Journal articles: 'Reich, W'

1

Matuszewski, Krzysztof. "Fourier, Reich, Foucault – Sexuality in the Shackles of Power?" Nowa Krytyka 36 (2016): 29–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/nk.2016.36-02.

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Jakubowski, Wojciech. "Monokracja policentryczna w III Rzeszy – glosa do Franciszka Ryszki rozważań o „państwie stanu wyjątkowego”." Studia Politologiczne 2020, no. 55 (2020): 126–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2020.55.6.

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The aim of this paper are to present the essence of the Nazi system of government and to create its system characteristics. The analysis, based on normative sources and key literature, allowed to conclude that the effect of the process of transformation of the described phenomenon led to the emergence of ideologically-orientated polycentric monocracy. The article is based on the Franciszek Ryszka’s conceptualization of the “martial law State”. In the following chapters of the paper a synthetic characteristics of the Nazi empire in occupied Europe was drafted up, including the legal and administrative peculiarities of particular territories. The article is accompanied by the tabular index of hierarchy of official ranks in Third Reich.

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Walton, Kate. "P. O. W.: Australian prisoners of war in Hitler's Reich." Journal of Australian Studies 36, no. 4 (2012): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2012.729352.

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Silva, L. B. O. "O Complexo de Zé-Ninguém e a Educação em W. Reich." Impulso 22, no. 53 (2012): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15600/2236-9767/impulso.v22n53p93-107.

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Kaufmann, Wolfgang. "Jürgen W. Schmidt (Hg.): Canaris, die Abwehr und das Dritte Reich." Das Historisch-Politische Buch 66, no. 2 (2018): 218–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/hpb.66.2.218.

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Mrozek, Jacek Janusz. "OBLIGATORYJNY SYSTEM NAUCZANIA RELIGII W SZKOŁACH PUBLICZNYCH W ŚWIETLE WYBRANYCH KONKORDATÓW." Civitas et Lex 6, no. 2 (2015): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/cetl.2063.

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The subject of this article is an attempt to analyse the religion teaching in the mandatory formguaranteed by concordats from the Third Reich (1933), Bavaria (1924) − amended in 1968 and 1974,Lower Saxony (1965), Sarah (1985), Austria (1962 ) and Portugal (1940). Concordat guaranteesprotecting the right of the Catholic Church to teach religion in public schools in these countries areexpressed primarily in the field of religion education, its time dimension, in preparing their owneducational programs, providing religion teachers a rightful position like those teachers of othersubjects, and finally in the supervision on the teaching of religion in schools.

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Ding, Xie Ping, and Kok-Keong Tan. "A Set-Valued Generalization of Fan's Best Approximation Theorem." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 44, no. 4 (1992): 784–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-1992-046-9.

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AbstractLet (E, T) be a Hausdorff topological vector space whose topological dual separates points of E, X be a non-empty weakly compact convex subset of E and W be the relative weak topology on X. If F: (X, W) → 2(E,T) is continuous (respectively, upper semi-continuous if £ is locally convex), approximation and fixed point theorems are obtained which generalize the corresponding results of Fan, Park, Reich and Sehgal-Singh-Smithson (respectively, Ha, Reich, Park, Browder and Fan) in several aspects.

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Grzeszczuk‑Brendel, Hanna. "Ciało ludzkie – ciało ludu w przestrzeni nazistowskiej." Porta Aurea, no. 19 (December 22, 2020): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/porta.2020.19.19.

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During the Third Reich, the propaganda impact of architecture and space, cumulated in relation to the basic material provided by Volkskörper, ‘human architecture’. Not only were the bodies of an individual and a community the recipients of architecture or affected by its impact, but they also co-created it. The official Nazi assumptions interpreted in this light may allow, using the perspective of the peculiar features of the Third Reich architecture, to illustrate the relations between an individual and a group during the Nazi times. The analysis of the combination of the human body and resized space demonstrates that a symbolic immersion of an individual in Volksgemeinschaft does not only seem to annihilate him, but through that to incorporate him into the system of mindless obedience. These issues will be discussed on the example of Poznań WW II projects, placed in the context of the selected model ones from Nuremberg and Weimar.

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Pietrzykowski, Szymon. "Złudne nieuwikłanie. III Rzesza w interpretacji antyfaszystowskiej — casus NRD." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 38, no. 3 (2017): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.38.3.5.

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ILLUSORY NON-ENTANGLEMENT: THIRD REICH IN ANTIFASCIST NARRATIVE THE CASE OF GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAntifascism, a historiographical doctrine formulated in the 30s of the twentieth century by G. Dimitrov, as aresult of the Soviet victory over the Third Reich acquired the status of official narrative in countries of the Communist Bloc. It played aparticular role in GDR as a primary source of state’s legitimization, especially in the early postwar years. Relating on selected historical sources and extensive literature on this subject to mention, among others, D. Diner, J. Herf, S. Kattago, A. Wolff-Powęska, K. Wóycicki, J. McLellan, M. Fulbrook Iintend to capture the disingenuousness of East German antifascism. Making use of lies, illusion or denial, applying selectiveness on facts or specific way of their interpretation, the GDR authorities managed to integrate the society around apositive yet erroneous myth of victorious mass resistance of the German working class against fascism. What is more, such antifascism played adefensive supervisory function: „universalizing” the period of 1939–1945 as another stage of long-term rivalry between the proletariat and capitalists it discursively blurred the historical continuity between the GDR and the Third Reich, and sustained the illusion of lack of guilt for the Holocaust which actual i.e. Jewish specificity remained unrecognized.

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Shimabukuro, Felipe. "A crítica de Wilhelm Reich à pulsão de morte freudiana." Voluntas: Revista Internacional de Filosofia 11, no. 2 (2020): 328–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179378647055.

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O objetivo deste artigo é reconstituir a crítica de W. Reich à noção freudiana de pulsão de morte. Para tanto, apresentaremos inicialmente três pressupostos de sua crítica: o projeto mais geral de sua obra, sua concepção de ciência e leitura da obra de Freud. Em seguida traçaremos as linhas gerais do conteúdo da crítica propriamente dita. Num terceiro momento, veremos em que consiste a teoria das pulsões proposta por Reich como alternativa à segunda teoria das pulsões de Freud. A título de conclusão, evidenciaremos um aspecto peculiar do que se poderia chamar de “dimensão psicologista” da crítica de Reich à teoria freudiana da pulsão de morte.

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Bendix, John. "Contemporary Perspectives on Nazi Germany." German Politics and Society 37, no. 2 (2019): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2019.370205.

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Paul Roland, Life in the Third Reich: Daily Life in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945 (London: Arcturus Publishing, 2015)Eric Kurlander, Hitler’s Monsters: A supernatural history of the Third Reich (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017)Shelley Baranowski, Armin Nolzen, and Claus-Christian W. Szejnmann, A Companion to Nazi Germany (Hoboken: Wiley, 2018)

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Kruszewski, Tomasz. "Wpływ zmian ustrojowych w Niemczech po I wojnie światowej na skład osobowy sejmów prowincjonalnych na Śląsku." Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 17, no. 3 (2020): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.1869.

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The author presents the rules of suffrage that were binding in Zweites Reich (The Second Reich), that is the German Empire, during elections to provincial self-government in Prussia and then compares them with the new election law implemented in the Weimar Republic (Weimarer Republik). In this way it is possible to establish the degree of potential changes that influenced the personal composition of provincial parliaments. Upon the analysis of the given lists of deputies it clearly follows that a revolution took place in Germany in November 1918: up to that time the Members of Parliament had represented the elites of the Second Reich, recruiting from, among others, aristocrats, the nobility, state administration officials, municipal elites, high mayors, mayors, other officials of municipal councils and industrialist elites. The majority of these people in Weimar Republic were replaced by party activists, which resulted from the new electoral law.

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Dybek, Jarosław. "Powstanie kawalerii SS Totenkopf i jej rola w niemieckiej polityce okupacyjnej na ziemiach polskich w latach 1939–1941." UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 17, no. 4 (2020): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2020.4.5.

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The topic of the article is one of the German SS regiments stationed in occupied Poland and its role in The German occupation policy. While the history of the SS formation is very well known in both academic and popular science literature, its cavalry has not been elaborated in great detail thus far. Although this topic seems interesting, it has not yet been discussed in any book in the Polish language. Most of the literature related to this topic was published in German and English. The 1st SS Death’s Head Cavalry Regiment operated primarily in the General Government and was under the Higher SS and Police Command. Some of its squadrons also operated in areas annexed to the Reich, i.e. the Warta Voievodship (Reichsgau Wartheland). From this article we will learn about the formation of the SS Death’s Head cavalry and its gradual inclusion in the brutal occupation policy of the Third Reich in Poland. In the case of its formation, we are dealing with tasks such as combating the early partisan units, searching for weapons, participating in the creation of ghettos, or helping to eliminate Polish levels of the intelligentsia. Noteworthy is the participation of this unit in the production of the propaganda film “Kampfgeschwader Lützow”, in which Polish cavalrymen were presented attacking German tanks with sabres. This false image was reproduced after the war in some movies or books, and contributed to the distorted presentation of Polish soldiers in the defensive battles of 1939.

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14

Fishman, Sterling. "Education in the Third Reich: Race and History in Nazi Textbooks. Gilmer W. Blackburn." Comparative Education Review 31, no. 1 (1987): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/446668.

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15

Palmon, Ruth. "Building Traditions The Benny W Reich Cultural Center for the Ethiopian Community, Yavneh, Israel." Architectural Design 75, no. 5 (2005): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.136.

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16

Marcuse, Harold. "Resistance against the Third Reich, 1933-1990. Michael Geyer , John W. Boyer , Julius Kirshner." Journal of Modern History 68, no. 1 (1996): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/245334.

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17

Zündorf, Ilse. "Neues Buch: Expeditionen ins Reich der Seuchen. Von Johannes W. Grüntzig und Heinz Mehlhorn." Pharmazie in unserer Zeit 35, no. 1 (2006): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pauz.200690018.

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Milewski, Ireneusz. "Pobyt cesarza Juliana Apostaty w Cezarei Kapadockiej w 362 roku." Vox Patrum 55 (July 15, 2010): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.4346.

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In diesem Beitrag wurden Ereignisse besprochen, die sich im Sommer des 362 n. Ch. in kappadokischen Cäsarea ereigneten. Kurz vor dem Eintreffen des Kaisers Julian Abtrünnige in Cäsarea, vernichteten die einheimischen Christen ein Tempel von Tyche. Untersuchungen ergaben, dass der einheimische Klerus der Inspirator dieser Geschehnisse, die Ausführenden – ein fanatisches christliches Rollkommando war, mit einem uns nicht näher bekannten Eupsychosios an der Spitze. Als Folge der Vernichtung des Tycheion, verhängte man über die Stadt und deren Einwohner schwere Sanktionen. Cäsarea – (so genannt zu Ehren von Kaiser Augustus) wurde auf den Rang eines Dorfes degradiert. Eupsychosios aber und seine engsten Mitarbeiter wurden hingerichtet. Die örtlichen Geistlichen, die im Angesicht der ihnen drohenden Sanktionen es nicht schafften aus der Stadt zu fliehen, wurden zum Dienst in der Armee eingezogen, den Bistümern von Cäsarea wurde eine Geldstrafe in Höhe von dreihundert Pfund Gold auferlegt. Aus Eupsychosios und seinen Kammeraden machte man nach dem Tod von Kaiser Julian Märtyrer. Der Propagator dieses Kultes war Basil, seit 371 Bischof der Kappadokischen Cäsarea. Aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach wollte der Kaiser Julian mit seiner strengen Reaktion auf die Ereignisse in Cäsarea darauf hinweisen, dass er mit aller Entschiedenheit und Härte gegen jede Art von Widerstand, bezüglich seiner Bestrebungen des Wiederaufbaus der heidnischen Religion im Römischen Reich, vorgehen wird.

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Jarząbek, Wanda. "Czy polityka okupacyjna Niemiec wobec Polaków w czasie II wojny światowej była ludobójstwem?" Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, no. 24/2 (April 29, 2016): 72–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2016.24.13.

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Due to the very limited use of the term ‘genocide’ in scientific discourse, researchers did not carry out broad methodological considerations on the legitimacy of its use in relation to the occupation policy of the Third Reich against the Poles during World War II. Historians often conducted their research based on other theoretical models (often those that were popular at that time). For example, they studied the policy of the Third Reich in terms of the racial theory, social engineering, ethnic cleansing, total war or in a classical way, i.e. they examined various aspects of the Nazi occupation without referring to models and theories. Interestingly, many authors presented the problem in a manner similar to that resulting from Lemkin’s definition of genocide. In other words, they described the phenomenon, but without using the term ‘genocide’. They used it, however, in reference to the Holocaust. Perhaps, they did not apply it in reference to other nations due to the fact that almost the entire Jewish population was annihilated in the areas occupied by the German Third Reich. The term ‘genocide’ appeared with regard to the German policy against the Poles mainly in the colloquial sense, thereby reducing its conceptual content to mass murder. The discussions on genocide have entered a new phase in Poland. The aim of this article is to reflect on the possibility of using the term ‘genocide’ to describe the German policy against the Poles in the context of the definition created by Raphael Lemkin and the UN Convention of 1948.

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Arens, Katherine. "Der faustische Pakt. Goethe und die Goethe-Gesellschaft im Dritten Reich by W. Daniel Wilson." Goethe Yearbook 28, no. 1 (2021): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gyr.2021.0039.

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Janczak, Bartosz. "Działalność kół naukowych prawników zorganizowanych przez polskich oficerów w niewoli niemieckiej w latach 1939–1945." Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 15, no. 2 (2017): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.1278.

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Albert Hesse was one of the most eminent German professors of economic law and statistics. He was educated at the University Hale-Wittenberg, but spent most of his life, as a researcher in Wroclaw (1921–1945). In the period of Weimar Republic, he became one of the most prominent specialists, in his fields of research. He was engaged in various activities, connect ed with international organisations and on the forum of the League of Nations. What is more, he was also, initially, a worker, and then the co-director of East Europe Institute in Wroclaw, though in 1933, after the Nazis had taken over the power, he lost this position. The time of the Third Reich, was the beginning of Hesse’s end as a researcher as threads of the national socialist ideology appeared more and more often in his academic work, which contributed to a decline in his prestige. Nonetheless, there was no solid evidence of his possible harmfulness to anybody, which allowed him to continue teaching in the postwar Germany.

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Rostislavleva, Natal'ya V. "WILHELM AND ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT IN THE HISTORICAL MEMORY OF NAZI GERMANY." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 3 (2020): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2020-3-123-133.

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The article examines the perception of biographies and heritage of the brothers Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt in National Socialist Germany. In the historical memory of modern Germany, their images have become one of the bases of German national identity, and the Humboldt-Forum – a platform for the connection of science and culture. In collective memory of the Third Reich, the brothers held unequal positions. The 100th anniversary of the death of W. von Humboldt caused a surge of interest in him, but his image was reformatted and inscribed in the racial parameters of Nazism: his interest in the issues of the German nation was emphasized, his commitment to liberal ideas was explained by criticism of absolutism, attempts were made to attract his image to Nazi anti-Semitic paradigm. However, there were some researchers of his heritage who retained scientific objectivity. Alexander von Humboldt was paid much less attention: the ideologists of the Third Reich hated his cosmopolitanism. But as he was the brother of W. von Humboldt and a world-famous scientist, it was impossible to forget about his merits. The collective memory kept an image of a traveler naturalist whose greatness the Third Reich did not deny. Commemoration is closely associated to the identity formation. For the construction of national identity in National Socialist Germany their images were practically not required.

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Pedraza Manrique, Jaime. "Efecto del medio básico, carbón activado, ácido giberélico y calidad de luz en la germinación in vitro de Masdevallia auropurpurea Reich." Revista científica, no. 9 (November 30, 2006): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/23448350.354.

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Un eficiente sistema de germinación fue desarrollado para Masdevallia auropurpurea ReiCh., una orquídea endémica y en vías de 'extinción. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de la interacción entre los cuatro factores siguientes: medios básicos de cultivo (Murashige y Skoog (1962), Knndson C. (1946), e Hidro-Coljap®), carbón activado (0 y 0.5 %(w/v)), ácido giberélico (0.0,2.68 y 5.37 uM) y la calidad de luz (luz blanca, luz roja, luz roja lejana y oscuridad) en lá germinación asimbiótica de Masdevallia auropurpurea Reich. El mejor porcentaje y tiempo de germinación fue fogrado en e'1 medio básico Hidro-Coljap®, enriquecido con 2.68 ph4 de ácido giberélico, bajo luz roja con un fotoperiodo de 16 horas. La presencia del carbón áciivaclo, aunque no estimuló la germinación, favoreció el desarrollo de las plántulas de M. auropurpurea Reich. Este estudio describe un protocolo que permite alcanzar más de 330.000 plántulas dentro de 40 semanas a partir de una cápsula de esta importante orquídea. Este protocolo, un modelo de conservación para especies que se encuentran en vías de extinción, permite la propagación a gran escala de M. auropurpurea Reich.

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Szumlewicz, Katarzyna. "The Authoritarian Personality and It's Enemies: Wilhelm Reich, Theodor W. Adorno, Alice Miller and Klaus Theweleit." Studia z Teorii Wychowania X, no. 4 (29) (2019): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1073.

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The essay presents a reconstruction and critical interpretation of four theories of authoritarian personality related to analysis of fascism. The first theory origins from a book The "Mass Psychology of Fascism" by Wilhelm Reich, published already before the Second World War, the second theory comes from a famous "The Authoritarian Personality" by Theodor W. Adorno. The third was presented by Alice Miller in "For Your Own Good", and the fourth – by Klaus Theweleit in groundbreaking "Male Fantasies". Only one of them, by Miller, refers directly to pedagogy. Nevertheless, the essay presents all four publications in relation to upbringing. The essay raises following questions: what is authoritarian personality? Which elements of education support its development and which prevent it? The theories are presented in relation to each other. Some of their conclusions are consistent, but other present conflicting positions. The dialectical method applied by the author enables to see, among others, how Adorno’s theories are put upside down by Miller, as well as Theweleit, who develops Reich’s ideas. The reconstruction of the dialogue between presented theories enables to put new questions related to the role of authoritarian personality in contemporary times.

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Hughes, Brian M., Eimear M. Lee, Lorraine K. McDonagh, Éanna D. O’Leary, and Niamh M. Higgins. "Handbook of adult resilience, edited by John W. Reich, Alex J. Zautra, and John Stuart Hall." Journal of Positive Psychology 7, no. 2 (2012): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.614836.

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Fikus, Sebastian. "Obozy koncentracyjne jako nowoczesna forma zwalczania przestępczości w Republice Federalnej Niemiec?" Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 40, no. 4 (2019): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.40.4.3.

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CONCENTRATION CAMPS AS A MODERN FORM OF FIGHTING CRIME IN THE GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLICThe problem of participation of the Nazi elites in the structures of the German Federal Republic is increasingly engaging for German historians. Popular, non-academic works also address the issue of joining the police force by former officials of the Third Reich. However, in the German texts it is consistently stressed that Nazi elites did not influence the social and political life of the German Federal Republic. Nevertheless, the debate on reintroducing concentration camps shows the high standing of national socialism ideology long after World War II.

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Grochowina, Sylwia. "German Cultural Policy in the Reich Province of Danzig-West Prussia: A Short Characteristic." Athenaeum Polskie Studia Politologiczne 60, no. 4 (2018): 142–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/athena.2018.60.09.

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Baldwin, J. E., P. G. Mezger, A. Barrett, et al. "40. Radio Astronomy (Radio Astronomie)." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 20, no. 01 (1988): 539–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00007379.

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The following commission members have contributed to this report:M Birkinshaw, R J Cohen, J J Condon, T J Cornwell, J R Dickel, P A Feldman, R Genzel, M Goss, V Kapahl, Gopal Krishna, M Kundu, A G Lyne, C R Masson, A C Readhead, W Reich, J M Riley, A J Turtle, J M van der Hulst, T L Wilson.

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Dalba, Giuseppe. "Peter J. W. Debye – a whole life devoted to science." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 72, no. 6 (2016): 591–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273316013619.

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In 1915 P. Debye, one of the most prominent scientists in the field of condensed-matter physics and physical chemistry, published an X-ray scattering equation for randomly oriented scattering sites. This formula, since then used for describing the structure of powders, liquids and gases, has become a model for material analysis at the nanoscale. This paper re-examines briefly Debye's works on the origin and evolution of the scattering equation and its first uses. The career of the great scientist and some of his other numerous and diverse contributions to science are also reviewed. Additionally the paper addresses aspects of his life as a teacher, as a science manager and as a man, including the recent controversy about his conduct during the Third Reich regime.

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Wyskok, Marlena. "An Instrumentalisation of Football in a Totalitarian State on the Example of the Third Reich." Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Kultura Fizyczna 15, no. 3 (2016): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/kf.2016.15.18.

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De Vita, Lorena. "Thomas W. Maulucci, Jr.,Adenauer's Foreign Office: West German Diplomacy in the Shadow of the Third Reich." Intelligence and National Security 30, no. 5 (2014): 747–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2014.945368.

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Frei, Norbert. "Thomas W. Maulucci, Jr. Adenauer's Foreign Office: West German Diplomacy in the Shadow of the Third Reich." American Historical Review 119, no. 3 (2014): 1001–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/119.3.1001.

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Wiegeshoff, Andrea. "Thomas W. Maulucci Jr., Adenauer’s Foreign Office: West German Diplomacy in the Shadow of the Third Reich." European History Quarterly 46, no. 1 (2016): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691415622934w.

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Hennigfeld, Ursula. "La Legión Cóndor y la política exterior de la República de Bonn: relaciones germano-españolas durante el período de posguerra." Dictatorships & Democracies, no. 8 (November 15, 2020): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7238/dd.v0i8.3184.

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El artículo enfoca los vínculos entre España y Alemania durante la Guerra Civil y en la posguerra: después de un breve resumen de la intervención de la Alemania nazi en la Guerra Civil, se iluminan los nexos entre la Legión Cóndor y la ciudad alemana de Düsseldorf a través de cinco personas (W. Beumelburg, W. Bodden, J. von Richthofen, H. Schweizer y H.-J. Herrmann). La tercera parte, dedicada a la política exterior de la República de Bonn en relación con España, demuestra que se recurre a todo tipo de contactos de la época del Tercer Reich, tanto a nivel diplomático como económico o militar.

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Jurkiewicz, Jerzy. "Mater familias w nauczaniu św. Jana Chryzostoma." Vox Patrum 53 (December 15, 2009): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.4466.

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Im römischen Reich hatte die Frau eine relativ gute gesellschaftliche Stellung. Als mater familias waren ihre Aufgaben die Kindererziehung oder die Aufsicht über die Haussklaven. Die römische Frau war in der Gesellschaft in ihrer Stellung als mater familias angesehen. Mater familias bezeichnete diejenige, die de facto die Rechtsnachfolge des pater familias sicherte, juristisch war der Begriff irrelevant. „Mulier autem familiae suae et caput et finis est”, schließt Ulpian einen ausführlichen Text über den Familienverband: Eine Frau, zugleich der Anfang und das Ende ihrer familia, konnte ohne potestas über niemanden Hausgewalt ausüben und vor allem keinerlei rechtliche Machtbefugnis weitergeben. Obwohl die Frau also keinen besonderen Einfluss hatte, war die Stellung der Matrone als mater familias sehr angesehen. Ihr Bereich, in dem sie meistens uneingeschränkt wirken konnte, war das Haus. Oftmals musste der Ehemann zu politischen Versammlungen, arbeitete außerhalb oder war in der Armee tätig. Dadurch hatte sie während seiner Abwesenheit die Macht im Haus! Kirchenvater Johannes Chrysostomos geboren 349 oder 344 in Comana Pontica behandelte alle wie ein wahrer Hirte herzlich und väterlich. Im Besonderen behielt er den Frauen eine feinfühlige Haltung vor, und seine besondere Sorge galt der Ehe und Familie. Nach dem heiligen Johannes kann man die Frau als mater familias nennen, obwohl er das nicht deutlich sagt.

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36

Brawley, Mark. "The Myth of the Global CorporationPaul N. Doremus, William W. Keller, Louis W. Pauly and Simon Reich Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998, pp. xiii, 193." Canadian Journal of Political Science 32, no. 1 (1999): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900010337.

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Harris, James F. "Where Ghosts Walked: Munich's Road to the Third Reich. By David Clay Large. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1997. Pp. xxv+406. $32.50." Journal of Modern History 72, no. 1 (2000): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/315976.

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Taschka, Sylvia. "Adenauer’s Foreign Office: West German Diplomacy in the Shadow of the Third Reich by Thomas W. Maulucci, Jr." German Studies Review 37, no. 3 (2014): 696–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gsr.2014.0097.

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Kmak-Pamirska, Aleksandra. "The Church at the Service of the State? The Attitude of the Authorities Protestant Churches in Nazi Third Reich in the Years 1933–1935." Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Res Politicae 6 (2014): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/rp.2014.06.02.

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Adamczyk, Andrzej. "Dyskusja na temat odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej państwa za szkody wyrządzone przez bezprawne działania urzędników na Kongresie Prawników Niemieckich w Kilonii w 1906 roku." Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 15, no. 2 (2017): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.1276.

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One of the most important legal problems discussed in the 19th century by German lawyers was that of state liability due to damages resulting from illegal acts of its officials. An influential forum of exchange of ideas was the German Association of German Jurists which organized all-German congresses to solve legal questions in order to promote German unity. Although the problem of state responsibility was discussed at some of the Association congresses in the 19th century, the most interesting was that held in Kiel in 1905. It was due to the fact that many German states had at that time legal regulations concerning state liability, but they were quite different. That generated many complications, making realization of a legal unity within the German Reich difficult. Two proposals for solving this situation were presented at the Congress in Kiel by Otto von Gierke and Rudolf von Herrnritt. Their ideas constituted bases for the discussion which followed. The paper presents the discussion on the state liability, which took place at the Congress in Kiel.

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Wysocki, Wiesław Jan. "Czy byliśmy w wojnie z Sowietami?!" Saeculum Christianum 24 (September 10, 2018): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/sc.2017.24.23.

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At the time of the agreement with the German Third Reich on Soviet aggression on Poland on September 17, 1939, the Ambassador of the Republic of Poland in Moscow was given a diplomatic note declaring that in the face of the “break-up of the Polish state” the USSR “is defending the Belarusian and Ukrainian population” in eastern Poland. This eceptive version was “bought” by the Allies of Poland in the West who pretended that Moscow was not a co-hostile against allied Poland. They explained that they didn’t want to deepen but to overthrow the German-Soviet alliance. The highest authorities of the Republic of Poland were charged that they were not consistent and did not declare a state of war between Poland and the USSR from September 17, 1939. This was a game of slander and the author documented the will of the parties to bring such charges. In the period of the Polish People’s Republic, the myth of the so-justified Soviet intervention in 1939 was promulgated. Also, today, this issue for many politicians, historians and journalists remains not entirely clear. This text is an analysis of the formation of the basis of this myth, showing its political ground for various propaganda and proclamation of Western states, and ambiguous attitudes of Polish politicians, especially focused on the very naive and politically dependent General Sikorski, the chief of war and prime minister, with greater responsibility – than the ruling party of the Second Polish Republic – for establishing false opinions about Polish-Soviet relations in September 1939.

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Jarząbek, Wanda. "Rząd Polski na Wychodźstwie wobec zbrodni niemieckich w Polsce, 1939–1943. Uwagi do problemu." Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, no. 23 (April 29, 2015): 104–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2015.23.05.

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The policy of the Polish government in exile during World War II has been the subject of numerous studies, but it still seems reasonable to trace their relation to crimes committed on Polish soil. The aim of this article is not to present the whole problem, but just outline the attitude towards German crimes. It must be remembered that the Polish government was also confronted with the occupation policy of the Soviet Union and the crimes committed in Volhynia and Galicia by Ukrainian nationalists. The final caesura of the article is the President’s decree of on punishment for war crimes released on March 30, 1943.The Polish government was of the opinion that the crimes should be punished primarily on the level of individuals who committed them, but the consequence of the criminal policy of the Third Reich should be the adoption of such a post-war policy against Germany that would guarantee compensation for victim countries, including compensation for material damage, and lead to a change in the German mentality, which was blamed partly responsible for the policy of the Third Reich. Such an attitude was shared by the anti-Hitler coalition countries.On the practical level, the Polish government’s policy had several stages. Initially, they collected information, tried to make it public and sough the cooperation of other countries. Despite numerous doubts were reported, they decided to amend the Polish criminal law to allow punishing war criminals more proportionally, as they thought, to the committed acts. The government’s activity probably influenced the attitude of the Allies, although it is difficult to accurately recognize and describe this issue. As a result of the situation after World War II, the new Polish authorities pursued a policy of punishing the guilty. Due to the international situation, i.e. the growing conflict between the coalition partners, many criminals escaped punishment.

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Kohlenbach, Ulrich, and Laurentiu Leustean. "Mann iterates of directionally nonexpansive mappings in hyperbolic spaces." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2003, no. 8 (2003): 449–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1085337503212021.

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In a previous paper, the first author derived an explicit quantitative version of a theorem due to Borwein, Reich, and Shafrir on the asymptotic behaviour of Mann iterations of nonexpansive mappings of convex setsCin normed linear spaces. This quantitative version, which was obtained by a logical analysis of the ineffective proof given by Borwein, Reich, and Shafrir, could be used to obtain strong uniform bounds on the asymptotic regularity of such iterations in the case of boundedCand even weaker conditions. In this paper, we extend these results to hyperbolic spaces and directionally nonexpansive mappings. In particular, we obtain significantly stronger and more general forms of the main results of a recent paper by W. A. Kirk with explicit bounds. As a special feature of our approach, which is based on logical analysis instead of functional analysis, no functional analytic embeddings are needed to obtain our uniformity results which contain all previously known results of this kind as special cases.

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Ketelsen, Uwe-K. "Theatre in the Third Reich, the Prewar Years: Essays on Theatre in Nazi Germany ed. by Glen W. Gadberry." Comparative Drama 31, no. 2 (1997): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cdr.1997.0035.

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Neufeld, Michael J. "Wayne Biddle, Dark Side of the Moon: Wernher von Braun, the Third Reich, and the Space Race. New York: W. W. Norton, 2009. xix + 220 pp. $25.95." Journal of Cold War Studies 13, no. 4 (2011): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_00182.

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Szymaniec, Piotr, and Lech Kurowski. "Polityka gospodarcza III Rzeszy w ujęciu polskich ekonomistów tamtego czasu." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 41, no. 2 (2019): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.41.2.3.

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ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE THIRD REICH PRESENTED BY POLISH ECONOMISTS OF THE 1930S AND 1940SThe aim of this paper is to present Polish pre-war literature on Nazi economic policy and to compare Leopold Caro’s views with analyses of a well-known postwar economist, Paweł Sulmicki, presented in his doctoral thesis of 1946. The comparison of these two interpretations enables the authors to show not only the change of views on the totalitarian economy of Germany, but also the transformations that took place in the Polish theory of economics at that time. In terms of methodology, the work of Leopold Caro published in 1938 did not go beyond what the German historical school offered. Paweł Sulmicki, on the other hand, explained the processes taking place in the German economy from the point of view of the theory of multiplier which was relatively new at that time. Sulmicki did not explicitly state that the phenomena analyzed by him were paradoxes in the light of Keynesian theory, but he described the factors that led to the success of the economic policy at a low level of the multiplier.

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Black, Peter. "Sonderdienst w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie." Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały, no. 12 (November 30, 2016): 91–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.32927/zzsim.409.

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The Sonderdienst (Special Service) was an enforcement agency developed by German SS and Police authorities, specifically in the Lublin District of the so called Government General (central and southeastern German-occupied Poland) to assist in enforcing German occupation ordinances in the cities and particularly in the countryside, where lack of police personnel, ignorance of local conditions, and perceived fear of partisan attack discouraged a direct German police presence. After February 1941, the SS and Police relinquished control over the Sonderdienst to the German civilian occupation authorities. Under civilian authority, the Sonderdienst was deployed at the Kreis level, under command of the so-called German Stadt- and Kreishauptmänner in detachments of approximately 30 men to carry out administrative enforcement activities when the civilian authorities were unable to count or SS and police support. This article examines how the Sonderdienst highlights the dependence of German administration in the Government General on locally recruited auxiliaries, particularly in the countryside. The Sonderdienst was conceived, developed, expanded, and deployed within the context of a bitter battle between German civilian authorities and the SS/police apparatus over control of local executive police power. This is hardly new; yet the Government General is unusual in that the German civilian authorities were able to fight the SS to a draw on this issue. Since its formation followed the recruitment of the “ethnic” and ideological “cream” of the ethnic German population of occupied Poland into agencies such as the Selbstschutz, and the Waffen SS, the Sonderdienst represents an early effort of the National Socialist authorities to fashion an ethnically conscious and ideologically committed corps from young men of questionable, even dubious, German ancestry and heritage. Finally, this study reveals not only the complicity of the civilian authorities in Nazi crimes, but the link in German-occupied Poland between “routine” administrative duties, such as collecting fines for ordinance violations, and the brutal persecution and annihilation of groups targeted as enemies of the German Reich, such as the Polish Jews. Civilian administrators and SS and police authorities shared the “National Socialist consensus” in occupied Poland. They wanted to annihilate the Jews and the Polish intelligentsia, to exploit the labor potential of the Polish masses, and to turn the Government General into a region of German settlement. As a part of this vision, the Sonderdienst was to serve not only as a police executive, but as a political and cultural steppingstone to full acceptance into the German “racial community.” There is no question that, even in “routine” duties, the Sonderdienst participated, more or less willingly, in the implementation of the most evil racist policies of the National Socialist regime.

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Bormann, Lukas. "‘Auch unter politischen Gesichtspunkten sehr sorgfältig ausgewählt’: Die ersten deutschen Mitglieder der Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas (SNTS) 1937–1946." New Testament Studies 58, no. 3 (2012): 416–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688512000082.

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The fact that many of the initial German members of the Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas were also supporters of the NS regime and among the authors of scholarly antisemitism (G. Kittel, K. G. Kuhn, W. Grundmann) is one that requires proper examination. This paper uses relevant archival material, such as previously unexplored documents from the Reich Ministry of Education (Reichserziehungsministerium), to explain this perceived link, demonstrating how Professor Gerhard Kittel (1888–1948) from Tübingen used his political power to control the selection of the first German scholars in the Society.

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Fratantuono, Lee M. "A Most Dangerous Book: Tacitus' “Germania” from the Roman Empire to the Third Reich. By Christopher B. Krebs. (New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2011. Pp. 303. $29.95.)." Historian 74, no. 3 (2012): 618–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2012.00328_51.x.

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Madajczyk, Piotr. "Reakcja zachodnioniemieckich mediów na wydarzenia Marca i kampanię antysemicką w Polsce." Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, no. 20 (March 30, 2012): 34–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2012.20.03.

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The article analyses the impact of the events of 1968 on West German public opinion and politics. Following the first comments in the press, published on 11th March, the events of that month in Poland were watched attentively in the FRG. West German observers connected with the power struggles in the PUWP, while West German politicians were of the opinion that the best solution in such a situation would be to wait and see, and sustain contacts with Warsaw cautiously.In view of the growing wave of anti-Semitic pronouncements, the PUWP leader, Mr Władysław Gomułka was judged relatively mildly, assuming that he wanted to restrain them but had to yield under pressure. These pronouncements, however, a racted the a ention of the opinion-forming media in the FRG, which reacted with exaggerated comparisons to anti-Semitism in the Third Reich. Polish diplomacy, on the other hand, was effective in using the argument that an ‘anti-Polish campaign’ in the media was harmful to the detente in Europe. This effective tool of diplomacy was unable, however, to prevent the negative consequences of references to the stereotype of Polish anti-Semitism.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Reich, W'

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