Journal articles: 'Reid vapour pressure'

1

Jones, J. C. "Reid Vapour Pressure as a Route to Calculating the Flash Points of Petroleum Fractions." Journal of Fire Sciences 16, no. 3 (May 1998): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419801600306.

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2

Al-Thamir, W. K. "A new method to determine reid vapour pressure for stabilized crude oils by gas chromatography." Chromatographia 22, no. 1-6 (June 1986): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02257300.

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3

Povar, I., V. Cerempei, and B. Pintilie. "Physicochemical Properties of the Gasoline and Alcohol Biofuel Mixtures." Chemistry Journal of Moldova 6, no. 2 (December 2011): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2011.06(2).11.

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The influence of added alcohols, ethanol and butanol, on the main biofuel properties, such as the specific gravity, Reid saturated vapour pressure and distillation curves have been investigated. These properties are intimately related to the fuel composition and their prediction relies on the knowledge of its components characteristics. This research proves the possibility of obtaining fuels with different levels of resistance to detonation, using gasoline with different chemical components and various fractions of alcohols.

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4

Workman, Jerome. "A Brief Review of near Infrared in Petroleum Product Analysis." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 4, no. 1 (January 1996): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.77.

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The use of infrared spectroscopy [including near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy] for the analysis of petroleum product analysis has become an essential component of hydrocarbon processing and refining since the mid-1940s. Early scientific literature identified absorption band positions for a variety of hydrocarbon functional groups from pure compounds to complex mixtures. The short wavelength NIR region (generally designated as 750–1100 nm), and the long-wavelength NIR region (1100–2500 nm) have been explored for their relative chemical information content with respect to hydrocarbon fuel mixtures. The functional groups of methyl, methylene, carbon–carbon, carbon–oxygen (including carbonyl), and aromatic (C–H) are measured directly using NIR spectroscopy. NIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate calibration has resulted in the reported analysis of numerous fuel components. The scientific literature has reported varied success for the measurement of RON (research octane number), MON (motor octane number), PON (pump octane number), cetane, cloud point, MTBE ( tert-Butyl methyl ether), RVP (Reid vapour pressure), ethanol, API, bromine number, lead, sulphur, aromatics, olefins and saturates content in such products as gasoline, diesel fuels, and jet fuels. This review paper summarises the foundational work using near-infrared for hydrocarbon fuels measurement beginning in 1938.

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Megawati, Eka, I. Ketut Warsa, and Mochammad Wahyu Setiawan. "Optimasi Blending Pertalite dengan Komponen Reformate di PT. XYZ Balikpapan." CHEESA: Chemical Engineering Research Articles 3, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/cheesa.v3i1.5684.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk perbaikan produk Pertalite menggunakan komponen Reformat agar memenuhi spesifikasi yang telah ditetapkan oleh Dirjen Migas. Metode blending merupakan teknik pengumpulan data yang berupa perhitungan optimasi blending pertalite dengan penambahan komponen reformate menggunakan rumus trial & error/coba-coba. Beberapa rumusan perhitungan blending yang di pakai untuk membuat Pertalite dari komponen-komponennya adalah: Blending, Distilasi, Octane Number dan RPV. Berdasarkan perhitungan hasil distilasi 10% sebesar 68,88 oC, 50% sebesar 106,94 oC, FBP 201,91 oC, Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP) sebesar 48,78 Kpa, density at 15 oC sebesar 762,60 Kg/liter, dan ON diperoleh angka sebesar 90. Berdasarkan hasil analisa Perhitungan Optimasi blending pertalite ON 89,5 dengan Reformat menggunakan rumus trial & error/coba-coba, pencampuran titik blending telah memenuhi spesifikasi Distilasi, RVP dan Density. Pertalite ON 90 diperoleh dari percampuran pertalite ON 89,5 sebanyak 5320 m3 dengan Reformat sebanyak 415,625 m3.

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Mihajlovic, Marina, Ana Veljasevic, Jovan Jovanovic, and Mica Jovanovic. "Estimation of evaporative losses during storage of crude oil and petroleum products." Chemical Industry 67, no. 1 (2013): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120301050s.

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Storage of crude oil and petroleum products inevitably leads to evaporative losses. Those losses are important for the industrial plants mass balances, as well as for the environmental protection. In this paper, estimation of evaporative losses was performed using software program TANKS 409d which was developed by the Agency for Environmental Protection of the United States - US EPA. Emissions were estimated for the following types of storage tanks: fixed conical roof tank, fixed dome roof tank, external floating roof tank, internal floating roof tank and domed external floating roof tank. Obtained results show quantities of evaporated losses per tone of stored liquid. Crude oil fixed roof storage tank losses are cca 0.5 kg per tone of crude oil. For floating roof, crude oil losses are 0.001 kg/t. Fuel oil (diesel fuel and heating oil) have the smallest evaporation losses, which are in order of magnitude 10-3 kg/tone. Liquids with higher Reid Vapour Pressure have very high evaporative losses for tanks with fixed roof, up to 2.07 kg/tone. In case of external floating roof tank, losses are 0.32 kg/tone. The smallest losses are for internal floating roof tank and domed external floating roof tank: 0.072 and 0.044, respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that the liquid with low volatility of low BTEX amount can be stored in tanks with fixed roof. In this case, the prevailing economic aspect, because the total amount of evaporative loss does not significantly affect the environment. On the other hand, storage of volatile derivatives with high levels of BTEX is not justified from the economic point of view or from the standpoint of the environment protection.

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Bohács, Gy, Z. Ovádi, and A. Salgó. "Prediction of Gasoline Properties with near Infrared Spectroscopy." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 6, no. 1 (January 1998): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.155.

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The test measurements used for the analysis of gasoline quality are mostly complicated standard procedures which are time consuming and which require special equipment, large volume of samples and specialists. The standard test methods could be partly replaced with non-destructive near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic measurements which are fast and less expensive. The aim of this paper is to present a feasible procedure for the prediction of quality parameters of gasoline from its NIR spectrum in a large and very diverse sample set. 350 commercially available gasoline samples were collected from July 1996. The samples covered summer and winter grades of normal, super and superplus unleaded gasolines with minimum RON requirements of 91, 95 and 98, respectively. These fuels covered a wide range of samples from very different sources including Hungarian and foreign refineries and pumps. An InfraPrime Lab Analyser (Bran+Luebbe) with high quality optical fibres in combination with multivariate calibration (PLSR) was used to determine 12 different chemical and physical properties of gasolines including reseach octane number (RON), motor octane number (MON), benzene, methyl-tertier-buthyl-ether (MTBE), sulphur content, distillation characteristics, Reid vapour pressure (RVP) and density at 15°C. The developed NIR methods predicted four important gasoline properties (RON, MON, benzene and MTBE content) with reproducibilities equivalent to the standard test procedures. The standard errors of prediction were 0.34 for RON, 0.30 for MON, 0.13%(vv−1) for benzene and 0.21%(vv−1) for MTBE content. The correlation coefficients were better than 0.970 in these calibrations. Calibrations developed for other gasoline properties showed poor correlation coefficients and allowed each parameter to be predicted only with higher standard error than the reference values. The NIR methods described are suitable for routine selection measurements in large series of gasoline samples.

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8

Riazi, T. A. Albahri, and A. H. Alqattan. "Prediction of Reid Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Fuels." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 23, no. 1 (December 28, 2005): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/lft-200028024.

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9

Riazi, M. R., T. A. Albahri, and A. H. Alqattan. "Prediction of Reid Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Fuels." Petroleum Science and Technology 23, no. 1 (December 28, 2005): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/lft-20009686225.

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10

Schifter, Isaac, Luis Diaz, Uriel Gonzalez, Carmen Gonzalez-Macias, and Isidro Mejía-Centeno. "The effects of addition of co-solvents on the physicochemical properties of gasoline–methanol blended fuels." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 5 (February 22, 2018): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418757855.

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The scope of the work carried out is aimed to evaluate the effects of blending methanol in the gasoline pool, particularly octane number and Reid vapor pressure increase when methanol is substituting methyl-tertiary-butyl ether in the formulation of Regular and Premium base gasolines. Isopropyl alcohol and ethanol have been investigated and found to be a promising co-blending alcohol to be mixed in gasoline methanol blends. Isopropyl alcohol is most effective below 3 vol%. Ethanol has been found to be the most promising co-blending alcohol able to reduce the Reid vapor pressure increase by 1.4 psi even with concentrations in the range of 2 vol%. The addition of isopropyl alcohol to the methanol–gasoline blends has shown the ability of a ternary mixture to further reduce the Reid vapor pressure of the finished gasoline and, subject to availability and price of isopropyl alcohol, could be of interest in further formulation studies focused on maximizing the saving on finished gasoline cost by reducing the Reid vapor pressure of base gasoline and/or increasing the methanol content.

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11

Belaustegi, Y., M. J. Citores, and L. A. Fernández. "Automation of Vapour Pressure Osmometry measurements." Journal of Automatic Chemistry 13, no. 5 (1991): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1463924691000329.

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A program has been developed for the control of Vapour Pressure Osmometry (VPO) measurements. The output signal of a Vapour Pressure Osmometer is read by an A/D converter card installed in one of the expansion slots of a PC microcomputer. The stability of the measurements is checked by analysing the first derivative of the smoothed signals, which is calculated in real time. Sets of repeated measurements are carried out under the supervision of a computer program as a check for their reproducibility. When the set is ended the program calculates the average and its standard deviation.The program is particularly valuable for evaluating VPO measurements for solution equilibria studies. This interfacing strategy may be applied to any kind of technique in which the time stability of the signals is the basis for defining measurement stability. The automated VPO has other advantages, including low cost and time saving.

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12

Furzer, I. A. "Prediction of the Reid Vapor Pressure of Gasolines with MTBE and Other Oxygenates." Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing 3, no. 1 (May 15, 2008): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.5500030106.

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13

Mendes, Gisele, Helga G. Aleme, and Paulo J. S. Barbeira. "Reid vapor pressure prediction of automotive gasoline using distillation curves and multivariate calibration." Fuel 187 (January 2017): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.09.046.

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14

DASILVA, R., R. CATALUNA, E. MENEZES, D. SAMIOS, and C. PIATNICKI. "Effect of additives on the antiknock properties and Reid vapor pressure of gasoline." Fuel 84, no. 7-8 (May 2005): 951–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.01.008.

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15

Hatzioannidis, Ioannis, Epaminondas C. Voutsas, Euripides Lois, and Dimitrios P. Tassios. "Measurement and Prediction of Reid Vapor Pressure of Gasoline in the Presence of Additives." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 43, no. 3 (May 1998): 386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je970181t.

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16

Promkotra, Sarunya. "Phase Equilibria of Condensate and Natural Gas." Advanced Materials Research 746 (August 2013): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.529.

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Condensate and natural gas from a gas field in the northeast of Thailand are examined for their physical and chemical properties, and phase behaviors referring to phase equilibria. The physical properties of condensate are analyzed based on API gravity, density, Reid vapor pressure, true vapor pressure, pressure and temperature, viscosity and specific energy. Chemical components of natural gas are grouped depending on the amount of organic hydrocarbons which are methane, light hydrocarbons, heavy hydrocarbons, aromatic and cyclic compounds and non-hydrocarbon contents in the mole per cent of 97.15, 1.16, 0.22, 0.019 and 1.50, respectively. Pristane and phytane ratio is 1.73 which refers to an oxidizing environment during the deposition of the petroleum reservoir. Phase behavior of condensate is found only one phase, liquid phase at 15°C and 101.327 kPa, which indicates the critical temperature of 592.13 K and the critical pressure of 2,372.96 kPa. However, natural gas can be separated in two phases, vapor and liquid phases. The results show that the cricondentherm and cricondenbar of natural gas are 326.36 K and 1,295.28 kPa, respectively. These results can be useful for controlling and managing condensate and natural gas.

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17

Ilsley, A. H., and W. B. Runciman. "An Evaluation of Fourteen Oxygen Analysers for Use in Patient Breathing Circuits." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 14, no. 4 (November 1986): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x8601400418.

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Fourteen in-line oxygen monitors designed for use in patient breathing circuits were assessed to determine the lifespans of their sensors when exposed to oxygen, their response times to a sudden change in oxygen concentration from 30% to 0%, the effects of exposure to nitrous oxide, and the effects of some agents and conditions commonly encountered in anaesthetic breathing systems by exposing the sensors repeatedly for three two-hour periods to 1% halo thane, 2% enflurane, saturated water vapour at 37 °C, 5 % carbon dioxide, or a continuous pressure of 40 mmHg. Under the conditions of this study all sensors but one exceeded the manufacturers’ claimed lifespans, and all had clinically adequate response times to sudden hypoxic changes. None had significantly altered responses when repeatedly exposed to nitrous oxide. Water vapour was the most common cause of error for both polarographic and galvanic cell sensors, although some errors occurred with each of the test conditions; errors from all causes occurred evenly throughout the lifespans of both types of sensor. The incidence of over-read errors was approximately equal to that of under-read errors. However, clinically potentially dangerous over-read errors of greater than 6% oxygen did not occur in any of the sensors, with the exception, on some occasions, of the Datex Oxygen Analyser when exposed to saturated water vapour at 37°C.

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18

Flecher, P. "Determination of octane numbers and Reid vapor pressure in commercial gasoline using dispersive fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular Spectroscopy 53, no. 2 (February 1997): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0584-8539(97)81434-1.

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19

Flecher, Philip E., William T. Welch, Sacharia Albin, and John B. Cooper. "Determination of octane numbers and Reid vapor pressure in commercial gasoline using dispersive fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 53, no. 2 (February 1997): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-1425(97)83026-0.

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20

Issa, Hayder M., and Ali A. Albarzanji. "Quantitative prediction of Reid vapor pressure for a light crude oil using a simplified and proper correlation." Petroleum Science and Technology 38, no. 12 (June 10, 2020): 745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2020.1776731.

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21

Nascimento, Márcia H. C., Betina P. Oliveira, Karla P. Rainha, Eustáquio V. R. Castro, Samantha R. C. Silva, and Paulo R. Filgueiras. "Determination of flash point and Reid vapor pressure in petroleum from HTGC and DHA associated with chemometrics." Fuel 234 (December 2018): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.07.050.

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22

Niţă, Irina, Elis Geacai, Sibel Osman, and Olga Iulian. "Study of the influence of alcohols addition to gasoline on the distillation curve, and vapor pressure." Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry 30, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2019-0022.

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Abstract The properties of gasoline change as a result of blending with an alcohol. The aim of this paper is to report new experimental data on distillation curve and Reid vapor pressure of pseudo-binary blends of a catalytic reforming gasoline with ethanol, i-propanol and n-butanol, respectively. Gasoline blend with ethanol was used as reference for discussing properties of isopropanol and respectively, n-butanol blends with gasoline. The main conclusion is that alcohol addition to gasoline affects the relevant characteristics of the blend that influence engine operation. Gasoline+i-propanol blends have intermediate behavior between gasoline+ethanol and gasoline+n-butanol blends.

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23

Saeed, Shahad Mahdi, and Husham AL.Tameemi. "Improve the Octane Number of Gasoline and Studying the effect of Reid vapor pressure and Calorific Value by using Environmental additives." Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences 12, no. 2 (July 18, 2019): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v12i2.599.

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An assessment was made for the impact resulted by the addition of (DO) and (DOA) on the octane number and Reid vapor pressure (RVP) of gasoline with different chemical compositions. The locally produced gasoline had been blended with three different ratios (v/v) of the additives, i.e. 8, 10 and 15%. The octane rating of gasoline was observed to continuous increased and linearly with the addition of (DO and DOA). The DOA-gasoline blends produced higher octane number. The two additives observed that decreased signiﬁcantly the RVP and CV of the original fractions when blended with gasoline. However, additives were add in (8, 10, 15%vol) to gasoline blend, increasing RON was (0.9-23.9).

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24

Mariani, Valerio, Leonardo Pulga, Gian Marco Bianchi, Stefania Falfari, and Claudio Forte. "Machine Learning-Based Identification Strategy of Fuel Surrogates for the CFD Simulation of Stratified Operations in Low Temperature Combustion Modes." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 4623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154623.

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Many researchers in industry and academia are showing an increasing interest in the definition of fuel surrogates for Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation applications. This need is mainly driven by the necessity of the engine research community to anticipate the effects of new gasoline formulations and combustion modes (e.g., Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition, Spark Assisted Compression Ignition) to meet future emission regulations. Since those solutions strongly rely on the tailored mixture distribution, the simulation and accurate prediction of the mixture formation will be mandatory. Focusing purely on the definition of surrogates to emulate liquid phase and liquid-vapor equilibrium of gasolines, the following target properties are considered in this work: density, Reid vapor pressure, chemical macro-composition and volatility. A set of robust algorithms has been developed for the prediction of volatility and Reid vapor pressure. A Bayesian optimization algorithm based on a customized merit function has been developed to allow for the efficient definition of surrogate formulations from a palette of 15 pure compounds. The developed methodology has been applied on different real gasolines from literature in order to identify their optima surrogates. Furthermore, the ‘unicity’ of the surrogate composition is discussed by comparing the optimum solution with the most different one available in the pool of equivalent-valuable solutions. The proposed methodology has proven the potential to formulate surrogates characterized by an overall good agreement with the target properties of the experimental gasolines (max relative error below 10%, average relative error around 3%). In particular, the shape and the end-tails of the distillation curve are well captured. Furthermore, an accurate prediction of key chemical macro-components such as ethanol and aromatics and their influence on evaporative behavior is achieved. The study of the ‘unicity’ of the surrogate composition has revealed that (i) the unicity is strongly correlated with the accuracy and that (ii) both ‘unicity’ and accuracy of the prediction are very sensitive to the high presence of aromatics.

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25

Hajipour, Samaneh, Marco A. Satyro, and Michael W. Foley. "Uncertainty Analysis Applied to Thermodynamic Models and Fuel Properties – Natural Gas Dew Points and Gasoline Reid Vapor Pressures." Energy & Fuels 28, no. 2 (January 7, 2014): 1569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef4019838.

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26

Andreasen, Anders. "Applied Process Simulation-Driven Oil and Gas Separation Plant Optimization Using Surrogate Modeling and Evolutionary Algorithms." ChemEngineering 4, no. 1 (February 6, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4010011.

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In this article, the optimization of a realistic oil and gas separation plant has been studied. Using Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) and rigorous process simulations, surrogate models using Kriging have been established for selected model responses. The surrogate models are used in combination with an evolutionary algorithm for optimizing the operating profit, mainly by maximizing the recoverable oil production. A total of 10 variables representing pressure and temperature at various key places in the separation plant are optimized to maximize the operational profit. The optimization is bounded in the variables and a constraint function is included to ensure that the optimal solution allows export of oil with a Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) < 12 psia. The main finding is that, while a high pressure is preferred in the first separation stage, apparently a unique optimal setting for the pressure in downstream separators does not appear to exist. In the second stage separator, apparently different, yet more or less equally optimal, settings are revealed. In the third and final separation stage a correlation between the separator pressure and the applied inlet temperature exists, where different combinations of pressure and temperature yields equally optimal results.

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27

Poulopoulos, S. G., and C. J. Philippopoulos. "The Effect of Adding Oxygenated Compounds to Gasoline on Automotive Exhaust Emissions." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 1 (December 27, 2002): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1501076.

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In the present work, the effect of adding ethanol or methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) to gasoline on the regulated and unregulated emissions from an internal combustion engine with a typical three-way catalyst was studied. The addition of ethanol to fuel (10% w/w) increased both the research octane number and the Reid vapor pressure of the fuel, whereas adding 11% w/w MTBE caused an increase only in the research octane number of the fuel. When the fuel contained MTBE, less hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and acetaldehyde were emitted in the tailpipe. The increased emissions of acetaldehyde and ethanol were the main disadvantages of using ethanol.

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Morley, RichardM, JagirS Multani, and J. Sandhu. "4456978 Electrically alterable read only memory semiconductor device made by low pressure chemical vapor deposition process." Microelectronics Reliability 25, no. 1 (January 1985): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-2714(85)90470-6.

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29

Qirom, Muhammad, Antonius Indarto, and I. Arsa Putrawan. "Case Studies Thermal Analysis of HP Condensate Stabilizer Column." Applied Mechanics and Materials 493 (January 2014): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.493.27.

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The HP condensate stabilizer column is located in the condensate stabilizer unit that functions to recover light hydrocarbons from feed. The HP condensate stabilizer column is a stripping column equipped with 15 trays, condenser, reboiler and a pump-around. The main purpose of HP column is to recover propane and butane components from feed condensate by a distillation process. This process is conducted by heating the liquid in the bottom of the column using steam. The amount of heat supplied is depend on the mass and heat balance in the column based on the targeted product quality from the bottom of the column. The product quality measured is Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) that indicate the volatility characteristics of bottom product.

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Acreman, M. C., R. J. Harding, C. R. Lloyd, and D. D. McNeil. "Evaporation characteristics of wetlands: experience from a wetgrassland and a reedbed using eddy correlation measurements." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2003): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-7-11-2003.

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Abstract. Measurements of evaporation were made from July to November 1999 using the eddy correlation method on two wetland types – wet grassland and reedbeds – in south west England. The evaporative water use of a reed bed exceeded that of the grassland wetland by 15% (or 50 mm over the 5 months). The evaporation rates at both sites exceed of the Penman Potential Evaporation estimates calculated for this area. The difference between sites results from the higher roughness length of the reed bed and the lower effective surface resistance of the reed/open water assemblage. At the grassland site, a significant relationship between the surface resistance and water table level has been demonstrated. The water table at this site is managed to maintain the plant diversity and allow some agricultural access. This regime specifies a water table below the surface during the summer period, which results in higher surface resistances and lower evaporation. The results have important implications for local water resources management, especially where wetlands are maintained by pumping from rivers or groundwater. Keywords: wetlands, evaporation, eddy correlation, wet grassland, reedbed, vapour pressure, water table level

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31

He, Jun, and Ren He. "Mathematical Model of Refueling Emission for Gasoline Vehicles and Influencing Factors Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 1917–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.1917.

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In order to analyze the emission performance during the process of refueling, the mathematical models of refueling emission for vehicle under the proper simplified conditions were established based on the principle of time-varying and mass transfer in this paper. The models were applied to calculate the refueling emission rate of the fuel tank with and without a charcoal canister respectively, and simulation results of the model were analyzed numerically. Conclusions can be obtained as follows: the refueling emission rate of the fuel tank is 1.1201g / L without a charcoal canister; and 1.0815g / L with one, which is 3 - 4% less than the former on average. In addition, the refueling emission rate is positive related to the average temperature of the fuel tank, fuel average temperature and fuel Reid vapor pressure (RVP).

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Cooper, John B., Kent L. Wise, James Groves, and William T. Welch. "Determination of Octane Numbers and Reid Vapor Pressure of Commercial Petroleum Fuels Using FT-Raman Spectroscopy and Partial Least-Squares Regression Analysis." Analytical Chemistry 67, no. 22 (November 1995): 4096–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00118a011.

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33

Woo, Seongwoo, and Dennis L. O’Neal. "Reliability Design of Mechanical Systems Such as Compressor Subjected to Repetitive Stresses." Metals 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081261.

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This study demonstrates the use of parametric accelerated life testing (ALT) as a way to recognize design defects in mechanical products in creating a reliable quantitative (RQ) specification. It covers: (1) a system BX lifetime that X% of a product population fails, created on the parametric ALT scheme, (2) fatigue and redesign, (3) adapted ALTs with design alternations, and (4) an evaluation of whether the system design(s) acquires the objective BX lifetime. A life-stress model and a sample size formulation, therefore, are suggested. A refrigerator compressor is used to demonstrate this method. Compressors subjected to repetitive impact loading were failing in the field. To analyze the pressure loading of the compressor and carry out parametric ALT, a mass/energy balance on the vapor-compression cycle was examined. At the first ALT, the compressor failed due to a cracked or fractured suction reed valve made of Sandvik 20C carbon steel (1 wt% C, 0.25 wt% Si, 0.45 wt% Mn). The failure modes of the suction reed valves were similar to those valves returned from the field. The fatigue failure of the suction reed valves came from an overlap between the suction reed valve and the valve plate in combination with the repeated pressure loading. The problematic design was modified by the trespan dimensions, tumbling process, a ball peening, and brushing process for the valve plate. At the second ALT, the compressor locked due to the intrusion between the crankshaft and thrust washer. The corrective action plan specified to perform the heat treatment to the exterior of the crankshaft made of cast iron (0.45 wt% C, 0.25 wt% Si, 0.8 wt% Mn, 0.03 wt% P). After these design modifications, there were no troubles during the third ALT. The lifetime of the compressor was secured to have a B1 life of 10 years.

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Hummel, Rita L. "Water Relations of Container-grown Woody and Herbaceous Plants Following Antitranspirant Sprays." HortScience 25, no. 7 (July 1990): 772–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.7.772.

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Four film-forming antitranspirants, Vapor Gard, Envy, Wilt-Pruf, and Folicote, and a new metabolic antitranspirant UC86177 were applied to container-grown Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (Chinese elm), Malus sargentii Rehd. (Sargent's crabapple), Viburnum plicatum tomentosum Thunb. (doubleflle viburnum), Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. `Early Giant' (tomato), Petunia × hybrids Hort. Vilm-Andr. `Royal Pearls' (petunia), and Impatiens wallerana Hook. f. `Blitz Orange' (impatiens) plants. Water status was assessed by the following methods: transpiration as water loss per unit leaf area, wilt by visual evaluation, and xylem pressure potential (XPP) determined with a pressure chamber. Antitranspirant treatment had no beneficial effect on water status of doublefile viburnum. In comparison to control plants, results of wilt ratings, XPP, and transpiration measurements for the elm, crabapple, tomato, petunia, and impatiens plants can be summarized as follows: UC86177-treated plants showed significantly less stress in 11 measures and were not different once; Wilt-Pruf was beneficial 10 times and not different twice; Folicote was beneficial nine times and not different three times; Vapor Gard produced eight beneficial results and four similar results; and Envy was beneficial three times and no different nine times. Species differences in response to antitranspirants as well as differences in product efficacy were demonstrated. UC86177 antitranspirant was shown to be as or more effective in controlling water status than the film-forming antitranspirants and may have potential for protecting various plant species against water stress.

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Woo, Seongwoo, Dennis L. O’Neal, Samson Mekbib Atnaw, and Muluneh Mekonnen Tulu. "Reliability Design of Mechanical Systems Such as Compressor Subjected to Repetitive Stresses." Materials Proceedings 3, no. 1 (February 20, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iec2m-09257.

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This paper suggests parametric accelerated life testing (ALT) as a systematic reliability technique to generate the reliability quantitative (RQ) specification such as mission cycle for identifying design flaws in mechanical systems as exerting the accelerated load, defined as the reverse of stress ratio, R. Parametric ALT therefore is a procedure to improve the fatigue for mechanical products subjected to repetitive loading. It includes: (1) a system BX lifetime shaped on the parametric ALT plan; (2) a fatigue failure and design; (3) tailored ALTs with alternatives; and (4) an assessment of whether the design(s) of the product attains the targeted BX lifetime. A BX life ideas, a life-stress model, and a sample size formulation for parametric ALT are proposed. A reciprocating compressor in a domestic refrigerator is utilized to explain this methodology. The compressor was subjected to repetitive impact loading due to the pressure difference between condenser and evaporator, which results in the compressor field failure. To analyze and conduct parametric ALTs, as mass/energy balance was utilized on the vapor-compression refrigerating cycle, a simple pressure loading of the compressor in operating the refrigerator was investigated. At the first ALT, the compressor was locked due to the fractured suction reed valve made of Sandvik 20C carbon steel (1 C, 0.25 Si, 0.45 Mn). The dominant failure modes of the suction reed valve in the parametric ALTs were established to be very close to that of the fractured product from the marketplace. The root cause of the fatigue failure of the suction reed valve was an amount of overlap between the suction reed valve and the valve plate in combination of repeated pressure loading in the compressor. To supply sufficient mechanical strength, the design faults were altered by the trespan dimensions tumbling process, a ball peening and brushing process for the valve plate. At the second ALT, a compressor was locked due to the intrusion between the crankshaft and the thrust washer. The corrective action plan was to give heat treat the surface of crankshaft made of cast iron (0.45 C, 0.25 Si, 0.8 Mn, 0.03 P). After these alternations, there were no issues at the third ALT. The lifetime of the compressor was ensured to have B1 life 10 years.

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Landera, Alexander, Niall Mac Dowell, and Anthe George. "Development of robust models for the prediction of Reid vapor pressure (RVP) in fuel blends and their application to oxygenated biofuels using the SAFT-γ approach." Fuel 283 (January 2021): 118624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118624.

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Białowiec, Andrzej, Jacek Koziel, and Piotr Manczarski. "Stomatal Conductance Measurement for Toxicity Assessment in Zero-Effluent Constructed Wetlands: Effects of Landfill Leachate on Hydrophytes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 5, 2019): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030468.

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In this research, we explore for the first time the use of leaf stomatal conductance (gs) for phytotoxicity assessment. Plants respond to stress by regulating transpiration. Transpiration can be correlated with stomatal conductance when the water vapor pressure gradient for transpiration is constant. Thus, our working hypothesis was that the gs measurement could be a useful indicator of the effect of toxic compounds on plants. This lab-scale study aimed to test the measurement of gs as a phytotoxicity indicator. Our model plants were two common hydrophytes used in zero-effluent constructed wetlands for treating landfill leachate. The toxic influence of two types of leachate from old landfills (L1, L2) on common reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) and sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) was tested. The gs measurements correlated well with plant response to treatments with six solutions (0 to 100%) of landfill leachate. Sweet flag showed higher tolerance to leachate solutions compared to common reed. The estimated lowest effective concentration (LOEC) causing the toxic effect values for these leachates were 3.94% of L1 and 5.76% of L2 in the case of reed, and 8.51% of L1 and 10.44% of L2 in the case of sweet flag. Leachate L1 was more toxic than L2. The leaf stomatal conductance measurement can be conducted in vivo and in the field. The proposed approach provides a useful parameter for indicating plant responses to the presence of toxic factors in the environment.

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Baggley, C. R., and M. G. Read. "Investigation of a thermo-fluidic exchange pump in trilateral flash and organic Rankine cycles / trans. from Engl. M. A. Fedorova." Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Aviation-Rocket and Power Engineering 4, no. 4 (2020): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2588-0373-2020-4-4-66-74.

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It is well known that large amounts of energy loss occurs at low temperature states in a wide range of industrial processes., The recovery and reuse of this energy is at the forefront of increasing the overall efficiencies of industrial systems. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of using a Thermo-Fluidic Exchange (TFE) pump at low temperature conditions in both a SaturatedVapour Organic Rankine Cycle (SORC) and a Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC). For some low temperature applications, TFCs have been shown to achieve higher net power output than conventional SORCs, due to their ability to extract more heat from the source fluid. This is the subject of current research as a result of advancements made in the design of positive displacement machines for operation as twophase expanders. Conventional turbines cannot be used for TFCs as they must operate in the vapour phase. One drawback of the TFC is the higher working fluid mass flow rate required. Depending on the scale of the system, this can potentially cause difficulties with pump selection. A TFE pump uses heat input to the system to increase the pressure and temperature of the working fluid, rather than the work input in a standard mechanical pump. This paper compares the net power output achievable using both mechanical and TFE pumps with SORC and TFC systems. The results suggest that the TFE pump could be a viable option for TFC systems

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Gadalla, Mamdouh A., Alaa Elmasry, Ibrahim Alhajri, Fatma H. Ashour, and Hany A. Elazab. "Better Heat and Power Integration of an Existing Gas-Oil Plant in Egypt Through Revamping the Design and Organic Rankine Cycle." Open Chemical Engineering Journal 15, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874123102115010001.

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Objective: The current study aims mainly to Maximize Condensate Recovery (NGLs), focusing on a gas processing train of Gas-Oil Separation Plant (GOSP) located in Egypt with a capacity of 4,230 kmole/h. Methods: The research study accounts for the constraint of Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) specification, which makes the storage in floating roof tanks is of a great risk. The study proposes the installation of the cryogenic train that recovers condensates (C4+). This train comprises of compression unit, expansion unit, three-phase separators and a re-boiled absorber. The problem of RVP will no longer exist because of the re-boiled absorber achieving RVP according to export specifications (RVP below 82.74 kPa). Heat integration is applied over the whole process to minimize the reliability of the external utilities. Further, an Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is introduced to the existing unit for more heat integration to develop useful work from process waste heat. Furthermore, both environmental emissions of CO2 and economic implications are investigated. Results: Energy integration played a vital role in decreasing the compressing power by about 31%, the cooling load by about 81%, and eliminating the heating load leading to zero CO2 emissions. Conclusion: The new energy-integrated retrofit scenarios exceed the recommended revamping schemes by previous works and base case in all aspects of condensate recovery, energy-saving, environmental concerning and economics.

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Lind, S. E., N. J. Shurpali, O. Peltola, I. Mammarella, N. Hyvönen, M. Maljanen, M. Räty, P. Virkajärvi, and P. J. Martikainen. "Carbon dioxide exchange of a perennial bioenergy crop cultivation on a mineral soil." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 20 (October 19, 2015): 16673–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-16673-2015.

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Abstract. One of the strategies to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the energy sector is to increase the use of renewable energy sources such as bioenergy crops. Bioenergy is not necessarily carbon neutral because of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during biomass production, field management and transportation. The present study focuses on the cultivation of reed canary grass (RCG, Phalaris arundinaceae L.), a perennial bioenergy crop, on a mineral soil. To quantify the CO2 exchange of this RCG cultivation system, and to understand the key factors controlling its CO2 exchange, the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) was measured during three years using the eddy covariance (EC) method. The RCG cultivation thrived well producing yields of 6200 and 6700 kg DW ha−1 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Gross photosynthesis (GPP) was controlled mainly by radiation from June to September. Vapour pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature or soil moisture did not limit photosynthesis during the growing season. Total ecosystem respiration (TER) increased with soil temperature, green area index and GPP. Annual NEE was −262 and −256 g C m−2 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Throughout the studied period, cumulative NEE was −575 g C m−2. When compared to the published data for RCG on an organic soil, the cultivation of this crop on a mineral soil had higher capacity to take up CO2 from the atmosphere.

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Tang, Tianjia, Michael Claggett, Joon Byun, Mike Roberts, Jessica Granell, and Dale E. Aspy. "MOBILE6.2 Modeling of Exhaust Air Toxic Emission Factors." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1941, no. 1 (January 2005): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105194100112.

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The newly released MOBILE6.2 has incorporated both air toxic and particulate matter emission factor modeling functions. A series of test runs were performed to gain a better understanding of the air toxic modeling function and overall model behavior. These test runs and scenarios evaluated the changes in emission factors of all six built-in air toxic compounds as affected by vehicle activities, fuel physical properties, fuel chemical compositions, oxygenated fuel additives, and environmental conditions. Results obtained indicate that exhaust emission factors for acrolein, acetaldehyde, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, and methyl tertiary butyl ether are inversely proportional to freeway and arterial vehicle speeds. This phenomenon follows the trend of total organic gas emission factors. Effects from roadway facility differences indicated that the higher the percentage of vehicle miles traveled on a freeway, the lower the air toxic emission factors on a per vehicle mile traveled basis. Exhaust air toxic emission factors increase when fuel Reid vapor pressure value and sulfur content increase. Diesel sulfur content has no effect on the six toxic compound emission factors. Effects from fuel chemical compositions on all emission factors varied. However, chemical compositions do have significant effects on all air toxic compound emission factors. On the same note, both minimum and maximum temperatures affect all air toxic emissions significantly. The time series evaluation indicates that all six tested air toxic compound emissions decrease linearly from the year 2002 to 2020.

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42

Vakkada Ramachandran, Abhilash, Miracle Israel Nazarious, Thasshwin Mathanlal, María-Paz Zorzano, and Javier Martín-Torres. "Space Environmental Chamber for Planetary Studies." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 18, 2020): 3996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143996.

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We describe a versatile simulation chamber that operates under representative space conditions (pressures from < 10−5 mbar to ambient and temperatures from 163 to 423 K), the SpaceQ chamber. This chamber allows to test instrumentation, procedures, and materials and evaluate their performance when exposed to outgassing, thermal vacuum, low temperatures, baking, dry heat microbial reduction (DHMR) sterilization protocols, and water. The SpaceQ is a cubical stainless-steel chamber of 27,000 cm3 with a door of aluminum. The chamber has a table which can be cooled using liquid nitrogen. The chamber walls can be heated (for outgassing, thermal vacuum, or dry heat applications) using an outer jacket. The chamber walls include two viewports and 12 utility ports (KF, CF, and Swagelok connectors). It has sensors for temperature, relative humidity, and pressure, a UV–VIS–NIR spectrometer, a UV irradiation lamp that operates within the chamber as well as a stainless-steel syringe for water vapor injection, and USB, DB-25 ports to read the data from the instruments while being tested inside. This facility has been specifically designed for investigating the effect of water on the Martian surface. The core novelties of this chamber are: (1) its ability to simulate the Martian near-surface water cycle by injecting water multiple times into the chamber through a syringe which allows to control and monitor precisely the initial relative humidity inside with a sensor that can operate from vacuum to Martian pressures and (2) the availability of a high-intensity UV lamp, operating from vacuum to Martian pressures, within the chamber, which can be used to test material curation, the role of the production of atmospheric radicals, and the degradation of certain products like polymers and organics. For illustration, here we present some applications of the SpaceQ chamber at simulated Martian conditions with and without atmospheric water to (i) calibrate the ground temperature sensor of the Engineering Qualification Model of HABIT (HabitAbility: Brines, Irradiation and Temperature) instrument, which is a part of ExoMars 2022 mission. These tests demonstrate that the overall accuracy of the temperature retrieval at a temperature between −50 and 10 °C is within 1.3 °C and (ii) investigate the curation of composite materials of Martian soil simulant and binders, with added water, under Martian surface conditions under dry and humid conditions. Our studies have demonstrated that the regolith, when mixed with super absorbent polymer (SAP), water, and binders exposed to Martian conditions, can form a solid block and retain more than 80% of the added water, which may be of interest to screen radiation while maintaining a low weight.

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Lind, Saara E., Narasinha J. Shurpali, Olli Peltola, Ivan Mammarella, Niina Hyvönen, Marja Maljanen, Mari Räty, Perttu Virkajärvi, and Pertti J. Martikainen. "Carbon dioxide exchange of a perennial bioenergy crop cultivation on a mineral soil." Biogeosciences 13, no. 4 (March 1, 2016): 1255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1255-2016.

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Abstract. One of the strategies to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the energy sector is to increase the use of renewable energy sources such as bioenergy crops. Bioenergy is not necessarily carbon neutral because of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during biomass production, field management and transportation. The present study focuses on the cultivation of reed canary grass (RCG, Phalaris arundinacea L.), a perennial bioenergy crop, on a mineral soil. To quantify the CO2 exchange of this RCG cultivation system, and to understand the key factors controlling its CO2 exchange, the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) was measured from July 2009 until the end of 2011 using the eddy covariance (EC) method. The RCG cultivation thrived well producing yields of 6200 and 6700 kg DW ha−1 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Gross photosynthesis (GPP) was controlled mainly by radiation from June to September. Vapour pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature or soil moisture did not limit photosynthesis during the growing season. Total ecosystem respiration (TER) increased with soil temperature, green area index and GPP. Annual NEE was −262 and −256 g C m−2 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Throughout the study period from July 2009 until the end of 2011, cumulative NEE was −575 g C m−2. Carbon balance and its regulatory factors were compared to the published results of a comparison site on drained organic soil cultivated with RCG in the same climate. On this mineral soil site, the RCG had higher capacity to take up CO2 from the atmosphere than on the comparison site.

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Lim, H., S. Tsao, M. Taguchi, W. Zhang, A. A. Quivy, and M. Razeghi. "Quantum Dots in GaInP/GaInAs/GaAs for Infrared Sensing." Advances in Science and Technology 51 (October 2006): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.51.201.

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Nanotechnology is occurring simultaneously in almost every field with strong interdisciplinary applications which have unique and important characteristics for potential novel and high performance devices. Quantum dots grown by epitaxial self-assembly via Stranski- Krastanov growth mode have many favorable properties for infrared sensing. Because of their very small size and three-dimensional confinement, the electronic energy levels are quantized and discrete. These quantum effects lead to a unique property, “phonon bottleneck”, which might enable the high operating temperature of infrared sensing which usually requires cryogenic cooling. Here we report a focal plane array (FPA) based on an epitaxial self-assembled quantum dot infrared detector (QDIP). The device structure containing self-assembled In0.68Ga0.32As quantum dots with a density around 3×1010 cm-2 was grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (LP-MOCVD). Using different structures, we successfully developed QDIPs with a peak photoresponse around 5 μm and 9 μm. High peak detectivities were achieved at 77 K from both QDIPs. By stacking both device structures, we demonstrated a two-color QDIP whose peak detection wavelength could be tuned from 5 μm to 9 μm by changing the bias. 256×256 detector arrays based on 5 μm and 9 μm-QDIPs were fabricated with standard photolithography, dry etching and hybridization to a read-out integrated circuit (ROIC). We demonstrated thermal imaging from our FPAs based on QDIPs.

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Supadee, Laddawan, Santi Chatruprachewin, and Wisut Titiroongruang. "Environmental Treatment for Perfect Spray Photoresist Morphology and Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 802 (September 2013): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.802.42.

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A homogeneous photoresist for IC or read-write data storage head fabrication requires a certain flowing of the resist film on the topography surface for at least few micrometers, thus defining certain minimal resist viscosity for the remaining solvent concentration for spraying technique. The high photoresist solvent evaporates during flight (between spray nozzle and substrate) prevents the droplets from sticking to the substrate and causes a rough surface. The limitation of very low photoresist viscosity for micro droplets spraying is a drawback of the technique. Because of very low viscosity of spray coating resist, nitrogen in spray coating system will act as 2 functions. First is for spread photoresist to be micro droplets. In the same time nitrogen can dry the small droplet before locating to substrate and perform obstacle for UV exposure. The unsatisfied resist was protected UV light during exposure cause pattern deformation. The study was investigated the particles which always found on finished photoresist surface spraying, and aimed to find the solution to decrease or eliminate dry droplet. EDX identified element of the obstacle particles is photoresist. They are dry resist ball about 1 – 6 um size. The selected chemicals for the investigation to dilute or dissolve the resist ball, IPA, acetone and mixing solution between 70% IPA and 30% acetone. Acetone is most effective. The proper time for dissolve dry resist ball with slight photoresist degradation is 40 s, very short because of high vapor pressure of acetone at room temperature. There is a trade-off between resist surface smoothness and reflow characteristics. Final resist thickness with the acetone vaporization condition will be achieved 7.5 um as expectation with less corner coverage problem. SEM and AFM images were confirmed that morphology after acetone vapor exposure was improved. Surface roughness was reduced for 3 times to 8 nm with acetone vaporization environment. The end of this study was include on corrosion characterization for magnetic CoFe alloys underlying photoresist to explore the method to determine photoresist type in future manufacturing which necessary to run the process with sensitive material. With AZ4999 spray photoresist protection indicated corrosion rate of CoFe films was reduced for 100 times compare to bare films.

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Ramírez-Soto, Max, Elsa Aguilar-Ancori, Andrés Tirado-Sánchez, and Alexandro Bonifaz. "Ecological Determinants of Sporotrichosis Etiological Agents." Journal of Fungi 4, no. 3 (August 12, 2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4030095.

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Ecological determinants of sporotrichosis etiological agents remain poorly understood. For this reason, we performed explorations using local climate estimates to determine the temperature and humidity ranges of the environment where clinically relevant Sporothrix species occur and to identify what plant species are associated with them, using data collected from the published literature. We performed a literature search to identify all publications on environmental isolations of medically relevant species of Sporothrix in the PubMed, SCOPUS, and EMBASE databases. All those studies were included in the analysis where medically relevant species of Sporothrix have been isolated from soil samples, and described a specific geographical location that could be precisely georeferenced. We approximated temperature and humidity from local climate estimates, integrating geospatial data, temperature, and water vapor pressure from regions or provinces where medically relevant species of Sporothrix have been isolated from soil. Sporothrix spp. were more commonly isolated from soil of different regions or provinces of 16 countries. Most environmental isolates were identified as S. schenckii, whereas S. pallida, S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, and S. mexicana were rare. We estimate that medically relevant Sporothrix spp. grow in the soil at temperatures of 6.6 °C to 28.84 °C and 37.5% to 99.06% relative humidity. These findings indicate that sporotrichosis etiological agents grow in soil in ecological niches from soil with wide ranges of temperature and humidity, but they are also associated with a variety of plants, flowers, woody debris, reed leaves, corn stalks, leaves, and wood crumbs, potentially facilitating its establishment and proliferation in the environment.

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kazmi, Bilal, Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi, Muhammad Naqvi, Suhaib Umer Ilyas, Ali Moshin, Farah Inamullah, and Salman R. Naqvi. "Process system analysis on oil processing facility and economic viability from oil well-to-tank." SN Applied Sciences 3, no. 7 (June 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04635-z.

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AbstractHydrocarbon processing from extraction to the final product is an important aspect that needs an optimised technology for consumption-led market growth. This study investigated real data from the oil processing facility and analysed the simulation model for the entire crude oil processing unit based on the process system engineering aspect using Aspen HYSYS. The study mainly emphasises the process optimisation in processing the hydrocarbon for the maximum yield of the product with less energy consumption. The investigation also includes a thorough economic analysis of the processing facility. The datasets for oil properties are obtained from a modern petroleum refinery. The investigation comprises of varying transient conditions, such as well shutdowns using three oil reservoirs (low, intermediate, and heavy oil). The impact of various conditions, including process heating, well shutdown, oil combinations, presence of water on the production, is analysed. The results indicate that the factors involving crude oil processing are significantly affected by the process conditions, such as pressure, volume, and temperature. The vapour recovery unit is integrated with the oil processing model to recover the separator's gas. The optimisation analysis is performed to maximise the liquid recovery with Reid vapour pressure of 7 and minimum water content in oil around 0.5%. Economic analysis provided an overall capital cost of $ 9.7 × 106 and an operating cost of $2.1 × 106 for the process configuration. The model results further investigate the constraints that maximise the overall energy consumption of the process and reduce the operational cost.

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"Gas Condensate Stabilization Methods: Optimum Operating Conditions." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 1643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c4430.098319.

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Gas condensate is a hydrocarbon mixture. It could be converted to petroleum products like jet fuels and gasoline or used as a fuel. Processing of the condensate should be done to meet the storage and transportation standards. Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) is used to determine the condensate vapor pressure and it must be in the range that doesn't allow the light components to separate as a gas phase in the storage tanks or transport pipelines. The optimum value of Reid Vapor Pressure in winter is usually 12 psia and in the summer is 10 psia. In our case study, we tried to find the optimum operating conditions for a current condensate stabilization unit as the Reid Vapor Pressure of the produced condensate is high and the plant is suffered from high gases emissions from the storage tank besides the problems which faced during condensate shipping. The current technique of condensate stabilization which is already used is flash vaporization technique. This study will show if this method is practical in the current conditions or applying the other method of fractionation (distillation) will be more practical or economic. That will help how to choose the practical method for your case. It is shown from the results that one of the methods or both of them could be practical. That is depending on the properties of feed that need to be stabilized. In general, the distillation method is preferred more than the flash vaporization method.

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"05/02416 Effect of additives on the antiknock properties and Reid vapor pressure of gasoline." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 46, no. 6 (November 2005): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(05)82914-5.

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Privat, Romain, Jean-Noël Jaubert, Freddy Garcia, and Michel Molière. "Ethanol-Hydrocarbon Blend Vapor Prediction." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 132, no. 9 (June 21, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4000610.

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In the volatile fuel price environment of today, the quest for alternative fuels has become a heavy and long term trend in power generation worldwide. Incorporating alternative fuels in gas turbine installations raises multiple engineering questions relating to combustion, emissions, on-base and auxiliary hardware capability, safety, etc. In 2008, GE carried out a field test aimed at characterizing the combustion of ethanol in a naphtha fuelled gas turbine plant. The testing strategy has been to locally prepare and burn ethanol-naphtha blends with a fraction of ethanol increasing from 0% to nearly 100%. During the engineering phase prior to this field test, it appeared necessary to develop a sufficient knowledge on the behavior of ethanol-hydrocarbon blends in order to establish the safety analysis and address in particular the risks of (i) potential uncontrolled ignition event in the air blanket of fuel tanks and (ii) flash vaporization of potential fuel pond in a confined environment. Although some results exist in the car engine literature for ethanol-gasoline blends, it was necessary to take into account the specificities of gas turbine applications, namely, (i) the much greater potential ethanol concentration range (from 0% to 100%) and (ii) the vast composition spectrum of naphtha likely to generate a much larger Reid vapor pressure envelope as compared with automotive applications. In order to fulfill the safety needs of this field test, the “Laboratoire de Thermodynamique des Milieux Polyphasés” of Nancy, France has developed a thermodynamic model to approach the vaporization equilibria of ethanol-hydrocarbons mixtures with variable ethanol strength and naphtha composition. This model, named PPR78, is based on the 1978 Peng–Robinson equation of state and allows the estimation of the thermodynamic properties of a multicomponent mixture made of ethanol and naphtha compounds by using the group contribution concept. The saturation equilibrium partial pressure of such fluids in the various situations of relevance for the safety analysis can thus be calculated. The paper reports the elaboration of this model and illustrates the results obtained when using it in different safety configurations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Reid vapour pressure'

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