Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Régulation négative du CD4'
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Helft, Julie. "Identification d'un nouveau mécanisme de régulation négative de la réponse lymphocytaire T CD4+." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05D037.
Full textAlthough T cells proliferate extensively during an immune response, they don't expand indefinitely. The mechanisms limiting the expansion are poorly understood, though the disappearance of antigen, or competition for limiting amounts of antigen, have been suggested. During my PhD, I studied the recruitment of antigen-experienced CD4 T cells into a localized immune response. We found that the recruitment of antigen experienced T cells is selectively inhibited compared to that of naïve T cells. This preferential inhibition begins as soon as day 2 of the immune response and takes place before antigen disappearance. Importantly, this inhibition is antigen specifie and relies on the presence of responding T cells that present MHCII/peptide complexes captured from their antigen presenting cells early in the response. This inhibition of antigen-experienced CD4 T cells proliferation by MHCII/peptide bearing T cells generates a negative feedback loop that regulates CD4 T cell proliferation
Trucy, Maylis. "Evènements moléculaires impliqués dans la régulation négative de l'adhésion induite par CD4 : étude de leur localisation membranaire." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066039.
Full textLopez, Sébastien. "Etude de la régulation négative de l'expression des gènes interférons A." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05S001.
Full textNguyen, Nathalie. "Régulation négative de l'activité des canaux calciques : identification de deux nouveaux frins biologiques." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6248.
Full textFournier, Emilie. "Régulation positive et négative de l'activation des lymphocytes B humains normaux et pathologiques." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066150.
Full textChouayekh, Hichem. "Caractérisation et élucidation de la fonction biologique de deux gènes sblA et ppk dont l'interruption a respectivement un effet sur la sporulation et la production d'antibiotiques chez Streptomyces lividans TK24." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112006.
Full textStreptomyces are Gram+ soil bacteria characterized by a complex differentiation cycle beginning by the germination of a spore developing in a substrate mycelium growing within the nourishing medium and giving raise, after a short pause in the growth, to an aerial mycelium that will differentiate into spores. The late stages of this development are accompanied by the biosynthesis of many antibiotics of industrial importance. We have characterized two new genes ppk and sblA affecting respectively antibiotic production and sporulation in S. Lividans. An sblA ̄strain sporulates much earlier than the wild type strain. SblA encodes a protein possessing a specific phosphoinositide hydrolase/phosphatase activity. The expression of sblA is transitory (lasting 6 to 8 hours), taking place mainly during the development of the substrate mycelium and being negatively regulated by two different regulatory mechanisms. The first one involves an operator region, constituted by 9 direct repeats of the sequence 5'C(C/G)GGAGG(C/T)3', located upstream of the promoter region and likely to constitute a binding site for a transcriptional repressor. The other one involves a 23nt stem-loop structure containing a RBS-like sequence 5'AGGAGG 3', located 170 bp downstream of the GTG start codon and is thought to play a role in the regulation of the specific degradation of the sblA transcript. A ppk- strain is characterized by an enhanced production of the three antibiotics produced by S. Lividans (actinorhodin, undecylprodigiosin and calcium-dependent antibiotic) that correlates with an increased transcription of the specific transcriptional activators of the corresponding biosynthetic pathways. Ppk encodes a polyphosphate kinase catalysing the polymerisation of the γ phosphate of ATP into polymers of phosphate (polyP) as well as the regeneration of ATP from ADP and polyP. Ppk is transcribed as a monocistronic mRNA from a unique promoter sequence and its transcription is triggered by Pi starvation
Humblin, Etienne. "Étude de la régulation transcriptionnelle des lymphocytes Th9." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCI006/document.
Full textCD4 helper T cells support a wide range of functions due to their ability to differentiate into different effector subsets depending on the antigen encountered and the cytokine environment in which they are. Current knowledge on the differentiation of helper T cells highlights the existence of complex transcriptional networks specific to each T helper subset. In 2008, IL-9 secreting CD4 T cells (Th9) are identified as a new helper T cell subtype. Differentiated in the presence of IL-4 and TGF-β, Th9 cells secrete IL-9 and IL-21, and contribute to the development of autoimmune and allergic diseases. Th9 lymphocytes also exhibit strong anti-tumor properties.The transcriptional network of the Th9 cells results from a balance between the signaling pathways induced by the different cytokines required for its polarization. IL-4 allows activation of STAT6 and expression of GATA3 and IRF4, whereas TGF-β leads to activation of the Smad pathway and expression of the transcription factor PU.1. The IRF4 / BATF transcriptional module and the PU.1 factor are essential messengers for the development of Th9 cells and IL-9 secretion.IRF8 is a crucial transcription factor for the development of myeloid cells and B lymphocytes. Recently it appeared that IRF8 was involved in helper T subset polarization. Indeed, IRF8 limits the secretion of IL-17 by Th17 cells, as well as repressing the expression of Il4 and Il17 in Treg cells. Structurally close to IRF4, IRF8 interacts with cofactors such as PU.1 or BATF in order to regulate transcriptional activity.This work reveals that the IRF8 transcription factor contributes to the polarization of Th9 cells in vitro and in vivo. The TGF-β needed for Th9 cell differentiation activate Smad3 pathway which directly modulates the Irf8 expression. As in many cellular subtypes, the transcriptional function of IRF8 is dependent on these interaction partners. We show that in the presence of the transcription factors PU.1, IRF4 and BATF, IRF8 participates in a multiprotein complex essential for the induction of the Th9 cytokines, Il9 and Il21. We also demonstrate that in the presence of the ETV6 protein, IRF8 is able to form a complex responsible for the repression of Il4 expression. We underline the bivalent role played by IRF8 in the development of Th9 cells depending on its partners. Finally, expression of Irf8 is crucial for Th9 cells to exercise their antitumor functions
Bajénoff, Marc. "Etude de la régulation de la réponse T CD4+ in vivo." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22019.
Full textBinet, Bénédicte. "Régulation épigénétique de la programmation des lymphocytes T CD4 par SETDB1." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30217.
Full textCD4 T lymphocytes play a central role in the defense of mammal organisms against infections by pathogens and the development of tumors. Upon activation, naïve CD4 T cells differentiate into distinct helper cell subsets depending on environmental cues. T helper cells are key players of the immune system as they finely orchestrate immune responses in a danger-adapted manner. The process of T helper differentiation relies on the establishment of complex and lineage-specific gene expression programs. The dynamics and stability of these programs are regulated at the chromatin level through epigenetic control of cis-regulatory elements. My thesis objective was to investigate the epigenetic pathways involved in the regulation of enhancer activity in CD4 T cells. In this purpose, we studied the role of the H3K9 specific methyltransferase SETDB1 in the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells, which are strongly antagonistic. We report that SETDB1 critically represses the Th1 gene expression program. Indeed, Setdb1-deficient naïve T cells show exacerbated Th1 priming. Moreover, when exposed to a Th1-instructive signal, SETDB1-deficient Th2 cells cross lineage boundaries and transdifferentiate into Th1 cells. Surprisingly, SETDB1 does not directly target Th1 enhancers to heterochromatin. Instead, SETDB1 deposits the repressive H3K9me3 mark at a restricted and cell type specific set of endogenous retroviruses, strongly associated with genes involved in immune processes. Further bioinformatic analyses indicated that these retrotransposons flank and repress Th1 gene cis-regulatory elements or behave themselves as Th1 gene enhancers. Thus, H3K9me3 deposition by SETDB1 ensures T cell lineage integrity by repressing a repertoire of ERVs that have been exapted into cis-regulatory modules to shape and control the Th1 gene network
Forget, Geneviève. "Étude des mécanismes de régulation négative utilisés par Leishmania pour contrer la réponse immunitaire innée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21419/21419.pdf.
Full textThe intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania has been known for its ability to evade its host immune response principally by inhibiting phagocyte functions. Indeed, infected macrophages show a loss of microbicidal (NO, oxygen intermediates) and immunological activities (IL-1, IL-12, MHC). This allows for its replication and invasion of the host. These dysfunctions are correlated by alterations in signalling cascades depending on Ca2+, PKC, JAK2/STAT1α and MAPK ERK1/2. It has also been reported that Leishmania infection could induce the macrophage phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity and more specifically that of PTP SHP-1, a strong negative regulator of tyrosine kinase-dependent pathways. Moreover, the use of PTP inhibitors showed their essential role in parasite survival both in vivo and in vitro. These results suggested a potential role for SHP-1 in parasite survival and in the inhibition of macrophages. To address this issue, SHP-1-deficient mice, the viable motheaten mice, and their bone marrow-derived macrophages were infected with Leishmania. Results show that footpad inflammation was virtually absent in SHP-1-deficient mice and depended on inducible nitric oxide synthase increased activity as well as inflammatory cells recruitment, especially neutrophils. This recruitment seemed to be due to increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines expression and secretion and in chemokine gene expression. SHP-1-deficient mice had both more inflammatory cells numbers and a higher ratio of neutrophils, recognized for their microbicidal action against Leishmania. In vitro, SHP-1 activity seemed essential for parasite survival by allowing the attenuation of NO-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Furthermore, its alteration of NO generation in infected cells was due to the dephosphorylation of JAK2 and ERK1/2 as well as inhibition of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. However, SHP-1 was not responsible for the inhibition of transcription factor STAT1α seen in infected macrophages. This phenomenon seemed due to specific proteasomal degradation of the protein. Overall, the present thesis demonstrates that Leishmania is a versatile parasite able to use several strategies to alter its host responsiveness, two of them being the essential activation of SHP-1 and the targeting of STAT1α to the proteasomal degradation pathway.
Martin, Bruno. "Auto-réactivité des lymphocytes T CD4+ périphériques : mise en évidence et régulation." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N02S.
Full textBossennec, Marion. "Caractérisation et régulation des lymphocytes T CD4+CD73+ en contextes physiologique et pathologique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1159.
Full textRequirement for CD4+ effector T lymphocytes (Teff) comprehensive study in human is increasing since it can contribute to the emergence of new immunotherapy strategies. This work brings up important information concerning the characterization and regulation of a Teff population expressing the CD73 ecto-nucleotidase, which is able to degrade extracellular AMP into immunosuppressive adenosine (Ado). This population, highly polyfunctional and pro-inflammatory, is enriched in Th1.17 cells. CD73+ Teff express low levels of inhibitory immune checkpoints but are negatively regulated by the autocrine Ado production that limits their pro-inflammatory function and proliferative capacities. In addition, CD73+ Teff express high levels of the ABC transporter multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1), responsible for the exclusion of cells’ cytoplasm of many drugs. The study of this population in different pathological contexts enabled to decipher its functions. I could evidence that CD73 expression is dynamic. CD73 is notably decreased in autoimmune arthritic pathologies (rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA)) in which Th1.17 and Th17 are highly activated. CD73 decreased expression by these cells is a mechanism that alleviates self-inhibition by autocrine Ado production and enables them to fully contribute to chronic inflammation characterizing these pathologies. In tumor context, CD73+ Teff present in breast and ovarian tumors could on the contrary bear a selective advantage due to their high MDR1 expression enabling them to resist MDR1 substrates-based chemotherapy treatments. These chemotherapy treatments combined to therapies blocking CD73 enzymatic function could allow the restauration of an efficient anti-tumor immune response
Morissette, Audrey. "Caractérisation du mécanisme de régulation négative de l'ARNm hns par le petit ARN régulateur DsrA chez Escherichia coli." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5572.
Full textVahlas, Zoï. "Régulation métabolique de l'infection des cellules T CD4 par VIH-1 : vers de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT009.
Full textThe susceptibility of CD4 T cells to HIV-1 infection is regulated by glucose and glutamine metabolism, but the relative contributions of these nutrients to infection are not known. During my PhD, I identified glutaminolysis as a major pathway fueling oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in activated naïve as well as memory CD4 cell subsets, and found that induction of this metabolic network is required for optimal HIV-1 infection. Moreover, we determined that under conditions of attenuated glutaminolysis, the α-ketoglutarate (αKG) TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle intermediate is a rate-limiting step in infection; exogenous α-KG directly increased OXPHOS and rendered both naïve and memory CD4 T cells significantly more sensitive to infection. Furthermore, blocking the glycolytic flux of pyruvate to lactate resulted in an increased OXPHOS and a significantly augmented level of HIV-1 infection. In agreement with these data, infected CD4 T cells exhibited increased mitochondrial biomass and respiration as compared to their non-infected counterparts. These data identify the OXPHOS/ aerobic glycolysis balance as a major regulator of HIV-1 infection in CD4 T lymphocytes.In order to gain more insight into the metabolic pathways regulating HIV-1 infection in CD4 T cells, we developed a complementary approach to target upstream processes, specifically altering glucose (GLUT1), glutamine (ASCT2), and arginine (CAT1) transporter expression by lentiviral-mediated delivery of specific shRNAs. Testifying to the importance of these transporters, CD4 T cells with downregulated expression of either GLUT1, ASCT2 or CAT1 were negatively selected, resulting in a loss of approximately 80% of shRNA-transduced cells within 14 days. Notably, the permissivity of CD4 T cells to HIV-1 infection was differentially impacted by inhibition of specific nutrient transporters. Consistent with the data presented above, knockdown of GLUT1 did not significantly impact HIV-1 infection whereas knockdown of CAT1 significantly decreased both OXPHOS as well as HIV-1 infection (by 35%). Surprisingly though, ASCT2 knockdown resulted in a significantly augmented infection, by approximately 20%. Mechanistically, we found that this was associated with a markedly higher persistence of naïve, as compared to memory, T cells with downregulated ASCT2 levels. These data highlight differences in the relative importance of distinct nutrient transporters in the survival of naïve vs memory CD4 T cell subsets and demonstrate their specific impact on the sensitivity of these populations to HIV-1 infection.In conclusion, using two complementary approaches, my PhD research has revealed the critical impact of a CD4 T cell’s energetic state on its susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. My data identify the importance of mitochondrial metabolism, with an environment rich in TCA cycle intermediates such as α-KG, in regulating the susceptibility of CD4 T cells to HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, I find that nutrient transporter expression differentially impacts the sensitivity of naïve and memory CD4 T cells to HIV-1 infection. These studies therefore provide new prospects for the development of targeted metabolic therapeutic strategies against HIV-1 infection
Le, Gall-Ianotto Christelle. "Régulation neuro-endocrine de l'hématopoïèse : rôle de la Substance P et de son dérivé, la Substance P(1-4), dans la régulation négative de l'érythropoïèse dans la polyglobulie de Vaquez." Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRES3203.
Full textThe hematopoietic and nervous systems communicate bidirectionally through the release of soluble factors and specific receptors. Substance P (SP), an undecapeptide belonging to the tachykinin family, is an example 0f a neurotransmitter that could be synthetized and released in the bone marrow (BM). SP could act as a hematopoietic modulator and can be further digested by peptidases ubiquitously expressed in BM. SP fragments as SP(1 -4) could exert hematopoietic regulation too. The aim of this study was to determine effect of SP and its derivate, SP( 1-4), on pathologie erythropoiesis. Polycythemia vera (PV) is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by the abnormal proliferation of multipotent hematopoietic progenitor. Endogenous erythroid colonies (EEC) formation is the biological hallmark of the PV. Resuits obtained show that SP and SP(1-4), at physiological concentration, are potent inhibitors of EEC formation by direct action on erythroid progenitors. SP-induced inhibition is mediated by a NK-1R-type dependent mechanism and another G coupled-protein receptor (GPCR) for SP( 1-4) effect. High expression of the truncated form of NK-1 R on PV erythroid progenitor suggests preferential implication in the SP effect, Difference in membranar signaling pathway for SP and SP(l-4) could explain the differential implication of PKCɛ and intracellular calcium rise, However, for both molecules, inhibitory effect is characterized by inhibition of terminal erythroid differentiation and increase cell death. Nitric oxide (NO) implication in signal transduction constitutes an important information to explain these mechanisms. Furthermore, inhibitory effect of SP and SP(1-4) is independent of action on adhesion molecules and rupture of cell adhesion of PV progenitors. In addition to its role in vitro, high concentrations of SP were detected in PV patients sera and was not correlated with fibrosis. We propose that this phenomenon reflect a mechanism induces by the organism to maintain homeostasis in PV patients. This work participates to the identification of new molecules able to inhibit spontaneous growth of PV erythroid progenitor and in the understanding of mechanisms implicated in the EEC formation and inhibition of this phenomenon
Berger, Hélène. "Etude de la régulation transcriptionnelle des lymphocytes T CD4 dans un contexte de cancer : application en immunothérapie anticancéreuse." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS002/document.
Full textImmune surveillance of tumors is based on the ability of effector cells of the immune system to detect and eliminate the cancer cells. Notwithstanding, the complete and spontaneous regression of established cancers was observed only in very few cases. The failure of cancer resolution by the immune system could result from the combination of several factors: i) inadequate immune response related to a low tumor immunogenicity, ii) incompetent immune system consecutively to induced or acquired immunodeficiencies and iii) the selection of resistant tumor variants able to thwart immune surveillance or subverting immune responses. Developing novel cancer immunotherapy strategies leading to potentiation of the host antitumor responses is thus a key challenge in oncology.We aim to better characterize the relationships between immune response and cancer. My work is precisely to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in CD4 T cell differentiation and to determine the role of these cells in antitumor immunity. I am particularly committed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the Th17, Th9 and TFh cell differentiations. The goal is to better understand and adjust their effector functions to optimize antitumor responses. This work is part of a potential application in cancer immunotherapy approach, an area that is experiencing dramatic advances and is likely to grow in the years ahead.We first studied the influence of the n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on Th17 cell differentiation. We unraveled the molecular mechanism responsible for the direct inhibition of Th17 cell polarization by DHA, explaining one way of DHA to exert its anticancer activity. TH17 cells induced in vitro displayed increased SOCS3 expression and diminished capacity to produce interleukin 17 following activation of PPARγ by DHA. In two different mouse cancer models, DHA prevented tumor outgrowth and angiogenesis in an IL 17 dependent manner. Altogether, our results uncover a novel molecular pathway by which PPARγ induced SOCS3 expression prevents IL 17 mediated cancer growth.Then, we characterized the effects of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) on Th9 cells molecular program. We found that the transcription factor IRF1 enhanced the effector functions of Th9 cells and dictated their anticancer properties. Under Th9 skewing conditions, IL-1β induced phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT1 and subsequent expression of IRF1, which bound to Il9 and Il21 gene promoters and enhanced their secretion by Th9 cells. In addition, IL-1β induced Th9 cells exerted potent anticancer functions in an IRF1 and IL 21 dependent manner. Thus, our findings identify IRF1 as a target for controlling the function of Th9 cells.We are currently investigating the transcriptional regulation of IRF1 on follicular helper CD4 T (TFh) cell program. We address the question whether TFh cells could be beneficial in cancer immunotherapy. Our study highlights the early activation of IRF1 during the TFh cell polarization and suggests that IRF1 appears to initiate the development of these cells. Adoptive transfer approaches show that TFh lymphocytes seem to habor anticancer properties by limiting efficiently tumor outgrowth in mouse models of cancer. Finally, phenotypic characterization of TFh cells points out that they infiltrate human breast tumors and express IRF1
Vendeville, Agnès. "Mode d'entrée de la protéine Tat de HIV-1 dans les lymphocytes T CD4+." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20065.
Full textTellier, Julie. "Contrôle génétique du développement thymique des lymphocytes T régulateurs CD4+CD25+Foxp3+C." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/262/.
Full textCD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are essential to maintain self-tolerance and control inflammation. It is a natural population that develops in the thymus from CD4-CD8- cells like its conventional counterpart. However, fate decision made by CD4+ thymocytes between effector and regulatory lineage remains poorly understood. We showed that distinct proportions of Treg were found in thymi of common mouse strains and that a genetic control modulated quantitatively regulatory compartment generation. We demonstrated that it was a polygenic trait and identified a locus on chromosome 17. We next focused on the diabetes-prone NOD strain, and surprisingly found a high level of Treg among mature CD4+ thymocytes. Genetic control in this strain is dependent on a region that colocalizes with the diabetes susceptibility locus Idd16. Our preliminary results tend to show that thymic selection is not involved, which suggests a lineage commitment linked mechanism. Study of new congenic lines should help us to restrain our region of interest and our candidate gene number
Ribot, Julie. "Etude du développement thymique des lymphocytes t régulateurs CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30221.
Full textPariente, Benjamin. "Régulation de l'activation des lymphocytes T CD4 par les récepteurs Natural Killer au cours de la maladie de Crohn." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077195.
Full textCrohn's disease (CD) is characterized by an uncontrolled immune response toward the intestinal flora in which T cells involvement has been demonstrated. We have recently identified a subset of effector CD4+ T cells mediating inflammatory response in CD and expressing the NK activating receptor NKG2D. CD4+NKG2D+ T cells are functionally active through interactions with NKG2D ligands. CD4+NKG2D+ T cells exhibit specific cytotoxic activity and produce IFNy in the presence of MICA bearing cells. The purpose of our study was to further characterize the functional properties of CD4+NKG2D+ T cells. First we show that thé subset of CD4_ T cells expressing NKG2D in CD represents a major source of IL-17 and has typical features of Thl7 cells. Then, we report that CD4+NKG2D+ T cells exhibit cytotoxic proprieties and that NKG2D activation is necessary for CD4 T cells to have cytotoxic effect. Finally, we show that the presence of predominant, diffuse and persistent oligoclonal expansions of effector CD4+NKG2D+ T-cells in the mucosa may contribute to the uncontrolled inflammatory process of CD. Our data provide that NKG2D is a functional marker of CD4 T cells that produce IL-17 and IFNy in patients with CD, via costimulation of the TCR and NKG2D. Moreover we demonstrate that the greatest percentage of expanded oligoclonal T-cells found in the inflamed mucosa of CD patients corresponds to CD4+ T-cells expressing NKG2D. Our results suggest that the NKG2D pathway could represent a specific therapeutic target in CD
Coudronnière, Nolwenn. "Régulation du cycle de réplication du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type (vih-1) par des signaux transmis par la molécule cd4." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON1T008.
Full textBeauregard, Vickie. "Attachement, émotions, et somatisation." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6438.
Full textLoiseau, Claire. "Régulation du trafic des lymphocytes T CD4+ vers la muqueuse intestinale au cours de la reconstitution immunitaire sous traitement antirétroviral." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30277.
Full textDuring HIV-1 infection, the integrity of the intestinal immune barrier is disrupted due to a deep depletion of CD4+ T cells in the gut, especially Th17 cells, a T cell subset exerting a major role in antimicrobial immunity. The translocation of microbial products from the gut lumen into the bloodstream, associated with Th17 cells loss, has been linked to systemic inflammation. Despite effective cART, CD4+ T cells restoration in the lamina propria is postponed and incomplete compared with peripheral blood of most individuals. The works exposed in this manuscript suggest that treated HIV-1-infected individuals display a reduced CCL20 production altering the CCR6-CCL20 chemotactic axis, which drives Th17 cells trafficking to the gut. Our results do not support a direct role of the virus in the decreased production of the CCL20 chemokine. The infection of small bowel explants by various viral strains rather leads to an increase of CCL20 production. The stimulation of primary intestinal epithelial cells cultured ex vivo by a technique specially worked out during this project by various viral proteins do not show any negative effects on the production of CCL20. Stimulation of primary intestinal epithelial cells by several ligands of innate microbial sensors (PRR) also allows to rule out a potential responsibility of the residual microbial translocation observed in treated HIV-1-infected individuals in the decreased production of the CCL20 chemokine. The detailed analysis of various lymphocyte populations distribution in the blood and intestinal compartments of treated HIV-1-infected individuals highlights an increase of a regulatory T cell subset in the small intestine, which do not show the CCR6 chemokine receptor (CCR6- Treg). Despite antiretroviral therapy, the presented study underlines the persistence of an imbalanced Th17/CCR6- Treg ratio. The cytokinic microenvironment disruption, as a consequence of the modification of the Th17/CCR6- Treg ratio seems involved in the decrease of the CCL20 chemokine observed in treated HIV-1-infected individuals. Stimulation of primary intestinal epithelial cells with IL-17A produced by Th17 cells increases CCL20 production whereas Treg cytokines both IL-10 and TGF-ß1 decrease it. Ex vivo co-culture of primary small intestine epithelial cells with various proportions of T lymphocytes sorted by flow cytometry, activated and placed into the bottom chamber of the transwell to mimic lamina propria-epithelium interactions, confirms the influence of the Th17/CCR6- Treg ratio on the production of CCL20 by the intestinal epithelial cells. All together, our data demonstrate that the CCL20-CCR6 axis driving Th17 cells gut homing is altered in HIV-1-infected individuals despite antiretroviral therapy, and the persistence of an imbalanced Th17/CCR6- Treg ratio into the lamina propria could contribute to the decrease of the CCL20 chemokine production by enterocytes, highlighting the existence of a vicious circle between the decrease of the CCL20 expression and the defective gut homing of CD4+ T cells, notably Th17 cells
Touvier, Thierry. "Les tétraspanes LEPROT et LEPROTL1 : 2 nouveaux régulateurs négatifs de la sensibilité cellulaire à l'hormone de croissance." Lille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL2S006.
Full textMoulin, Stéphanie. "Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la régulation négative du récepteur de l'hormone de croissance en réponse à une stimulation par le ligand : rôle potentiel des protéines SOCS." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05N037.
Full textWe analysed the down-regulation of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) in CHO cells stably expressing the GHR. We have shown that a low amount of GHR is present at the cell surface while most of the receptors are stored in intracellular compartments. Following GH exposure, we demonstrated that concomitantly with the degradation of cell surface receptors, GHR from the intracellular compartments are also degraded. Jak2 and proteasome activities control the degradation of GHR located inside the cell and thus the amount of new receptors available to the cell surface. Our work also shows that overexpression of SOCS-1 and to less extent SOCS-2 resulted in GHR accumulation in contrast to SOCS-3 wich had no effect
Cassan, Cécile. "Lymphocytes T CD4+Foxp3+ régulateurs et auto-immunité du système nerveux central." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30184.
Full textThe immune system defends us against invasions of pathogens; meanwhile, several mechanisms, including the control exerted by CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs), maintain an immune tolerance towards self-antigens. A disruption of this tolerance contributes to the development of auto-immune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We have showed that Tregs protect mice against the development of experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is an animal model for MS. We have then investigated the role of the thymus and of self-antigens in the generation of Tregs specific for central nervous system antigens, as well as their specificity in EAE. A better knowledge on Tregs will allow the design of new therapeutic strategies for MS patients
Yahia, Hanane. "Regulation of RORC2 expression during human CD4+T cell differentiation." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC289.
Full textGeneration of inflammatory CD4+ Th17 cells is strongly dependent on the transcription factor retinoid-related orphan receptor, RORγt. RORγt was first identified in the mouse as a thymocyte-specific factor and was shown to play a critical role in the regulation of thymopoiesis. In the thymus RORγt is selectively expressed at the double positive stage (DP: CD4+ CD8+), and is down regulated in later stages of thymocyte development, as well as in naïve peripheral CD4+ T cells. The molecular mechanisms by which RORγt is transiently expressed during thymopoiesis and re-expressed in selected peripheral lymphocytes are poorly understood. The goal of this project is to define the transcriptional and epigenetic settings that correlate with RORγt expression. To start addressing the molecular mechanisms that control expression of human RORγt in thymocytes, we performed an analysis of epigenetic modifications at the RORC locus. Our findings show that the whole RORC locus undergoes extensive remodeling, assuming a more "permissive" conformation at the transition between the Double Negative and the DP stage (increase of H4ac and decrease of H3K27me3). However, H3K4me3, a mark of active promoters, is present specifically at the RORC2 promoter only at stages where RORC2 is expressed. A similar analysis of epigenetic marks for enhancers (H3K27ac) has allowed us to identify several regions with potential regulatory function on RORC2 expression, which displayed enhancer function in vitro. In human naïve peripheral CD4+ T cells we observed that TCR stimulation in the presence of TGFβ is sufficient to induce low levels of RORγt expression, and further remodeling of the RORC locus. We also found that cyclosporine A, an inhibitor of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway, strongly inhibited RORC2 expression, and was associated with a decrease in the positive chromatin marks at the RORC locus. Consistently, we demonstrated that cell stimulation induced NFAT activation, and binding to the RORC2 promoter and enhancers. This binding coincided with calcineurin-dependent p300/CBP recruitment and remodeling of the locus, which may allow binding of the transcriptional machinery and other factors (such as NFkB) important for Th17 differentiation. NFAT binding to the RORC locus could be also detected in thymocytes. These data demonstrate a central role for the NFAT pathway in the epigenetic priming the RORC locus for transcriptional competence
Esquerré, Michael. "Influence des lymphocytes T CD4+ CD25+ régulateurs sur la dynamique de formation de la synapse immunologique entre un lymphocyte T CD4+ effecteur et une cellule présentatrice d'antigène." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/51/.
Full textThe encounter between a T lymphocyte and an antigen presenting cell (APC) is a central event in the initiation and development of adaptative immune responses. Interaction between these two cells leads to multiple molecular reorganizations of the intercellular contact site leading to the formation of a dynamical and specialized structure filling diverse biological functions: the Immunological Synapse (IS). This interaction enables a CD4+ T helper lymphocyte (TH) to activate and to put into place an intracellular sustained signaling necessary for cytokine production. The second key feature of this interaction consists in TH lymphocyte secretory machinery polarization towards APC thereby allowing a selective activation of the APC presenting the specific antigen and thus a selective amplification of the immune response. CD4+ CD25+ natural regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) play a pivotal role in the maintenance of peripheral self tolerance, their absence leading to the development of autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorders. Treg are also involved in controlling anti-infectious immune responses and have a deleterious role during anti-tumoral immune responses. To date, different regulation mechanisms involving cellular contact or the secretion of soluble effector molecules have been described. My thesis work was to determine if human Treg could inhibit immune responses by altering polarization of TH lymphocytes towards APC. In order to answer this question we used confocal microscopy approaches so as to visualize a Treg and a TH lymphocyte simultaneously interacting with a same APC. We were able to observe that Treg inhibit secretory machinery polarization of TH lymphocytes (Golgi apparatus and tubulin cytoskeleton) towards APC via local TGF- production. These results enabled us to identify a novel suppression mechanism that could allow to better apprehend the incredible potential of Treg to finely regulate immune responses
Hippocrate, Aurélie. "Modulation de l'autophagie lors de la réactivation de l'EBV par le TGF β1." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077182.
Full textThe Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a persistent gamma herpesvirus, which is associated with malignancies. The requirement of lytic gene expression for outgrowth of lymphoproliferations in a SCID mouse model, suggests the importance of reactivation for EBV pathogenesis. Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (TGF-pl) induces EBV reactivation. During TGF-pl-mediated EBV reactivation, an autophagy inhibitor, PI3K/Akt, was activated, and an autophagy inducer, the interferon-inducible protein kinase activated by double-stranded RNA (PKR), was inactivated. This prompted us to investigate the effect of TGF-pl-mediated viral reactivation on the autophagy process. Autophagy markers were decreased after treatment by TGF-pl of EBV-infected Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cell lines and not in EBV negative BL cells showing an EBV-dependent inhibition of autophagy during TGF-pl mediated EBV reactivation. The autophagic pathway is a cellular defence process involving the bulk degradation of cellular contents by autophagosomes/lysosomes during starvation or viral infection and autophagy is postulated to play a role in antiviral innate immunity. Inhibition of autophagy might prevent cellular antiviral defence. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms which lead to EBV reactivation (deregulation of autophagy, apoptosis and signals involved) will be important to understand its association with the development and / or progression of malignant lymphomas
Braudeau, Cécile. "Etude du phénotype et de la fonction des cellules régulatrices T CD4+CD25+ dans le sang de patients tolérant spontanément une greffe de rein." Nantes, 2006. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=d6456dcd-1157-4700-bb4b-a3d05104c0d7.
Full textDespite being efficient in preventing acute rejection, immunosuppressors have little effect on chronic rejection. A major goal in transplantation is therefore to induce a state of operational tolerance. This state, which is rare in kidney transplant recipients, is defined as long-term graft acceptance with a stable function, without immunosuppression in an immunocompetent recipient. Here we tried to understand the mechanisms implicated in operational tolerance to kidney transplants. The study of a small cohort of tolerant patients allowed us to identify a particular phenotypic profile of CD4+CD25+ blood lymphocytes that was different to that of patients with chronic rejection. Tolerant patients displayed an increased number of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cells compared to patients with chronic rejection. These cells also displayed a regulatory function similar to that of healthy individuals and significantly higher than that of patients with chronic rejection
Ratajczak, Céline. "Régulation de la fonction des cellules dendritiques par les bactéries lactiques : influence du statut allergique du donneur et de l'épithélium intestinal." Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL2S066.
Full textBarlat, Isabelle. "Contrôle de la transition G1/S au cours du cycle cellulaire : Régulation négative de l'expression de la cycline A par le TGFBêta 1 (Transforming Growth Factor bêta 1)." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20016.
Full textHonorat, Jean-François. "Rôle de la tyrosine phosphatase SHP1 dans la régulation de l'oncogène NPM-ALK des lymphomes anaplasiques à grandes cellules." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/449/.
Full textAnaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas are a distinct subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas that affect mostly children and young adults. They represent 10 to 15% of pediatrics' lymphomas and are characterized by the expression of an oncogene with a strong tyrosine kinase activity. This oncoprotein is encoded by hybrid mRNA resulting from different chromosomal translocations. The most frequent is the t(2 ;5) which induces the fusion of the nucleophosmin gene (NPM) and the Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) gene which encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor. The chimeric protein NPM-ALK is responsible for the constitutive activation of mitogenic and antiapoptotic pathways which lead to cellular transformation. Several proteins tyrosine-phosphatases that regulate the level of intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation, are described to downregulate the oncogenic potential. We chose to study SHP1 (Src homology protein tyrosine phosphatase 1) which is largely expressed in hematopoietic cells and implicated in pathways that negatively regulate lymphocyte activation. The expression of this phosphatase is often lost in hematopoietic diseases and SHP1 is proposed to be a candidate tumor suppressor gene. In a first part of this study, we have demonstrated the critical role played by SHP1 in the negative regulation of the oncogenic potential of NPM-ALK. Tyrosine phosphatase activity assays showed that SHP1 activity is inversely correlated with the NPM-ALK tyrosine phosphorylation level. Then, we show that SHP1 is associated with NPM-ALK, which is a SHP1 substrate. SHP1 is able to negatively regulate the oncogenic potential of NPM-ALK leading to a decrease of cellular proliferation and tumoral growth. A co-localisation of the two proteins has been observed in granular cytosplasmic structures. These granules had never been described before this work. Nevertheless, their structure and function are not known yet and have to be studied. Using tissue microarray including 40 cases of anaplastic large cell lymphomas from patients, we showed that SHP1 was expressed in 50% of cases. .
Jacquet, Alexandra. "Etude de la réponse T CD4+ antitumorale : régulation de l'expansion et de l'accumulation intratumorale et établissement de nouveaux modèles de tumeurs transplantées et spontanées." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T010.
Full textRahmoun, Massilva. "Études phénotypique et fonctionnelle de lymphocytes T CD4+ régulateurs humains : implication dans le contrôle de l'inflammation cutanée et bronchique." Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON1T001.
Full textDefays, Axel. "Caractérisation de BAD-LAMP dans les cellules dendritiques plasmacyoïdes humaines." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22123/document.
Full textPlasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) link innate and adaptative immunity by producing large amounts of type-1 interferon and inducing naive T cell activation and proliferation in an antigen-specific manner. pDCs express high levels of TLR7 and TLR9 and thereby sense viral nucleic acids. TLRs 7 and 9, which rest in the endoplamic reticulum (ER) at steady-state, are re-localized to the late endosomal compartment upon activation for signaling. this process is dependent of the interaction between TLRs and the chaperone UNC93B1. During my thesis, I characterized a new molecule of the lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP) family, named BAD-LAMP. In the human immune system, this protein is exclusively expressed in pDCs. BAD-LAMP is not detected in lysosomes, as opposed to the other LAMP family members, but is retained in the ER compartment. I also demonstrated that BAD-LAMP is down-regulated after pDCs activation by a TLR9 ligand. Using trnasfered HeLa cells and several mutant forms of BAD-LAMP with localization defects, I etablished that BAD-LAMP and UNC93B1 can influence reciprocally their intercellular trafficking by a yet uncharacterize mechanism. BAD-LAMP could therefore act as a chaperone of UNC93B1-TLR9 complex and moduate the TLR9 response. The study of such a regulatory mechanism could help to understand better the fine tuning of the immune response
Lhocine, Nouara. "Analyse de nouveaux régulateurs de la voie de transduction du signal IMD chez Drosophila melanogaster." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077104.
Full textDrosophila represents an ideal model System in which to study host-pathogen interactions since insects have a particularly effective immune System that appears to be evolutionarily conserved. It relies solely on an innate immune response. NF-KappaB is a family of structurally related and evolutionarily conserved transcription factors. In response to microbial challenge, these factors are responsible for the antimicrobial response in drosophila. Indeed two NF-KappaB signalling pathways regulate the expression of antimicrobial peptides in response to bacterial infection. The Toll pathway is activated by gram-positive bacteria, while the IMD pathway responds to gram-negative bacteria. Activation of either Toll or IMD signalling results in the activation of distinct NF-KappaB-like transcription factors. Similarly in mammals, members of the NF-KappaB protein family play a central role in the regulation of inflammatory and innate immune responses. The IMD pathway of drosophila is highly similar to the mammalian TNF-R1 pathway. The conservation of the NF-KappaB regulatory mechanisms between organisms as diverse as insects and mammals indicate that the regulation of the innate immune response is evolutionarily conserved. The aim of my thesis was to study the regulation of the IMD pathway activation. Preliminary data in cultured cells suggested that DIAP2 protein may be involved in the IMD pathway activation. An in vivo genetic approach revealed that a loss of function of this gene is responsible for a higher susceptibility to infection and a decrease in antimicrobiel peptide production. Epistatic studies showed DIAP2 is a positive regulator of the IMD signalling that acts upstream or in parallel of TAK1. Therefore DIAP2 is a new component of this pathway. Secondly, Pascal Meier's team identified a new protein called PIMS (PGRP-LC-interacting Inhibitor of IMD Signalling) that interacts in cultured cells with the PGRP-LC receptor. Its inactivation induces the constitutive activation of the IMD signalling in vivo in the gut without an overt infection. After an oral infection it leads to the overactivation of the IMD signalling. This work shows that PIMS negatively régulates the IMD signalling. PIMS interacts with the peptidoglycane récognition protein (PGRP-LC), causing its depletion from the plasma membrane and shutdown of IMD signalling. Moreover, it also prevents the activation of this pathway by the commensal flora. Thus PIMS is required to establish immune tolerance to commensal bacteria and to maintain a balanced IMD response following exposure to bacterial infections
Antoine, Pierre. "Etude de la réponse des lymphocytes T CD4+ au cours de l'infection primaire par le cytomégalovirus." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209148.
Full textAprès l’infection primaire, le virus persiste tout au long de la vie à l’état latent mais peut se réactiver de manière intermittente. Ceci est associé à l’expansion de lymphocytes T CD4+ fortement différenciés ayant des fonctions auxiliaires et cytolytiques. L’infection primaire est, par contre, caractérisée par une réplication virale intense qui dure plusieurs mois. Il a été montré que l’exposition prolongée à des concentrations élevées d’antigènes entraine une perte progressive de fonction par les lymphocytes T appelée épuisement et caractérisée par l’expression de récepteurs inhibiteurs. L’impact de la réplication virale intense observée au cours de l’infection primaire par le CMV sur la fonction des lymphocytes T CD4+ n’est pas bien connu.
La fonctionnalité des lymphocytes T CD4+ a été explorée chez l’humain et le singe rhésus au cours de l’infection primaire et comparée à celle de sujets porteurs chroniques du virus.
Les résultats montrent que l’infection primaire par le CMV est associée à la détection de lymphocytes T CD4+ circulants ayant une faible capacité de prolifération et de production de cytokines et d’IL-2 en particulier.
L’impact de la différenciation sur la fonction des lymphocytes a été exploré en détail chez l’humain. Il a été observé qu’un degré de différenciation plus élevé des lymphocytes T CD4+ spécifiques du CMV joue un rôle dans la production réduite d’IL-2. Toutefois, la fraction moins différenciée (exprimant la molécule CD28) présente également une sécrétion d’IL-2 moindre au cours de l’infection primaire. Ceci fait partie d’une diminution globale de la production de cytokines au cours de l’infection primaire qui affecte également la sécrétion d’IFNγ et TNFα, entraine une polyfonctionnalité réduite et est indépendante de la différenciation. L’épuisement des lymphocytes T CD4+ spécifiques du CMV contribue à leur fonctionnalité moindre comme l’indique l’expression accrue du récepteur inhibiteur PD-1 et l’augmentation des réponses prolifératives en présence d’anticorps bloquant PD-1.
Le lien entre excrétion virale et fonction lymphocytaire a été étudié chez le macaque rhésus. L’infection par le CMV est observée chez les singes juvéniles et adultes mais pas chez les nourrissons. L’excrétion urinaire et salivaire est significativement plus fréquente et intense chez les singes juvéniles par rapport aux adultes. Comme chez l’humain au cours de l’infection primaire, les lymphocytes T CD4+ spécifiques du virus sont moins
polyfonctionnels et prolifèrent moins efficacement chez les singes juvéniles par rapport aux singes adultes. Ceci est associé à l’expression accrue du récepteur inhibiteur PD-1 chez les singes juvéniles. La réponse proliférative des lymphocytes T CD4+ est accrue en présence d’anticorps bloquant PD-1 ou d’IL-2 exogène. Enfin, une association inverse entre fonction lymphocytaire et excrétion urinaire a été mise en évidence chez les macaques adultes.
Ces résultats indiquent que l’infection par le CMV présente des caractéristiques semblables chez l’humain et le singe rhésus. L’infection primaire est associée à la détection de lymphocytes T CD4+ ayant une fonctionnalité moindre qu’au cours de l’infection chronique. L’expression du récepteur inhibiteur PD-1 typique des cellules épuisées est l’un des mécanismes impliqués et pourrait être la cible de stratégies immunomodulatrices visant à améliorer les fonctions lymphocytaires et le contrôle de la réplication virale. Les résultats présentés indiquent que l’infection naturelle chez le singe rhésus constitue un modèle potentiellement utile à l’étude de la réponse immune au CMV humain et à l’évaluation de stratégies immunomodulatrices.
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Cytomegalovirus infection is mostly asymptomatic in immunocompetent hosts but leads to severe morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised subjects and foetuses.
After primary infection, CMV establishes lifelong persistence but can reactivate intermittently. This is associated with the expansion of highly differentiated CD4+ T lymphocytes exhibiting helper functions and cytolytic activity.
Primary infection is characterised by an intense viral replication lasting several months. It has been shown that prolonged exposure to elevated antigen concentrations induces a progressive loss of function by T lymphocytes called exhaustion. This state of functional impairment is associated to the expression of inhibitory receptors. The consequence of the intense viral replication seen in primary CMV infection on CD4+ T cell function is unknown.
CD4+ T cell function has been studied in human and rhesus macaque during primary CMV infection. Chronic CMV carriers have been used as controls.
The results show that primary CMV infection is associated to the detection of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes exhibiting weak proliferative capacities and reduced cytokine production affecting IL-2 in particular.
The impact of differentiation on lymphocyte function has been explored in detail in human. An increased proportion of terminally differentiated CD4+ T cells (CD28-) is observed during primary infection. These lymphocytes are unable to secrete IL-2 in response to CMV antigens. Interestingly, CD28+ CMV-specific CD4+ T cells also exhibit reduced IL-2 production during primary infection. This is part of a global reduction of cytokine production affecting IFNγ and TNFα as well. The impaired cytokine production is associated to reduced polyfunctionality and is independent of differentiation. Exhaustion of CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes contributes to the reduced functionality as shown by an increased expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 and improved proliferative responses in the presence of PD-1 blocking antibodies.
The relationship between viral replication and lymphocyte function has been explored in rhesus macaques. CMV infection is observed in juvenile and adult monkeys but not in newborns. Excretion in urine and saliva is significantly more frequent and intense in juvenile monkeys than adults. As in primary infection in human, CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes are less polyfunctional and have lower proliferative capacities in juveniles as compared to adults. This is associated with an increased expression of PD-1 in juvenile monkeys. CD4+ T cell proliferative responses are increased when PD-1 blocking antibodies or exogenous IL-2 are added to the culture medium. Finally, an inverse association between lymphocyte function and urinary excretion has been observed in adult macaques.
These results indicate that CMV infection shares common features in human and rhesus macaque. Primary infection is associated to the detection of CD4+ T lymphocyte displaying lower functional capacities as compared to chronic infection. Exhaustion contributes to the functional impairment and the inhibitory receptor PD-1 could be targeted by immunomodulatory strategies aiming at improving lymphocyte functions and controlling viral replication. Natural CMV infection in rhesus macaque might be useful as a model to evaluate the efficacy and safety of immunomodulatory approaches.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Alawieh, Mohamad. "Etude des mécanismes de régulation après injection de cellules dendritiques allogéniques OX62+ associées à un anticorps anti-CD4 non déplétant dans un modèle de rejet chronique chez le rat." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00938811.
Full textGasparian, Sona. "Régulation de l'expression du gène T-bet pendant la différenciation des cellules th1 chez l'homme." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077213.
Full textFunctional distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells are essential to orchestrate efficient immune responses against different types of pathogens. T helper type 1 (Thl) cells promote cell-mediated immunity and are necessary to clear the organism from intracellular pathogens but are associated with autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. This indicates that the development of Thl cells must be tightly controlled. The transcription factor T-bet is specifically expressed by Thl cells and plays an important role in the differentiation of this subset. T-bet is implicated in chromatin remodeling and control of Thl-specific expression of the IFN-f gene. The goal of this project is to identify the mechanisms that regulate T-bet expression during human Thl cell development. The analysis of changes of the chromatin structure at the T-bet locus in Thl cells allowed us to identify four DNAsel hypersensitive sites (HS). We found that the position of the HS identified in our experiments corresponds to the position of the CNS identified « in silico ». In addition, we found that chromatin associated with HS is hyperacetylated on histone H3 in Thl cells. Taken together, these data indicate that these four regions are implicated in the regulation of the human T-bet gene. We found that triggering of the T cell receptor (TCR) alone is sufficient to induce strong expression of T-bet. We demonstrated that NF-AT family members are implicated in this process
Govender, Umeshree. "Study of transcription factors involved in the upregulation of IL-10 expression in human CD4 T cells costimulated by T cell receptor and type I interferon." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066076.
Full textIn CD4 T cells several transcription factors (TFs) regulate expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. I investigated how type I interferon (IFN) cytokines and T cell receptor (TCR) pathways cooperate toward early upregulation of IL-10 in human CD45RA+ CD4+ T cells. I interrogated the role of the STAT and BATF family by transciptomics and RNAi-mediated gene-silencing. IFN and TCR induced STAT2 and STAT3 expression, respectively, while the BATFs were induced early by IFN and further enhanced by TCR/IFN together. STAT3 was the major regulator of TCR- and TCR/IFN-mediated IL-10 while STAT2 contributed to the latter. STAT3 was recruited adjacent to a BATF-binding site at the IL-10 locus early in response to TCR/IFN. Co-silencing of the three BATFs led to a marked decrease in TCR- and TCR/IFN-mediated IL-10. We propose that the BATFs control the magnitude of the IFN response as pioneer factors. Additional results of transcriptional profiling of ± 200 genes, including TFs downstream of TCR and IFN and TFs involved in IL-10 regulation, revealed that TCR and IFN provide unique and combined contributions to the early CD45RA+CD4+ T cell gene activation program and identified other potential TFs involved in TCR/IFN-mediated IL-10 transcription. This study may provide broad mechanistic bases for crosstalk between the TCR- and IFN-pathways
Bresler, Priscillia. "Étude de la régulation des cellules lymphoïdes innées par les lymphocytes T chez la souris." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB078.
Full textMany articles in the literature report that the composition, the frequency and the activity of ILCs are strongly affected when the adaptive immune system is deficient in mice. However, the mechanisms by which adaptive immunity regulates the homeostasis of ILCs remain largely unknown. The objective of my thesis was to address the role played by T cells in this regulation within lymphoid tissues such as peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes and in the small intestine. I also characterised some of the regulatory mechanisms involved in this dialogue between ILCs and T cells and determined their tissue specificity. During my thesis, I confirmed that the regulation of gut resident ILC3 by CD4+ T cells is based on their ability to participate in the containment and diversification of bacterial communities colonizing the gut. In addition, I have also highlighted the role of CD4+ T cells in the regulation of the frequency and activity of type 2 ILCs in the mesenteric lymph nodes. The latter does not rely on the activation of CD4+ T cells by the gut microbiota. Indeed, I showed that the expression of the gene encoding IL-33 is increased in the mesenteric lymph nodes of T cell deficient mice and that the short-term neutralization of IL-33 signalling in vivo significantly reduces the frequency of type 2 ILCs in the mLNs of these mice. In collaboration with Lucie Peduto's team, we showed that T lymphocytes indirectly regulate the expression of IL-33 by mesenteric lymph nodes stromal cells. However, the mechanisms underlying these interactions remain to be elucidated. Finally, the role of other T-cell dependent environmental factors remains to be characterised. Indeed, our preliminary results indicate that T-B cooperation may be instrumental in the regulation of mesenteric lymph nodes resident ILC2 while it is redundant in the regulation of gut resident type 3 ILCs by CD4+ T cells
Placek, Katarzyna. "Contrôle épigénétique de la différentiation des cellules Th humaines." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077212.
Full textIn this work we study of the factors determining the expression of the T-bet gene, the master regulator of Th type 1 (Thl) cell development and epigenetic changes at the IL22/IL26/IFNG locus during Th cell differentiation. T cell activation induced two strong DNAsel hypersensitive sites (HS) and rapid histone acetylation at these elements in CD4+ T cells. Histone acetylation and T-bet expression were strongly inhibited by CsA and NFAT bound to a HS in vivo. IL-12 and IFN-γ signaling alone were not sufficient to induce T-bet in naive CD4+ T cells, but enhanced T-bet expression in TCR-stimulated cells. A third HS 12kb upstream of the mRNA start site in developing Thl cells was bound by IL-12-activated STAT4. Our data suggest that TBET locus remodeling and gene expression are initiated by TCR-induced NFAT recruitment and amplified by IL-12-mediated STAT4 binding to two distinct distal regulatory elements during human Thl cell development. The IL22 and IL26 genes are located close to the Thl-specific IFNG gene, suggesting that these loci may be coregulated. We found that different stimulation conditions induced transcription and different histone modification pattern of these genes. Permissive H4ac and H3K4me2 were strongly induced by TCR during in vitro differentiation of T helper cells. Cytokines may influence the level of these modifications at potential regulatory elements of IL22/IL26/IFNG locus. In contrast, T cell activation by TCR does not influence the level of H3K27me3 at IL22 and IL26 genes but removes H3K27me3 from the INFG locus. These observations suggest that there are different modes regulating expression of these three genes
Wolski, David. "Integrative analysis of CD8 T-cell responses in the context of adaptive immunity to acute Hepatitis C virus infection." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ018/document.
Full textInfection with Hepatitis C virus typically establishes chronic infection, but about 20% of subjects clear HCV spontaneously. There is strong evidence that functional CD8 T cells are critical for HCV control. In the first part of my thesis we identified a new marker for exhausted T cells, CD39, that we showed to be upregulated in chronic HCV infection, progressive HIV infection and in chronic infection with LCMV. In the second part we used an integrative analysis approach to study transcriptional regulation of CD8 T cells in the acute phase of HCV infection with different outcomes. We found early transcriptional changes in key immune effector pathways as well as metabolic and nucleosomal processes in CD8 T cells from patients with persistent infection. Some of these changes track with a lack of HCV-specific CD4 T cells exhibit associations with subject age and sex. Our findings suggest that CD8 T cell exhaustion in HCV infection is linked to early gene regulatory events that are not only amplified by chronic inflammation and a lack of CD4 help, but might also be influenced by disease-relevant host factors such as patient age and sex
Delahaye, Laurent. "Régulation négative de l'interaction entre les sous-unités adaptatrices de la PI3-kinase et les protéines de signalisation de l'insuline et l'IGF-1, recherche de nouveau(x) partenaire(s) de la phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 ainsi que de gênes dont l'expression est régulée par la serine/threonine kinase PKB." Nice, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NICE5658.
Full textVédrine, Mégane. "Rôle de l'antigène O dans la reconnaissance d'Escherichia coli par les cellules épithéliales mammaires bovines et modulation par le CD14 soluble." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4002.
Full textMastitis constitute the main source of financial losses for dairy herds in France and worldwide. Among major mastitis pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) is of great importance, especially in acute clinical mastitis. The role of host factors in the ability to eliminate the causative pathogen is well-known, but the implication of bacterial characteristics in the severity of the infection is more difficult to establish. This study aimed at deciphering the bacterial factors involved in the interactions between E. coli and the mammary gland, and in particular the recognition of E. coli by bovine mammary epithelial cells (MEC), which constitute one of the first defense lines of the mammary gland
Belzile, Nathalye. "Capacité de rétention du récepteur CD4 par la protéine Vpu du VIH-1 chez des isolats primaires et implications au niveau de l'infectivité des particules virales." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15169.
Full textBernier, Annie. "Mécanismes moléculaires de la réplication préférentielle du VIH-1 dans les cellules à polarisation Th1Th17 versus Th1 : rôle de PPARG dans la régulation négative de la réplication virale." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9136.
Full textHuman CD4+ T cells are heterogeneous in terms of permissiveness to infection by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Our laboratory previously demonstrated that Th1 cells (CXCR3+CCR6- phenotype) are relatively resistant to infection, whereas Th1Th17 cells (CXCR3+CCR6+ phenotype) are highly permissive to HIV-1. HIV replication depends on several cellular restriction or permissiveness factors acting at different stages of the viral life cycle. However, despite several advances, our knowledge on signaling pathways involved in HIV replication is still limited. The main objective of this MSc degree project is to characterize the molecular mechanisms of permissiveness and resistance to HIV in Th1Th17 and Th1 cells respectively. This thesis is divided into four parts, aiming at : (i) the identification of canonical pathways and biological functions differentially regulated in Th1Th17 vs Th1 cells through the analysis of their whole genome transcriptome; (ii) the validation of differential expression of relevant genes identified by microarrays at mRNA and protein levels; (iii) the characterization of the functional role of some of these factors (i.e. PPARG, AhR) on HIV replication in Th1Th17 versus Th1 cells; and (iv) the identification of the level at which these factors interfere with the HIV replication cycle. Our analysis of the large sets of microarray data by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis indicate that Th1Th17 compared to Th1 cells are more susceptible to cell activation and apoptosis, promote superior inflammation and express at low levels genes related to the proteosomal degradation. These differences in the regulation of various biological functions and pathways can partly explain the susceptibility to HIV infection in these cells. We then confirmed the differential expression of some genes of interest in Th1Th17 (CXCR6, PPARG, ARNTL, CTSH, PTPN13, MAP3K4) versus Th1 (SERPINB6, PTK2) cells at mRNA and protein levels. Finally, we demonstrated the role of the transcription factors PPARG and AhR in the regulation of HIV replication. The activation of PPARG by rosiglitazone induces an important decrease in HIV replication in CD4+ T cells, while AhR activation by its exogenous ligands TCDD and FICZ promotes viral replication. We propose that the PPARG pathway acts as a negative regulator of HIV replication in these cells by interfering with Th17 polarization and probably by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of NF-kB. The role of nuclear versus cytoplasmic AhR appears diametrically opposed, since RNA interference against AhR is also associated with a significant increase in HIV replication. It is thus possible that the cytoplasmic form of AhR, known for its E3 ubiquitine ligase activity, is involved in proteasomal degradation of the viral particles. The mechanism by which the nuclear versus cytoplasmic form of AhR interferes with viral replication is being studied in the laboratory. This study represents the first characterization of the differential expression of genes in the entire genome of CD4+ T subpopulations permissive (Th1Th17) versus resistant (Th1) to infection by HIV. Ours results identify new molecular targets for therapeutic strategies to limit HIV replication in primary CD4+ T lymphocytes.
De, Guire Vincent. "Conception de miARN artificiels basée sur la caractérisation de la boucle de régulation miR-20/E2F." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4141.
Full textmiRNAs are powerful regulators of gene expression in mammals. These small RNAs of around 20 nucleotides are involved in several cellular processes and diseases. MiRNAs recognize their targets mainly by a region comprising nucleotides 2-8, known as the seed. This characteristic gives them the potential to inhibit hundreds of messenger RNAs. Our first goal was to better characterize the complex network involving miRNAs in the regulation of gene expression. To achieve this, we studied the relation between a family of transcription factors, the E2Fs, and a family of miRNAs, the miR-17-92 cluster. Our results suggest a negative feedback loop involving miR-17, miR-20a, E2F1, E2F2 and E2F3. In this loop E2F1, 2 and 3 activate the transcription of the two miRNAs that inhibit their translation in return. The inhibition of the antiapoptotic function of E2F1 by miR-17 and miR-20 in a prostate cancer context, could explain the oncogenic potential of the miR-17-92 cluster that was previously reported. Studying the miR-20/E2F feedback loop made us realize how powerful was the ability of miRNAs to inhibit several targets. To overcome the lack of efficient tools able to inhibit simultaneously the expression of multiple genes, our second goal was to develop MultiTar, an algorithm able to design artificial miRNAs that target a set of predetermined genes. MultiTar was validated in silico, using known targets of endogenous miRNAs and in vivo, taking advantage of our experience with the E2F context. We designed artificial miRNAs against E2F1-3 and expressed them both in normal human fibroblasts and prostate cancer cells where they inhibited cell proliferation and induced cellular senescence. The observed phenotypes were precisely those known for inhibiting E2F activities. Hence, MultiTar can efficiently design artificial micro RNAs able to target multiple genes and is thus a flexible tool that can address the issue of multigenic diseases and complex cellular processes. The use of multitargets could be an alternative to overcome the limits of drugs or siRNAs that are designed generally to regulate only one target.
Bouguermouh, Salim. "Rôle de la molécule CD47 sur le lymphocyte T dans la régulation de la réponse immunitaire." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3482.
Full textNowadays, the importance of natural regulatory T cells and adaptive regulatory T lymphocytes in immune regulation and resolution of inflammation are well established. We report a previously unknown pathway to generate adaptive regulatory T cells in the periphery from naive and memory human CD4+CD25- T cells. We show that the stimulation of the broadly expressed transmembrane proteins CD47 on T cells by a monoclonal antibody or by the 4NK1 peptide (carboxy-terminal peptide of thrombospondin-1 (TSP) specific of the binding site of CD47) induced regulatory T cells that exerted an inhibitory function on effector T cells. Our study on the suppressive proprieties of the TSP corroborates with reported anti-inflammatory activities of this extracellular matrix protein. The suppressive function of TSP induced regulatory T cells was contact-dependent and TGF--independent. Our data further demonstrate the role of CD47 expression on T cells in the antigenic-specific immune response in vivo. We report that the CD47-deficient BALB/c mice displayed a Th1-biased antibody and cytokine responses, instead of the Th2 cytokine profile observed in unmanipulated BALB/c mice. Our study outlines the role of CD47 as a self-control mechanism to negatively regulate type 1 cellular and humoral immune responses and most importantly confirm in vivo previous in vitro studies with human CD4+ T cells. We also report that soluble anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody suppressed in vitro differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells isolated from BALB/c mice into IL-17-producing cells by mechanism that are IL-2 and IFN-γ-dependent but independent of the presence of regulatory T cells. Our studies highlight the suppressive function of two transmembrane molecules CD47 and CD28 expressed by CD4+ T cells in vitro and in vivo in human and mice. They thus may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the induction of immune tolerance, the resolution of inflammation and the differentiation of the T helper cells.