is socially constitutive. In mining this narrative, I am interested in the body, and in particular, the corporeal dimension of standardised practices. I historically locate these practices, and use the work of Michel de Certeau and Michel Foucault to examine how tools and technologies function in relation to the body, even when there is no direct physical, bodily contact. Ultimately I argue that there is a scientific discourse underpinning current clinical practice and I use the framings of Donna Haraway to understand the implications of this for social workers.
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Yahya, Moin A. "Federalism Still Matters: The Securities Reference Case." Constitutional Forum / Forum constitutionnel 22, no. 1 (April 26, 2013): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21991/c9138b.
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In Canada, the financial industry rests upon “four pillars.” These are the securities, insurance, trust, and banking sectors. The first three have been, historically, regulated at the provincial level under the rubric of “property and civil rights,” while the fourth has been federally regulated under section 91(15) of the Constitution Act, 1867. As early as 1935, however, a Royal Commission recommended the establishment of a federal securities agency tasked with overseeing federally incorporated companies. Nothing came of that. In the 1960s and until last year, numerous other studies came up with proposals regarding the establishment of a federal securities regulator. Some proposed a federal regular coexisting with provincial counterparts, while others proposed one single federal regulator. How to get the provinces on board varied depending on the study that was conducted.
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Harahap, Nurasiah. "PELAKSANA PERJANJIAN LISAN SEWA KAMAR KOS DI KELURAHAN TELADAN BARAT, KECAMATAN MEDAN KOTA, KOTA MEDAN." Jurnal Hukum Kaidah: Media Komunikasi dan Informasi Hukum dan Masyarakat 19, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/jhk.v19i2.2335.
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AbstractLease agreements are agreements arising from the Law, which are regulated in Pasal 1548 to 1600 KUHPerdata. The implementation of the verbal agreement on room rentals in Teladan Barat, Medan City District, Medan City is a consensual agreement. This research is a descriptive analysis which is to present an overview of the implementation, barriers and how to overcome obstacles in the verbal agreement of rent a room.The provisions of the room rental agreement made verbally in Teladan Barat Village, Medan City District, Medan City, are in accordance with Pasal 1233 KUHPerdata. Implementation of verbal agreement to rent a room is considered valid if there is an agreement on the room and the price, the parties have the rights and obligations that must be implemented. But in practice there are obstacles and problems.It can be concluded that the implementation of verbal agreement on room rent in Teladan Barat Village, Medan District, Medan City found different opinions from respondents and the implementation of the agreement regarding obstacles and problems was no clarity because it was made verbally and the constraints of the number of migrants for data collection for the head of the village. Keywords : Verbal agreement, room rent, Teladan Barat Village, Medan District, Medan City
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Yamashiro, Takashi, Koji Fujiyama, Tomohiro Fukunaga, Yan Wang, and Teruko Takano-Yamamoto. "Epithelial Rests of Malassez Express Immunoreactivity of TrkA and Its Distribution Is Regulated by Sensory Nerve Innervation." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 48, no. 7 (July 2000): 979–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540004800711.
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Cheshire, Paul C., and Gerard H. Dericks. "‘Trophy Architects’ and Design as Rent‐seeking: Quantifying Deadweight Losses in a Tightly Regulated Office Market." Economica 87, no. 348 (March 17, 2020): 1078–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12339.
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Paquet, Gilles, and Wayne R. Smith. "L’émigration des Canadiens français vers les États-Unis, 1790-1940 : problématique et coups de sonde." Aspects démographico-économiques 59, no. 3 (January 19, 2009): 423–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/601059ar.
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Abstract Using a Faucher-Dales approach to migration phenomena, the authors sketch a plausible scenario of the pattern of migration of French Canadians to the United States as regulated by the size of the differential economic rent. Making use of all available data, the authors show that this approach would appear to be vindicated to the extent that the scenario it suggests is compatible with the available estimates of the migration flows.
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Lu, Chia-Wu, Tsung-Kang Chen, and Hsien-Hsing Liao. "Underlying asset liquidity, heterogeneously informed investors, and REITs excess returns." Managerial Finance 40, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 72–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-06-2012-0128.
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Purpose – Real estate investment trust (REIT) stocks are well known for limited management discretion in investment, financing, and payout policies, implying little information asymmetry between informed and uninformed investors. Besides, due to the renowned illiquidity and complexity of physical real estate markets, investors may be heterogeneously informed. The authors aim to investigate these arguments using REIT panel data from 1993 to 2010. Design/methodology/approach – The authors simultaneously investigate the effects of heterogeneous information (PSOS) and information asymmetry (ADJPIN) on REIT excess returns by estimating panel data regressions controlling for both firm- and time-fixed effects. Findings – The results confirm that heterogeneous information (PSOS) is significantly and positively associated with REIT excess returns while information asymmetry (ADJPIN) is insignificant when controlling for other variables well known for affecting REIT excess returns. Originality/value – The effects of information asymmetry (ADJPIN) and heterogeneous information (PSOS) on REITs excess returns are rarely simultaneously discussed in the related literature, especially from the perspectives of limited managerial discretions, regulated dividend policy, and underlying asset liquidity (physical real estate markets). The results confirm the heterogeneous information arguments. Besides, the heterogeneous information (PSOS) effects become stronger when leverage and dividend yield are higher. Finally, the above effects of PSOS and ADJPIN on REIT excess returns are also robust during the real estate market growth period (2001-2008).
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El-Kazaz, Sarah. "Building “Community” and Markets in Contemporary Cairo." Comparative Studies in Society and History 60, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 476–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417518000129.
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AbstractThis paper interrogates the political economy of re-regulation in market-driven economies through the lens of transformations in contemporary Cairo. Focusing on property markets, the paper demonstrates that rather than reveling in the “freeing” of real estate through the reversal of rent control laws, private sector actors were working to re-regulate the real estate market. They were not turning to legal mechanisms or patronage networks, but invested in the production of local “community” in central Cairo as they worked to re-regulate the market. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork from 2011–2012, the paper compares how two private sector actors with varying relationships to the market reacted to the reversal of rent control. The paper demonstrates that both actors were mobilizing urban planning and architectural design as modes of societal engineering to foster local particularistic communities as they worked to corner real estate markets both upward toward a high-end clientele and downwards towards low-income residents. In unpacking how these actors mobilized community as they worked to intervene in markets, and their interventions’ contradictions, the paper challenges the idea thattrustor relational networks are the most valued facets of community in market-transitioning economies. It shows that actors value the spatial boundary-setting and particularism of communities as they work to re-regulate markets, and accentuatedifferencerather than trust in those contexts.
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Roberts, David H., Ettore A. Santucci, Mark Schonberger, and Peter W. Lavigne. "The past, present and future of the non-traded NAV REIT structure." Journal of Investment Compliance 21, no. 2/3 (November 30, 2020): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-08-2020-0016.
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Purpose Over 15 years ago Goodwin created the first open-ended, non-traded real estate investment trust (REIT) with regular sales and redemptions at net asset value (“NAV REIT”). While NAV REITs are now well established, there is still room for improvement. Design/methodology/approach We traced the evolution of the NAV REIT’s innovative, investor-friendly features – transparent valuation to strike NAV, liquidity via redemption at NAV per share, indefinite life, lower/simpler selling and management fees, share classes with different upfront loads and trailing distribution fees. Findings To improve the liquidity feature of NAV REITs, share classes could be used to lower the drag on performance and match available liquid assets with expected redemption requests. The goal: balance inflows and outflows, optimize portfolio construction, and better safeguard liquidity. Practical implications One need not look far for the dark side of liquidity in open-ended real estate funds. The UK experience with regulated property funds is a painful object lesson. There is a better way: while traditional non-traded REITs were designed and marketed for investment by retail investors, NAV REITs appeal to a diverse range of investors, and share classes could be enhanced to offer both a menu of selling loads and a menu of liquidity and dividend-rate options to produce a smooth curve blending cost and time. Originality/value Innovation in structuring real estate investment vehicles has broadened choices for all and the NAV REIT is flexible, scalable, open-ended and cost-efficient. Fund sponsors, fund managers, financial advisors, investors and even regulators could find food for thought in our analysis.
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Wang, Yahui, Liangjie Xin, Haozhe Zhang, and Yuanqing Li. "An Estimation of the Extent of Rent-Free Farmland Transfer and Its Driving Forces in Rural China: A Multilevel Logit Model Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (June 5, 2019): 3161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113161.
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In recent years, the rent-free farmland transfer has become increasingly prominent in rural China. By employing multiple data sources, this study estimates the extent of rent-free land transfer from 1986 to 2015 and develops a multilevel logit model to identify its drivers. The results show that the extent of rent-free land transfer has been increasing, especially since 2002, and 30% to 50% of the land that has been transferred does not receive any rent, both in terms of the number of land parcels and the land area. There are obvious regional differences for the rent-free phenomenon in the process of land transfer, especially in mountainous areas, where the proportion is more than 70%. The cost-benefit analysis at the land parcel level shows that the average net income of rent-free land per mu that has been transferred (1 mu = 1/15 ha) is at a loss of 66 yuan, at 35 yuan. The rent-free land transfer is affected by factors at the levels of the land parcel, farmer and village. The land parcel size, quality level and irrigation condition are the key factors at the land parcel level; the ratio of the non-agricultural income in the family and land fragmentation are the key factors at the farmer level, and the inter-village gap is the key factor at the village level. The land parcel features account for approximately 40% of the variation in the rent-free land transfer. In sum, the increase in the labour cost is the direct reason for the rent-free land transfer, and land parcel features and the marginalization of mountainous areas are the preconditions for the rent-free land transfer. A rent-free land transfer is reasonable to some extent, but it is not an informal land transfer, and land rent does not play an effective role in allocating land resources. In this process, the idle or abandoned land resources in mountainous areas become relatively rich. The government should reasonably introduce urban capital and fully tap relatively rich land resources to realize the land capital appreciation and develop the local economy, and it should further regulate the land rental market and lay an emphasis on the integration of land resources, while moderating scale operations in mountainous areas.
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Adi Purwanto, Thesa, and . "Comparison of Amendments to the Value Added Tax Law between Indonesia and Malaysia to Regulate Murabaha Transactions." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.25 (August 14, 2018): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.25.17479.
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Islamic banking in their activity base on Islamic principles that is agreement regulation on Islamic Law between Bank and others to saving and or financing an activity or business which suit Islamic role. There are several forms of financing, such as financing on sharing profit principle (mudharabah), financing on participation principle (musyarakah), transaction goods principle which get profit (murabaha), financing capital goods on rent principle without choice (ijarah), or with transfer authority over the rent goods from bank to others (ijarah wa iqtina). Furthermore, development of Islamic banking either in Indonesia or Malaysia must be followed with new law and regulation from their government, especially for rules on taxation over transaction on Islamic banking. This is critical because there are different interpretation and argumentation between practitioners of Islamic banking and the government about the subject of Value Added Tax on murabaha transaction. This research used a qualitative approach, using literature study, which emphasizes books as an object and field study with collecting data by interviewing and also using secondary data. As a result, both Indonesia and Malaysia has undergone essential steps to provide Islamic finance with appropriate banking and tax regulations that have succeeded in supporting the Islamic financial system.
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Wang, Ting, Qian Li, and Hong Liang Ma. "The Analysis of Government Re-Regulation Caused by Externality of Building Energy-Saving." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 2267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.2267.
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In this paper, aiming at the problem of “market failure” in the building energy-saving field, we discuss the principle of externality in this field and analyze how the externality of building energy-saving leads to the rent-seeking behavior of building energy-saving products manufacturers or developers using the economic theory. Based on the Game theory, we analyze the revenue and cost of unproductive activities between building energy-saving regulation department and building energy-saving products manufacturers or developers, how the government supervises and regulates corruption which comes from unproductive activities, and the tripartite game model of the rent-seeking behavior in the domain of energy-saving is built. On the basis of the establishment and solution of the tripartite game model，we put forward effective countermeasures and methods for government re-regulation.
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DAS, TAPASI, R. N. MUKHERJEE, and K. S. CHAUDHURI. "CAPITAL THEORETIC ANALYSIS OF A HOLLING–TANNER-TYPE PREY–PREDATOR FISHERY WITH TAXATION AS A CONTROL INSTRUMENT." International Journal of Biomathematics 02, no. 02 (June 2009): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524509000601.
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The level of fishing effort expands or contracts in a dynamic reaction model of a fishery accordingly as the net economic revenue (i.e. perceived rent) to the fishermen is positive or negative. A dynamic reaction model reflects this dynamic interaction between the perceived rent and the effort in a fishery. The combined harvesting of a prey–predator fishery is assumed to be regulated by an external authority by imposing a tax per unit biomass of both the species. The fishing effort is taken to be a dynamic variable of time, which is proportional to the instantaneous capital invested in the fishery. The steady states of the system along with their local as well as global stability are considered. The optimal harvesting policy with the tax as a control instrument is discussed. The results are numerically discussed and graphically illustrated. Sensitivity analysis of the parameters is carried out. The paper ends with concluding remarks.