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Academic literature on the topic 'Régulation de l'expression des gènes – Dissertations universitaires comme sujet'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Régulation de l'expression des gènes – Dissertations universitaires comme sujet"
Gasparian, Sona. "Régulation de l'expression du gène T-bet pendant la différenciation des cellules th1 chez l'homme." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077213.
Full textFunctional distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells are essential to orchestrate efficient immune responses against different types of pathogens. T helper type 1 (Thl) cells promote cell-mediated immunity and are necessary to clear the organism from intracellular pathogens but are associated with autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. This indicates that the development of Thl cells must be tightly controlled. The transcription factor T-bet is specifically expressed by Thl cells and plays an important role in the differentiation of this subset. T-bet is implicated in chromatin remodeling and control of Thl-specific expression of the IFN-f gene. The goal of this project is to identify the mechanisms that regulate T-bet expression during human Thl cell development. The analysis of changes of the chromatin structure at the T-bet locus in Thl cells allowed us to identify four DNAsel hypersensitive sites (HS). We found that the position of the HS identified in our experiments corresponds to the position of the CNS identified « in silico ». In addition, we found that chromatin associated with HS is hyperacetylated on histone H3 in Thl cells. Taken together, these data indicate that these four regions are implicated in the regulation of the human T-bet gene. We found that triggering of the T cell receptor (TCR) alone is sufficient to induce strong expression of T-bet. We demonstrated that NF-AT family members are implicated in this process
Beraud, Mélanie. "Le locus yciGFE(katN) du régulon sigma S : régulation différentielle chez E.coli et Salmonella par H-NS et le régulateur YncC." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077107.
Full textThe a regulon is set up to allow Enterobacteria to adapt to stationary phase of growth or in response to some stresses. The RNA polymerase subunit sigma S (encoded by rpoS) is a a factor whose expression and activity are tightly regulated and it plays a major role in general stress resistance, biofilm formation and virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Our study deals with the functional characterization of the as regulon. We used the ProteinChip SELDI- TOF technology in order to characterize the proteome of Salmonella mutants, including the yncC mutant. The sigma S- dependent gene yncC is of unkown function and encodes a putative regulatory protein that belongs to the GntR/FadR family of transcriptional regulators. Potential targets for YncC regulation were identified and subsequently validated by in vivo and in vitro experiments. These belong to the sigma S-dependent operon yclGFEkatN, which encodes a catalase and proteins of unknown function. The yclGFEkatN operon is repressed by H-NS, an histone-like protein known to repress the expression of numerous genes, especially horizontally acquired genes. The operon is partially present in Escherichia coli K-12 where it is also regulated by sigma S, YncC and H-NS. However, levels of expression and mechanisms of regulation the operon are different in the two species. This operon has probably been acquired by horizontal gene transfer in both species, but more recently in E. Coli K-12 than in Salmonella. Presumably, the ancestral acquisition of the yciGFEkatN genes in Salmonella has allowed integration of this operon, and tight regulation of its expression, within the sigma S regulatory network
Vassord, Camille. "Pharmacogénomique fonctionnelle du Busulfan : implication dans le fonctionnement et l'endommagement de l'endothélium dans un modèle cellulaire in vitro." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077183.
Full textBusulfan (Bu) is commonly included in conditioning regimen prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD) is regarded as the major and lethal complication of conditioning. High Bu bioexposition is considered to be the major determinant of sinusoides endothelial cell and hepatocytes damage, the precipating event of HVOD. We analysed different gene expression status implicated in : Bu metabolism (GSTs), vasomotricity (ET-1), coagulation (TF) and inflammation (ICAM-1 and PECAM-1). We showed that endothelial cells (EC) do not express GSTA1 which may render ECs vulnerable to Bu-mediated toxicities. Furthermore, Bu do not modulate GSTM1 and down-regulate GSTT1 in these cells. Hence, GSTM1 seem to be the only protector of EC to Bu-mediated toxicities. Results concerning hemostatic and inflammatory factors are not in agreement with their involvment in HVOD pathogenesis. These results suggest that Bu is not directly implicated in primary EC damage but rather in endothelial desquamation leading to exposition of the subendothelial matrix, a coagulation and inflammatory-generating site. This is in line with the beneficial effect of defibrotide prophylaxis, an antithrombotic, antiinflammatory and anticoagulant molecule which adhere firmly to endothelium. A better understanding of HVOD mechanisms should lead to the emergence of appropriate and personnalized therapies
Pelletier, Laura. "Etude du rôle de l'inactivation d'HNF1α dans la tumorigenèse hépatique". Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077009.
Full textHepatocellular adenomas (HCA) are rare benign liver tumors usually developed in young women under oral contraceptives. Among these tumors, biallelic inactivating mutations of HNF1A gene coding HNFla (Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor la) have been identified in about 35% of HCA. HNFla is an atypical homeodomain-containing transcriptional factor that transactivates many liver-specific genes. In order to better understand the tumorigenic mechanisms related to HNFla inactivation in hepatocytes, we performed a transcriptomic analysis comparing HNFla-mutated HCA to non-tumor livers. This analysis identified an aberrant activation of glycolysis and lipogenesis that could explain the steatotic phenotype of these tumors. We also identified an over expression of several growth factors and oncogenes along with an activation of mTOR pathway in HNFla-mutated HCA. Most of the observed deregulations in HNFla-mutated tumors were also found in vitro by inhibiting HNFla expression in human liver cancer cell lines (HepG2 and Hep3B) using siRNA, demonstrating that these deregulations are consequences of HNFla loss. Moreover, the cell lines transfected with HNFla siRNA undergo important phenotypic remodelling, that results in an epithelial-mesenchymal transition and increased cell mobility. In conclusion, these results give new insights into the mechanisms of tumorigenesis related to loss of HNFla function and reveal a repressor function of HNFla, that could go through microRNA
Saudemont, Alexandra. "Origine évolutive des plans d'organisation chez les bilatériens : étude du déterminisme génétique de la subdivision du mésoderme chez l'annelide platynereis dumerilii." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077209.
Full textOur vision of metazoan phylogeny was deeply modified since ten years: the current model species in developmental biology constitute a very imperfect sampling of animals, with a notable lack of models within Lophotrochozoans. However, a good sampling of the species is crucial to deal with any evolutionary question, such as the origin of body plans. A way of tackling this question is to study the aspects of the animal development from which body plans result, such as for example mesoderm subdivision in distinct territories that will give rise to the various mesodermal organs. This thesis presents the study of the genetic determinism of mesoderm subdivision in a Lophotrochozoan model, the polychaete annelid Platynereis dumerilii. In Drosophila, the NK complex genes are known for their implication in mesoderm subdivision, while the situation is less clear in the vertebrates. A systematic phylogenetic analysis of this family of homeodomain transcription factors showed that its diversification took place before the separation of the lines of Cnidarians and Bilaterians. The study of these genes in an annelid suggests that their functions were various and numerous in the last common ancestor of Bilaterians, Urbilateria. They would have been implied not only in mesoderm subdivision, but also, for some, in the ontogenesis of the nervous System or pharynx development. These results support the idea of an Urbilateria ancestor more complex than it traditionally was imagined
Lopez, Sandra. "Rôle du cofacteur cellulaire TIP47 dans l'incorporation de la glycoprotéine d'enveloppe dans les particules virales du VIH-1." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077170.
Full textThe formation of new infectious HIV-1 viruses requires the encounter between three major viral components: the envelope glycoprotein (Env), the Gag precursor and the genomic RNA. Env incorporation into the viral Gag particles is a crucial step since it confers to the newly formed virions the capacity to infect new target cells. Yet the mechanisms of Env incorporation are not well known. The first part of my thesis allowed us to identify the first cellular cofactor, TIP47, required for Env incorporation. TIP47 permits the association between Gag and Env by interacting simultaneously with the matrix domain of Gag and with the cytoplasmic domain of the transmembrane subunit TMgp41 of Env. HIV-1 Env incorporation is an active mechanism, in which the interaction between Gag, TIP47 and Env plays a central role. TIP47 is essential for Env incorporation into virions produced by différent target cells of HIV-1, as T CD4+ lymphocytes and primary macrophages. The second part of my thesis allowed the characterization of a new group of partners of the cytoplasmic domain of TMgp41 of HIV-1 Env: transcription factors anchored in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, Env can participate in the regulation of different cellular pathways. The interaction between Env and one of these factors, Luman, inhibits its activation. Luman inhibits the transcriptional activity of HIV-1 genes, and Env seems to counteract this inhibition. On the other hand, ATF6 and SREBP, the other factors we identified, are necessary for viral replication and might be activated during HIV-1 infection
Prost, Stéphane. "Caractérisation de la voie de signalisation PPAR-y/STATS 5 dans l'hématopoïèse normale et pathologique." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077073.
Full textInfection by HIV and SIV immunodeficiency virus induce multiple hematopoietic defects in Primates that reflect central hematopoietic disorders, which contribute to immunodeficiency in infected individuals. Here we show that CD34+ progenitor cells lost their clonogenic potential upon SIV infection, in parallel with down-regulation of STAT5A and STAT5B expression. This defect was entirely rescued by forced expression of STAT5B. We demonstrate that HIV/SIV Nef recapitulates SIV action on CD34+ progenitors ex vivo and is required for SIV action on hematopoietic progenitors in vivo. We further demonstrate that Nef activity strictly depends on thé presence of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-y). Our findings extend the crucial role of Nef in HIV/SIV pathogenicity. They further reveal the pivotal role of PPAR-y/STAT5 pathway in regulating early hematopoiesis. They provide an avenue for exploration of the therapeutic benefits of PPAR-y antagonists in AIDS patients, and also of PPAR-y agonists in hematopoietic disorders. In this context, we particulary focused on therapeutic potential of PPAR-y/STAT5 pathway in Bcr/Abl leukemic stem cells
Dossou, Yovo Omer Placide. "Recherche de gènes modificateurs de l'expression clinique de la drepanocytose." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077186.
Full textClinical expression of sickle cell disease is quite variable. Interplay of both environmental and genetic factors, linked and unlinked to the globin loci (α and β clusters), indeed contribute to such variability. We focus our attention on the potential contribution of genetic modifiers unlinked to the two globin loci viz MBL2, RANTES, VCAM-1 and ET-1 to two major complications of sickle cell disease namely vaso occlusive crisis and susceptibility to severe infections in two population groups; an unselected benin general population and a clinically followed cohort of sickle cell children. We demonstrated a) an over representation of low MBL2 expressor p. G57E allele at heterozygote state in non sickle cell adults as compared to new born controls (30,2% versus 25% p=0. 01) suggesting a selective advantage ; b) protection against susceptibility to infections in sickle cell children by the variant g. Lnl. 1T>C allele of RANTES, highlighting, for the first time, an association between a pro inflammatory cytokine polymorphism and attenuation of one of the major complication of sickle cell disease. This surrogate marker may find clinical application in targeting susceptible patients eligible for efficacious anti infectious measures
Schnekenburger, Michael. "Régulation de l'expression de la glutathion S-transférase P1-1 au cours de la différencification de la lignée leucémique humaine K562." Reims, 2004. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000075.pdf.
Full text@Glutathione S-transferase (GST) P1-1 is an enzyme implicated in carcinogenesis and closely associated with the development of resistance to anti-cancer drugs. Our working hypothesis is based on the fact that the cellular differentiation can be used as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of leukaemias. We wanted to know if the GSTP1-1 expression is modulated during erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation. Results show that its expression is increased during aclarubicine (acla), doxorubicin (dox) and hemin-induced erythroid differentiation of the human K562 cells (a pluripotent chronic myelogenous leukaemia). In contrast, GSTP1-1 expression is down-regulated during phorbol ester TPA-induced megakaryocytic differentiation of these cells. Moreover, time- and concentration-dependent activation of both erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation pathways by butyric acid progressively inhibited GSTP1-1 expression. An analysis of the GSTP1-1 promoter sequence enabled us to discover two GATA sequences. By electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we determine the specificity of a GATA-1 binding on the site located at -1208. GATA-1 is known to be implicated in the process of hematopoietic differentiation and we show that GATA-1 promoter binding activity is correlated with the GSTP1-1 mRNA expression depending on the differentiation pathway induced by acla, dox, TPA and butyrate. A post-transcriptional stabilization of mRNA is involved in GSTP1-1 increase during hemin-induced erythroid differentiation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the implication of GATA-1 transcription factor in differentiation-specific variations of GSTP1-1 expression
Besse, Sylvie. "Organisation fonctionnelle du noyau liee a l'expression des genes." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05S007.
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