Academic literature on the topic 'Rehabilitation centres – South Africa – Limpopo'

AbstractThis study investigates the extent to which tenants in a jewellery incubator in the Limpopo Province of South Africa network. Since 1994 SEDA has set up more than 31 incubation centres in furniture making, construction, chemicals, jewellery, ICT, metal fabrication, agriculture and small scale mining. This study was done through a survey conducted on tenants in the SEDA Limpopo Jewellery Incubator (SLJI). Information was obtained through a structured questionnaire. The study revealed how tenants benefit from networking around exhibitions and collective purchasing of raw material. Through the Incubator institutional mechanisms, the study explains how tenants share expertise, experiences, technology and resources. Unfortunately the tenants do not initiate the own networking programmes. They lose out on benefits associated with collective effort in other areas such as advertisements, lobbying the government for industrial stands, organising an newsletter, hiring of consultants, and organising joint training programmes. Lastly the study identified opportunities that the tenants could collectively exploit in order strengthen and sustain their businesses.

Rising demand for medicinal plants has led to increased pressure on wild plant populations. This, combined with shrinking habitats, means that many species in South Africa are now facing local extinction. In 1997, a study was initiated to determine the extent of trade in medicinal plants in the South African Lowveld (the low lying plains to the east of the Drakensberg escarpment), and to investigate socio-economic factors influencing trade and resource management. Trade was not as extensive in the Lowveld as in major urban markets such as Durban or the Witwatersrand (Johannesburg and surrounding towns), either in terms of the quantity, number or range of species sold, or the numbers of people relying on the trade for an income. In markets assessed in Mpumalanga Province, 176 species were identified (71% of the vernacular names encountered in the market place), representing 69 plant families. In Limpopo, 70 different species were identified (84% of the vernacular names encountered in the market place), representing 40 families. Imports were significant in Mpumalanga (33% of the plants on offer), mainly from Mozambique. A detrended correspondence analysis showed substantial differences between species traded in Mpumalanga and those sold in Limpopo. There was little variation in the species stocked by vendors in Mpumalanga, regardless of the season, the attributes of the seller, or whether business was carried out in urban or rural areas. In contrast, there was considerable variation in the stock inventories of the Limpopo traders. Despite the lower levels of local trade, increased harvesting pressure is being experienced regionally, to meet demand in metropolitan centres such as the Witwatersrand. This study showed considerable local variation and complexities in the harvesting and marketing of medicinal plants, with both a national and an international dimension. This dual spatial scale presents both opportunities and challenges in the management of these plants, which need to be addressed simultaneously, particularly with respect to research requirements and development of predictive models and capacity. Cooperation in conservation strategies and policies is required at regional, national and international levels, while ensuring that management initiatives take into account local market conditions and the socio-economic realities facing both consumers and those who depend on the trade for their livelihoods.

Objective: To understand the elements influencing the maternal deaths in the Limpopo province, South Africa.Methods: A retrospective review of all maternal deaths which occurred at the Pietersburg Hospital, Limpopo province was done over a five-year period (January 2011 to December 2015). The hospital death register was used to collate a list of maternal deaths occurring during the study period. The medical records of maternal deaths were reviewed. The total deliveries and live births for each year were obtained from the delivery registers. The data collected included maternal age, parity, referring facility, date of admission, date and time of death, ward where death occurred, and cause of death.Results: There were 14 685 live births and 232 maternal deaths between 2011 and 2015, resulting in an institutional Maternal Mortality Ratio (iMMR) of 1579/100 000 live births. The mean age of the patients was 29 years. Forty-three per cent of deaths occurred within 24 hours of admission, 35% died in ICU and 89% were referred from regional and district hospitals and community health centres. Of the referred patients, 83% were from district hospitals. Obstetric haemorrhage and pre-eclampsia, or eclampsia, were the main causes of death.Conclusion: The iMMR at Pietersburg Hospital remains unacceptably high. Most of the maternal deaths are due to obstetric haemorrhage, pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, medical and surgical disorder and non-pregnancy related infections.

Background: Young children exhibit a high susceptibility to several diarrhoea-causing bacterial microorganisms. In this study, the prevalence of fecal contamination on children’s toys was determined using total coliform and E. coli as bacterial fecal indicators. The prevalence of diarrhoeagenic E. coli strains were used as an indication of the potential health risks. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out for 3 months in rural communities in the Vhembe district, Limpopo province of South Africa. Nonporous plastic toys (n = 137) used by children under 5 years of age in households and day care centres (DCCs) from rural villages were collected for assessment. New toys (n = 109) were provided to the households and DCCs and collected again after 4 weeks. Microbiological assessment was carried out using the Colilert® Quanti-Tray/2000 system. Diarrhoeagenic E. coli strains were identified using a published multiplex PCR protocol. Results: Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions of the children in the households and DCCs were assessed. Statistical analysis was used to identify the relationship between fecal contamination of the existing and introduced toys. All the existing and introduced toy samples, both from DCCs and households, tested positive for total coliform counts and 61 existing and introduced toy samples tested positive for E. coli counts. Diarrhoeagenic E. coli strains identified included EHEC, ETEC, EPEC, EIEC and EAEC. Conclusions: The results indicated that water, sanitation and hygiene conditions could be responsible in the contamination of children’s toys and the transmission of diarrhoea to young children.

Background: The development of generic medicines that are cost-effective and affordable aims to facilitate improved availability of essential medicines to meet the health care needs of the majority of the population. However, these essential generic medicines are not regularly available at the community health centres and clinics. Aim: This study aimed to determine the perceptions of professional nurses regarding the status of stock-outs of generic medicines at primary health care health facilities in a selected province of South Africa. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in five primary health care facilities; three clinics and two health centres in Thulamela B municipality of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research design was used to obtain the perceptions of the participants. Thirteen professional nurses were purposively selected. Data were collected through face-to-face in-depth interviews until data saturation was reached. Data were analysed using Tesch’s open coding method. Results: Key findings showed that essential medicines were not always available, with the health centres reporting fewer stock-outs than clinics. The perceived major contributors to stock-outs were institutional inefficiency and practices by both health service providers and patients. Conclusion and Recommendations: The study concluded that primary health care facilities in rural communities still grapple with poor access to essential medicines due to poor availability. Therefore, the provision of sufficient funding for procurement, and training of inventory management practices were recommended. In addition, community public awareness campaigns to discourage patients’ self-medication and multiple consultations should be put in place.

I conducted critical research into the apparently unrelenting culture of violation in South Africa generally, and specifically in correctional centres. In defining violation, I slightly modify Fanon's definition of violence to encompass “any relation, process or condition by which an individual, organisation or group violates the physical, social and/or psychological integrity of [the self and] another person or group”. I show that the authoritarian ideology underlying apartheid left structural legacies that undermine rehabilitation and transformation to a culture of mutual respect at interpersonal and institutional levels. I do so by contrasting some extant authoritarian indicators: top-down discipline and militarism, with indicators of mutual recognition and respect to show that both safety and rehabilitation are compromised by unnecessary perpetuation of authoritarian ideology in correctional centres. Critically questioning the traditional top-down structure and substituting mutuality as crucial to rehabilitation necessarily called for the application of theoretical assumptions consistent with intersubjectivity. I use a person-in-practice method whereby I juxtapose my own voice with those of clients, academics, society (as represented in the news media) and staff in the correctional system. This method streamlines as a coherent process, and an effective means to demonstrate my thesis.

South Africa has many artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) activities that some are registered and others informal and illegal. This paper presents an overview of ASM operations in the vicinity of abandoned mine sites found in Giyani and Musina areas, Limpopo Provine of South Africa. It looks at the mining processes, environmental problems, and health and safety risks of ASM in the area. It also provideds a discussion of practical ways of dealing with the problems of artisanal and small-scale mining operations in a harmonized way with the rehabilitation of the abandoned mine sites. The exploitation of waste rock dumps for aggregate production in Musina demonstrated that formalized ASM activities can be the best alternative uses of the abandoned mine sites. However, artisanal gold mining around Giyani revealed the health and safety risks and environmental problems of these operations. The artisanal gold mining activities worsened the health and safety and the environmental problems of the abandoned mine sites. Therefore, this paper recommends that the efforts of coming up with strategies to formalize and regulate artisanal mining in South Africa be deepened for these activities to be accepteble as sustainable as post-mining land-uses in abandoned mines.

White rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) is one of the most famous victims of poachers in Africa. One of the methods for dealing with decreasing rhino numbers is rehabilitating wounded and/or orphaned animals to successfully release them back into the wild. The status of rescued animal differs among individuals, but general procedures must be established and constantly improved. This study presents the history of successful release of three orphaned white rhino females; rehabilitated for 15 months in Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre in a private game reserve in South Africa. Female A was three years old, female B was one year old and the youngest female was three months old on arrival. The animals were rehabilitated together despite the differences in their age and size, with particular attention paid to keeping them as wild as possible. After being weaned and becoming old enough to go back to the wild, they were released at a distance from the rehabilitation centre, which required immobilization and translocation. Since the rhinos were released, they have been successfully living in the wild. All procedures used in this study proved to be sufficient for preparing the animals for life in the wild and can be recommended for other centres.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
The influx of malls into townships and rural villages post-1994 is well-documented, and researchers such as McGaffen (2010) have attributed this influx to the rising buying power of the Black middle class and other poverty intervention programs created by the government. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of establishing malls in rural Limpopo on spazas and general dealers. Furthermore, the study also evaluated the responses of both spazas and general dealers to competition from the malls. In this regard, 50 outlets composed of 25 spazas and 25 general dealers were interviewed face-to-face on their premises. These in-depth interviews were conducted using the semi-interview guidelines to gain the views of the store owners on the impact of malls in areas such profitability, employment, and the products sold in their outlets. The research further evaluated strategies employed by these outlets in order to cope with the competition from the malls. The main findings were that malls do have an impact on profitability, employment, and the products of both the spazas and general dealers. Similarly, the impact on customers was a mixed bag in that some establishments experienced a decline in the number of customers using their outlets, while at least one spaza shop saw an increase in the number of customers. Finally, the spazas and general dealers employed a number of strategies, such credit facilities, longer operating hours, and focusing on products generally not sold in the mall, in order to counter the impact of competition from the malls.

The rehabilitation of stroke patients can occur at different settings. These include in-patient settings, such as stroke units or general rehabilitation wards and out-patient settings, such as out-patient departments attached to hospitals, day hospital departments and the patients’ home. In South-Africa, day hospitals have been upgraded and are now referred to as Community Health Centres which provide comprehensive health services to the population. In the Western Cape these centres are faced with the rehabilitation of stroke patients who have been discharged early from hospital during the acute stage or who have never been admitted to hospitals. To date there is a lack of best practice guidelines and formal evaluations in terms of efficacy and effectiveness of rehabilitation at these centres. The aim of the study was therefore to investigate the rehabilitation of stroke patients at Community Health Centres in the Metropole Region of the Western Cape. The structure, process and outcomes (SPO) model was used as a conceptual framework in this study.

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2011
Thusong Service Centres, which were previously known as Multi Purpose Community Centres, have been established country wide to strengthen community access to both government and civil society partners’ information and services. The Thusong Service Centre approach purport to bring basket services to communities under one roof. The service basket includes application of vital documents such as birth and death certificates, primary health care services, business initiatives, information and communication technology, applications of pensions, benefits and grants. They assert to refocus government services to meeting the basic needs of the people particularly those in rural and other disadvantaged areas. The one stop programme follows the decentralised service delivery model of the government which ensures that people spend fewer resources to access information and services. To the contrary, people still travel distances to access government services and information despite the existence of these facilities. The focus of this study is on management challenges of Thusong Service centres in Greater Tubatse Municipality in Limpopo Province. The findings indicate amongst others, lack of proper handing over of the facilities from The Department of Public Works to Greater Tubatse Municipality, Lack of Human and Financial resources that the Municipality dedicated to the programme and general poor management and coordination of the programme. Communities are then subjected to infrequent and inconsistent service provision as a result.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016
This study sought to investigate governmental intervention in maintaining the victim empowerment centres of the Bohlabela Municipality in Mpumalanga. The issue is contemporary and as a social worker the author can confirm that this scourge still affects our society today and understanding government interventions is useful in terms of ensuring that they work as effectively as possible to assist citizens in the discharge of their mandate. The study uses a qualitative approach. Data collection was through interviews and a questionnaire which had open-ended questions. This research design had been chosen because it has allowed to give solid descriptions and narratives to come out from the real life experiences of social workers and victims of domestic violence as well as the challenges associated with the implementation of the victim empowerment programme. To that end, a phenomenological paradigm was adopted to achieve that ambition. The findings of the study indicate that there are acute challenges which the three centres face and these include a lack of funding, poor structure and poor marketing. The recommendations provided are intended to contribute to the centres’ viability and provide effective services in the communities in which they operate. To that end, there is a need for the government to deploy more resources such as funds, infrastructure, equipment and permanent staff as well as the establishment of permanent structures at these centres to ensure their effectiveness. Additionally, the study found that there is a need for intensive and extensive publicity and marketing of the Victim Empowerment Programmes and Victim Empowerment Centres to increase their visibility and ultimately accessibility. The study found that the centres should ideally be managed by an administrator with clinical staff, a nurse and a police officer and/or a member from the judiciary and the centres should be attached to either hospitals or police stations working at extended hours.

This research presents a novel method to assess the availability and geographic accessibility of Thusong Service Centres and Thusong Service Clusters in Limpopo province. The distances that people in urban and rural areas travel to their nearest Thusong Service Centre or Cluster were compared. Accessibility in rural areas was optimised by identifying additional locations where accessibility was inadequate and where the establishment of additional Thusong Service Centres and Clusters could improve accessibility. The novel method to measure geographic accessibility considers factors such as population size and density, as well as the availability of roads. Since rural areas in Limpopo province tend to have limited road infrastructure, people are likely to travel between settlements on unofficial trails and footpaths that are not mapped. To include an approximated representation of these trails and footpaths in the overall travel network, a triangular irregular network was created to connect rural settlements to each other, as well as to the road network. Natural barriers, such as mountain ranges and large rivers or dams were also considered. Optimal locations were identified through different facility location procedures in a geographic information system. The objective was to identify the minimum number of additional locations for Service Centres that would maximise accessibility in the province. Results emanating from this research indicate that accessibility to Thusong Service Centres and Clusters is uneven between urban and rural settlements. People in rural areas need to travel significantly further to their nearest Service Centre compared to those living in urban areas. In order to increase accessibility in rural areas and to achieve a more equitable distribution of Service Centres across the province, five optimal locations were identified.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology
MA
Unrestricted

Thesis (MScMedSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Medical Science. (rehabilitation) at the University of Stellenbosch
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: For physically disabled learners to achieve successful participation in sport requires the synergistic interaction of many diverse factors. The Limpopo province of South Africa produces fewer physically disabled athletes at the junior, senior and elite levels than any other province in South Africa. This study identifies and examines the key aspects that affected the development of physically disabled athletes in the Limpopo province in 2006/2007. Factors that both facilitate or inhibit the development of physically disabled athletes in the province are identified and discussed. This highlights aspects that need to be addressed in seeking to bridge the gap between current deficiencies and an optimised future for participants in disabled sport in Limpopo province. The study is descriptive, using a case-study design as part of a situational analysis. Physically disabled athletes from one school were selected using a convenience sample and key informants were selected through purposive sampling. Questionnaires were completed by ten physically disabled athletes as well as by staff involved in their athletic development. Interviews were also conducted among key informants from the sport and education sectors. The questionnaires were analysed quantitatively and the interviews underwent qualitative content analysis. The findings indicated that there are seven critical areas/key factors influencing the development of physically disabled athletes in Limpopo province. These are: 1. Support systems; 2. Sports participation; 3. Attitudinal facilitators and barriers; 4. Environmental accessibility; 5. Resources; 6. Education and training; 7. Politics. The above elements impacting on the development of physically disabled athletes in Limpopo province are compared with the five key areas of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) Development Model. It was found that numerous challenges exist in Limpopo, namely: a lack of sufficient humanresource capacity, funding, sponsorships and the necessary financial resources for adequate infrastructure sustainability and support services. Therefore, in order for physically disabled athletes in Limpopo province to be successfully developed within the framework of the IPC Development Model, the challenges and key factors/critical areas identified by this study need to be addressed. The following recommendations were made following the outcomes of the study: 1. Establish a discussion forum for all stakeholders; 2. Take steps to elevate the status of sport for physically disabled athletes in Limpopo province; 3. Improve the co-operation between sports federations, government departments and disabled people’s organisations Limpopo province; 4. Educate stakeholders; 5. Improve coaching expertise and knowledge; 6. Have specialist rehabilitation expertise in the LSEN schools; 7. Monitor and evaluate sports programmes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die deelname van fisiek-gestremde leerders aan sport het verskeie aspekte wat wedersyds verband hou. Die interaksie van hierdie aspekte is noodsaaklik om ‘n suksesvolle uitkoms te verseker. Hierdie tesis identifiseer en ondersoek die sleutelaspekte wat ‘n impak het op die ontwikkeling van fisiek-gestremde atlete in die Limpopo provinsie van Suid-Afrika in 2006/2007. Dit is bekend dat hierdie provinsie heelwat minder fisiek-gestremde atlete op junior, senior en elite vlak lewer as enige ander provinsie in die land Faktore wat hierdie studiegroep se ontwikkeling bevorder, sowel as die faktore wat dit benadeel,, word in hierdie tesis geïdentifiseer en bespreek. Dié bespreking is van nut vir die identifisering van huidige probleemareas, wat spesifieke aandag sal verg om die vooruitsigte vir gestremde atlete in die provinsie te verbeter. Die tesis is beskrywend van aard en maak gebruik van ’n gevallestudieformaat en omstandigheidsontleding. ’n Gerieflikheidsteekproef van fisiek-gestremde atlete is by een skool gekies terwyl ’n versameling van sleutel inligtingsbronne doelgerig geïdentifiseer is. Vraelyste is deur tien fisiek-gestremde atlete, sowel as personeellede betrokke by hulle atletiese ontwikkeling, voltooi. Onderhoude is ook gevoer met sleutelinformante in die Sporten Onderwyssektore. Die vraelyste is kwantitatief ontleed met die hulp van Professor Nel van die Departement Statistiek aan die Universiteit Stellenbosch, terwyl transkripsies van die onderhoude kwalitatief geëvalueer is. Die bevindinge het daarop gedui dat daar sewe sleutelfaktore is wat die ontwikkeling van fisiek-gestremde atlete in hierdie provinsie beïnvloed: 1. Ondersteuningstelsels; 2. Sport deelname; 3. Omgewingstoeganglikheid; 4. Onderwys en opleiding; 5. Gesindhede en struikelblokke; 6. Bronne; en 7. Politiek. Die invloed wat hierdie aspekte op die ontwikkeling van fisiek-gestremde atlete in Limpopo provinsie uitoefen, word met die vyf sleutelgebiede van die Internasionale Paralimpiese komitee se Ontwikkelingsmodel vergelyk. Dit is bevind dat talle uitdagings Limpopo provinsie in die gesig staar, naamlik, ’n gebrek aan menslike hulpbronne, ’n tekort aan befondsing en borgskappe asook ontoereikende finansiële voorsiening om behoorlike infrastruktuur te verskaf. Dus, om fisiek-gestremde atlete in Limpopo provinsie die geleentheid te bied om binne die voorgeskrewe raamwerk van die Internasionale Paralimpiese Ontwikkelingsmodel te vorder, moet aandag geskenk word aan die sleutelfaktore en tekortkominge wat hierdie studie identifiseer. Die volgende aanbevelings word gemaak : 1. Vestig ‘n gespreksforum vir alle belanghebbendes; 2. Neem die nodige stappe vir die opheffing van die status van sport vir fisiek-gestremde atlete in die Limpopo provinsie; 3. Verbeter die samewerking tussen Sportfederasies, Staatsdepartemente en Organisasies vir Gestremde Persone in die Limpopo provinsie; 4. Lei alle belanghebbendes op; 5. Verbeter afrigtingskundigheid; 6. Sorg vir spesialis rehabilitasiekundigheid by die LSEN-skole; en 7. Moniteer en evalueer sportprogram.

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in most societies. Individuals with physical disabilities are at risk of secondary complications due to the impact of the disability, which may be exacerbated by poor lifestyle choices. Although disabled persons desire to engage in wellnessenhancing activities, limited programmes based on their health promotion needs&rsquo
assessment have been developed. The aim of the present study is to determine the health promotion needs of stroke patients accessing selected Community Health Centres in the Metropole region of the Western Cape. A cross-sectional survey, utilizing a self-administered questionnaire and in depth interviews with a purposively selected sample was used to collect the data. The quantitative data was analysed using Microsoft Excel ®
. Means, standard deviations and percentages were calculated for descriptive purposes and the chi-square test was used to test for associations between socio-demographic and health-related variables. Audiotape interviews were transcribed verbatim, the emerging ideas were reduced to topics, categories and themes and finally interpreted. In order to qualify for between-method triangulation used in the study, complementary strengths were identified by comparing textual qualitative data with numerical quantitative results and vice versa. The quantitative analysis revealed that the participants were engaging in health risk behaviours such as physical inactivity, substance usage, non-compliance to medication use and inappropriate diet modification. Lack of financial resources, facilities and access to information predisposed them to involvement in risky health behaviours. In-depth interviews supported the quantitative findings and revealed that numerous participants&rsquo
suffered from depression and frustration as a result of having a stroke. The necessary ethical considerations were upheld. The outcome of the study could contribute to the need to develop, encourage and promote wellness-enhancing behaviours and activities to improve the participants&rsquo
health status and ultimate quality of life.

MPH
Department of Public Health
Background: Globally, more than one billion people, or approximately 15% of the world’s population are living with some form of disability and 80% of them are found in developing countries. There are different types of disability; these include sensory, neurological, physical, intellectual, cognitive and psychiatric disabilities. Persons with disabilities may require specialized care, resources and commitment which place a very high demand of time and responsibilities on the one caring for them. Therefore, Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) was promoted by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a strategy to respond to the needs of persons with disabilities, through the provision of basic services at community level, particularly in developing countries with limited resources. Methodology: The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the challenges faced by Community-Based Rehabilitation caregivers for persons with disabilities in Vhembe District, South Africa. A qualitative phenomenological design was used to explore and develop an in-depth understanding of the CBR caregiver’s challenges. The study was conducted in three Community-Based Rehabilitation centres located within Vhembe District with a sample size of six caregivers who were purposively selected. An interview guide was developed as an instrument for data collection. Data was collected through in-depth individual interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Six main themes emerged from the data which shed light on the CBR caregiver’s challenges, namely; Poor relationships between caregivers, government v department and families, unavailability of material and human resources, poor funding system, caregivers’ well-being, education and training and the coping strategies of CBR caregivers Conclusion: This study pointed out that there is a need for intervention from different stakeholders such as government departments, family members of persons with disability, and the community members as well for CBR caregiver’s challenges to be resolved or minimized.

MPH
Department of Public Health
Worldwide there are millions of children and adolescents with adisability. The United Nations Children’s Fund estimates the worldwide prevalence to be 150 million children under 18 years older, the World Health Organization also estimates that there are 93 million children with impairment. This study focused at describing the impact of rehabilitation programme for the young adult living with cerebral palsy admitted in a care centre Mopani District, South Africa. The study utilized a quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional survey method. Data was collected using an observational check list. The target population is young adults’ aged 18- 35 yearswith cerebral palsy in a Care Centre. Sampling was not necessary in this study since the targeted population was small in number. Confidentiality of respondents’ information was maintained where study subjects wereidentifiedusing codes. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the results of the analysis are presented in the form of tables and charts to enhance clarity. The results are presented according to the objectives. The conclusion and recommendationswere made based on the findings. The study results show that there were more females than males (ratio 3:1) and the range of age distribution was 20 to 37 years. The study also finds out that cerebral palsy condition was accompanied by other complications such as blindness, mental retardation, epilepsy and hydrocephalus. The study indicated that rehabilitation can only have minimal effects but it can improve the quality of life of the patient. With regard to communication outcome of the rehabilitation programme it indicates progress following rehabilitation between 57% and 80% could use expressive language and follow basic instructions. The study also observed that patients made a steady improvement right through from those who spent 4 to 8 years to those who had been there for long, 15 years and above. Since cerebral palsy can affect motor development as well as social development, the rehabilitation seems beneficial to focus on intervention programme on the cognitive stimulation of children and young adults with cerebral palsy.
NRF

In South Africa, substance rehabilitation centers found alcohol as the primary substance abuse in eight out of the nine provinces. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of alcohol use and associated risk factors among University of Limpopo students with mean age of 21.5 years. This was a cross-sectional study and constituted a total of 500 female students and 417 male students from the University of Limpopo. Logistic regression was used to calculate the association between alcohol consumption and its predictors. Information about their alcohol consumption, the type of alcohol and the practice related to alcohol consumption was collected using a validated questionnaire. Tobacco and marijuana product use were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with alcohol use among University of Limpopo students for unadjusted (OR ranges 4.31 95%CI 2.71 6.87 to 4.92 95%CI 3.16 7.70) and after adjusting for age gender and amount of money deposited into the student account by the bursary scheme (OR ranges from 4.14 95%CI 2.59 6.62 to 4.50 95%CI 2.87 7.06). Tobacco product use, marijuana use and enhancing interpersonal relationships are major risk factors associated to current alcohol use. Future studies are required to investigate the development of lifestyle and cardiovascular disease over time among University of Limpopo students.