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1
Millner, Felicity. "Access to Environmental Justice." Deakin Law Review 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2011vol16no1art99.
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Environmental justice is an important aspect of social justice. Regulation of the environment and decisions about development and environmental policy impact upon our quality of life by influencing and affecting our health, as well as that of our urban and natural environments, and the availability of and access to natural resources. Disadvantaged members of society typically bear the brunt of the environmental impacts of human activity. Therefore, an essential part of attaining social justice is enabling the members of the community who will be adversely affected by these impacts to participate in and have rights of review in relation to the making of environmental laws, decisions about land use and development and enforcement of environmental laws.
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Anderson, James L., Frank Asche, and Taryn Garlock. "Economics of Aquaculture Policy and Regulation." Annual Review of Resource Economics 11, no. 1 (October 5, 2019): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100518-093750.
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Since the Blue Revolution began in the late 1960s, global aquaculture production has grown rapidly. Aquaculture now accounts for over half of the world's fish for direct human consumption and is expected to approach two-thirds by 2030. With aquaculture's growth, a number of high-profile concerns have arisen, including pollution, feeding practices, disease management and antibiotic use, habitat use, non-native species, food safety, fraud, animal welfare, impacts on traditional wild fisheries, access to water and space, market competition, and genetics. Managing these concerns requires thoughtful and well-designed policies and regulations. This manuscript reviews the contributions natural resource economics has made to evaluating aquaculture policy and regulation. Despite their valuable contributions, however, economists have been largely underrepresented in the debate. The primary influencers of aquaculture policies and regulations have been traditional fisheries managers, environmental groups, and natural scientists. We identify many important areas that should be more thoroughly addressed by economists.
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Neef, A., J. Hager, T. Wirth, R. Schwarzmeier, and F. Heidhues. "Land tenure and water rights in Thailand and Vietnam : challenges for ethnic minorities in mountainous forest regions." Geographica Helvetica 61, no. 4 (December 31, 2006): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-61-255-2006.
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Abstract. Ethnie minorities in the mountainous forest regions of northern Thailand and northern Vietnam live in a particularly restrictive political, social and economic environment. Widespread degradation of land, water and forest resources has adverse effects on the livelihoods of these groups. Given the dramatically increasing scarcity of natural resources, regulation of resource access and allocation are becoming fundamental for the development of sustainable resource management, in which an active participation of the local population in planning and implementation is a crucial prerequisite. In this article, the political and institutional framework of current resource policies and resulting conflicts are discussed for the two countries. Drawing on various case studies, typical land and water tenure conflicts are presented and their impact on the protection and use of natural resources and on the livelihoods of ethnie minorities is analyzed.
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Rybak, Е. А., and О. О. Rybak. "Analysis of regional features of water use structure in the North Caucasus. Part 1. Water availability and water consumption." Monitoring systems of environment, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33075/2220-5861-2021-2-96-105.
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The key task of the societal development is to ensure effective management of water resources. As a consequence of aggravation of water problems in the world, the issues of sustainable and guaranteed access to water are considered as one of the components of ensuring food security, conservation and restoration recovery of natural resources, which are the basis of life support for the population. To date, the regulation of water resources in the North Caucasus experiences difficulties resulting from fragmented water use, unequal access to water, and contradictory legislation in the field of water use regulation. These problems are compounded by two factors: climate change and demographic situation. The main problem of water consumption in Russia is the irrational and ineffective use of water resources and, as a result, high specific water consumption. In the North Caucasus, water consumption is currently one of the highest in Russia. The characteristics of the impact on water resources are directly related to the use of water, the main elements of which are the water withdrawal from natural sources, the use of water and the discharge of wastewater. Based on open statistical sources, we analyzed the current situation in the use of water resources in the North Caucasus. The North Caucasus is characterized by problems similar to those of many regions of the country, in particular, large losses during transportation due to the emergency state of water supply networks and treatment facilities. Water supply problems in the North Caucasus are expected to worsen in the future. If urgent measures are not taken, the complex of problems will only accumulate. To overcome their negative consequences, it is necessary to revise the water use strategy and change the water consumption structure.
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Yulianingsih, Indra. "KEBIJAKAN PENGELOLAAN PERIKANAN TANGKAP BERBASIS KEBERLANJUTAN MEWUJUDKAN INDONESIA SEBAGAI POROS MARITIM DUNIA." Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum LEGALITY 24, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jihl.v24i2.4269.
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Management of fish resources (SDI) as a source of natural resources devoted to the people's welfare. Control of the fish resources are directed to the achievement of benefits for the greater prosperity of the people. Fisheries sector can serve as a leading sector in an effort to make Indonesia as the world's maritime axis. Therefore, it must be realized that fisheries management with reference to the principles of sustainable development of marine resources by basing on Agenda 21 of the UN Conference of 1992 on Environment and Development, or the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. For that, we need an improvement in the regulation of marine policy. Rights-based Licensing system or rights-based access (allocation of rights to use formal) is an alternative that should be explored, so that everyone has equal access without an incentive to maintain its sustainability.
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Patytska, K. "Determination of natural assets of territorial communities: theoretical discourse." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 69, no. 2 (2021): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2021.02.031.
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The paper determines the natural assets of territorial communities and reveals their components in the context of domestic legislation. Scientific approaches to the specified problem in domestic and western scientific thought are developed. The essence of the concept «natural assets» is revealed and their main features – the presence of the identified owner, active manager and user; cost; Legal Status; economic return are defined. The relationship between the categories «natural assets», «natural resources» and «natural resource potential» are established. The main difference between natural resources as the asset of territorial community and other types of assets – the need for dual approach to their management: to generate income, ensure community development and in the interests of all stakeholder groups; in order to preserve the natural environment is revealed. The scientific approach to natural resource management with the participation of local communities, which is based on the principles of subsidiarity, sustainability, fairness, accountability, efficiency, activity, adaptability, environmental responsibility, inclusiveness is analyzed. This approach has the following common features: decentralization of powers to manage natural assets; reconciling the interests of stakeholders and opportunities for efficient of natural resources use; combination of environmental and socio-economic goals in the process of natural asset management; development of institutions for increasing decision-making efficiency in the field of natural asset management at the community level; stakeholders education and notification. Scientific approaches to the systematization of natural assets of territorial communities in terms of stakeholders groups (by ownership of the asset, the possibility of access to the asset and competition in their use) are studied. The expediency of classifying stakeholders as natural assets of territorial communities by their interests is substantiated. The peculiarities of the use/utilization and possession of natural resources in accordance with the legislative acts regulating natural resource relations in Ukraine are revealed.
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Боголюбов, Сергей, and Syergyey Bogolyubov. "The Recognition and Justification of Russia´s Sovereignty over its Natural Resources." Journal of Russian Law 4, no. 11 (October 31, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22201.
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The global situation in the sphere of natural resources determines the legal basis of responsibility of individual states for rational use and protection of these resources. In the Russian Constitution and Russian legislation provide the powers of the Russian Federation in the sphere of sustainable development and rational use of land, subsoil, water, forests, wildlife, recognition and justification of its sovereignty. The independence of Russia in the field of nature management and environmental protection is based on international principles, Federal laws and regulations, and justified by the environmental vector of the national economy modernization, legislation, and manifested in the implementation of free citizens´ access to natural resources, participation in discussion, adoption of ecologically important decisions, in development of the independent state and public environmental expertise of economic projects, strategic assessments of environmental situations.
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Petersheim, Christian. "Mexico’s Federal Forestry Legislation: Curse or Blessing for Sustainable Resource Management by Forest Ejidos in the State of Campeche?" Gestión y Ambiente 21, no. 2Supl (December 31, 2018): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ga.v21n2supl.77867.
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This article examines the manifold relations between the use of natural forest resources by forest ejidos in southern Mexico and the territorial rights situation. By using Elinor Ostrom’s theory of common property, the land rights are analyzed from the perspective of the local population, which contradicts with the national forestry legislation. It is shown how local actors pursue their strategies to access, manage and exploit their timber resources, and what implications the federal regulations bring about in this context. The study concludes that the environmental laws, actually designed to protect the tropical forests and to curb illegal logging, in complex ways contribute to a rise in uncontrolled extraction of natural resources.
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Nataliia, Krasilich. "Some environmental and legal aspects of the development of the information society in Ukraine." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 31 (2020): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2020-31-241-249.
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The article discusses certain issues of the use of geographic information technologies in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources in Ukraine as one of the directions of the development of the information society. The use of geoinformation technologies is essential for land reform, inventory formation of natural resources, real estate, geoinformation support for navigation corridors, environmental monitoring, integration into international structures and the global international information space. Modern geoinformation resources are created as a result of the use of the latest high technologies and have a multi-sectoral origin, multi-purpose and multi-sectoral application. One way to ensure the rational use of natural resources and the environment is to use geoinformation technologies. Modern geoinformation resources are created as a result of the use of the latest high technologies, including remote sensing of the earth, digital photogrammetry, GPS-measurement, use of databases and information computer networks, are of multi-sector origin, multi-purpose and multi-sector application. In particular, they are important for land reform, inventory formation of natural resources, real estate, geoinformation support for navigation corridors of transport, environmental monitoring, integration into international structures and global international information space. The article analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of existing natural resource inventories in Ukraine, which makes it possible to conclude that state natural cadastres are the basis on which the national geospatial data infrastructure should be created. The necessity of modernization of the system of natural resources cadastres is substantiated, which should become a multi-purpose system of accounting, management and maintenance of the proper state of the environment and the rational use of natural resources for the sustainable development of the country. This will: eliminate the duplication of work on the collection and registration of geospatial data; ensure compatibility of data from different suppliers; remove unreasonable barriers and restrictions on information interaction between data providers and consumers; promote the monitoring of natural resources and the environment; promote the creation of a national system of technical regulations and standards harmonized with international standards, which integrates Ukraine into the process of building a European geospatial data infrastructure; ensure equal and open access of consumers to geospatial data. Such a cadastral system should be integrated with the databases of other information registers. It is advisable to create natural inventories based on the use of European standards, in particular the INSPIRE - EU Spatial Information Infrastructure Directive, multidisciplinary data for environmental policy, to improve the environment, to prevent the negative effects of environmental problems.
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FURMAN, Irina, Natalia MAXIMENKO, and Victoria HMYRYA. "TOOLS OF THE FINANCIAL CREDIT MECHANISM OF FINANCING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF CHERKASY REGION." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 9 (49) (September 25, 2019): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-9-10.
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Domestic economy has been largely driven by the agrarian sector in recent years. Agricultural companies need funds to finance their current activities, introduction of new technologies, insurance of existing risks, development of trade and transport infrastructure. For this purpose, they use their own and borrowed financial resources. However, the agrarian business is trapped in limited access to resources in the presence of a large number of financial instruments in the Ukrainian market. Research on the financial support of agricultural enterprises, including agricultural producers, shows that they mostly work at their own expense. Although the share of self-financing of economic activity is considerable, it is not sufficient to meet all needs. As agrarian business has certain peculiarities, it imprints on instruments of accumulation and use of financial resources in this sector of economy. The article deals with the problems related to the financial support of the agricultural production of Ukraine, which highlights the ways to improve the financial and credit support of agricultural production in Ukraine. The economic and legal mechanism of regulation of agrarian entrepreneurship of Ukraine with determination of directions of its development on the basis of optimization of production and social infrastructure, increase of competitiveness of agricultural production, increase of its volumes, improvement of quality and safety of gricultural production, environmental protection and reproduction of natural resources, increase of natural resources, increase rural population.
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Ingold, Alice. "Commons and Environmental Regulation in History: The Water Commons Beyond Property and Sovereignty." Theoretical Inquiries in Law 19, no. 2 (August 14, 2018): 425–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2018-0023.
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Abstract Do commons outline a different way of considering historical forms of environmental regulation? Might they represent a sort of alternative, apart from the usual model of environmental law which rests on public authorities and forms of restrictions of private rights? In order to grasp the complex relationship between environmental law and history, it is essential to pay attention to the state’s radical transformation in the nineteenth century, especially the separation (and separate definition) of administration and the judiciary. This article aims to historicize the commons, but also the state in order to escape the projected shadow of public administration in considering environmental regulation. It looks into the commons’ ambiguous relations with history. A first point is to critically reconsider the opposition between commons and enclosure, inherited from Hardin’s thesis. A second point consists in deconstructing mythical accounts of stateless commons. This is done by relying on water commons — which are also a key example in Ostrom’s theory. Early histories of water commons by commoners provided the opportunity for a first version of commons’ history without the state. This ‘discovery’ of the water commons presented them as a pertinent response to the aporia of the private property system, but also to the dangers of keeping resources available to the administrative state, which appeared ill-suited to managing scarce natural resources. This positive development translated into a series of fascinating inquiries, undertaken from the 1800s to the 1880s in several places across Europe. They gave rise to the very first ethnogeographic descriptions of the commons’ functioning. It was in the context of very acute conflicts over access to the resource that this use of history became enshrined. The historical longevity of these irrigators’ communities was highlighted in order to defend their historical and customary rights against the administrative state’s will to regulate all water courses, which was more favorable to new users in water sharing. The resource’s ecological limit thus served to set boundaries to the administration’s intervention. Scarcity was a way to conceive of the resource as unavailable both for property and for state sovereignty. Protecting environmental resources through the courts was a way of conceiving a regulation based on the resource’s specific status, rather than on the will of subjects — whether private, collective or public.
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De Stefano, Lucia, and Elena Lopez-Gunn. "Unauthorized groundwater use: institutional, social and ethical considerations." Water Policy 14, S1 (March 1, 2012): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.101.
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In many areas of the world, particularly in arid regions or in areas experiencing population growth, there is increased competition over scarce water resources. This is likely to increase in the future due to continued population growth, urban expansion and the challenge of the impact of climate change on water resource availability. In this context, groundwater is likely to play a pivotal role in facing water scarcity. When different users share a common-pool resource, basic rules are usually established to manage access to the resource and ensure balance between demand and supply. Water authorities worldwide are increasingly paying added attention towards regulating the use of groundwater because of its strategic value, e.g. in times of drought or as a natural reserve. In the case of groundwater, although regulatory measures exist, they are often difficult to enforce. This paper explores the situation with a discussion of two aspects: first (and in line with this special issue on water ethics), an examination of the fundamental individual values that underpin behavior in relation to water use, and second, an investigation of the typologies of unauthorized water use, its main potential impacts, potential root causes and reflections on imperfect institutions and social norms.
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Fu, Miao, J. Andrew Kelly, and J. Peter Clinch. "Residential solid fuel use: Modelling the impacts and policy implications of natural resource access, temperature, income, gas infrastructure and government regulation." Applied Geography 52 (August 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.04.007.
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Janusz-Pawletta, Barbara. "Legal framework for the interstate cooperation on development and transport of fossil natural resources of the Caspian Sea†." Journal of World Energy Law & Business 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwaa017.
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Abstract This article focuses on the regulations of the Convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea (hereinafter as Caspian Sea Convention), which was adopted in 2018. It regulates the development and access to Caspian fossil fuel resources and protects its environment, which are important factors for the sustainable development of the region. The main finding of this article is that the Caspian Sea Convention, having established the maritime zones, has, for the first time ever, recognized the territorial sovereignty of the individual riparian states in the Caspian Sea and defined its territorial scope. After presenting to the riparian states’ their rights and obligations within the newly defined maritime zones, the article analyses the new legal framework for the development and use of the natural resources of the Caspian Sea. It also elaborates on the new legal regime for the transportation of resources by means of vessels and submarine pipelines.
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Klaver, Mark, and Michael Trebilcock. "Chinese Investment in Africa." Law and Development Review 4, no. 1 (September 22, 2011): 168–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1943-3867.1126.
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Chinese investment in Africa has increased rapidly over the past two decades. This paper asks how, why, whether it is good or bad, and what Africans can do about it. On how, the Chinese government actively promotes liberal investment regulations in Africa. It also keeps close contact with major Chinese enterprises investing on the continent. On why, the motivation behind Chinese investment in Africa is self-interested: China primarily wants Africa’s natural resources. China also seeks to access local markets, and to capitalize on Africa's preferential trade access to the West. On whether Chinese investment is good or bad for Africa, African economies are growing at unprecedented rates, partly due to Chinese investment. This paper highlights seven reasons Chinese investment contributes to African growth. But it also reveals three drawbacks to Chinese investment in Africa. On what Africans can do about Chinese investment, Africa can capitalize on it by proactively promulgating a tax code that promotes African development. The tax code's goal should be to use Chinese investment and natural resource revenues to develop Africa’s manufacturing sector through infrastructure, special economic zones, and education. Thus, this paper maintains that although Chinese investment in Africa is not unambiguously advantageous, it presents major opportunities for African development.
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ANNA, ZUZY. "An analysis of capture fisheries resource depletion in Cirata Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 927–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190323.
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Anna Z. 2018. An analysis of capture fisheries resource depletion in Cirata Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 927-935. Fisheries in public waters such as the Cirata Reservoir in West Java, Indonesia are potential economic resources that should not be ignored. They play an important role in food security for the surrounding communities. Unfortunately, natural capture fisheries in Cirata Reservoir have received less attention in the past than aquaculture which dominates economic activity in the waters. Recently, the condition of the dam has deteriorated as a result of major aquaculture activity with extensive use of artificial feedstock; an increase in industrial and domestic waste entering the waters; and open access fisheries management that has allegedly caused depletion of the natural fish resources of the waters. From time to time there have been observed declines in the natural capture fisheries production. The research reported in this paper aimed to estimate the extent of this depletion and associated economic depreciation of capture fish resources in the Cirata Reservoir. Bio-economic methods were used to calculate the potential sustainable utilization of the resources. The analytical model of Logistic Gordon-Schaefer (GS) and Fox models provided the framework for the analysis. The fish depletion was calculated by comparing the potential sustainable utilization and the value of the actual utilization, based on quarterly data for the years 2011 up to 2016. Depreciation was calculated in terms of unit rent loss as a result of the depletion. The analysis showed that depletion of fish resources occurred in certain quarters between years of 2011 to 2016. The value of the total depletion over this period for the GS model amounted to 835.13 tons with an estimated value for depreciation of IDR 5.93 Billion, or IDR 84.71 Billion in Present Value term. For Fox Model, the depletion reaches 1421.35 Ton, with a value of IDR 10.09 Billion, or 144.17 Billion in Present Value term. This value represents the economic loss due to depletion of the fisheries resource in Cirata Reservoir. The policy implication of this fish depletion is that there is a need for better management of the aquatic habitat, by reducing water pollution load, and by regulation of capture fisheries through input/output restrictions based on the conceptual tools of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) and Maximum Economic Yield (MEY).
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Chai, Ju Vinn, Cen Chen, Fabienne Giauque, and Wei Zhu. "Coase vs. Pigou in the Petroleum Market." Deakin Papers on International Business Economics 3, no. 2 (December 3, 2010): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dpibe2010vol3no2art186.
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Non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels are used extensively in industrial activities and transportation. The carbon emissions gene rated from those markets are the source of a number of negative externalities such as air pollution, climate change , global warming, and the degradation of ecosystems and natural environments. To alleviate such externalities societies are usually left with one of two choices. Governments may choose to impose carbon taxes on consumers and heavy-emitting industries. This is effectively a Pigovian tax regulation, which seeks to make market participants internalize the cost of externalities into their private costs in the hope that the net increase in the cost reduces the size of the externality. As an alternative, governments may use the price mechanism of markets rather than a direct tax. This could be called a Coasian approach to curbing the externality. It usually involves creating property rights over the resource that is being polluted (e.g. air or water) and trading rights to access it. A typical example might be the creation of pollution units such as emission permits or carbon allowances. Through the trading of permits among consumers, mark et forces determine the price of carbon which facilitates an efficient reduction of emissions. In this paper, we debate the relative merits and problems of both approaches - a Coasian market solution and a Pigovian tax regulation. We consider so me concrete applications of both theoretical concepts in doing so.
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C. Nevill, Jon, Peter J. Hancock, Brad R. Murray, Winston F. Ponder, William F. Humphreys, Megan L. Phillips, and Philip K. Groom. "Groundwater-dependent ecosystems and the dangers of groundwater overdraft: a review and an Australian perspective." Pacific Conservation Biology 16, no. 3 (2010): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc100187.
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In many parts of the world, access to groundwater is needed for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses, and global groundwater exploitation continues to increase. The significance of groundwater in maintaining the health of rivers, streams, wetlands and associated vegetation is often underestimated or ignored, resulting in a lack of scrutiny of groundwater policy and management. It is essential that management of groundwater resources considers the needs of natural ecosystems, including subterranean. We review the limited Australian literature on the ecological impacts of groundwater overdraft and place Australian information within an international context, focusing on lentic, lotic, stygobitic and hyporheic communities as well as riparian and phreatophytic vegetation, and some coastal marine ecosystems. Groundwater overdraft, defined as abstracting groundwater at a rate which prejudices ecosystem or anthropocentric values, can substantially impact natural communities which depend, exclusively or seasonally, on groundwater. Overdraft damage is often underestimated, is sometimes irreversible, and may occur over time scales at variance to those used by water management agencies in modelling, planning and regulation. Given the dangers of groundwater overdraft, we discuss policy implications in the light of the precautionary principle, and make recommendations aimed at promoting the conservation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems within a sustainable use context.
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Orimoogunje, Oluwagbenga O. I. "Forest Cover Changes and Land Use Dynamics in Oluwa Forest Reserve, Southwestern Nigeria." Journal of Landscape Ecology 7, no. 2 (November 20, 2014): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2014-0014.
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Abstract This study examined the extent of resource use and the level of degradation consequent upon land use. Three distinctive trends were observed in terms of forest and land cover dynamics. These are forest degradation, deforestation and regeneration. The paper integrated both, topographical map of 1969 and satellite imageries from Landsat MSS 1972, and Landsat TM 1991 and 2000 with ground truthing and socio-economic surveys to assess changes in forest resource use and land cover in South-western Nigeria. The satellite images were analysed using ILWIS software version 3.4. Based on ground truth data and remotely sensed data, the study area was classified into five categories using the supervised maximum likelihood classification technique. The accuracy assessment was carried out on the remotely sensed data. A total of 30 points for each dataset were selected for this operation and the overall accuracy of 90%, 86.7% and 85% respectively was obtained from the three image datasets. Results showed three dominant ecological communities in Oluwa Forest Reserve while two effects of changes on species were identified. The first was the replacement of what could be considered as the original species by other species tolerant to the ‘new’ ecosystem. The other was the reduction in the range of the original species that could be found. This was an indication that the area had been fragmented comparing to its original status. Results suggest that resource utilization and land cover change dynamically over time. The study also revealed that the creation of forest reserve to restrict local access and resource use would have been an effective tool for regulating encroachment and logging activities if there was an effective enforcement of regulation. It is therefore obvious that the main aim of environmental management should be the protection of the natural living space of humankind and integration of environmental scarcity in making decision on all economic issues and activities.
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Murari, Kalpana. "The ‘No-Alternative Scenario’ in the Alternative Analysis of NEPA." European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n3p11.
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Environmental impact assessment report is the primary document required to assess sustainable issues of any business/commercial activity, but it is most often overlooked for serious anomalies in its presentation to the public. It is most often incomplete and there is a need to review the standards of impact assessment procedures that help preserve environmental integrity among developing nations. The absence of sanctions for improper assessment of environmental, social and economic impacts of commercial activities, including extraction of natural resources by domestic and multinational corporations undermines sustainable development across the globe. The procedures in place to study various impacts of a business activity that enable access to genuine, verifiable and actionable information by the public require review and oversight by a third-party institution. The standardization of procedures and universal harmonization of enforcement and compliance regulations by nations has to become a topic for debate at various academic levels to gain importance. Essentially, EIA reports in large infrastructure projects serve as a blueprint for low carbon economies. Developing nations ignore vital provisions relating to the listing and analysis of alternatives in their attempt to meet developmental goals. Environmental protection is to maintain the ecological integrity of habitats and ecosystems. EIA reports, ultimately, aim at conserving and replenishing the reserves of natural resources. Judicial law has played an important role in highlighting the importance of alternatives in EIA. It is therefore important as how developing nations use the provision for the alternative analysis within their environmental laws. This paper will discuss EIA under the auspices of International law relating it to Sustainable Development. It shall emphasize the significance of providing alternatives in large infrastructure projects that have enviro-social impacts including transboundary effects and how the use of “no-action” alternative helps preserve and conserve a nation’s resources, reducing negative impacts Keywords: NEPA, CEQ, Impact Assessment, Alternatives Assessment, Alternatives Analysis, no-action alternative, hydropower, mega dams.
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Shinkaretskaia, Galina G. "INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW AND LEGAL ENTITIES." Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1-shinkaretskaya.
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From the very beginning of the space activity in the middle of the XX cen tury the whole of it was considered mostly from the point of view of the military use of outer space. The only subjects of the space activity were states. All legal regulation of the activity was formatted by states. Both responsibility and liability for all activity were laid down upon states whoever was busy with the activity. Over time as technology advanced the outer space has become a place of the so calledactionoriented kinds of the use of the space. These are tele- and radio emission; the access to the Web; collection of meteorological and ecological data; communication and traffic, as well as remote sensing of the surface of the Earth and its subsoil. Practically all action-oriented kinds of the use of the space are made by means of the artificial satellites, the number of these active in the space is now estimated as about 2000. The space activity turned out to be quite profitable, so that it became an object of big investments. Naturally significant capitals of private business began to flow into outer space. Multinational corporations got interested in the space activity as well. Lately private companies began to pay attention to comets and asteroids since real technical opportunities appeared to develop their natural resources. A peculiar feature of these celestial bodies is, that some minerals are there quite pure so that the development might be much more profitable than on the Earth. But the consequences of the development are vague. The main document of the space law, the Treaty on the principals of space activity 1967 fully forbids national appropriation of space and celestial bodies.
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Kulynych, Pavlo. "Digitalization of land relations and law in Ukraine: methodological and theoretical aspects." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 32 (2021): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2021-32-257-267.
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The article examines the methodological and theoretical issues of the formation of legal support for the digitalization of land relations in Ukraine. The author points out that the digitalization of land relations causes "profound" changes in their legal regulation and determines the clarification of the basic principles of land law of Ukraine. Thus, with the adoption of the Law "On National Infrastructure of Geospatial Data" laid the beginning of the formation in the land legislation of Ukraine the principle of availability of public data on land, which symbolizes the beginning of the era of digitalization of land relations. The essence of this principle is that all information provided by law and created in the process of maintaining the relevant state registers of land and related natural and other resources (geospatial data) as a multifaceted object of land and other legal relations are available to subjects of such legal relations in real time in the official form and to the extent that such access is provided by the computer equipment and software used by such subjects. As stated in the Concept of Development of the Digital Economy and Society of Ukraine for 2018–2020, digitization is the saturation of the physical world with electronic-digital devices, tools, systems and electronic communication between them, which actually allows integrated interaction of virtual and physical, ie creates cyberphysical space. In our opinion, this definition of digitization cannot be considered as correct. Firstly, saturation of the physical world with electronic-digital devices, means, systems and the establishment of electronic-communication exchange between them is neither the essence nor the purpose of digitalization, but is only a way to implement it. After all, the saturation of the physical world with electronic-digital devices can lead to any social result – both positive and negative. Secondly, the provision of integrated interaction of virtual and physical - the creation of cyberphysical space does not indicate how such cyberphysical space differs from ordinary physical space, in which social relations arise and are regulated by law. Therefore, the concept of digitalization needs to be clarified taking into account the specifics of the legal regulation of land relations. It is proved that the legal norms regulating the digitalization of public relations are an integral part of the administrative, civil, land and other branches of law. The conclusion is substantiated that the legal infrastructure of digitalization of land relations includes legal support for: 1) collection and formation of a system of information about the land using its remote sensing; 2) formation of promptly updated land databases; 3) the formation of a system of registers, portals and other service mechanisms that guarantee and provide access to such databases and the use of information about land in land legal relations. The author proves that legal support for digitalization of land relations is their legal regulation, the basic basis of which is information about the land (data-based legal regulation), which with the help of appropriate software includes the dynamics of qualitative and quantitative state of land in the mechanism of legal regulation of land relations, transforming this dynamic in such dynamics of land legal relations at which negative and positive changes in a condition of the earths automatically cause emergence, change, specification of the rights and duties of their subjects and form preconditions for application of the legal influence provided by the legislation on those subjects whose activity or inaction caused negative consequences in the condition of the lands. Finaly analysis of the modern system of land information required to ensure the digitization of land relations, gives grounds to identify such key components of its legal infrastructure as: 1) collection and formation of a system of such information through remote sensing of land (remote sensing); 2) formation of operatively updated land databases; 3) formation of a system of registers, portals and other service mechanisms, which guarantee and provide access to such databases and the use of information about land in land relations. Each of the selected elements of the system of information use in the process of digitization of land relations has a special legal mechanism.
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Nikitina, Elena N. "Arctic Transformations: Multinational Companies Facing the New Challenges of Sustainable Development." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 11, no. 1 (April 4, 2018): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2018-11-1-65-87.
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What is the impact of the ongoing transformations in the Arctic region – global warming, socio-economic and institutional changes – on internationalization in the Arctic and the activities of multinational companies in the polar regions of the Arctic countries? What is the role of multinational companies in the sustainable development of these regions, including the ensuring of the welfare of the northerners? The article attempts to answer these questions and discuss new approaches to the problem of sustainable development in the Arctic region with its extremely vulnerable and severe nature, large reserves of natural resources, unique human potential, dynamically developing economy, infrastructure and active involvement in the world economy. The main emphasis is on the assessing of the social component in the triangle of the interrelated priorities of sustainable development – social, environmental and economic. The analysis showed that the consequences of systemic transformations form a new context for the activities of multinational companies, which have to adapt their corporate strategies to the Arctic specifics. The northern regions are actively involved in internationalization; a significant part of their GRP is produced by enterprises controlled by multinational companies. Assessments of the role of multinational companies for the local population and sustainable development are mixed. Such companies help to modernize the economy and infrastructure, create jobs, place orders with local producers, and develop human potential. In a number of countries, the control of the local population over the activities of multinational corporations (USA, Canada) is strengthening. At the same time, serious social and economic imbalances arise, including social disproportions and stratification of the population, as well as challenges for traditional activities and nature. The contribution of the Arctic regions to the world economy is almost five times higher than their share in the world population. Obtaining a social license from the northerners, implementing corporate social responsibility is becoming a popular instrument used by multinational companies to support their activities in the Arctic. The interaction between the state and multinational companies is strengthening, and the forms of state regulation of the access to natural resources and infrastructure are being diversified. The study is based on the analysis of the practices of foreign Arctic countries, rich in mineral and energy resources – the USA, Canada and Norway; their approaches and practices may be of interest to Russia and its northern regions. In conclusion, new scientific concepts of adaptive governance of sustainable development and its inclusiveness in the context of the interaction between transforming natural and social systems in the Arctic are summarized.
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Islam, Kazi, and Kimihiko Hyakumura. "Forestland Grabbing by the Foreigners in Hokkaido, Japan: Is It a Big Concern for Sustainable Forest Development?" Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (September 22, 2018): 1724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101724.
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A world-wide demand in large-scale land acquisition over the past decade has been discussed as a land grab for access to natural resources. Forestland grab is the dynamics of land use changes by the foreign or national entities that can enable forests and biodiversity transformations on a wider scale. In recent times, forestland grabbing performed by foreigners in the Hokkaido Island of Japan has been increasing and causing a lot of debate. Therefore, this study analyzed the social, economic, and ecological impacts of forestland grabbing by the foreigners in the Hokkaido Island of Japan, and also analyzed the land ownership rules and regulations of Japan that have an impact on the land-grabbing process. This study is formed by an analysis of public and forestry agency documents, grey and academic literatures, interview with questionnaire and practical observation in central Hokkaido, Japan. The study found out that the forestland grabs have been taking place on the Hokkaido Island using the existing Japanese policy and legal arrangements. However, some people and print media have disagreed with the treatment of forestlands as a commodity because the land and water resources are limited and also essential for the national sovereignty and local culture. On the other hand, the small-scale forestland grabbing and development activities by foreigners were totally in the grip of the local government and no significant forest and biodiversity losses have been identified so far. The study also revealed that the entry of foreign companies has augmented the local economy and tourism industries and also provided jobs for the local people. Therefore, the foreigners-based land grabs and investments have caused an immense debate, and the study would recommend the proper execution of conservation regulations at every level instead of blocking the entry of foreign entities through law.
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Makarova, Irina A. "The Role of Payments for Emissions of Pollutants From Associated Petroleum Gas Flaring as a Tool for Regulating the Rational Use of Natural Resources in the Oil-Producing Regions of the Russian Federation." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 52 (2020): 198–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988648/52/12.
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For a long time, Russia was the leader in associated petroleum gas (APG) flaring. This led to the destruction of useful raw materials and environmental pollution. Due to the tightening of the state policy in the field of the APG rational use and the introduction of fees for APG flaring in 2012, oil producing companies had an incentive to use APG efficiently. In addition, the level of air pollution began to decline. The budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the oil-producing regions began to receive significant revenues. Some experts expected that the APG efficiency target would be achieved in 2014 or 2016. Unfortunately, some oil producers were unable to achieve the target. Moreover, at present, there is a reduction in payments for APG flaring in many regions. This causes concern for certain market participants. The object of this research is the impact of APG flaring fees on the level of rational APG use and on incomes of the oil-producing regions. The aim of the work is to study the role of these payments as a tool for regulating the rational use of APG. The analysis shows that the introduction of fees for emissions of pollutants generated by APG flaring plays an important role in ensuring the sustainable development of the regions. Firstly, this fee helps to improve the environmental situation in the region because the volume of gas flared has decreased significantly. Secondly, the application of fees for APG flaring contributes to an increase in the level of energy efficiency, the development and implementation of innovative technologies. Thirdly, the increase in APG deep processing makes it possible to obtain products required in the domestic industry. This improves the efficiency of the oil sector and accelerates import substitution. Fourthly, payments for emissions of pollutants generated during APG flaring form additional funds that can be spent on the development of the region. Fifthly, all oil-producing regions can be divided into two groups. The first group is a group that has practically reached or is very close to reaching the established limits for APG flaring. The second group of regions is a group for which reaching this target is still a difficult task. Experts point out the following reasons that prevent some oil-producing companies from achieving targets for APG flaring: (1) commissioning of new fields, which are characterized by an insufficient level of infrastructure development required for APG utilization; (2) closure of gas processing plants for repair work, which forces some companies to temporarily flare APG; (3) establishment of new benefits and exemptions; (4) geographic fragmentation of fields and limited reserves, which does not allow making the project for the rational use of APG profitable; (5) remoteness of some gas pipelines from the main oil-producing regions, difficult access to the gas transportation system.
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PETERSON, ANGELIE M., and SELINA M. STEAD. "Rule breaking and livelihood options in marine protected areas." Environmental Conservation 38, no. 3 (May 9, 2011): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000178.
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SUMMARYTwo main drivers of global trends in noncompliance of marine protected areas regulations are food and income security. Declines in fish stocks have resulted in greater concerns for food security, especially in developing and coastal areas, and calls for environmental conservation are growing. Planning of marine protected areas has traditionally been based on biological and ecological data, only recently focusing on the human communities that are significantly dependent on coastal resources. The hypothesis that marine resource use is determined by socioeconomic factors (such as food security and income) and livelihood options was tested in two communities on the island of Rodrigues (Western Indian Ocean). As livelihood development can be a response to fisher displacement by protected areas, willingness towards alternative livelihood options and the differences in this between fisher demographic groups were also examined. Using semi-structured interviews, 72 fishers were surveyed on topics such as fishery and marine protected area (MPA) regulation noncompliance, current livelihoods and willingness to consider alternative livelihoods. Fishers believed Rodrigues fisheries suffer from high levels of noncompliance, owing mainly to a lack of livelihood alternatives and depleted stocks. Rodriguan fishers had low mobility, both within the fishery (for example gear types used and target species) and in movement to occupations outside the fishery. The fishers were generally willing to consider alternate livelihoods. Age was significantly correlated with overall willingness to consider alternative work, while gender and village were found to have a significant relationship with types of work that an individual was willing to consider. Policy makers and marine resource managers need to identify drivers of noncompliant behaviour and examine livelihood preferences at different scales (individual, within and between communities) prior to users being affected by MPA created displacement to more effectively address marine conservation and food security goals. The findings offer new empirical evidence to strengthen support for arguments that could be made by policy makers to demand more balanced consideration of the effects of MPAs on socioeconomic factors along with environmental considerations in communities highly dependent on access to the marine areas that will be affected by MPAs.
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Alikhanova, Shahzoda. "GENDER ASPECTS OF NATURAL RESOURCES USE." JOURNAL OF AGRO PROCESSING 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9904-2020-6-5.
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This analytical article examines the issues of natural resources use and conservation of the biological diversity through the prism of a gender-based approach. In particular, the author touches upon the issues of equal access by both men and women to the management, use and protection of natural resources and biological diversity. Examples are given from different regions of the world in various sectors of environmental and economic activities. Recommendations are provided for improving the equitable use of natural resources.
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Moskaliuk, Serhii. "Areas of improvement of implementation mechanisms state energy policy of Ukraine." Public administration and local government 44, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/102008.
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To ensure the national interests of Ukraine in the sustainable development of the economy, civil society and the state; in order to achieve growth in the standard and quality of life of the population, respect for the constitutional rights and freedoms of the individual and citizen, on September 30, 2019, the President of Ukraine signed the Decree «On the Sustainable Development Goals of Ukraine for the Period up to 2030». One of the seventeen goals of Ukraine’s sustainable development for the period up to 2030 was «ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy sources for all». The stated goal of sustainable development of Ukraine for the period until 2030 should be a benchmark for determining the directions of improvement of the state energy policy of Ukraine in the context of the development of relevant draft forecast and program documents, draft legislative and regulatory acts in order to ensure a balanced sustainable development of the energy sector of Ukraine.
The purpose of the study is to determine the directions of improvement of mechanisms of realization of the state energy policy of Ukraine in the current conditions.
In order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the state energy policy, it is advisable to:- increase of natural gas, oil, shale gas, coal (methane) gas production;- creation of minimum reserves of oil and petroleum products, taking into account the requirements of the European Union for the creation and maintenance of such reserves;- protection of national interests, ensuring equal opportunities for the use of subsoil, open auctions for the sale of special permits for the use of subsoil, transparency of the state monitoring system for the use and protection of subsoil, strengthening control and accountability for violations of requirements in the field of subsoil use;- ensuring energy sustainability of Ukraine;- annual approval of Ukraine’s forecast fuel and energy balance;- introduction of mechanisms to promote energy efficiency and economical use of energy resources by all categories of energy consumers;- regulation of the issue of determining the volume of creation of the natural gas insurance reserve for 2020;- transition to natural gas payments for energy;- preserving the transit of natural gas and increasing its volumes through the gas transmission system of Ukraine;- repayment of arrears and payment of salaries to employees of state-owned coal-mining enterprises, preventing such arrears in the future;- diversification of sources and routes of supply of oil, petroleum products, natural and liquefied gas, coal of anthracite grades, providing for supply from one source not more than 30 percent of total volumes of supply;- Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine to investigate, in accordance with the established procedure, violations of the requirements of the legislation on protection of economic competition by economic entities operating in the energy markets, and take appropriate response measures.To form a competitive electricity market on a long-term basis, the following strategic steps should be implemented:- raise tariffs for the population to an economically sound level and eliminate the cross-subsidy system;- to conduct auctions for the construction of RES and high maneuver sources to balance the grid;- launch a fully competitive electricity market in Ukraine with minimal administrative interference in pricing processes;- to integrate the Ukrainian grid with the European ENTSO-E and to ensure the possibility of export-import flows.Conclusions from this research and perspectives of future development in current area. Thus, the study of the efficiency and effectiveness of the state energy policy and the level of development of the energy sector of the country in modern conditions testifies to the need for its further comprehensive reform. It is advisable to implement the improvement of the state energy policy of Ukraine by separate mechanisms: political-administrative, legislative-regulatory, financial-economic, social-communication. Within these mechanisms, it is necessary to develop and implement tools for solving these problems and contradictions in the processes of reforming the energy sector, taking into account the processes of European integration of Ukraine.
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LUCAS, J. A. "Advances in plant disease and pest management." Journal of Agricultural Science 149, S1 (December 22, 2010): 91–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000997.
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SUMMARYPests and diseases impact on crop yield and quality, and also reduce resource-use efficiency. Improved crop protection strategies to prevent such damage and loss can increase production and make a substantial contribution to food security. DNA-based technologies are likely to greatly increase the speed, sensitivity and accuracy of pest and pathogen detection and diagnosis. Rapid sequencing of nucleic acids from infected plants will aid identification of novel disease agents. Biomarkers of disease or crop damage such as volatile chemicals or blends may also be used to detect pest outbreaks. Biosensors coupled to information networks will provide real-time monitoring and surveillance of crops or stored produce and hence early warning of emerging problems and new invasive species. Challenges remain in the dissemination of new technologies and information to resource poor farmers in developing countries, although the rapid extension of the internet, mobile phones and other communication networks will provide new opportunities. Defining the genetic and molecular basis of innate plant immunity has been a major advance in plant biology with the potential to identify new targets for intervention via novel chemistry or genetic modification (GM). Identification of regulatory genes, signal molecules, pathways and networks controlling induced plant defence should lead to the development of a new generation of defence modulators, delivered either as crop protection products, or via biological agents on seeds or in the root zone. There should also be opportunities to select more responsive crop genotypes, or to develop transgenic crops tailored to respond to specific chemical cues or molecular patterns diagnostic for particular biotic threats. Sequencing of the genomes of the major crop species and their wild relatives will expand enormously the known gene pool and diversity of genetic resources available for plant breeders to access. It should be possible to identify genomic regions and genes conferring more durable, quantitative resistance to pathogens. The breeding cycle will be accelerated by high-throughput phenotyping and more efficient selection of resistance traits using within-gene markers. GM approaches will facilitate pyramiding (combining) resistance genes with different specificities and modes of action, thereby reducing the risk of directional selection for virulence. Analysis of the genomes of plant pathogens and invertebrate pests is already providing new information on genes, gene families and processes involved in host colonization and pathogenicity. Comparative genomics of species with diverse host ranges, contrasting feeding habits and different pathogenic lifestyles will identify new targets for inhibiting pest attack and aid the development of novel antimicrobial drugs and pesticides. Understanding the natural ecology of pests and pathogens, such as the factors determining host location, resource exploitation and interactions with other organisms, will improve our ability to manipulate behaviour, or exploit natural enemies or other antagonists of pest species. Volatile signals, either from natural plant sources, or engineered in transgenic crops, will be more widely used to modify pest behaviour. It may also be possible to manipulate microbial communities regulating pathogen populations and activity, and thereby recruit and retain more effective biocontrol agents. Insights into the natural diversity and activity of soil and microbial populations in the zones surrounding roots and seeds will provide new information on mechanisms of suppression regulating pest species. Fully effective interventions are unlikely, due to the complexity and diversity of the soil system, but there should be progress towards integrated control regimes combining more resistant crop genotypes (either selected or GM) with targeted management of natural suppressive processes. Harnessing new technologies and knowledge to create more durable resistant crops and sustainable disease and pest management systems will require improved understanding of the factors driving pest and pathogen adaptation and evolution. There must also be an increased emphasis on translational research and delivery, and developing strategies appropriate for lower-input production systems, if the second ‘green revolution’ is to become a reality.
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Narzullaev, Olim. "The Right To Use Biological Resources." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 03 (March 17, 2021): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue03-11.
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In the sustainable development of the world, the issues of protection and legal regulation of biological resources are becoming increasingly global and topical. Issues related to biodiversity, flora and fauna, forest use and environmental security, environmental policy, rational use of natural resources are reflected. An analysis of international documents and national legislation has shown that biological resources are an integral part of natural resources. Issues related to cultured and uncultured biological resources have been explored in the context of the legal literature and new legislation.
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Riabtsova, А. H. "DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL REGULATION OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE." Economics and Law, no. 2 (September 9, 2021): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2021.02.090.
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The formation and development of legal regulation of the use of natural resources in economic activity is analyzed. It is established that certain aspects of the legal regulation of the use of some natural resources can be found in Ruska Pravda, which was carried out mainly for tax purposes. The development of legislation on the use of natural resources in the Middle Ages and during the stay of Ukraine as part of the Russian Empire is analyzed. It is established that the use of natural resources on Ukrainian lands during their stay in the Polish-Lithuanian principality was regulated mainly by customary law. Agrarian reform was carried out as a result of the adoption of the act “Ustav na Voloky” (1557). In addition, in 1567 the Forest Charter was adopted, which was one of the first acts in Europe in the field of forest protection and use. It is substantiated that until the twentieth century there was a rather fragmentary regulation of the protection and preservation of natural resources, mainly with a view to protecting the ownership of certain natural objects, especially land. The regulation of the use of natural resources in economic activity in the Soviet period and after the declaration of independence is studied. Among the first acts adopted after the revolution was the “Decree on Land” of November 8, 1917, according to which the land became state property. However, only since the 60 of the last century special laws have been adopted aimed at legal protection of nature. Normative-legal acts of independent Ukraine from the standpoint of regulating the use of natural resources in eco- no mic activity are systematized into three groups: normative acts regulating economic activity in general and certain aspects of natural resources protection; regulations that mainly regulate the protection of natural resources in general and estab lish certain principles of their use in economic activities; regulations governing the protection and use of certain types of natural resources, including in economic activities. In addition, the periodization of the historical development of legislative regulation of the use of natural resources in economic activity is suggested.
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Kent, Michael. "Ecotourism, environmental preservation and conflicts over natural resources." Horizontes Antropológicos 9, no. 20 (October 2003): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-71832003000200010.
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Ecotourism has profound social impacts through the transformations it generates in the distribution of access to natural resources. At the heart of this transformation stands the paradox of ecotourism: it exploits natural environments while at the same time depending on their preservation. As a result, ecotourism has increasingly become articulated with environmental policies, in particular the creation of protected areas. Such policies have privileged those environments that are of interest to the ecotourism industry. They have also served to restrict competing forms of resource use. Local populations in particular have seen their access to natural resources diminished. This paper explores interest conflicts between local and external user groups in an ecotourism destination in Southern Bahia. Its focus is on strategies through which external groups related to ecotourism and environmental preservation have sought to appropriate control over natural resources.
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Voskresenskaya, E. V., N. N. Zhilskiy, and E. A. Sharyapova. "Problems of Legal Regulation of Subsoil Use in Modern Russia." Sociology and Law, no. 4 (January 18, 2020): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/2219-6242-2019-4-60-65.
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The article deals with public relations that affect controversial issues of subsoil use. The relevance of the topic is not in doubt, since article 9, paragraph 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation [1] defines that land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of life and activities of peoples living in the relevant territory. Among natural resources, a special place is occupied by subsoil resources, as they have a large amount of very valuable properties. In the modern Russian economy, the problem of effective subsoil use, which is associated with the need for advanced reconstruction of the mineral resource base and replenishment of strategic mineral reserves, should be one of the most important priorities of Russian state policy.
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Kulikova, Anna. "Specifics of the legal regulation of environmental management in agriculture." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 08027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127308027.
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It is difficult to overestimate the importance of agriculture, its effectiveness for the economic and socio-political sector of development of any state in the modern world. However, agriculture relies on the use of natural resources in its activities - land, soil, water, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation. The quality of these natural components of the natural environment directly affects the functioning and productivity of agricultural organizations. Environmental pollution problems are complex problems of interaction between nature and man. To minimize environmental harm and the occurrence of dangerous environmental consequences, a model of environmental management is needed. For agricultural production environmental management issues are particularly specific since its productivity is directly related, first of all, to the state of the natural environment as consumption resources on the one hand, and the negative impact of agricultural activities on natural resources on the other. In this article the issues of legal regulation of the law of nature use in agricultural activities were investigated, the problems of regulatory support for the rational use of nature in agriculture were identified, and the directions for optimizing the legislative regulation of the use of natural resources for agricultural activities were determined.
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Sadchenko, E. V. "THEORETICAL BASICS OF MARKETING MARINE NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT." Economic innovations 19, no. 2(64) (July 7, 2017): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2017.19.2(64).273-281.
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The article examines the main marketing approaches to the management of marketing activities on the basis of improving the economic and environmental cadastral mechanism. Inventories are described as a form of integrated presentation of information on specific natural resources and their rational economic use. The principles of conducting the marine economic-ecological cadastre are considered. Eco-marketing directions that allow the complex use of data from several cadastres that are important in developing plans for the economic, ecological and social development of the marine complex. The question of the concept of cadastre objects has a certain theoretical and great practical significance. From its correct decision depends the breadth of the factors that are subject to regulatory and legal regulation in the process of developing and maintaining the cadastre, the competence of government bodies that perform cadastral functions. The effectiveness of the legal regulation of marine cadastres is dependent on the structural and functional organization of state bodies of Ukraine, leading the cadastre, their law enforcement activities, the speed with which they comply with the established procedure for conducting marine economic and environmental cadastres. The concept of the formation of marine economic and environmental cadastres and potentials is aimed at improving the ecological situation in coastal areas, improving the living conditions of the population in the coastal zone, and meeting the needs of the population in high-quality ecologically safe marine resources. Eco-marketing activities in cadastre management open up wide opportunities in the field of legal regulation of relations on on-farm use and protection of marine resources.
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Dikhtiievskyi, V. P. "LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF ACCESS TO INFORMATION ON THE STATE OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES." Juridical scientific and electronic journal, no. 4 (2020): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2020-4/18.
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Dikhtiievskyi, V. P. "LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF ACCESS TO INFORMATION ON THE STATE OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES." Law Bulletin, no. 13 (2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.32850/lb2414-4207.2020.13.13.
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Malchyk, Mariana, and Yuliya Semenova. "ECOLOGICAL-ECONOMIC REGULATION OF INDUSTRY IN UKRAINE." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3913.
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<i>We consider ecological-economic regulation in Ukraine a part of ecologicaleconomic mechanism in perspective of coordination between ecological and economic factors of natural resources use and of the development of industry in Ukraine considering the concept of ecologization. We analyze ecological-economic tools, methods and ways of implantation. Modern economic concepts of state development often less consider aspects of ecologization, so we insist on the fact that main principles of ecological-economic regulation of industry, ecologization of industry and rational resources use are in the jurisdiction of nation, which executes appropriate tasks by implantation of tax policy, licensing, permission for natural resources use etc. It is necessary to improve existing mechanisms of state management in the sphere of ecological-economic regulation of industry. There is a need in the balance between maintenance of national aims and directions and between the possibilities of industrial development in Ukraine considering aspect of sustainable development. One of the conditions of existence of mutually beneficial connections between the subjects is adequate forming of prices for natural resources, stimulating of innovations, creating of propitious investment climate and financing of scientific-technical programs. Innovative activities of industrial enterprises is basis of their further development and their main task.</i>
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Zelepugin, Anatoly D., and Andrey V. Belousov. "Socio-economic aspects of the rational use of natural resources." Economic Consultant 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46224/ecoc.2021.3.4.
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Introduction. The socio-economic development of states is largely determined by the degree of rational use of natural resources. The current stage of development objectively requires effective scientific and practical approaches to solving the problems of harmonizing the economy and human-nature interaction. The purpose of the research is to analyze the socio-economic aspects of the rational use of natural resources. Materials and methods. A theoretical analysis of research materials (publications in periodicals, conference and analytical proceedings) was used. Results. Economic interest, with the help of which the harmonization of the economic and ecological subsystems is carried out, is the driving factor in the economic system development. At the same time, state regulation is the main element in the market mechanism system, which ensures the combination of personal and public interests in the social production system. Conclusion. Currently, the development of the ecological system is inseparable from the economic one. This implies a unified ecological and economic system with ecological and economic complexes as the subsystems.
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Koshman, Sergey S. "Challenging Aspects of the Legal Regulation of International Economic Activities of Gas Exporters as Parties to Exchange Trade in Gas Abroad." Energy law forum 4 (January 14, 2021): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2410-4396-2020-4-111-115.
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According to the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2035, the indicator of solution of the task of a flexible response to the world gas market dynamics is retaining by the Russian Federation of the dominant position of top three world gas exporters. Russian exporting companies are interested in trading in natural gas in European exchanges, as exchange trade in natural gas gives an opportunity to diversify the existing natural gas export mechanisms, gain access to highly liquid natural gas sales channels. At present, there is little legal research dedicated to challenging aspects of the legal regulation of exchange trade in energy resources, access of exporting companies to foreign exchanges. There are gaps and discrepancies in the existing legal regulation of this sector. The author reviews peculiarities of the legal regulation of relationships arising in trade in natural gas in European exchanges, the requirements set for exchange participants, the existing restrictions of these operations for Russian exporting companies, brings forward legal regulation development proposals.
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Koshman, Sergey S. "CHALLENGING ASPECTS OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF GAS EXPORTERS AS PARTIES TO EXCHANGE TRADE IN GAS ABROAD." Energy law forum 4 (January 14, 2021): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2312-4350-2020-4-56-61.
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According to the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2035, the indicator of solution of the task of a flexible response to the world gas market dynamics is retaining by the Russian Federation of the dominant position of top three world gas exporters. Russian exporting companies are interested in trading in natural gas in European exchanges, as exchange trade in natural gas gives an opportunity to diversify the existing natural gas export mechanisms, gain access to highly liquid natural gas sales channels. At present, there is little legal research dedicated to challenging aspects of the legal regulation of exchange trade in energy resources, access of exporting companies to foreign exchanges. There are gaps and discrepancies in the existing legal regulation of this sector. The author reviews peculiarities of the legal regulation of relationships arising in trade in natural gas in European exchanges, the requirements set for exchange participants, the existing restrictions of these operations for Russian exporting companies, brings forward legal regulation development proposals.
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Rassadnikova, S. I. "FEATURES OF STATE REGULATION OF INVESTMENTS IN RECREATIONAL AND TOURIST NATURAL RESOURCES." Economic innovations 19, no. 2(64) (July 7, 2017): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2017.19.2(64).261-265.
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The article analyzes and presents the problems of the issues and features of state regulation of investments in the recreational and tourist nature of the seaside regions, defining their theoretical and applied aspects is an actual scientific topic for finding ways of economic growth, competitiveness of the country, improving the quality of life and improving the population, preserving a rich natural resource potential. The necessity of further researches and realization of the real bases of formation of the system of the state regulation of investments in the recreational and tourist nature use from the standpoint of sustainable tourism and recreation is substantiated. Therefore, state regulation of investments requires the inclusion of direct methods of influencing state-owned objects through projects, budgets and programs, and, on the other hand, creating attractive conditions for attracting investments, their effective use, creating a favorable investment climate for sustainable development and conservation and protection , the use of natural recreational and tourist resources. It is proposed to develop the conceptual bases of state regulation of investment in recreation and tourism environmental management based on the ideas and principles of sustainable development refers to a system of modern ideas, the leading idea which defines a single, overall plan effective use of natural resources, tourism and recreation and environmental and recreational areas. Therefore, in our understanding of the basic components of the theoretical principles of state regulation of investment in recreation and tourism wildlife is a description of the purpose, principles, conditions and basic directions, which contain a combination of methods, forms and instruments of influence on the investment development of recreation and tourism of nature using and adapting foreign experience.
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Mota, Dalva Maria da, Heribert Schmitz, and Amintas da Silva Júnior. "(Dis)agreements on the use of natural resources within a context of land transformation in Sergipe." Ambiente & Sociedade 18, no. 2 (June 2015): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asocex03v1822015en.
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This work assesses the intertwining of legal systems, involving actors who have different relationships to natural resources in a context of competition for land ownership in one of the last remaining areas where the native fruit species, mangabeiras (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), occurs in the municipality of Barra dos Coqueiros, state of Sergipe, Brazil. The main results show that both the mangaba gatherers and the landowner have resorted to formal law (state law) to enforce their own interests. The landowner's legal victory abolished open access to mangabeira trees and imposed private access to this resource which has influenced the restructuring of customary rules (local laws). The obstacles encountered in attempts to secure control over this resource by formal legal means contrast with the persistence of customary laws, despite changes in the access system. Moreover, this intertwining demonstrates a complex legal pluralism and the permeability of the different legal systems within this context.
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Aritonang, Parulian Paidi. "ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF “UNBUNDLING” AND “OPEN ACCESS” IN INDONESIAN GAS BUSINESS SECTOR." Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 49, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol49.no4.2354.
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Natural gas is a very important non-renewable natural resource that controls the lives of many people. Therefore, the exploitation and utilization of natural gas must be carried out wisely and for the greatest prosperity of the people. This is mandated in Article 33 Paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia that "Earth, water and the natural resources contained therein are controlled by country and used for the greatest prosperity of the people". With the promulgation of Law Number 22 the Year 2001 concerning Oil and Gas, there has been restructuring in the implementation of natural gas exploitation through pipelines in Indonesia. The law provides more space for private entities to engage in gas exploitation with the purpose to create healthy competition, transparency, improving national development, efficiency in exploiting natural gas and to develop competitive price so that the end consumer can enjoy the benefits. By its implementing regulations, namely, the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 19 of 2009, natural gas exploitation through pipelines is carried out through an “unbundling” and “open access” mechanism.
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Sulissusiawan, Ahadi, and Urai Salam. "Students' Use of Online Resources to Enhance Learning Endeavors." International Journal of Virtual and Personal Learning Environments 7, no. 2 (July 2017): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijvple.2017070104.
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Although a relative abundance of studies are published about technology and its potentials in education, there is a marked lack of evidence-based research perspectives depicting what-learners-actually-do in ICT-rich environments. This study examined Indonesian university students' use of ICTs in their independent learning endeavors. It was designed as a multiple case study with two phases, survey and interviews. The data revealed that the students pursued mixed experiences and feelings, both optimistic and distracted when collecting information online. While they enjoyed easy access to information, they felt overwhelmed with irrelevant activities that they called unconstructive learning. Self-regulation became the key success to their learning. Those who could control their exploration would gain maximum results.
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Mogotsi, Immaculate, Selma Lendelvo, Margaret Angula, and Jesaya Nakanyala. "Forest Resource Management and Utilisation through a Gendered Lens in Namibia." Environment and Natural Resources Research 6, no. 4 (November 11, 2016): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v6n4p79.
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The shift in forestry policy towards resource management and access rights from state control to local community control has been a welcome step towards sustainable forest management in Namibia. The policy acknowledges the direct dependence on natural environmental resources by the proportional majority of the population that live in the rural areas of Namibia. This study was aimed at performing gender analysis by identifying relationships of various groups to natural resources. The study further assessed the influence these relationships have on control, access and use of forest resources, as well as on natural resource management and the implications thereof on various forest management efforts in the country. Data were collected from seven community forest institutions in Namibia and analysed using the Harvard Gender Analytical Framework. The findings show a gendered differentiated knowledge, control and access to forest resources and unequal participation in leadership and governance. Furthermore, the results suggest that unequal power relations among minority and vulnerable groups affect access to and control of forest resources. This study proposes participation of both men and women in the management, protection, access and utilisation of forest resources, as this will contribute to sustainable forest management and economic development of all members of society.
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Endyka, Yovi Cajapa, Muhamad Muhdar, and Abdul Kadir Sabaruddin. "Environmental Justice in Intra Generations: An Overview of Aristotle's Distributive Justice to Coal Mining." Indonesian Comparative Law Review 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/iclr.v3i1.11234.
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Indonesia is a country with abundant natural resources, ranging from sand. Tin, copper, coal, iron ore to gold. Therefore, the State should provide environmental justice to create reserves with wise and sustainable management of natural resources. This study uses a doctrinal method in order to answer the problem under study. This study will examine how Aristotle's distributive justice can sharpen the concept of justice for coal mining management. This study will focus on environmental justice in intra-generational terms in terms of Aristotle's distributive justice to coal mining. Protection of access (conservation of access) reflects the allocation of rights and access to natural resources balanced between different generations and fellow members of the current generation. Thus, access to protection provides fair and non-discriminatory rights for every citizen of the current generation to use environmental resources. However, in using these resources, each member of the current generation has an obligation (equitable duties) to ensure that his actions will not reduce future generations' access to these resources. The state through mining or environmental policies has not provided justice for the community, where the community accepts more risks such as social injustice, environmental and health harm from coal mining activities than receiving the benefits.
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Leheza, Yuliia, and Olena Surilova. "LEGAL REGULATION OF THE APPLICATION OF ECONOMIC MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING THE RATIONAL USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES: THE EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-3-99-103.
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The purpose of the study is to determine the most optimal ways to solve the problems of financing the implementation of environmental protection measures formulated based on the positive experience of foreign countries in the field of ensuring the rational use of natural resources. Methodology. The method of comparative legal research was used to analyse foreign experience in the application of economic mechanisms for ensuring the rational use of natural resources, and the methods of modelling, analysis, and synthesis allowed determining the directions of increasing the efficiency of economic incentive use in Ukraine. Research results. Based on the studied experience of legal regulation of the application of economic mechanisms for ensuring the rational use of natural resources in the countries of the European Union, the United States of America, Great Britain, Canada, and other foreign countries, it was concluded on the expediency of its implementation in Ukraine. The author determined the appropriateness of the introduction of tax privileges of economic activity of entities that promote the use of advanced technologies, which contribute to reducing the negative impact on the environment. The expediency of application in Ukraine of an extensive system of taxation of activities associated with the use of natural resources by means of activating the introduction of direct taxes paid directly by natural users is substantiated. The practicability of inclusion of payments for obtaining appropriate special permits (licenses), which are granted not only for the use of natural resources but also for the activities related to environmental pollution, in the system of economic mechanisms for ensuring the rational use of natural resources is substantiated. The practical importance of the study. The expediency of introducing in Ukraine the approach of financial substantiation of national and regional programs in the sphere of natural resources utilization, which are realized at the expense of state and local budgets and successfully applied in foreign countries, is proved. The originality of the research. The results and conclusions of th e research can be used in the process of improving the legal regulation of the application of economic mechanisms for ensuring the rational use of natural resources.
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Pozdnyakov, Leonidovich. "Conceptual foundations of improvement of economic regulation of rational natural resources use in market conditions." Istrazivanja i projektovanja za privredu 16, no. 1 (2018): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes16-14670.
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Tsoloev, Zaurbek Bagaundinovich. "Efficiency of State Regulation of Subsoil Use Issues (On the Example of the Department of Mineral Use and Natural Resources)." Interactive science, no. 3 (49) (March 20, 2020): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-530439.
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In this article, the main issues of legal regulation of state administration of subsoil use in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra are considered. The relevance of the article is determined by the fact that the Okrug’s further development depends on the effective state (legal) regulation of subsoil use. The importance of the issue of state regulation of the activities of subsoil use entities is due to the fact that the Russian economy has a pronounced raw material orientation. In this connection, the article analyzes the activities of the Department of Subsoil Use and Natural Resources of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra, which ensures the existence of an effective mechanism for subsoil use management in the region.