Relevant bibliographies by topics / Regulatory compliance and cost indicators

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Regulatory compliance and cost indicators'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Regulatory compliance and cost indicators"

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Cabukel, Ridvan. "Regulatory Compliance Costs on International Banks in Turkey." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 6, no. 1 (February 18, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v6i1.637.

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<p>The Turkish government set a policy to become a regional financial center in 2007. This policy involved encouraging international banks to enter Turkey and take a more prominent role in the Turkish banking industry. Since then the progress has been slow to achieve this policy objective. The primary indicator of being a financial center is to have the presence of international banks. Even though there are many representative offices in Turkey, few of them changed their status to subsidiary or branch to this day. On the contrary, some international banks announced that they would downsize their operations. Representative offices have lower investment and compliance cost than that of branches and subsidiaries. Banking regulations in Turkey does not differentiate much by type, operations and size. Also international banks have to comply their head office rules in line with regulators in their home countries. In this article, we focus on the regulatory compliance costs on international banks to open branches and to establish subsidiaries with niche market strategy in Turkey. We argue that regulatory compliance costs play a major role on the reluctance of international banks’ lack of enthusiasm.</p>
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Olufemi Amos, Akinbola, Issa Abdulraheem, and Brimah Aminu Nassir. "Commercial Policy’s Trade Facilitation Effects on Cost of Operations as Determinants of Multinational Corporations Employability." Scholedge International Journal of Management & Development ISSN 2394-3378 4, no. 11 (March 28, 2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmd041101.

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This study examined commercial policy’s trade facilitation effects on employability of multinational corporations in Nigeria considering whether trade facilitation(TF), has a significant effect on the multinational Corporations employability expressed in cost of operation (COP). The study adopted cross sectional research design and considered 5 multinational corporations in the food and beverage and conglomerate sub-sector in Nigeria based on random sampling technique by employing primary data. The sample size constituted the lower, middle and senior level staff of the multinational Corporations at their headquarters and plants to achieve the objectives of this study based on the hypothesis that was formulated. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were employed. The statistical tools used included cross tabulations, Mean, Regression and Correlation analysis with the aid of SPSS computer packages. The results showed that trade facilitation (TF) have significant effect on cost of operation (at P=0.000). In conclusion, the study reflected that each of the performance indicators under consideration related with commercial policy and employability implies the need for compliance by multinational corporations to be ensured as governmental follow up in areas of trade facilitation is pertinent to employment creation. The study recommends that; government is encouraged to continue to play her regulatory, facilitating and participatory roles to foster an enabling operating environment as it will contribute towards firm competitiveness in the domestic and global marketplace.
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Makarynska, A., and N. Vorona. "OPTIMIZATION OF FEED COMPOSITION FOR TURKEYS." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 4 (February 7, 2020): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i4.1592.

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The article describes that domestic feed products cannot always compete with high quality products of foreign firms. However, the use of imported feed leads to a significant increase in their value and, as a consequence, to an increase in the cost price of the final product. It is established that for the normal development and realization of productivity, turkeys should receive quality and balanced for all indicators of compound feed. Therefore, the task was to develop recipes for turkeys using high quality domestic raw materials. The necessity to determine the complete components characteristics of compound feeds for the finished products production, which meets the requirements of regulatory documents and the consumer, has been proved. There are many indicators and factors that are not taken into account when calculating recipes, but significantly affect the compound feed quality. We have developed compound feed recipes for heavy type turkeys aged 1…4 weeks, 5…13 weeks, 14…17 weeks, 18…30 weeks and over 31 weeks using the “Korm Optima Expert” software complex. The program incorporates the principle of calculating recipes at minimum cost, taking into account the restrictions on the input of each component and the nutrition of the finished product using linear programming by formulas. The expediency of replacing soybean meal in poultry feed due to its high cost for cheaper protein components is substantiated. In order to reduce the cost of compound feed, we have proposed the optimal composition of protein feed additive (PFA) for replacement soybean meal in feed recipes. On the basis of the developed recipes of compound feeds for heavy type turkeys we calculated similar recipes of compound feeds with replacement of soybean meal for PFA in their composition according to the norms of its introduction The quality indicators of finished products are in compliance with the minimum nutritional requirements of compound feeds for heavy type turkeys of a given age. The cost of compound feeds with PFA is much lower than similar with soybean meal. We determined the annual feed consumption of turkeys by growing periods based on the daily feed intake and the duration of each fattening period.
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BRYN, Mikhail Ya, Dinara R. BASHIROVA, and Artur G. BAGISHYAN. "Comparative evaluation of mobile laser scanning, aerial photography from an unmanned aircraft system and surveying from an integrated road laboratory when performing diagnostics of highways." Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University 2021, no. 2 (June 2021): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/1815-588x-2021-2-211-221.

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Objective: To compare the possibilities of using mobile laser scanning (MLS) and aerial photography (AFS) from an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) and to make a survey from an integrated road laboratory when performing diagnostics of highways. Methods: For the analysis, a section of the regional road in the Kursk region was selected, on which the survey was carried out using considered methods. The main characteristics were identified when performing the diagnostics, their values were obtained on the basis of data from the integrated road laboratory, aerial photography with UAS, as well as ILS, and the accuracy of the results obtained, the compliance of the data with the requirements of regulatory documents were assessed. Results: Based on the work performed, the following conclusions were made: the determination of identified diagnostic parameters by the methods of ILS and APS with UAS is correct and aerial photography with UAS at the cost of equipment, the cost of shooting is the most profitable when drawing up topographic road plans. It is noted that in terms of accuracy, the APS method meets the requirements for plans at a scale of 1:500, MLS – 1:1000. Practical importance: Not all indicators required for diagnostics can be obtained with APS with ALS and MLS, since they require specialized equipment and direct interaction with the road surface, however, the range of application of the selected methods can be significantly expanded. Adhesion coefficient is measured using an integrated mobile road laboratory, so it is not advisable to abandon it. It was noted that the equipment of the laboratory, depending on the cost, may be different
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Belsky, A. B., A. V. Lipovich, and A. P. Moskalenko,. "Monitoring of Educational Institutions Information Resources in the Republic of Belarus as a Tool for Implementing Policies in the Field of Export of Educational Services." Digital Transformation, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.38086/2522-9613-2019-1-5-20.

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The article considers the issues of monitoring of the educational institutions official websites in the Republic of Belarus, beginning with the 2018 interms of its influence on the potential of services export in education. Special attention is paid to a state and development of information resources of higher education institutions. Regulatory legal acts and other documents forming a normative basis of monitoring are analyzed. The organization of monitoring processes of the education institutions websites is considered in the manual regime as well as using the utomated information system for auditing education institutions information resources in the Republic of Belarus, assessment of their state and relevance is also considered (AIS Monitoring). The criteria for evaluation of the websites included in monitoring are presented and their comparison at the manual and automated way of realization is carried out. The analysis of monitoring results of the education institutions official websites in 2018 including that realized within trial operation of AIS Monitoring is produced. The correlation between the growth in the number of foreign students in higher education institutions and indicators for monitoring of information resources is assessed. The results of a quantitative assessment of the dependence of the growth rate of the number of foreign students at Belarusian universities on the level of compliance with the requirements for the informational content of official sites in terms of the list and cost of services provided in the form of a regression model are presented. Recommendations for further development and improvement of monitoring processes of information resources are formed.
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Zhylinska, O., and A. Boiko. "EFFICIENCY OF THE STATE POLICY AGAINST TINIZATION ECONOMICS: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE COMPONENT." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 1 (2020): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.1-16.

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SUMMARY The article is devoted to the study of the formation and implementation of state policy to prevent shadow financial transactions. The shadow sector of the economy is identified as one of the main threats to the country's economic security and macroeconomic stability, a prerequisite for reducing the level of its investment attractiveness and competitiveness. The article has analyzed the effectiveness of the state policy of the de-shadowing of the national economy in terms of its regulatory, institutional, and economic components. The peculiarities of constructing the legal component of the state policy of counteracting the shadowing of the economy are considered. Its advantages and disadvantages are determined. Based on the study, it has concluded the low level of compliance of the modern system with the realities of economic development and the requirements of the international community, a significant variety of regulations, and their contradictory nature. The effectiveness of the institutional component was analyzed using quantitative (number of administrative proceedings for shadow financial transactions, sentences, etc.) and qualitative (the ratio between the amount of voluntarily paid and imposed on offenders fine, between the amount of reimbursed and established pecuniary damage, duration cases by the judiciary) indicators. Within the framework of economic indicators of efficiency of construction of policy of de-shadowing of the economy the cost of registration of documents at export/import, passing of control at export/import, level of the tax burden, etc. is considered. It is concluded that the excessive level of the tax burden on economic entities and the complexity of business procedures in Ukraine. A comparative analysis of the level of the shadow economy by the electric, monetary, the method of consumption of the population-retail trade, the method of unprofitable enterprises has determined. The expediency of improving the existing policy of counteracting shadow financial transactions by developing instruments for direct and indirect influence on the economic entities' behavior is substantiated.
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Bermon, Anderson, Ana Fernanda Uribe-Rodríguez, Paula Fernanda Pérez-Rivero, David Prieto-Merino, Diana Isabel Cáceres Rivera, Elizabeth Guio, Louise Atkins, et al. "Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of text messages targeting adherence to cardiovascular medications in secondary prevention: the txt2heart Colombia randomised controlled trial protocol." BMJ Open 9, no. 12 (December 2019): e028017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028017.

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IntroductionAnti-platelet therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta-blockers and statins are cost-effective in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) for reducing the risk of ASCVD events. Unfortunately, there is abundant evidence that adherence to these cardiovascular medications is far from ideal. A recent Cochrane review showed a potential beneficial effect of Short Message Service (SMS) interventions on adherence to medication in ASCVD patients.Methods and analysisThe txt2heart study is a pragmatic randomised single-blind controlled trial. The objective is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an intervention with SMS messages delivered by mobile phones to improve adherence to cardiovascular medications in patients with ASCVD. The intervention consists of behavioural techniques delivered via SMS. The primary outcome is change in blood serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels as an indicator of adherence to statins. Secondary outcomes will include systolic blood pressure as an indicator of adherence to blood-lowering therapies and heart rate as an indicator of adherence to beta-blockers, urine levels of 11-dehydrothromboxane B2, self-reported adherence to cardiovascular medications and rates of cardiovascular death or hospitalisation due to cardiovascular disease.Ethics and disseminationThe study will be performed in compliance with the protocol, regulatory requirements, Good Clinical Practice and ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Ethics Committee of Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia evaluated and approved the trial. The txt2heart Colombia trial aims to provide robust evidence to evaluate whether SMS messages delivered through mobile telephones change the behaviour of Colombian patients who have suffered a cardiovascular event. Trial results will be presented to the local health authorities, and if the intervention is effective and safe, we hope this strategy will be implemented quickly because of its low cost and wide-reaching impact on the population.Trial registration numberNCT03098186.
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Lim, Howard John, Melissa Hunt, Julia A. Beaver, Paul Gustav Kluetz, Christopher Gravel, Andrew Raven, Dean Regier, and Cheryl Ho. "Access to new therapies: FDA accelerated approvals and the corresponding Canadian regulatory and funding decisions." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e19066-e19066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e19066.

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e19066 Background: Accelerated approval (AA) by the FDA enables earlier access to promising new therapies while evidence generation is ongoing. Health Canada (HC) has a similar process with a Notice of Compliance conditional (NOCc) before full approval (NOC). Canada implemented health technology assessment (HTA) for determination of funding through the pan Canadian Oncology Drug Review (pCODR) in 2011. This study evaluated timelines and decisions from AA approval to HC NOC/c to HTA approval and formulary listing. Methods: FDA AA malignant hematology and oncology approvals from Jan 1 2000-Dec 31 2019 were reviewed. HC decisions were reviewed to determine submission/approval status and dates of NOC/c. pCODR decisions were reviewed to determine submission/approval status and dates of decision. First date of provincial formulary listing was collected. Results: In the 20 year time frame, there were 97 AA by the FDA. Current FDA status: 48 full approval, 44 pending verification and 5 withdrawn. Of the 92 AA that remain approved, HC status: 44 received NOC, 24 NOCc, 24 were not submitted for review, 2 currently under review. Of the 5 AA that were withdrawn; 3 were submitted to HC and received NOC/c and all were subsequently withdrawn. From 2011, 31 of 45 HC approved indications were reviewed at pCODR: 17 received a positive recommendation conditional on cost-effectiveness, 9 not recommended, 3 withdrawn by company, 2 pending final decision. Of the 10 not recommended/withdrawn, 6 were subsequently re-submitted and approved. Time from AA to NOC/c was 9.4 m, time from NOC/c to pCODR decision 15.0 m and time from pCODR decision to first formulary listing 18.4 m. Conclusions: Despite significant timeline differences between AA and HC NOC/c all indications that received AA submitted to Canada were granted regulatory approval. Since 2011, 74% of HC approved therapies submitted to pCODR were recommended and added to formularies. Collaboration between FDA and HC, independent regulatory agencies, through innovative programs such as FDA Project Orbis, may improve time from AA to NOC/c. Stringent criteria for HTA recommendation results in lower approval rates however, provision of additional data at re-submission may enable subsequent approval and adoption of treatment.
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Vorona, N., and A. Makarynska. "DEVELOPMENT OF COMPOUND FEED RECIPES FOR GEESE AND DETERMINATION OF THEIR QUALITY." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 21, no. 1 (September 12, 2021): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v21i1.2094.

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The article describes that goose farming is an important source of increasing poultry production and expanding the range of poultry products. In Ukraine, the goose breeding business is promising, profitable and underdeveloped, with low competition. The profitability of geese breeding is about 75%. In addition, goose farming is one of the possible ways to solve the problem of animal protein deficiency in the world.The high-quality calculation of recipes is a necessary part of efficient production and use of finished products at the present stage of the feed industry development.Optimization of compound feed recipes determines its composition and takes into account the impact of certain feed components on the physiology, health, growth and productivity of animals. Recipe calculation programs occupy a key place in the technological chain of animal husbandry production, combining producer and products consumer.The quality of the final product and the compliance of the calculated indicators of nutritional value with the actual depend on the accuracy of the recipes calculation and take into account all the destabilizing factors in the technological production process. Thanks to modern software optimization of recipes, it becomes possible not only to make a diet with available raw materials that is optimal in quality and cost, but also to assess the feasibility of introducing a particular additiv e, both from a biological and economic point of view.It is proven that geese must receive high quality and balanced feed by all indicators for the normal development and realization of genetic potential. Therefore, the urgent task is to develop recipes for high-quality geese feed using domestic available raw materials.With the help of the software package "Korm Optima Expert" we have developed complete feed recipes for parent flock geese aged 0… 3 weeks (starter), 4… 8 weeks (grower), 9… 26 weeks (finisher), older 27 weeks (breeder), and recipes for broiler type geese aged 0… 4 weeks (starter) and older 5 weeks (finisher). The program includes the principle of calcula ting recipes at the minimum cost, taking into account the limitations of the input of each component and the nutritional value of the finished product using linear programming formulas.Experimental samples of starter, grower, finisher and breeder were made in accordance with the developed recipes of complete feed for parent flock geese. Physical properties and chemical composition were studied in the experimental samples.It is established that the experimental samples of starter, grower, finisher and breeder are characterized by satisfactory physical properties and comply with regulatory and technical documentation. They are balanced in content of nutrients and biologically active substances and meet the physiological needs and feeding standards of the parent flock geese.
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Liubchenko, M. A., O. E. Mandrichenko, and T. P. Demidenko. "CREATION OF 3D LIBRARIES OF DIGITAL COMPONENTS FOR THE MULTISTORY BUILDING MODEL." Bulletin of Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 80 (September 3, 2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2415-377x-2020-80-19-26.

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Abstract. The article is dedicated to creation of 3D libraries of building construction elements with customized annotations, analytical and other necessary parameters for interior walls, doors, windows, exterior walls, floor slabs, roof, ceiling and floor elements in REVIT software. The aim of the work is to develop a database of families of parameterized components of buildings and structures in REVIT. The research was conducted using the method of generalization, systematic approach and statistical analysis. The matter of creating families of digital components of the virtual model of construction projects in accordance to the state norms and technical requirements is relevant now. Issues of creation and application of families of digital parameterized components according to requirements of current regulatory documents, interior and exterior components, as well as the structural component of each created element are described in the article. Some of the created families conform to the specified requirements, are universal and having an ability to replace types families. For each of the loaded element, the maximum possible number of materials was selected with the inclusion in the library of all the necessary information from physical and thermal characteristics to the current price of the building materials on the Ukrainian market. Practical use of the created libraries occurs in the design of construction projects in the framework of faculty and students cooperation with the Public Union «BUILDIT UKRAINE». The information model of a multistory civil building was created by the authors. The model allows to automatically generating the necessary drawings for construction: plans, facades, schemes, sections, design specifications and other documentation. Moreover, this reduces the time for preparation of project documentation and provides control of key indicators and compliance with the deadlines. Besides, the model allows to provide information on the results of researches and tests quickly, and promptly adjust the cost of construction.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Regulatory compliance and cost indicators"

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Shbaita, Maher. "Relationship Between Regulatory Compliance Cost, Operation Cost, and Profitability of Credit Unions." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7840.

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The decline in the profitability of credit unions with less than $10 million in assets harms the number of small credit unions available to serve local communities. Grounded in the financial intermediation theory, the purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationship between regulatory compliance costs, operation costs, and profitability. The population of this study consisted of federally insured credit unions with less than $10 million in assets and located in the state of Texas. Archival data from the National Credit Union Administration database were collected and analyzed. Multiple regression was used to identify a statistically significant predictive model, F (2, 49) = 3.834, p = .028, R2 =.135. The implications for positive social change include the potential for credit union managers to improve decision-making processes related to current and future operations and investments, which could increase profitability and contribute to the financial prosperity of employees, employees' families, communities, and local economies.
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Fitzsmmons, Brendan D. "A Quantitative Examination of the Relationship between the Cost of Regulatory Compliance and the Profitability and Efficiency of Community Banks." Thesis, Capella University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10744618.

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Several commentators argued that the regulatory requirements imposed on community banks over the past 15 years placed an inordinate impact on these entities when compared to their larger counterparts. Specifically, the literature questioned the effect of regulatory costs on Return on Equity, Return on Assets, and Efficiency Ratios in community banks. The communities and small businesses that these banks serve are negatively impacted if these banks continue to disappear due to failure or the result of increased mergers and acquisition activity. This study sought to determine whether a statistically significant correlation existed between regulatory costs, as defined by the combined cost of legal fees, audit expenses, consulting costs, data processing costs, and salary and benefit costs which could be ascribed to compliance personnel, the ROE, the ROA, and the Efficiency Ratios of 21 community banks in the State of Maryland. Based on the results of the correlation analysis, such a correlation does exist. A regression analysis was performed on the independent variable, the cost of regulatory compliance, and the three dependent variables, ROE, ROA, and Efficiency Ratio, for each bank. Of the 63 analyses performed (21 banks with three independent variables) a statistically significant result (where p < .05) was found in all but two instances and in one of those two, p = .053. The implications of this study weighed heavily on the nature of the governance of community banks by legislative and regulatory authorities. The relationship between the regulator and the regulated must be reexamined within the context of community banks. The ability of these institutions to continue to serve often rural communities may depend on how these authorities react to the regulatory burden imposed on community banks in this country.

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Mertlíková, Michaela. "Analýza nejvyššího a nejlepšího využití rodinného domu v Červeném Kostelci." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241211.

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The thesis deals with the analysis of highest and best use (HABU). In the theoretical section we describe the four basic criteria from which the analysis is made. These are the criteria: legal compliance, physically viable, financially feasible and maximally profitable. The practical part then addresses the evaluation of specific variants of real estate in Cerveny Kostelec by analyzing the highest and best use.
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Dlamini, Moses Thandokuhle. "The economics of information security." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28060.

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In the year 2008, world markets suffered a huge economic crisis. The extent of the economic crisis has been so severe and has had a global impact. As a contingency strategy, governments of wealthy nations have resorted to extensive bailouts and rescue packages to stop organisations from going bankrupt. A skyrocketing amount of money has been spent on rescue packages and bailouts for the tumbling organisations. However, this could not stop some of the world’s wealthiest financial institutions e.g. Lehman Brothers, Northern Rock, etc from collapsing. Most of the surviving organisations froze their expenditure, implemented cost-cutting measures and in the process, numerous employees lost their jobs. Executives were compelled to ‘achieve more with less’ in order to save their organisations from going bankrupt. It is on this premise that this research proposed the BC3I (Broad Control Category Cost Indicators) model, which is a step towards ‘achieving more with less’ within information security budgeting. The tumbling world markets and increased requirements for legal and regulatory compliance have made this a timely and relevant research that addressed a current, spot-on and global problem. The BC3I model as the main outcome of this research has indeed come at the right time. The BC3I model as proposed in this research makes a real contribution towards assisting information security managers as they make informed decisions regarding the optimal and cost-effective allocation of financial resources to information security activities. The proposed model can be argued to be a good start towards the selection of appropriate controls to optimally and cost-effectively protect organisations’ information assets and simultaneously achieve compliance with legal and regulatory mandates. As a proof of concept, the practicality of the BC3I model has been demonstrated in three different scenarios. The model has been illustrated for an organisation chosen from the financial sector; being the hardest hit by the economic crisis. Furthermore, the financial sector is chosen because of its high reliance on information security for the most obvious reasons that of dealing with money and confidential customer information. Finally and for acceptance purposes, the model has been discussed and reviewed by industry experts from the financial sector. Copyright
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Computer Science
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Spilke, Ezra. "Why Canada's "Costly" Securities Regulation Regime Ensures Better Decision-making." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33540.

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The purported costs of provincial autonomy in Canadian securities regulation have been well documented. Proposals for centralizing the securities regulatory regime, whether under a national regulator or through restricting the scope of provincial divergence from national standards, have consistently cited the costliness of the current regime. However, policymakers' cognitive biases lead them from time to time to overemphasize the need for decisive and swift action, which in turn causes them to abandon sound decision-making processes. Provincial autonomy ensures that policymaking with national reach is process-oriented and is more likely to be guided by facts and rational projections. Supporters of centralization discount or ignore these features of decentralization and are too sanguine about the ability of centralized regulators to adhere to process. Any further proposals for reform should properly account for these effects.
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Books on the topic "Regulatory compliance and cost indicators"

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Weinberg, Sandy. Cost-Contained Regulatory Compliance. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470933510.

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Group, Unison Consulting. Impact of regulatory compliance costs on small airports. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2013.

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Sutton, Brent. The cost of regulatory compliance in the Canadian financial sector. Ottawa: Conference Board of Canada, 1994.

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Weinberg, Sandy. Cost-contained regulatory compliance: For the pharmaceutical, biologics, and medical device industries. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

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Hutchison, Doug. Safety, health, and environmental quality systems management: Strategies for cost-effective regulatory compliance. Sunnyvale, CA: Lanchester Press, 1997.

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University, Mzumbe, ed. Non-monetary cost of doing business: Regulatory compliance in small-scale enterprises in Tanzania. [Mzumbe, Tanzania]: Mzumbe University, 2008.

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Full committee hearing on legislation to improve the Regulatory Flexibility Act. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. Subcommittee on Energy Policy, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs. Regulatory accounting: Costs and benefits of federal regulations : hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy Policy, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session, March 12, 2002. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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Should agencies be allowed to keep Americans in the dark about regulatory costs and benefits?: Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Economic Growth, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, March 24, 1999. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. Subcommittee on Energy Policy, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs. How to improve regulatory accounting: Costs, benefits, and impacts of federal regulations : hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy Policy, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, March 11, 2003. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Regulatory compliance and cost indicators"

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Caiado, Rodrigo Goyannes Gusmão, Hugo Fernandes Neves, Eduardo Thadeu Corseuil, Leticia Bacoccoli, and Alexandre Reis Pinto de Castro. "Development of Indicators for Monitoring the Regulatory Compliance of Static Equipment in Industrial Plants—an Empirical Study in the Oil and Gas Sector." In Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 13–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56920-4_2.

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"Cost-Contained Regulatory Compliance." In Cost-Contained Regulatory Compliance, 259–63. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470933510.ch14.

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"Controlling Regulatory Costs." In Cost-Contained Regulatory Compliance, 1–10. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470933510.ch1.

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"Cost-Containment Analysis." In Cost-Contained Regulatory Compliance, 203–11. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470933510.ch11.

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"Bibliography." In Cost-Contained Regulatory Compliance, 273–77. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470933510.biblio.

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"Cases." In Cost-Contained Regulatory Compliance, 161–201. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470933510.ch10.

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"Managing Regulation in Times of Chaos." In Cost-Contained Regulatory Compliance, 213–25. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470933510.ch12.

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"International Regulation." In Cost-Contained Regulatory Compliance, 227–58. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470933510.ch13.

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"Future." In Cost-Contained Regulatory Compliance, 265–71. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470933510.ch15.

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"Clear Operation Definitions of Requirements." In Cost-Contained Regulatory Compliance, 11–24. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470933510.ch2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Regulatory compliance and cost indicators"

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Balkey, J. J., R. L. Dodge, B. T. Martinez, and R. E. Wieneke. "Data Collection and Tracking of Radioactive Waste at the Los Alamos National Laboratory Plutonium Facility." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4586.

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The Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is one of two design laboratories in the United States Department of Energy’s weapons complex, with over 60 years of experience in handling radioactive materials, and, consequently, in managing radioactive waste. Actinide research and development is conducted at the Plutonium Facility, which has been in operation since 1978 and is the major source of radioactive waste at LANL. The Nuclear Materials Technology (NMT) Division is responsible for operating the Plutonium Facility and has a dedicated group of personnel who manage radioactive and hazardous waste, and address environmental regulations. The NMT Division also oversees analytical support operations in the Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Facility. Operations at these two nonreactor nuclear facilities generate a wide variety of waste that may be generally classified as sanitary, hazardous, radioactive, and mixed (both radioactive and hazardous). The expedient, cost-effective, and regulatory-compliant management of radioactive waste has been a challenging task, given the propensity for rapid change in the regulatory environment. One major asset is the availability of information on waste generation and characteristics in electronic form. To do so, the Waste Inventory Tracking system (WITS) was developed 6 years ago to collect and store this information. To record waste information in the field, technicians use handheld Palm Pilots®. These units are then docked with personal computers to transfer the data to WITS. The primary use of WITS is the automated generation of waste package data reports, which are used to demonstrate compliance with waste acceptance criteria and gain acceptance for waste disposal. The WITS data are also used to evaluate various aspects of waste generation and handling, and to track performance indicators. The WITS is a fundamental part of waste management in the NMT Division.
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Visser, R. J., and K. I. Hanna. "Cost-Effective Regulatory Compliance Management Solutions for the Petroleum Industry." In Canadian International Petroleum Conference. Petroleum Society of Canada, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2003-039.

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Leong, Chua Hing, Khairina Bt Khairul Anuar, Sathish Kumar Batumelai, and Ahmad Fitri Bin Mahmud. "Precise Well Integrity Diagnostic Delivers Production Sustainability, Cost Reduction and Regulatory Compliance." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/176420-ms.

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FREIMANIS, Kristaps, and Maija ŠENFELDE. "METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF REGULATION COSTS IN THE BANKING MARKET." In International Scientific Conference „Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2021.600.

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Purpose – In the field of the economics’ regulation researchers so far have built the conceptual framework showing how the deadweight loss of market failures decrease and costs of the government intervention increase with the increased level of the government intervention. In order to quantify relationships between the level of intervention, intervention costs and the deadweight loss with econometric models it is important to understand how to quantify the regulation costs as a part of intervention costs. The objective of the research presented in this paper is to find the appropriate methodology for the quantification of the regulation costs in the banking market. Research methodology – literature review (regarding theories), mathematical methods for quantification and econometric methods for validation purposes. Findings – research shows that in the assessment of regulation costs three main stakeholders should be included – microprudential regulator, macroprudential regulator and financial regulation’s policy maker. Research presents their cost assessment methodology. Its validation shows that in general methodology works as expected, i.e., higher government intervention levels lead to higher regulation costs, however this general rule has exceptions, which in authors’ view indicates that other factors have an impact on the cost levels. Research limitations – research shows how to assess the costs of main stakeholders based on the publicly available information. More precise view could be obtained if in the cooperation with authorities more details on certain cost items are received. Practical implications – research results will be used to assess all government intervention costs (other positions include compliance costs and other indirect costs) and finalize the quantification of the framework. Quantified framework could be used for more precise policy making regarding the regulation of the banking market. Originality/Value – research shows how to quantify the regulation costs of the banking market as currently there are only conceptual ideas.
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Lam, Henry, Mark Richter, and Geoff Ashton. "A New Approach to Maximize the Potential of Reciprocating Engines Operating on Bio-Fuel Energy." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54496.

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Since the Industrial Revolution one of the oldest and “greenest” bio-fuel energy sources has been the byproduct of sewage and landfill. These biogases also known as Land Fill Gas or Digester Gas can be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine, the clear choice for their efficiency in heat recovery and utility as a prime mover. The problem with bio-fuels is their unpredictable and varying fuel heating values which creates a challenge for maintaining air fuel ratio (AFR). If AFR is not controlled this can lead to engine instability and an increase in NOx, CO and THC emissions. With today’s ever increasing scrutiny of combustion pollutants this could spell the end of these types of fuels in combustion engines. AETC has embraced this challenge to provide a system that addresses the seasonal fuel gas quality, Low Heating Value (LHV) fluctuation to operate engines at best achievable emissions. This case study focuses on two Caterpillar 3516 Generator Engines rated 1000VA, at 1200 rpm, lean burn gas and turbocharged, running on renewable energy source supplementing power to a waste water treatment facility in California. The engines operate on wide range of fuel mixture including landfill, digester gas and air blended natural gas over a heating value range from 350–650 BTU. The fuel gas LHV constantly varies depending on fuel availability controlled by pressure switches within the individual fuel headers. Determining fuel heating values by using a gas calorimeter is not a viable option due to its high cost and poor reliability when operating in the environment of unfiltered Digester and landfill gas. AETC installed their Advanced Monitoring System (AMS) to utilize the engine as a calorimeter and to determine the fuels LHV. As part of the AMS functionality, the system acquired all the existing AFRC parameters such as kilo-Watt, RPM, Fuel Flow, Air Manifold Pressure and Temperature to determine the combustion performance. This simple approach offers surprisingly good performance while tying together basic thermodynamics, combustion performance and emissions. The system can also be used to parametrically determine engine emissions, based on the calculated combustion pressure without installing pressure sensors. The AMS monitors and determines emissions based on Trapped Equivalence Ratio, Effective Bulk Temperature or Pressure Ratio on single or multiple fuels providing a green/red light as an indicator of in/out of compliance accurately meeting today’s most stringent regulatory conditions.
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Staudt, James E. "Optimizing Compliance Cost for Coal-Fired Electric Generating Facilities in a Multipollutant Control Environment." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52090.

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Higher natural gas prices have increased the importance of coal-fired generation at a time when environmental uncertainty is raising the risks of operating coal-fired units. The likely need for increased investment in environmental control technologies comes at a time when many electricity generators are under great financial stress. This combination of forces makes a structured and comprehensive approach to assessing compliance strategies essential to managing generating assets. The approach needs to incorporate the high degree of uncertainty that can be otherwise buried in key assumptions, such as regulatory requirements, market pricing of allowances, plant capacity factor, wholesale electric prices, etc. The approach should also facilitate testing of assumptions under a range of scenarios to allow for flexibility in possible compliance strategies. In this paper an approach for evaluating compliance risks and quantifying the potential costs under various scenarios will be described. The approach integrates market-based compliance mechanisms with capital improvements in control technology while providing methods to address the uncertainty of key assumptions. The approach facilitates optimizing the balance between market-based and technology-based compliance approaches so that the environmental compliance risk profile can be tailored to the specific situation. A unique feature of this approach is that it incorporates the effects of the market risk associated with emissions markets along with market derivative instruments designed to manage risk, while also incorporating comprehensive technology analysis so that costs and risks can be well quantified under any regulatory scenario. The approach lends itself to active scenario review to facilitate flexibility in decision making while avoiding premature commitments.
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Gower, Stephen R., and David Whitman. "Guidance on In Line Inspection First Run Success." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90284.

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First run success is a key performance measure used in the BP Global In Line Inspection (ILI) Contract [1]. This drives effectiveness and efficiency in the processes supporting ILI and it is a key commercial performance indicator for ILI Suppliers. Although run success rates are often referred to across the industry there has been little standardisation in the terminology, or the factors that lead to a successful run. Three definitions have been established for run success: Technical; Commercial and Operational. Each has a place although it is Operational run success that drives improvements between operators and suppliers. The introduction of a performance measure for first run success increases the focus on getting things right the first time. The financial cost of ILI run failure has probably been underestimated by the industry; although it is estimated that it could be as high as 30% of total contracted costs for ILI. For some projects the costs associated with a failed run can be far greater than the original project costs (e.g. additional vessel support costs for deployment or recovery during offshore operations). A failed run can also result in a delayed inspection and an associated increased risk as well as potentially compromising compliance with regulatory requirements. The consequences of run failure vary in severity and can be presented in a pyramid similar to the typical representation of safety statistics. A stuck tool requiring intervention or a pipeline failure, as a result of an incorrect inspection report, would be at the top of the pyramid. The lower tiers would capture technical failures and the effectiveness of cleaning. Understanding the consequence of failures can help drive performance improvements across the industry. As part of the BP continuous improvement process, ILI Suppliers and internal stakeholders were brought together for a facilitated workshop to understand the factors affecting first run success rates. The workshop identified a number of common themes which were consistent across all of the Suppliers addressing; both operational issues and tool performance. A Guidance Note was then developed with the ILI Suppliers to drive improvements in first run success rates. This was shared with the Pipeline Operators Forum (POF) in October 2011 and has been further developed as a POF Guidance Document. A separate guidance note has been developed to address recommended practices for collecting and verifying field data. Successful ILI requires good communication between all parties. As the industry starts to inspect more difficult and challenging lines it will be important to improve ILI run success rates. Across the industry we probably know how to do it, but doing it consistently is the challenge. The development of industry Guidance Notes represent a small step towards achieving this objective. As ILI operations improve the focus will increasingly turn to the reliability of tools. There is much that can be learnt from other industry sectors, such as the motor or aviation industry, on improving reliability of components and systems. This will require an increased use of preventative maintenance practices. There is also a need to create a common basis for reporting reliability of inspection tools and for this to be taken into account when operators make their selection of ILI tools. The Global ILI Contract has brought an increased focus to the performance of the overall inspection process which is driving improvements in first run success rates. It has facilitated the development of guidelines on best practice and is starting to set standards for reliability. The high level of cooperation between suppliers and operators to drive improvements in this area is a measure of the importance of first run success rates to all parts of our industry. Achieving ILI first run success requires both the operator and ILI supplier to work together. Whilst each has a key part to play effective communication from an early stage is essential.
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Walker, Rachel E. "U.S. Federal, State, and Local Permitting Requirements and Expectations for Oil Pipeline Repair: Assuring Compliance and Streamlining the Permitting Process." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31151.

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This paper examines regulations for oil pipeline repair and considers some best practices to streamline permitting and assure compliance in the U.S. In the U.S., the federal government does not regulate construction or abandonment for oil pipelines, as it does with natural gas pipelines through the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (the FERC). Instead, a number of federal, state, and local authorities have jurisdiction over oil pipelines and may regulate these activities differently. Because oil pipelines cross many jurisdictional boundaries, applicants find it challenging to navigate permitting requirements. For example, determining which permits are required for pipeline repair in U.S. waters can be difficult because, while such waters are defined by federal statute, the application of those rules is not uniform in all jurisdictions. In this paper, we present best practices for assuring compliance and streamlining the permitting process for oil pipeline construction, routine maintenance and repair in the U.S. To the extent possible, best practices mimic the FERC process, promote dialogue between regulators and oil pipeline companies, and foster a more transparent and effective environmental regulatory process. This paper presents the challenges encountered by the oil pipeline industry as a result of multiple agencies regulating the repair of oil pipelines. The paper then presents some discussion of the regulatory process and approaches to addressing challenges associated with this process. Following best practices to meet regulatory requirements is not only efficient and cost effective, but also helps assure long term regulatory compliance which affects the success of both small and larger scale projects.
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Beaumont, E. Larry. "The eco/Tech Sludge Recycling System: New Waste Streams, New Revenues." In 10th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec10-1008.

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The eco/Technologies Sludge Recycling System (eco/Tech SRS) is an important new patented and commercially proven technology that provides resource recovery facilities with a new revenue source and the potential for reduced oxides of nitrogen emissions. The eco/Tech SRS offers an environmentally sound, cost-effective disposal option for sludge producers, while ensuring significant increased net revenue potential for municipal waste combustor facilities. As the wastewater treatment industry faces increasing regulatory scrutiny that will result in more expensive sludge disposal practices, the resource recovery industry, which has already met the regulatory challenge and has taken the lead in compliance and corporate citizenship, can provide the answer.
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Nidd, Phillip, Terence Thorn, and Monica K. Porter. "Chasing Perfection: The Proactive IMP PDCA (+E) Review." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64474.

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Aiming for zero — zero leaks, zero ruptures, zero third party damage hits, zero-harm to the public may be considered by some to be unrealistic, but it is definitely a goal worth chasing. Striving for this level of perfection is key in achieving pipeline operational excellence and avoiding operational mediocrity. Central to safe operations is a pipeline integrity management plan (IMP) that establishes processes for assessing and mitigating risk within a framework structured to ensure the long-term integrity of pipeline system assets. When properly implemented in compliance with regulation and industry practice, an IMP will reduce both the likelihood and consequences of incidents. It remains the cornerstone in the management of pipeline risk and safety performance and is critical in preventing system failures, injuries, property damage, and other serious consequences. But a sustainable process for managing risk and improving performance must go beyond relying on regulatory compliance and following generic industry practices. In this respect, too often IMPs are judged only from a compliance perspective that provides little insight into how well the IMP is being executed or whether the management systems are actually effective. Integrity management can also be examined in context of the larger corporate culture and with the specific corporate processes that impact employees’ decisions and behaviors in ways that transcend procedures printed in a manual. A culture of adherence to compliance as an ultimate goal can lead to complacency, and a company cannot achieve a zero incident level adhering only to regulations. The focus on meeting regulatory requirements should be replaced by an integrated broader view on risk management derived in part from emerging industry best practices and standards. Benchmarking against these standards can establish a performance baseline, identify opportunities for improvements, set targets, measure performance, and instill a continuous improvement process. An approach to assess the degree to which an IMP is regulatory compliant, technically adequate, implemented and effective is to apply a “Plan,” “Do,” “Check,” “Act” (PDCA) based approach. This framework, while confirming basic regulatory compliance, also allows an operator to determine the degree to which the IMP is being executed in alignment with corporate management system objectives and accepted best practice guidelines relating to the 4 P’s — “People, Process, Product and Performance.” When applied as the basis for an extra stage “E” review, this PDCA process helps determine the health and risk-reducing “effectiveness” of the IMP through application of record reviews, subject matter expertise, supporting personnel interviews, industry consensus standard benchmarking and assessment of lagging and / or leading indicators as follows: • Are the workflows required to satisfy IMP objectives and the corresponding personnel accountabilities clearly defined? • Are technical procedures in place to meet IMP objectives and satisfy IMP work flow requirements? • Are the procedures adequate, up to date and readily available to integrity management personnel? • Have the procedures been effectively implemented? • Are records indicating work flow process completion available? • Is a management of change process embedded within the procedure and work flow process? • Is there a process to receive input from personnel to provide suggestions for continuous improvement? • Is the IMP as structured and implemented in alignment with corporate management system and enterprise risk management objectives? • Is the IMP effective in reducing pipeline risk and providing a sound and defensible basis for risk-based decisions and investment planning? Traditional integrity management provides focus on assessing risks and addressing those risks through mitigation activities, while ensuring compliance with laws and regulations designed to continually improve safety. The challenge today is to go beyond determining if an IMP is simply in compliance. An effective risk management system is one where there is a strong safety culture; decisions at all levels of the organization are based on an understanding and consideration of risks; there is continuous monitoring of risk levels and adjustment of responses; and continuous improvement is embedded in the procedures and processes.
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Reports on the topic "Regulatory compliance and cost indicators"

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Borrett, Veronica, Melissa Hanham, Gunnar Jeremias, Jonathan Forman, James Revill, John Borrie, Crister Åstot, et al. Science and Technology for WMD Compliance Monitoring and Investigations. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/20/wmdce11.

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The integration of novel technologies for monitoring and investigating compliance can enhance the effectiveness of regimes related to weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This report looks at the potential role of four novel approaches based on recent technological advances – remote sensing tools; open-source satellite data; open-source trade data; and artificial intelligence (AI) – in monitoring and investigating compliance with WMD treaties. The report consists of short essays from leading experts that introduce particular technologies, discuss their applications in WMD regimes, and consider some of the wider economic and political requirements for their adoption. The growing number of space-based sensors is raising confidence in what open-source satellite systems can observe and record. These systems are being combined with local knowledge and technical expertise through social media platforms, resulting in dramatically improved coverage of the Earth’s surface. These open-source tools can complement and augment existing treaty verification and monitoring capabilities in the nuclear regime. Remote sensing tools, such as uncrewed vehicles, can assist investigators by enabling the remote collection of data and chemical samples. In turn, this data can provide valuable indicators, which, in combination with other data, can inform assessments of compliance with the chemical weapons regime. In addition, remote sensing tools can provide inspectors with real time two- or three-dimensional images of a site prior to entry or at the point of inspection. This can facilitate on-site investigations. In the past, trade data has proven valuable in informing assessments of non-compliance with the biological weapons regime. Today, it is possible to analyse trade data through online, public databases. In combination with other methods, open-source trade data could be used to detect anomalies in the biological weapons regime. AI and the digitization of data create new ways to enhance confidence in compliance with WMD regimes. In the context of the chemical weapons regime, the digitization of the chemical industry as part of a wider shift to Industry 4.0 presents possibilities for streamlining declarations under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and for facilitating CWC regulatory requirements.
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O'Donnell, Kevin, and Anne Greene. A Risk Management Solution Designed to Facilitate Risk-Based Qualification, Validation, and Change Control Activities within GMP and Pharmaceutical Regulatory Compliance Environments in the EU—Part II. Institute of Validation Technology, July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21506590.wp7142006agko-rmsdii.

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highlight the need for patient-focused and value-adding qualification, validation, and change control programmes for manufacturing and regulating medicinal products in the EU, which are cost-effective and in-line with current regulatory requirements and guidance. To this end, a formal risk management solution was presented that seeks to demonstrate, in a practical way, how Regulators and Industry in the EU may achieve these goals. This solution represents a formal and rigorous approach to risk management, offering a scientific and practical means for determining and managing, on a risk basis, the scope and extent of qualification and validation, and the likely impact of changes. Based on a ten-step, systematic process, this approach offers a ready-to-use and documented risk management methodology for these activities. This tool is not intended for use in all situations, or to address all risk areas or concerns encountered in GMP and Regulatory Compliance environments. Rather, its use should be commensurate with the complexity and/or criticality of the issue to be addressed, and in many instances, and in-line with ICH Q9 principles, a more informal approach to risk management may be more useful, and indeed proportionate.
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Howard, Heidi, Chad Helmle, Raina Dwivedi, and Daniel Gambill. Stormwater Management and Optimization Toolbox. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39480.

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As stormwater regulations for hydrologic and water quality control become increasingly stringent, Department of Defense (DoD) facilities are faced with the daunting task of complying with multiple laws and regulations. This often requires facilities to plan, design, and implement structural best management practices (BMPs) to capture, filter, and/or infiltrate runoff—requirements that can be complicated, contradictory, and difficult to plan. This project demonstrated the Stormwater Management Optimization Toolbox (SMOT), a spreadsheet-based tool that effectively analyzes and plans for compliance to the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 pre-hydrologic conditions through BMP implementation, resulting in potential cost savings by reducing BMP sizes while simultaneously achieving compliance with multiple objectives. SMOT identifies the most cost-effective modeling method based on an installation’s local conditions (soils, rainfall patterns, drainage network, and regulatory requirements). The work first demonstrated that the Model Selection Tool (MST) recommendation accurately results in the minimum BMP cost for 45 facilities of widely varying climatic and regional conditions, and then demonstrated SMOT at two facilities.
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Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2020.

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The Colombian financial system has not suffered major structural disruptions during these months of deep economic contraction and has continued to carry out its basic functions as usual, thus facilitating the economy's response to extreme conditions. This is the result of the soundness of financial institutions at the beginning of the crisis, which was reflected in high liquidity and capital adequacy indicators as well as in the timely response of various authorities. Banco de la República lowered its policy interest rates 250 points to 1.75%, the lowest level since the creation of the new independent bank in 1991, and provided ample temporary and permanent liquidity in both pesos and foreign currency. The Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia, in turn, adopted prudential measures to facilitate changes in the conditions for loans in effect and temporary rules for rating and loan-loss provisions. Finally, the national government expanded the transfers as well as the guaranteed credit programs for the economy. The supply of real credit (i.e. discounting inflation) in the economy is 4% higher today than it was 12 months ago with especially marked growth in the housing (5.6%) and commercial (4.7%) loan portfolios (2.3% in consumer and -0.1% in microloans), but there have been significant changes over time. During the first few months of the quarantine, firms increased their demands for liquidity sharply while consumers reduced theirs. Since then, the growth of credit to firms has tended to slow down, while consumer and housing credit has grown. The financial system has responded satisfactorily to the changes in the respective demands of each group or sector and loans may grow at high rates in 2021 if GDP grows at rates close to 4.6% as the technical staff at the Bank expects; but the forecasts are highly uncertain. After the strict quarantine implemented by authorities in Colombia, the turmoil seen in March and early April, which was evident in the sudden reddening of macroeconomic variables on the risk heatmap in Graph A,[1] and the drop in crude oil and coal prices (note the high volatility registered in market risk for the region on Graph A) the local financial markets stabilized relatively quickly. Banco de la República’s credible and sustained policy response played a decisive role in this stabilization in terms of liquidity provision through a sharp expansion of repo operations (and changes in amounts, terms, counterparties, and eligible instruments), the purchases of public and private debt, and the reduction in bank reserve requirements. In this respect, there is now abundant aggregate liquidity and significant improvements in the liquidity position of investment funds. In this context, the main vulnerability factor for financial stability in the short term is still the high degree of uncertainty surrounding loan quality. First, the future trajectory of the number of people infected and deceased by the virus and the possible need for additional health measures is uncertain. For that reason, there is also uncertainty about the path for economic recovery in the short and medium term. Second, the degree to which the current shock will be reflected in loan quality once the risk materializes in banks’ financial statements is uncertain. For the time being, the credit risk heatmap (Graph B) indicates that non-performing and risky loans have not shown major deterioration, but past experience indicates that periods of sharp economic slowdown eventually tend to coincide with rises in non-performing loans: the calculations included in this report suggest that the impact of the recession on credit quality could be significant in the short term. This is particularly worrying since the profitability of credit establishments has been declining in recent months, and this could affect their ability to provide credit to the real sector of the economy. In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to this vulnerability, this Report presents several stress tests that evaluate the resilience of the liquidity and capital adequacy of credit institutions and investment funds in the event of a hypothetical scenario that seeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The results suggest that even though there could be strong impacts on the credit institutions’ volume of credit and profitability under such scenarios, aggregate indicators of total and core capital adequacy will probably remain at levels that are above the regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. At the same time, the exercises highlight the high capacity of the system's liquidity to face adverse scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system's security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth operation of the payment systems. Juan José Echavarría Governor
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