Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Regulus regulus'

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O desenvolvimento do transporte ferrovi??rio no Brasil teve diferentes fases, que foram marcadas por distintas formas de participa????o do Estado na provis??o e regula????o desse servi??o p??blico (incluindo o per??odo em que o mesmo acumulou as duas fun????es, entre as d??cadas de 1950 e 1990). Os graves problemas estruturais e financeiros que atingiram o sistema ferrovi??rio brasileiro a partir da d??cada de 1980 levaram o setor a ser privatizado na d??cada seguinte. Nesse ??nterim, a desestatiza????o do sistema ferrovi??rio brasileiro acompanhou uma tend??ncia internacional de privatiza????o e desregulamenta????o de setores de infraestrutura, o que ocorreu no rastro das reformas de orienta????o neoliberal promovidas ap??s a deflagra????o da crise do Estado na d??cada de1970. Nesse novo contexto, a regula????o deve, fundamentalmente, ter a miss??o de incentivar e garantir os investimentos necess??rios, proteger os usu??rios, promover o bem-estar da sociedade e aumentar a efici??ncia da presta????o desse servi??o p??blico. Nesse sentido, a reestrutura????o do sistema ferrovi??rio brasileiro implicou no estabelecimento de um marco regulat??rio, que, atualmente, vem sendo revisado e aperfei??oado. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo mais geral analisar a rela????o entre a regula????o (especialmente o marco regulat??rio) do transporte ferrovi??rio de cargas brasileiro e o desenvolvimento do setor no per??odo p??s-privatiza????es. Nesse sentido, s??o examinados os alcances e limites do marco regulat??rio, institu??do no bojo das privatiza????es, no que tange ?? promo????o dos objetivos e fins pretendidos com a regula????o do servi??o p??blico de transporte ferrovi??rio de cargas, quais sejam garantir a viabilidade econ??mica da atividade, criar condi????es para investimentos em melhoria e expans??o de sua presta????o e, notadamente, assegurar a observ??ncia do interesse p??blico no que diz respeito ao padr??o de oferta (em termos de regularidade, efici??ncia e de aumento da produ????o e da qualidade da oferta). Constatou-se que a regula????o p??sprivatiza????o foi capaz de viabilizar a consecu????o de alguns avan??os importantes em termos de aumento global da produ????o ferrovi??ria e da seguran??a do transporte ferrovi??rio de cargas (aspectos parametrizados do marco regulat??rio), mas fracassou ao n??o evitar a ocorr??ncia de distor????es como a baixa competitividade, a pouca integra????o da malha e a forte concentra????o de investimentos, de tipos de cargas transportadas e da utiliza????o efetiva da malha em poucos trechos de maior rentabilidade comercial para as empresas. A an??lise empreendida no trabalho sugere que o padr??o de oferta do transporte ferrovi??rio de cargas se aproximou muito mais dos objetivos empresariais das concession??rias, que, de acordo com a sua l??gica comercial, tendem a explorar a malha ferrovi??ria apenas nos trechos (e para o transporte das mercadorias) que lhes sejam mais rent??veis, do que do interesse p??blico, que envolve, conforme cunhado na abordagem te??rica da regula????o, a presta????o do servi??o de forma eficiente (cujos custos e benef??cios garantam o bem-estar da sociedade), em condi????es adequadas de disponibilidade e qualidade e, n??o menos importante, com vistas ?? sua expans??o e ?? modicidade das tarifas cobradas pela sua presta????o.
The development of rail transport in Brazil had different phases, which were marked by various forms of state participation in the provision and regulation of this utility (including the period in which it accumulated the two functions, between the 1950s and 1990). The severe financial and structural problems that hit Brazil's railway system from the 1980s led the industry to be privatized in the next decade. Meanwhile, the privatization of the Brazilian railway system followed an international trend of deregulation and privatization of infrastructure sectors, which occurred in the wake of neoliberal reforms promoted after the outbreak of the crisis in the state de1970 decade. In this new context, the regulation should basically have the mission to encourage and ensure the necessary investments, protect users, promote the welfare of society and increase efficiency in the delivery of public services. In this sense, the restructuring of the Brazilian railway system resulted in the establishment of a regulatory framework, which currently is being revised and improved. The present study aims to examine the relationship between regulation (especially the regulatory framework) of the Brazilian rail freight and the development of this sector in the post-privatization. Accordingly, we examine the reaches and limitations of the regulatory framework established in the wake of privatization, when it comes to promoting the goals and purpose with the regulation of public rail cargo, namely ensuring the economic viability of the activity, create conditions for investment in improving and expanding its provision and, in particular, ensure compliance with public interest as regards the standard offer (in terms of regularity, efficiency and increased production and quality of its supply). It was found that the post-privatization regulation was able to facilitate the achievement of some important advances in terms of global increased of the production and the safety of rail freight (parameterized aspects of the regulatory framework), but failed to prevent the occurrence of some distortions such as low competitiveness, poor integration of the railway network and the strong concentration of investments, types of cargo carried and the effective use of the railway network in a few rail stretch largest commercial profitability for companies. The analysis in this paper suggests that the pattern of provision of rail freight approached more of the business objectives of the concessionary companies, which, according to your business logic, tend to explore the railway only in rails stretch (and for transportation of the goods) which are more profitable, than the public interest, which involves, as coined in the theoretical approach of regulation, the provision of the utility efficiently (whose costs and benefits ensure the well-being of society), under appropriate conditions availability and quality and, not least, with a view to its expansion and the reasonableness of the fees charged for its provision.
Economia e Finan??as

The ill-posed problem of quantizing space-time is replaced by a more determined and well-posed problem of regularizing quantum dynamics. The problem is then to eliminate the Heisenberg singularity from quantum mechanics as economically as possible. The concepts of regular and singular groups are explained and the Heisenberg singularity defined. This singularity infests not only the theory of space-time, but also the Bose-Einstein statistics and the theory of the gauge fields and interactions. It is responsible for most of the infinities of present quantum field theory. The key new conceptual step is to turn attention from observables to "dynamicals", the observable-valued-functions of time which actually enters into the Heisenberg dynamical equations. The dynamicals have separate algebras from the algebra and Lie algebra of the observables. This reconception allows for the possibility of clock-system entanglement that is missing from the usual singular dynamics, and implied by the concept of quantum space-time. The dynamical Lie algebra and the resulting Lie group are regularized for an example system, the time-dependent isotropic harmonic oscillator of arbitrary finite dimension. The result is a quantize space-time, but also momentum-energy and every other dynamical variable in the theory. This method is readily extended to general dynamic quantum systems.

Vollständig reguläre Halbgruppen weisen eine stark regelmäßige Struktur auf, die verschiedenste Zerlegungsmöglichkeiten gestatten. Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, diese strukturelle Regelmäßigkeit auf Halbringe zu übertragen und die gewonnenen Algebren zu untersuchen. Mehrere Charakterisierungen werden herausgearbeitet, aufgrund derer es sich herausstellt, dass die Klasse aller vollständig regulären Halbringe eine Varietät bilden, deren Untervarietäten in der Folge untersucht werden. Zentrale Bedeutung haben dabei vollständig einfache Halbringe, deren Analyse einen der Schwerpunkte der Arbeit darstellt. Es zeigt sich, dass diese Bausteine vollständig regulärer Halbringe untereinander eine feste Struktur besitzen, selber aber auch als Zusammensetzung von isomorphen Halbringen aufgefasst werden können. Außerdem werden orthodoxe Halbringe, also Halbringe, deren idempotente Elemente einen Unterhalbring bilden, betrachtet. Zunächst wird dabei wieder auf mehrere Teilklassen eingegangen, bevor abschließend für beliebige vollständig reguläre Halbringe eine Beschreibung der kleinsten Kongruenz angegeben wird, deren Faktorhalbring orthodox ist.

A matroid M is a finite set E, called the ground set of M, together with a notion of what it means for subsets of E to be independent. Some matroids, called regular matroids, have the property that all elements in their ground set can be represented by vectors over any field. A matroid is called round if its dual has no two disjoint minimal dependent sets. Roundness is an important property that was very useful in the recent proof of Rota's conjecture, which remained an unsolved problem for 40 years in matroid theory. In this thesis, we give a characterization of regular round matroids.

Let μ be a Radon probability measure on M, the d-dimensional Real Euclidean space (where d is a positive integer), and f a measurable function. Let P be the space of sequences whose coordinates are elements in M. Then, for any point x in M, define a function ƒn on M and P that looks at the first n terms of an element of P and evaluates f at the first of those n terms that minimizes the distance to x in M. The measures for which such sequences converge in measure to f for almost every sequence are called Mycielski-regular. We show that the self-similar measure generated by a finite family of contracting similitudes and which up to a constant is the Hausdorff measure in its dimension on an invariant set C is Mycielski-regular.

The topic of this thesis is the class of weakly U-abundant semigroups. This class is very wide, containing inverse, orthodox, regular, ample, adequate, quasi-adequate, concordant, abundant, restriction, Ehresmann and weakly abundant semigroups. A semigroup $S$ with subset of idempotents U is weakly U-abundant if every $\art_U$-class and every $\elt_U$-class contains an idempotent of U, where $\art_U$ and $\elt_U$ are relations extending the well known Green's relations $\ar$ and $\el$. We assume throughout that our semigroups satisfy a condition known as the Congruence Condition (C). We take several approaches to weakly $U$-abundant semigroups. Our first results describe those that are analogous to completely simple semigroups. Together with an existing result of Ren this determines the structure of those weakly $U$-abundant semigroups that are analogues of completely regular semigroups, that is, they are superabundant. Our description is in terms of a semilattice of rectangular bands of monoids. The second strand is to aim for an extension of the Hall-Yamada theorem for orthodox semigroups as spined products of inverse semigroups and fundamental orthodox semigroups. To this end we consider weakly $B$-orthodox semigroups, where $B$ is a band. We note that if $B$ is a semilattice then a weakly $B$-orthodox semigroup is exactly an Ehresmann semigroup. We provide a description of a weakly $B$-orthodox semigroup $S$ as a spined product of a fundamental weakly $\overline{B}$-orthodox semigroup $S_B$ (depending only on $B$) and $S/\gamma_B$, where $\overline{B}$ is isomorphic to $B$ and $\gamma_B$ is the analogue of the least inverse congruence on an orthodox semigroup. This result is an analogue of the Hall-Yamada theorem for orthodox semigroups. In the case that $B$ is a normal band, or $S$ is weakly $B$-superabundant, we find a closed form $\delta_B$ for $\gamma_B$, which simplifies our result to a straightforward form. For the above to work smoothly in the case $S$ is weakly $B$-superabundant, we need to find a canonical fundamental weakly $B$-superabundant subsemigroup of $S_B$. This we do, and give the corresponding answers in the case of the Hall semigroup $W_B$ and a number of intervening semigroups. We then change our direction. A celebrated result of Nambooripad shows that regular semigroups are determined by ordered groupoids built over a regular biordered set. Our aim, achieved at the end of the thesis, is to extend Nambooripad's work to {\em weakly $U$-regular} semigroups, that is, weakly $U$-abundant semigroups with (C) and $U$ generating a regular subsemigroup whose set of idempotents is $U$. As an intervening step we consider weakly $B$-orthodox semigroups in this light. We take two approaches. The first is via a new construction of an inductive generalised category over a band. In doing so we produce a new approach to characterising orthodox semigroups, by using inductive generalised groupoids. We show that the category of weakly $B$-orthodox semigroups is isomorphic to the category of inductive generalised categories over bands. Our approach is influenced by that of Nambooripad, however, there are significant differences in strategy, the first being the introduction of generalised categories and the second being that it is more convenient to consider (generalised) categories equipped with pre-orders, rather than with partial orders. Our work may be regarded as extending a result of Lawson for Ehresmann semigroups. We also examine the trace of a weakly $B$-orthodox semigroup, which is a primitive weakly $B$-orthodox semigroup. We then take a more `traditional' approach to weakly $B$-orthodox semigroups via band categories and weakly orthodox categories over a band, equipped with two pre-orders. We show that the category of weakly $B$-orthodox semigroups is equivalent to the category of weakly orthodox categories over bands. To do so we must substantially adjust Armstrong's method for concordant semigroups. Finally, we consider the most general case of weakly $U$-regular semigroups. Following Nambooripad's theorem, which establishes a correspondence between algebraic structures (inverse semigroups) and ordered structures (inductive group-oids), we build a correspondence between the category of weakly $U$-regular semigroups and the category of weakly regular categories over regular biordered sets, equipped with two pre-orders.

We present regular model checking, a framework for algorithmic verification of infinite-state systems with, e.g., queues, stacks, integers, or a parameterized linear topology. States are represented by strings over a finite alphabet and the transition relation by a regular length-preserving relation on strings. Both sets of states and the transition relation are represented by regular sets. Major problems in the verification of parameterized and infinite-state systems are to compute the set of states that are reachable from some set of initial states, and to compute the transitive closure of the transition relation. We present an automata-theoretic construction for computing a non-finite composition of regular relations, e.g., the transitive closure of a relation. The method is incomplete in general, but we give sufficient conditions under which it works. We show how to reduce model checking of ω-regular properties of parameterized systems into a non-finite composition of regular relations. We also report on an implementation of regular model checking, based on a new package for non-deterministic finite automata.

El presente trabajo analiza la problemática del incumplimiento de la normativa en el servicio de transporte terrestre regular de personas entre los centros poblados de Tarapoto y Yurimaguas, que prescribe que el transporte de personas entre los referidos centros poblados se realice por con vehículos de gran capacidad. Se plantea la hipótesis de que la regulación de la categoría vehicular utilizada para la prestación del servicio no se adecúa al caso particular del transporte terrestre entre ambas localidades, por cuanto esta regulación no minimizaría el costo generalizado por persona transportada, indicador de planificación de transporte que considera las economías de escala de la provisión del servicio en vehículos de gran capacidad y el tiempo promedio de espera del usuario. Los resultados implican que si bien existe un costo derivado del mayor tiempo de espera del usuario del servicio derivado del mayor tiempo de espera cuando el servicio se atiende en unidades de mayor capacidad, este es más que compensado por las eficiencias inducidas por la mayor capacidad del servicio de transporte para el nivel de demanda de servicios de transporte terrestre observada entre las localidades de Tarapoto y Yurimaguas, por lo que se rechaza la hipótesis planteada. Se plantean explicaciones alternativas respecto al incumplimiento de la normativa, relacionadas con limitantes en el acceso financiero para la adquisición de unidades de gran capacidad y a la dinámica local de formación de empleo en la prestación del servicio, en el marco de la persistencia de una falla de mercado “equilibrio malo” resultado de la falta de incentivos al cambio en la forma de prestación del servicio.
Tesis

A graph G is a (t,r)-regular graph if every collection of t independent vertices is collectively adjacent to exactly r vertices. In this thesis, we will present a complete characterization of (t,r)-regular graphs of order n if n is sufficiently large. Furthermore, we will show that all graphs of this type are isomorphic to Ks + mKp where t(p - 1) + s = r.

Prox-regularity is a generalization of convexity that includes all lower-C² functions. Therefore, the study of prox-regular functions provides insight on a broad spectrum of important functions. Parametrically prox-regular (para-prox-regular) functions are a further extension of this family, produced by adding a parameter. Such functions have been shown to play a key role in understanding the stability of minimizers in optimization problems. This thesis discusses para-prox-regular functions in ℝn. We begin with some basic examples of para-prox-regular functions, and move on to the more complex examples of the convex and non-convex proximal averages. We develop an alternate representation of para-prox-regular functions, related to the monotonicity of an f-attentive ε-localization as was done for prox-regular functions [25]. Levy in [18] provided proof of one implication of this relationship; we provide a characterization. We analyze two common forms of parametrized functions that appear in optimization: finite parametrized sum of functions, and finite parametrized max of functions. The example of strongly amenable functions by Poliquin and Rockafellar [27] is given, and a relaxation of its necessary conditions is presented. Some open questions and directions of further research are stated.

Orientador: Jose Carlos de Souza Kiihl
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Científica
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Resumo: Não informado
Abstract: Not informed
Mestrado
Mestre em Matemática

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(経済学)
乙第11767号
論経博第317号
新制||経||206(附属図書館)
23822
UT51-2006-C689
早稲田大学大学院経済学研究科理論経済学・経済史専攻
(主査)教授 西村 和雄, 教授 新後閑 禎, 助教授 原 千秋
学位規則第4条第2項該当

Chromobacterium violaceum é uma bactéria de vida livre, móvel, que habita fontes de água e solos pobres de regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Nestes habitats, em que a concentração de fosfato é baixa, o regulon PHO encontra-se ativado. No laboratório, esta bactéria é capaz de crescer razoavelmente bem, apesar da limitação de fosfato, atingindo um rendimento celular similar ao observado na abundância deste nutriente. Mutações nos genes pstS, phoU, phoA1 e phoA2 foram construídas. As mutações pstS e phoU não causaram qualquer alteração no padrão de expressão da fosfatase alcalina, sugerindo que estes genes não participam da repressão dos genes de PHO. Porém, o mutante pstS mostrou-se deficiente na captação de Pi. Os mutantes phoA1 e phoA2 apresentaram, cada um, severa redução na atividade da fosfatase alcalina. Foi investigada a possibilidade de PhoA1 e PhoA2 formarem uma proteína heterodimérica. Fusões transcricionais entre phoU e phoB ao gene lacZ, revelaram que estes genes respondem à carência de Pi. Surpreendentemente, C. violaceum se mostrou pouco resistente a estresses ambientais.
Chromobacterium violaceum is a free-living, mobile bacterium that inhabits water sources and soils of tropical and subtropical regions, where the phosphate concentration is low. The PHO regulon is activated in response to low phosphate concentration in the environment. Surprisingly, the growth yield of C. violaceum under phosphate excess or under phosphate limitation is very similar. Mutations in pstS, phoU, phoA1 and phoA2 genes were constructed. The expression of alklaine phosphatase was not affected by the phoU and pstS mutations, suggesting that these genes do not participate in the repression of the PHO regulon. However, the pstS mutant was deficient in the uptake of Pi. The phoA1 and phoA2 mutants presented each one a severe reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity. The hypothesis that PhoA1 and PhoA2 form a heterodimeric protein was investigated. Transcriptional fusions between the promoters of phoB and phoU to lacZ showed that these genes respond to Pi starvation. Stress resistance assays showed that C. violaceum is generally sensitive to environmental stresses.

The incredible productivity and creativity of language depends on two fundamental resources: a mental lexicon and a mental grammar. Rules of grammar enable us to produce and understand complex phrases we have not encountered before and at the same time constrain the computation of complex expressions. The concepts of the mental lexicon and mental grammar have been thoroughly tested by comparing the use of regular versus non-regular word forms. Regular verbs (e.g. walk-walked) are computed using a suffixation rule in a neural system for grammatical processing; non-regular verbs (run-ran) are retrieved from associative memory. The role of regularity has only been explored for the past tense, where regularity is overtly visible. To explore the representation and encoding of regularity as well as the inflectional processes involved in the production of regular and non-regular verbs, this dissertation investigated three groups of German verbs: regular, irregular and hybrid verbs. Hybrid verbs in German have completely regular conjugation in the present tense and irregular conjugation in the past tense. Articulation latencies were measured while participants named pictures of actions, producing the 3rd person singular of regular, hybrid, and irregular verbs in present and past tense. Studying the production of German verbs in past and present tense, this dissertation explored the complexity of lexical entries as a decisive factor in the production of verbs.
Regularität spielt eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Produktion von Verben. Zweiroutenmodelle nehmen an, dass regelmäßige Formen aus Stamm und Suffixen zusammengesetzt werden und unregelmäßige Verben als ganze Form im mentalen Lexikon gespeichert sind. Ziel der Dissertation war eine ausführliche Untersuchung der Repräsentation von regelmäßigen und unregelmäßigen Verben im Deutschen sowie der morphologischen Prozesse bei ihrer Produktion. Dazu wurden drei Typen von Verben im Deutschen untersucht: Regelmäßige Verben (z.B. lachen) haben nur einen Stamm, irreguläre Verben (z.B. graben) haben mehrere Stämme und ihre Formen sind daher unvorhersagbar. Hybride Verben (z.B. singen) haben regelmäßige Formen im Präsens und unregelmäßige, unvorhersagbare im Präteritum. Besondere Berücksichtigung fand daher das Tempus bei der Generierung von Verben. Artikulationszeiten in einer Serie von Bild-Wort-Interferenzexperimenten lassen vermuten, dass Regularität nicht durch abstrakte generische Knoten repräsentiert ist wie es z.B. für Genus angenommen wird. Die Artikulationszeiten von allen drei Typen von Verben in einem weiteren Bildbenennungsexperiment haben gezeigt, dass Regularität eine Eigenschaft des gesamten Lexikoneintrags eines Verbs ist und nicht von individuellen Wortformen. Die präsentierten Daten sind eine Herausforderung für das Zweiroutenmodell (Pinker, 1999), sie sind jedoch mit einem Ansatz vereinbar, der komplexe Lexikoneinträge für unregelmäßige Verben annimmt.

Orientador : Maria Teresa Egler Mantoan
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Doutorado

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Mauro Antonio Alves Castro
Coorientador : Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Almeida
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Educação Profissional e Tecnológica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioinformática. Defesa: Curitiba, 14/06/2017
Inclui referências : f. 48-50
Resumo: A regulação de expressão gênica é um fator chave nos processos biológicos e composta de uma extensa cascata de eventos que envolvem diversas moléculas e elementos. Entre estes elementos podemos destacar importantes reguladores tais como fatores de transcrição (FTs) e microRNAs (miRNAs), os quais podem ativar ou reprimir seus genes alvo e ainda cooperar ou competir em redes regulatórias. A complexidade dos efeitos destes reguladores requer o desenvolvimento de novos modelos capazes de integrar informação regulatória proveniente de diferentes tipos de dados. Embora exista uma variedade de ferramentas para o estudo de redes regulatórias, ainda existem deficiências metodológicas para integrar co-regulação entre reguladores e avaliar o efeito desta co-regulação em seus genes alvo. Neste trabalho nós apresentamos o software RTNduals, um pacote R/Bioconductor capaz de identificar dual regulons, um novo conceito que descreve pares de regulons cujos alvos em comum são afetados pelos dois reguladores. O pacote é uma extensão do software RTN (Reconstruction of Transcriptional Networks) e utiliza redes transcricionais para computar alvos compartilhados por dois reguladores e avaliar o efeito de ambos sobre os alvos compartilhados. O pacote RTNduals permite determinar se dois reguladores tem efeito similar ou oposto no conjunto de alvos compartilhados. Palavras-chaves: Redes Regulatórias; Regulons; Co-regulação; Fatores de transcrição; microRNAs.
Abstract: The regulation of gene expression is a key factor in biological processes and it is composed of an extensive cascade of events involving several molecules and elements. We can highlight important regulators such as Transcription Factors (FTs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), which can activate or repress their target genes and still cooperate or compete in regulatory networks. The complexity of the effects among these regulators requires the development of new models capable of integrating regulatory information from different types of data. Although there are a variety of tools for the study of regulatory networks, there is still a methodological gap to integrate co-regulation between regulators and to evaluate the effect of this co-regulation on their target genes. In this work we present the RTNduals, an R/Bioconductor package capable of identifying dual regulons, which represent pairs of regulons whose common targets are affected by both regulators. The package is an extension of the Reconstruction of Transcriptional Networks (RTN) software and it uses RTN-generated transcriptional networks to test when pairs of regulators have a similar effect on their set of shared targets genes. With the set, RTNduals allows to determine whether two regulators have similar or opposite effect on their shared targets. Key-words: Regulatory networks; Regulons; Co-regulation; Transcription Factors; microRNAs.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
El primer capítulo se aboca a determinar conceptualmente que entendemos por derecho de asociación, enmarcando su definición como un derecho fundamental, noción que nos permite analizarlo 7 como un derecho que tiene ciertas características gracias a su evolución a través del tiempo. El siguiente capítulo nos permite adentrarnos en el análisis netamente historiográfico del tema, al hacer una breve explicación de cuál era la normativa de las asociaciones en la época indiana (que sirvió de base para el sistema jurídico del chile republicano o bien en muchos casos, se mantuvo vigente de manera paralela a éste). El último capítulo, analiza detalladamente la estructura y contenido de las normas que existían para normar la asociatividad antes de 1874, así como las motivaciones, la justificación doctrinal y las opiniones de diversos sectores de la población que estaban detrás de estas. Por último, en la conclusión explico en qué sentido estas normas resultaron ser una regulación débil y perjudicial para la actividad asociativa, que incentivó a numerosos grupos de personas, a pensar que una buena manera de cautelar dicha necesidad humana era estableciéndolo como un derecho contemplado por la constitución, máxima norma del ordenamiento jurídico.

Temporal propositions are mapped to sets of strings that witness (in a precise sense) the propositions over discrete linear Kripke frames. The strings are collected into regular languages to ensure the decidability of entailments given by inclusions between languages. (Various notions of bounded entailment are shown to be expressible as language inclusions.) The languages unwind computations implicit in the logical (and temporal) connectives via a system of finite-state constraints adapted from finite-state morphology. Applications to Hybrid Logic and non-monotonic inertial reasoning are briefly considered.

A thorough review of selected results on the logical aspects of regular languages includes the theorem of Büchi on monadic second order logic over strings, a characterization of FO[Nous proposons un aperçu complet de résultats choisis concernant les aspects logiques des langages réguliers incluant le théorème de Büchi sur la logique monadique de second ordre sur les chaînes de caractères, la caractérisation de FO[