Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Régulation de transposons'
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De, Vanssay Augustin. "Régulation de l'élément P chez Drosophila melanogaster, Trans-Silencing Effect et Paramutation." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066419.
Full textBrillet, Benjamin. "Activité de la transposase de l'élément mariner Mos1 : mise en place du complexe synaptique et régulation par phosphorylation." Tours, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUR4038.
Full textTempel, Sébastien. "Dynamique des hélitrons dans le génome d'arabidopsis thaliana : développement de nouvelles stratégies d'analyse des éléments transposables." Rennes 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00185256.
Full textHelitrons are the main transposable element in Arabidopsis. We are developped a new syntactical model for detect them in genome. We have shown the relationship between autonomous and nonautonomous helitrons and discovered new families. Analysis of their internal sequence shows a strong variability. We have also created a new tool nammed DomainOrganizer which can visualize the modularity of nonautonomous transposable elements. This study have permit to understand the evolution of helitron family. Last, we have begin to understand the regulatory effect of helitrons
Durand-Dubief, Mickaël. "Régulations génétique et cellulaire par ARN interférence chez Trypanosoma brucei." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0010.
Full textRNA interference (RNAi) is a phenomenon discovered in 1998 in which the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in a cell leads to degradation of RNA of homologous sequence. RNAi is mediated by a ribonucleoprotein complex that contains short double stranded RNA and a member of a the Argonaute protein family. This thesis is focusing on RNAi in the protist Trypanosoma brucei. We first defined the degree of specificity and efficiency of RNAi generated after expression of dsRNA, parameters that were instrumental in the design of a software allowing selection of dsRNA for silencing experiments. Next, we searched for candidate genes coding for proteins potentially involved in RNAi. The best candidate is TbAGO1, a member of the Argonaute protein family characterised by an extra domain possibly involved in RNA binding. This gene is essential for RNAi. Its deletion leads to significant mitosis defects, that we established were due to defects in spindle formation and chromosome migration. A second phenotype in the absence of RNAi is the overexpression of retroposon (retrotransposons without LTR) transcripts, without a concomitant increase in retroposition. Both phenotypes are independent. We next demonstrated that presence of dsRNA leads to destruction of homologous RNA in the cytoplasm but could also induce transcriptional silencing of the corresponding gene. This type of mechanism could control expression of retroposons but also of genes in which these retro-elements are inserted
Nagy, Zita. "Des voies potentielles pour la régulation de la transposition des IS : spécificité de la séquence cible et la formation d'intermédiaires actives." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30235.
Full textDocquier, Mylène. "Caractérisation génétique d'un gène à effet maternel pléiotrope chez Drosophila melanogaster." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10037.
Full textDramard, Xavier. "Génétique moléculaire de la régulation épigénétique de l'activité d'un rétrotransposon de Drosophila melanogaster, le facteur I." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066138.
Full textDufourt, Jérémy. "Analyses des régulations épigénétiques des éléments transposables chez Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF1MM03/document.
Full textTransposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences found in all living organisms, and able to move from one chromosomal site to another. They are source of mutations and therefore must be finely controlled by their hosts. To counteract their mobilization, genomes have developed regulatory mechanisms (RNAi) involving small RNAs including the best-known siRNAs. Recently two novel classes of small RNAs called piRNAs and endo-siRNAs have been reported in Drosophila. The piRNAs specifically trigger TE repression in reproductive tissues, composed by germ cells and somatic follicular cells. The endo-siRNAs control those in somatic tissues. It has been shown by our group that Idefix, a LTR retrotransposon, is regulated by a posttranscriptional mechanism (PTGS). It implicates the piRNAs pathway and its major component, the PIWI protein, in reproductive tissues of Drosophila. By contrast, in the other Drosophila tissues, the regulation does not depend on the PIWI protein. During my PhD, I was interested to know if in addition to this PTGS, a transcriptional control (TGS) was necessary to control Drosophila TE in both the somatic and germinal tissues. By studying theregulations of sensor-transgenes carrying a reporter gene (GFP) and various fragments of ET acting as a target of the silencing pathways, I have shown that the post-transcriptional silencing is the only regulatory pathway targeting transposable elements in the Drosophila female germline. This regulation has a weakness early in the development of the ovaries that can lead to a mobilization of transposable elements under certain sensitized conditions. In somatic tissues I have shown that a transcriptional regulation is coupled to the PTGS. However, this transcriptional regulation has tissue specificity because it is only observed in somatic tissues of Drosophila outside of the ovaries, a PTGS with no TGS targeting TE in the somatic cells of the ovarian follicle
Bouchet, Nicolas. "Mécanismes de transposition et de régulation de la transposase de l'élément mariner Mos1." Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR4019/document.
Full textThe Mos1 mariner element is a Class II transposable element, encoding a transposase, which is the enzyme allowing them to move in the genomes. This transposase has a DDE catalytic core like the retroviral integrases. My work consisted in studying the Mos1 transposase, under different aspects. My results complete the model of transposition previously established in the laboratory and bring a new vision of the formation of synaptic complex, which allows excision of the transposon donor site. The DNA-binding of Mos1 transposase has also been identified as a CRO-like domain. Work on regulation of the activity of Mos1 transposase, which is phosphorylated, allowed me to expand the model of Mos1 transposition in a eukaryotic cell context. The engineering of the protein were also conducted and questions about the impact of host factors on Mos1 transposition. Inhibitors of Mos1 transposase have been identified and characterized. These compounds also inhibit HIV-1 integrase and an other DDE transposase
Nicolau, Mélody. "Caractérisation des protéines « Plant Mobile Domain » dans la régulation de l’expression des gènes et la répression des éléments transposables chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Perpignan, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PERP0019.
Full textWithin the eukaryotic nucleus, transcription, the first step in gene expression, is regulated by numerous factors and epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and chemical modifications of histones. Epigenetic modifications also play an essential role in the répression of repeated DNA sequences such as transposable elements (TEs) which, by their nature, can have deleterious effects on cell integrity. Thanks to a genetic screen conducted in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the MAINTENANCE OF MERISTEM (MAIN) protein has recently been identified as necessary for the repression of TEs. MAIN belongs to the Plant Mobile Domain (PMD) family and has three close paralogues: MAIN-LIKE1 (MAIL1), MAIL2 and MAIL3. The aim of my thesis was to understand the roles and modes of action of these proteins whose cellular functions remain poorly understood. I was able to demonstrate that MAIN and MAIL1 interact physically together, but also with a putative phosphoprotein phosphatase named PP7L. Through transcriptomic analyses, I was able to show that many genes and TEs were commonly deregulated in MAIN, MAIL1 and pp7L, which is consistent with the identification of a MAIN/MAIL1/PP7L protein complex. I have also initiated biochemical experiments to determine the mode of action of MAIN and MAIL1 proteins, as well as transcriptome analyses of mail2 and mail3 mutants to better understand the role of these proteins in the cell
Teissandier, Aurélie. "Analyses bioinformatiques de la régulation des éléments transposables chez les mammifères." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS251/document.
Full textTransposable elements are DNA sequences that have the ability to move in the genome. They can modify the architecture and the regulation of the genome, and be implicated in different pathological, congenital or acquired disorders. The transposon analysis with sequencing data is the first choice method to understand their biology. My thesis work was dedicated to this question using real and simulated data. In a first research axis, using a cellular system to modulate DNA methylation levels, we revealed that different repressive chromatin modifications ensure the silencing of transposable elements when DNA methylation is lost. In a second axis, using a random mutagenesis strategy, we discovered a new DNA methyltransferase, specialized in the methylation of young transposons during spermatogenesis. However, the analysis of transposons in sequencing datasets is a bioinformatic challenge because of the repeated nature of transposable elements. Eventually, in a third axis, using a simulation strategy applied to the mouse and the human genomes, I systematically compared different alignment and quantification tools. I was able to draw recommendations for the analysis of transposons and to reveal the limits in detecting specific transposons families
Akkouche, Abdou. "Régulation épigénétique d’un rétrovirus endogène, tirant, dans la lignée germinale de la drosophile." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10048/document.
Full textEukaryotic genomes harbor a wide variety of repeated sequences, such as transposableelements (TE). These sequences are able to move from one chromosomal site to another, tomultiply their number of copies, and can be the cause of a genetic instability. Sophisticatedgenomic defenses have evolved to restrict their activity. In Drosophila, epigeneticmodification such as post-translational histone modifications and RNAi interference areinvolved in TE silencing in reproductive tissues. The silencing of an LTR like element, tirant,has been deeply analyzed in this work. Tirant is a Gypsy like element, isolated in ourlaboratory in natural populations of D. simulans, in which a high level of copy numbervariability is observed between strains.Here, I first describe an active tirant element in natural populations of D. simulans. Ihave focused on the envelope protein gene (env), which confers the infectious behavior to theretrovirus. By comparison of tirant transcripts level and protein localization between naturalpopulations of D.simulans, I showed that tirant is active in one population, and this activationis correlated with its mobilization.I then focused on the effects of TE insertions on chromatin structure and in its influenceon the expression of the nearby genes. I studied three histone modification marks in threenatural populations, in the locus in which tirant was inserted. I show that tirant is associatedwith repressive marks and active marks, which explains the activity of the element. We alsoshowed that tirant modifies the structure of the chromatin at the level of its site of insertion,but also upstream, by the heterochromatinization of the promoter of tkv gene, interfering withthe level of transcription of the gene.Finally, I was interested in the post-transcriptional regulation of tirant involving thepiRNA pathway. By crossing D.simulans strains which contains different copy numbers ofthe tirant element, I showed that tirant is regulated in the follicular cells by the germ linepiRNA pathway. I was also able to show a variable expression between populations of theproteins of the piRNA pathway
Grentzinger, Thomas. "Caractérisation moléculaire de la transmission épigénétique d’un caractère acquis, la régulation de l’élément I chez Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20038/document.
Full textCells, especially germinal stem cells, maintain genomic integrity by averting the propagation of mutations, generated as a consequence of DNA damage. In particular, they must avoid the deleterious activity of transposable elements (TEs). In animal germlines, one of the key players of the TE repression involves a specific class of small regulatory RNAs, the PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). In Drosophila melanogaster, there are reactive strains that are devoid of functional copies of the I element, a TE specifically expressed in the female germ line. When they get older, females of these strains can acquire a strong capacity to repress the I element invasion. Anterior works have shown that once acquired, this capacity to repress the I element is maternally transmitted over generations. The results obtained during my thesis revealed that the transmission of the capacity to repress the I element is not correlated with increased transcriptional activity of piRNA producer loci but seems only mediated by the piRNAs. Indeed, I element piRNAs deposition in the embryo after aging treatment correlates with the production of complementary piRNAs in the ovaries of the progeny. This results in a strong accumulation of antisense I element piRNAs. The maternally deposited piRNAs ensure the transmission of the capacity to repress the I element acquired after ancestor aging. My results highlight the molecular support of a DNA- and chromatin-independant component of heritable information essential for the maintenance of genome integrity
Modolo, Laurent. "Analyse bioinformatique des événements de transferts horizontaux entre espèces de drosophiles et lien avec la régulation des éléments transposables." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10258/document.
Full textTransposable elements (TEs) are repeated DNA sequences that are able to move (transpose) within their host genome. To counteract the negative effects of their TEs, regulation mechanisms of the TE transposition are present in the host genome. Once a TE is regulated, the progressive accumulation of mutations in its sequence will inevitably lead to the definitive loss of its transposition capacity. My work during this thesis is was to better understand the succss and the maintaining of these peculiar repeated sequencest, with the study of horizontal transfers (HTs) of TEs enabling them to escape host regulation mechanisms, and the study of this regulation. The first part of my thesis concerns the study of HTs between two closely related drosophila species. I have developed a new bioinformatic method for the detection of HTs between two eukaryotic genomes. The development of this method brought me to work on the unilateral multiple testing problematic for which I have developed a new procedure to control the expected false discovery rate (FDR). The second part of my thesis focuses on the regulation of TEs by the small RNA pathway, an RNA interference mechanism. For this study, I have analyzed sequencing data of small RNAs and total RNAs. For this work, I have developed an analysis pipeline, to study differences of expression between repeated sequences. Some features of the small RNA dataset required the development of a new procedure to parse them. This procedure was extended and implemented in a software to be used for the quality control of next generation sequencing data
Saint, leandre Bastien. "La régulation des éléments transposables par la voie des piARN : Les différences entre lignées germinales mâles et femelles et leurs conséquences sur la dynamique de transposition." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS084/document.
Full textTransposable Elements (TEs) are genomic parasites characterized by their ability to replicate faster than any other genetic element in the genomes. The piRNA mediated silencing is of central importance to limit TE expansion in the germline of animal species. The present dissertation explores the relationship between TEs and piRNAs alongside their evolutionary dynamics.The first question raised here was to understand how the genome responds to a new TE invasion. For that purpose, we injected a mariner Class II transposon into D. melanogaster genome that does not naturally contain the element. We found that, after its self-replication into the genome, the element have reached a copy number equilibrium since a de novo piRNA mediated regulation have been acquired.Second, we studied the mariner rewiring activity during the colonization of geographical temperate regions. From a large sampling of D. simulans natural populations, we found the mean activity of mariner to be strikingly higher in non-African populations compared to the African ones. These findings support the idea that selection acting on piRNA effector proteins has been of central importance to explain TE lineages diversification during colonization process.The third chapter provides evidences to propose that, the strong TE activity in testes, is a general phenomenon in Drosophila. We also observed that TE landscape divergence between the two sister species, have affected the genomic response mediated by the piRNAs. As a response of their recent bursts of transposition, TEs overexpressed in testes are preferentially silenced by piRNAs in D. melanogaster ovaries. By contrast, we assumed the D. simulans piRNA response to be the relic of a past regulation that still persists mostly against inactive TEs.The piRNA silencing in the germline, is assumed to be the “vanguard of genome” defense and integrity due to its active role against TEs. However, while natural selection purifies the genome from its deleterious parasites, it seems that the host regulation contributes to genome homeostasis by limiting their expansion, and somehow, favors their longterm maintenance. Thus, another interpretation would have been that piRNA silencing is the “vanguard of genome” diversification due to its active role in facilitating TE accumulation
Granzotto, Adriana. "Helena chez la Drosophila." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10041.
Full textThe transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences capable of catalyze its own movement and to enter into new regions of the genome. In the present study we studied Helena, a LINE element that is at different stages of its evolutionary cycle and therefore, it is a good model for studies of TEs evolutionary dynamics. Through bioinformatics analysis of 12 Drosophila species which have their genomes sequenced, we found Helena in different stages of its evolutionary cycle, that varies of at least one full active copy (D. mojavensis) an putatively complete copy, but inactive (D. simulans) to highly degenerate (D. yakuba, D. erecta, D. ananassae and D. virilis) or absent (D. pseudoobscura, D. persimilis, D. willistoni and D. grimshawi) sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Helena was present in the common ancestor of the Drosophila genus and has been vertically transmitted in derived lineages, but lost on some of them. Since a complete highly active copy was observed only in D. mojavensis, we studied in more detail its 5' end region. We used a reporter gene and verified the presence of internal promoter for Pol II that is associated with epigenetic histone modifications for permissive (H3K4me2) and repressive heterochromatin (H3K27me3). These “bivalent marks” indicate that Helena can be expressed in response to specific stimulus. A study of BS element, a TE closely related to Helena, showed that the evolutionary dynamics of both TEs are very similar. Bioinformatics analysis of the 12 Drosophila genomes revealed that BS is also widely variable in the species analyzed regarding to distribution, abundance, degree of degradation and also about their evolutionary cycle
Hubert, Benjamin. "La régulation épigénétique des éléments transposables dans les populations naturelles de Drosophila simulans." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00815956.
Full textLacroix, Chrystelle. "THAP1, un régulateur clé de la prolifération des cellules endothéliales : relations structure/fonction et gènes ciblés." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/65/.
Full textA novel human nuclear factor designed THAP1 protein, was recently isolated and cloned in the laboratory. This protein contains a zinc dependent DNA-binding domain shared with drosophila P element transposase, zebrafish E2F6 and several nematode proteins interacting genetically with the retinoblastoma protein pRB. My thesis work, through a structure-function analysis of the THAP domain of THAP1, allowed the identification of a number of critical residues for its sequence-specific DNA binding activity. We also report that THAP1 is a positive regulator of endothelial cell proliferation and G1/S cell cycle progression through modulation of pRB/E2F cell-cycle target genes. These genes include RRM1, a gene required for S-phase DNA synthesis that we identified as the first direct transcriptional target of THAP1
Mouz, Sébastien. "Régulation de l'expression des gènes bph du transposon Tn4371 chez Ralstonia eutropha CH34." Grenoble 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10185.
Full textDurand-Dubief, Mickaël. "Régulations génétique et moléculaire par ARN interférence chez Trypanosoma brucei." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00202018.
Full textGalantonu, Ramona Nicoleta. "Facteurs cellulaires contrôlant la rétrotransposition du L1." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4128.
Full textThe abundance of genetic mobile elements in our DNA has a critical impact on the evolution and function of the human genome. Even if most transposable elements are inactive due to the accumulation of mutational events, the Long INterspersed Element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposon continues to diversify and impact our genome, being involved in the evolution of modern humans and in the appearance of genetic diseases or in tumorigenesis. L1 forms 17% of human DNA. It is autonomously active being replicated through an RNA-mediated ‘copy-and-paste’ mechanism. The L1 element encodes two proteins, ORF1p and ORF2p, which associate with the L1 mRNA to form L1 ribonucleoprotein particles, the core of the retrotransposition machinery. However, little is known about the cellular pathways involved in L1 replication. Our laboratory has discovered by yeast 2-hybrid screens an interaction between L1 ORF2p and the estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), a member of the nuclear receptor family. Here, we confirmed and extended this observation to several other members of the steroid receptor superfamily using a fluorescent two-hybrid assay (F2H) in human cultured cells. To get further insight into the potential role of ERR in L1 replication cycle, we performed ERR siRNA-mediated knock-down and overexpression experiments, which suggest that ERR is a positive regulator of retrotransposition. Moreover, the artificial tethering and concentration of ERR to a large and repetitive genomic array inhibits retrotransposition. Collectively, these data link steroid signaling pathways with the post-translational regulation of L1 retrotransposition, suggesting a model by which ERRα, and probably several other nuclear receptors, can recruit the L1 RNP to specific chromosomal locations, acting as tethering factors
Garnier, Olivier. "Epigénèse de la différenciation macronucléaire chez Paramecium aurelia : phénomènes dépendants de l'homologie de séquence." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066408.
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