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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Reinforced clay

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Academic literature on the topic 'Reinforced clay'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 December 2022

Last updated: 25 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Reinforced clay"

1

Tong, Fang, Qiang Ma, and Wenwen Xing. "Improvement of Clayey Soils by Combined Bamboo Strip and Flax Fiber Reinforcement." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (October 17, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7274161.

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A combined bamboo strips and flax fiber reinforcement method to reinforce clay is proposed in this paper, and in order to study the mechanical properties of bamboo strips and flax fiber-reinforced clay (BFRC), a series of tensile tests were carried out to obtain the relationship between the average tensile force and deformation of flax fiber and bamboo strip; after that, triaxial shear tests were carried out under the conditions of different confining pressures. In addition, the reinforcement mechanism of the bamboo strips and flax fiber-reinforced clay (BFRC) is analyzed. The test results show that the cohesion and internal friction angle of the bamboo strips and flax fiber-reinforced clay (BFRC) are improved compared with the pure clay. In the case of flax fiber-reinforced clay, the cohesion of reinforced clay is increased by 18.34% and the friction angle is only increased by 0.39%. In the case of bamboo strips and flax fiber-reinforced clay, the cohesion of reinforced clay is increased by 26.36% and the friction angle is only increased by 10.24%. The addition of bamboo strips improves the shear strength of the reinforced clay and effectively improves the deformation resistance of the flax fiber-reinforced clay (FRC). And it increases the internal friction angle and cohesion of the clay, although the increase in the strength is mainly reflected in the influence on the cohesion.

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Lan, Tie, and Thomas J. Pinnavaia. "Clay-Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites." Chemistry of Materials 6, no. 12 (December 1994): 2216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm00048a006.

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Ratna, D., N?R Manoj, R. Varley, R?K Singh Raman, and G?P Simon. "Clay-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites." Polymer International 52, no. 9 (2003): 1403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.1166.

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Paramitha, Tika, Vita Wonoputri, Daniel Steven D Sitompul, Hyung Woo Lee, and Johnner P Sitompul. "Properties of clays reinforced PLA nanocomposites by melt extrusion technique." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 16, no. 4 (August 18, 2020): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v16n4.1534.

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Nanocomposites were prepared by melt extrusion technique using single screw extruder and subsequent hot compression. In this work, poly lactic acid-clay nanocomposites were obtained using two types of clays, namely commercial montmorillonite (Cloisite 30B) and commercial bentonite. Nanocomposites were prepared at low clay composition of 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 wt.% of clays. From XRD spectra, the partially exfoliation of nanoclay layers were occurred during melting extrusion. It resulted in improvement of mechanical properties, such as Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break. The highest tensile strength was obtained by the addition of 0.5 wt.% commercial bentonite increasing about 23.25% compared to the neat PLA. The increasing composition of clays revealed a decrease in mechanical properties due to filler-filler interaction. Furthermore, water absorption of nanocomposites up to `1 wt.% of clays better than the neat PLA. Biodegradability was enhanced in the presence of higher clay composition due to high hydrophilicity of clay, high water uptake, and high interactions. The results show that the weight loss of the neat PLA and the nanocomposite with the addition of 5 wt.% of Cloisite 30B are 4.0% and 10.8%, respectively.

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Cheng, Qiangqiang, Jixiong Zhang, Nan Zhou, Yu Guo, and Shining Pan. "Experimental Study on Unconfined Compression Strength of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Composite Cemented Clay." Crystals 10, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040247.

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The effects of three main factors, including polypropylene fiber content, composite cement content and curing time on the unconfined compressive strength of fiber-reinforced cemented clay were studied through a series of unconfined compressive strength tests. The experimental results show that the incorporation of fibers can increase the compressive strength and residual strength of cement-reinforced clay as well as the corresponding axial strain when the stress peak is reached compared with cement-reinforced clay. The compressive strength of fiber-reinforced cement clay decreases first, then increases with small-composite cement at curing time 14 d and 28 d. However, fiber-reinforced cement clay’s strength increases with the increase of fiber content for heavy-composite cement. The compressive strength of fiber-composite cement-reinforced marine clay increases with the increase of curing time and composite cement content. The growth rate increases with the increase of curing time. The failure mode of composite cement-reinforced clay is brittle failure, while the failure mode of fiber-reinforced cemented clay is plastic failure.

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Chegenizadeh, Amin, and Hamid Nikraz. "Shear Test on Reinforced Clay." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 3223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3223.

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Composite soils have been widely used in civil engineering applications, especially in slopes, embankment dam and landfills. This paper aims to investigate effect of fiber inclusion on shear stress of composite soil (i.e. clay composite). A series of laboratory direct shear tests carried out to evaluate fiber effect on strength behavior of composite clay. Clay was selected as soil part of the composite and plastic fiber was used as reinforcement. The fiber parameters differed from one test to another, as fiber length were changed from 20 mm to 65 mm and fiber content were varied from 0.7% and 2%.Normal stress kept constant at 150 kpa. For each test, stress_ displacement graph derived and the results were compared. The results proved that inclusion of fiber affected shear stress behaviour of clay composite so that increasing in fiber content and length caused increasing in shear stress.

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Schiraldi, David A., Matthew D. Gawryla, and Saeed Alhassan. "Clay Aerogel Composite Materials." Advances in Science and Technology 63 (October 2010): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.63.147.

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A simple, inexpensive, and environmentally-friendly process for converting mixtures of clays and polymers has been developed. Polymer and clay are combined in water, and the mixtures are freeze dried to produce materials which have bulk densities typically in the range of 0.03 – 0.15 g/cm3. These low density polymer/clay aerogel materials possess good mechanical properties similar to those of traditional polymer foams, can be reinforced with fibers, modified with nanoparticles, biomineralized, or converted into porous ceramics.

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Sharma, Bikramjit, Rahul Chhibber, and Rajeev Mehta. "Effect of mixing parameters, postcuring, and stoichiometry on mechanical properties of fiber reinforced epoxy–clay nanocomposites." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 7 (January 10, 2018): 1363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420717752023.

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The influence of processing variables was experimentally studied for glass fiber reinforced epoxy–clay nanocomposites manufactured using vacuum-assisted wet layup method. The tensile strength, flexural strength, and interlaminar shear strength of these nanocomposites were significantly influenced by the processing variables including the temperature of resin–clay mixture, speed of homogenization, and ultrasonic probe amplitude during premixing of clay minerals in epoxy. The glass transition temperature of glass fiber reinforced composites increased with incorporation of clay minerals in epoxy. Also, the postcuring of the laminates was carried out at three different temperatures, e.g. 100, 130, and 150 ℃ for 3 h. A decrease in tensile modulus, tensile strength, and flexural strength of nanocomposites postcured at 130 and 150 ℃ was observed. Also, the use of non-stoichiometric epoxy resin and hardener ratios had an adverse effect on mechanical properties of fiber reinforced epoxy–clay nanocomposites. In fiber reinforced composites incorporating clay minerals, a uniform dispersion of clay minerals besides a strong interfacial adhesion between clay minerals and polymer and optimum conditions of curing of matrix is a crucial aspect for improved performance over conventional fiber reinforced composites.

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Wang, Xingwei, Jian-dong Li, Xu Wang, Yanjie Zhang, Daijun Jiang, and Guanhua Zhao. "Study on Strength and Microstructure of Red Clay Reinforced by F1 Ionic Soil Stabilizer." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 9831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199831.

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High-liquid limit red clay has poor engineering characteristics, namely poor water stability, low strength, and large expansion and contraction deformation. The clay may be reinforced with an F1 ionic soil stabilizer. The engineering characteristics of this reinforced clay were studied, specifically concerning its basic physical parameters, shear strength parameters, and micropore structure. The F1 ionic soil stabilizer significantly improved the water sensitivity, compaction characteristics, and shear strength of red clay. We determined that the optimal F1 ionic soil stabilizer mix was 0.5 L/m3, resulting in a reinforced clay with plastic limit increased by 45.74%, optimal moisture content increased by 12.12%, maximum dry density increased by 5.8%, liquid limit reduced by 8.4%, plasticity index reduced by 43.8%, infiltration coefficient reduced by 41.8%, cohesion increased 1.64-fold, and internal friction angle increased 1.30-fold. Freeze-thaw cycles reduced the shear strength parameters of the reinforced red clay, although even after 15 cycles, it still had 18.4% higher cohesion and 57.1% higher internal friction angle than undisturbed red clay. The F1 ionic soil stabilizer significantly reduced the pore size and area of red clay, the complex connected pore structure is adjusted to a more regular structure. The reinforced clay had 56.64% lower pore area ratio, 32.27% lower average Feret diameter, and 2.43% lower fractal dimension.

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Singh, H., and N. Cooke. "Ductile behaviour of reinforced masonry columns." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 27, no. 2 (June 30, 1994): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.27.2.83-95.

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This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the strength and level of ductile performance of two reinforced concrete masonry columns and one reinforced clay brick column by Singh [1993]. The results show that strength of reinforced concrete and clay masonry can be predicted by using full cross-section dimensions. Columns constructed from concrete masonry behave in a ductile manner but clay masonry columns behave in a very limited ductile manner.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reinforced clay"

1

Papargyris, Athanasios D. "Mechanical properties of clay and fibre reinforced clay-based ceramics." Thesis, University of Bath, 1994. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240685.

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Chegenizadeh, Amin. "Experimental approach to investigate reinforced clay." Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2288.

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Soil reinforcement with discrete flexible fibres has always been an issue for further research. In Geotechnical engineering field, the research on sandy soil has considerably been more than the clayey one. The main reason for this lack can be expressed as the complexity of clayey material due to their cohesion and interaction between clay and reinforcement.The present research aims to show possibility of discrete fibre usage in clay. For this purpose, selection of material has been conducted with special care to make the project outcome applicable to industry projects. The fibre which was used for this research prepared by BASF Company in Western Australia and currently is used in fibre reinforced concrete for infrastructure projects. Kaolin has been used as soil part and provided by Prestige Company.Experimental approach was applied to investigate the effect of different parameters on composite soil strength. These tests cover the variety range of soil mechanics tests from compaction tests to triaxial compression tests. The results from all the tests were presented in the thesis.A theoretical model was also developed for clayey material for the first time with the use of modified cam clay model to predict the behaviour of samples precisely. This model is based on the rule of mixture and considers the effect of soil and fibre separately. The model was validated with the results from CD triaxial test.

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Sharma, Jitendrapal S. "Behaviour of reinforced embankments on soft clay." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251757.

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Varathungarajan, David A. "Dynamic shear behavior of a reinforced geosynthetic Clay Liner." Connect to resource, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/6445.

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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2006.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains ix, 45 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-45). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.

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Qureshi, Muhammad Asif Mahmood. "Glass-fiber reinforced polymer-clay nanocomposites in structural applications." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10557.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 71 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-71).

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Kenny, M. J. "The bearing capacity of clay overlain by unreinforced and reinforced sand." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382354.

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Schaefer, Vernon Ray. "Analysis of reinforced embankments and foundations overlying soft soils." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49886.

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The use of tensile reinforcement to increase the tensile strength and shear strength of soils has lead to many new applications of reinforced soil. The use of such reinforcing in embankments and foundations over weak soils is one of the most recent applications of this technology. The studies conducted were concerned with the development of and application of analytical techniques to reinforced soil foundations and embankments over weak soils. A finite element computer program was modified for application to reinforced soil structures, including consolidation behavior of the foundation soil. Plane strain and axisymmetric versions of the program were developed and a membrane element developed which has radial stiffness but no flexural stiffness. The applicability of the program was verified by comparing analytical results to case histories of reinforced embankments and to model studies of reinforced foundations. A simplified procedure for computing the bearing capacity of reinforced sand over weak clay was developed which is more general than those previously available. Good agreement with available experimental results was obtained, providing preliminary verification of the procedure. Extensive analyses were made of a reinforced embankment successfully constructed with no sign of distress, and of two reinforced embankments constructed to failure. These analyses showed that good agreement can be obtained between measured and calculated reinforcement forces, settlements, and pore pressures for both working and failure conditions. The analyses further show that the use of the finite element method and limit equilibrium analyses provide an effective approach for the design of reinforced embankments on weak foundations.
Ph. D.
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Liu, Mingyang. "Improved durability and thermal stability of glass fiber reinforced composites using clay-polymer nanocomposites /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202009%20LIU.

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Jones, Brendon Ronald. "Geotechnical centrifuge modelling of the behaviour of a compressible clay horizon underlying a reinforced sand foundation." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40363.

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Basal reinforcement, where high tensile geogrids are employed beneath structures, is becoming an increasingly accepted construction technique along the eastern coast of southern Africa. The presence of compressible, soft, thin and shallow clay horizons usually associated with complex estuarine or lagoonal deposits are a major consideration when using basal reinforcement as a founding technique. Basal reinforcement involves the use of high tensile strength geogrids beneath a structure to form a reinforced sand foundation. Deformation behaviour under loading is an important component of stability analysis of earth structures. If reinforcement is used, the mechanisms become altered. Geotechnical centrifuge modelling is a unique physical modelling technique, as it allows replication of in situ stresses, which is most important because soil behaviour is a function of stress. This is achieved by placing the model at the end of the centrifuge arm, and subjecting it to an increased gravitational field, which creates the correct stress distribution in the model. Centrifuge modelling provides an appropriate technique to observe the behaviour of compressible, soft, thin and shallow clay horizons when basal reinforcement is utilized. An appropriate centrifuge model was constructed and compared the behaviour of the clay horizon under unreinforced and reinforced conditions. Reinforcement configurations were adjusted to observe the influence of additional geogrid layers, and extension of the width of the reinforcement. It was found that deformation behaviour is distinctly different between unreinforced and reinforced tests. Vertical deformation in the unreinforced test localised to the region directly beneath the platform, with little lateral disturbance to the clay horizon beyond the platform edge. As such, the sand directly beneath the platform acts as a deeper rigid platform. The deformation behaviour of the clay horizon changes with the inclusion of reinforcement. When reinforcement is included a wider portion of clay is deformed. The lateral width of this deformation zone is controlled by the width of the reinforcement, as the applied load is spread. A ‘wide-slab’ effect is evident with an increase in the geogrid width, as the tensioned membrane-effect is mobilised to increase the capacity of the reinforced foundation sand. This results in a wider portion of the clay deforming. Addition of geogrid reinforcement to the sand foundation under a wide platform load enhances deformation of the clay, but has the advantage of an increased load-bearing capacity of the system. Furthermore, the addition of multiple layers of reinforcement contributes to this increase in load-bearing capacity. Additionally, increasing the installation width of the reinforcement contributes to an increased vertical load-bearing capacity. However, this resultant increase is only mobilised after a certain amount of vertical displacement. This is likely due to the reinforcement requiring a certain amount of vertical displacement to mobilise tension in order to support the applied load. The behaviour of a thin compressible clay horizon changes with the inclusion of reinforcement under a wide platform load. The deformation behaviour of the clay is increased by additional layers of reinforcement as well as an increase in the width of the reinforcement. However, the increase in deformation comes at the benefit of an increased vertical load-bearing capacity of the reinforced foundation sand.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
gm2014
Geology
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Durham, Adrian Semaj. "INFLUENCE OF CONFINEMENT PLATES ON THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF REINFORCED CLAY BRICK MASONRY WALLS." NCSU, 2002. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07242002-203905/.

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This thesis focuses on the behavior of clay masonry walls subjected to cyclic racking loading. It proposes that the seismic performance of clay masonry walls can be substantially improved if the section is adequately confined in the extreme compression zone at the toe of the wall to delay crushing of the masonry unit. This is accomplished by placing a 3.2mm thick galvanized steel plate in the mortar joint, of successive courses, in the plastic hinge region of the wall. The objective is investigated by conducting seven tests on full-scale clay masonry walls with various longitudinal and confining reinforcing ratios under seismic excitation. The results presented in this thesis show that adequately confining the grout of the clay masonry walls in the plastic hinge region may lead to substantially favorable seismic performance.

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Books on the topic "Reinforced clay"

1

Reinforced masonry engineering handbook: Clay and concrete masonry. 5th ed. Los Angeles, Calif: MIA, 1998.

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Amrhein, James E. Reinforced masonry engineering handbook: Clay and concrete masonry. 5th ed. Los Angeles, Calif: MIA, 1994.

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Reinforced masonry engineering handbook: Clay and concrete masonry. 5th ed. Los Angeles, Calif: MIA, 1992.

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4

Al-Rifai, Luay. Settlement and consolidation of clay reinforced with stone columns. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1991.

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Edgell, G. J. Design guide for reinforced clay brickwork pocket-type retaining walls. Stoke-on-Trent: British Ceramic Research Assn, 1985.

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Setjadiningrat, Carolus Boromeus. Finite element analysis of reinforced embankments on soft clays. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1995.

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7

McDonald, D. B. Corrosion evaluation of epoxy-coated, metallic-clad, and solid metallic reinforcing bars in concrete. McLean, VA: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Research and Development, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 1998.

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McDonald, D. B. Corrosion evaluation of epoxy-coated, metallic-clad, and solid metallic reinforcing bars in concrete. McLean, VA: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Research and Development, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 1998.

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9

Hochwalt, John. Reinforced Masonry Engineering Handbook, 9th Ed : : Clay and Concrete Masonry. Masonry Institute of America, 2022.

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10

Powell, Clois E., and Gary W. Beall. Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Reinforced clay"

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Hsuan, Y. G., and R. M. Koerner. "Durability and lifetime of polymer fibers with respect to reinforced geosynthetic clay barriers; i.e., reinforced GCLs." In Clay Geosynthetic Barriers, 73–86. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003078777-10.

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Anbu Sagar, N. R. R., and K. Palanikumar. "Development and Characterization of Nano Clay Reinforced Three-Phase Sandwich Composite Laminates." In Nanoclay Reinforced Polymer Composites, 357–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1953-1_16.

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Abdellaoui, Hind, Rachid Bouhfid, and Abou el Kacem Qaiss. "Clay, Natural Fibers and Thermoset Resin Based Hybrid Composites: Preparation, Characterization and Mechanical Properties." In Nanoclay Reinforced Polymer Composites, 225–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1953-1_10.

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Rajini, N., J. T. Winowlin Jappes, S. Karthikeyan, and A. Varada Rajulu. "Effect of Nanoclay on the Dielectric, Transport, Thermal and Fire Properties of Coconut Sheath/MMT Clay Polyester Hybrid Composites." In Nanoclay Reinforced Polymer Composites, 127–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0950-1_6.

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Indu Priya, M., Uma Chaduvula, and B. V. S. Viswanadham. "Studies on Desiccation Cracking Behavior of Geofiber Reinforced Clay." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 265–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0899-4_33.

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Keerthana, C., M. P. Vibhoosha, and Anjana Bhasi. "Numerical Analyses of Geogrid Reinforced Embankment Over Soft Clay." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 381–90. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5644-9_28.

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Rajashekar Reddy, P., G. V. Narsimha Reddy, and E. Saibaba Reddy. "Bearing Capacity of Inclined Reinforced Sand Bed on Clay." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 17–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_2.

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Jadda, Koteswaraarao, Sharon Kumar Injamala, and Ramakrishna Bag. "Hydro-mechanical Behavior of Glass Fiber Reinforced Clay Barriers." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 145–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6370-0_14.

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Zhou, Yuanyuan, Zhenming Shi, Qingzhao Zhang, and Songbo Yu. "Numerical Simulation Analysis of Geogrid-Reinforced Embankment on Soft Clay." In Proceedings of GeoShanghai 2018 International Conference: Ground Improvement and Geosynthetics, 382–89. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0122-3_42.

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Rocha-Gomes, Leila Verônica da, Danilo Fermino, Esperidiana Moura, Maria das Graças Valenzuela, and Francisco Valenzuela-Diaz. "Polypropylene Nanocomposites Reinforced with Organophilic Clay and Brazilian Nut Fibers." In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2014, 89–96. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118888056.ch11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Reinforced clay"

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Wong, Shing-Chung, Shiyue Qu, Hyukjae Lee, and Shankar Mall. "Instrumented Indentation on Intercalated Clay Reinforced Polypropylene Nanocomposites." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15904.

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Instrumented indentation techniques were employed to investigate the local stiffness in comparison to the global stiffness in organomodified clay filled maleated polypropylene (MAPP). The morphology of composites was observed under transmission electron microscopy. Both highly intercalated and well exfoliated clay structures were observed in clay filled MAPP system. As a result, the region where indentation load was applied could be considered as the local composite system. Instrumented indentation was performed on three distinct positions: (a) clay intercalated and congregated region supported by MAPP matrix; (b) aggregate-MAPP boundary; and (c) the MAPP alone. The clay aggregated region generally showed higher stiffness as compared to the MAPP matrix. And, the relative increase in indentation stiffness is substantially higher than the relative increase in tensile and compressive stiffnesses. Good linear correlation obtained between the changes in global and local indentation stiffness suggests plausible future application of nanoindentation technique in predicting the mechanical properties of the composite bulk. Furthermore, the highly intercalated morphology clearly provides a local and highly confined nanocomposite system similar to natural materials with optimum stiffening potential.

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Chaduvula, Uma, B. V. S. Viswanadham, and Jayantha Kodikara. "Desiccation Cracking Behavior of Geofiber-Reinforced Expansive Clay." In Geo-Chicago 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480144.036.

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Diab, Assile Abou, Shadi Najjar, and Salah Sadek. "Reliability-Based Design Application for Fiber-Reinforced Clay." In Geotechnical Frontiers 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480472.005.

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E, GIHAN, KHALED R, and RANIA H. "Settlement of Strip Footing on Reinforced Geocell Clay." In Third International Conference on Advances in Civil, Structural and Mechanical Engineering- CSM 2015. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-062-0-77.

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Yin, Ming, Liying Zhang, Xuelong Chen, and Xiao Hu. "Reinforced polyethylene/clay nanocomposites: influence of different silane." In International Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2014, edited by Chenggen Quan, Kemao Qian, Anand Asundi, and Fook Siong Chau. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2084894.

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Zarnani, S., J. D. Scott, and D. C. Sego. "Long Term Performance of a Reinforced Clay Embankment." In Geo-Frontiers Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40782(161)31.

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"Utilizing Calcined Clay to Enable Aluminum Reinforced Concrete." In SP-326: Durability and Sustainability of Concrete Structures (DSCS-2018). American Concrete Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51710977.

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Pal, Kaushik, and Jin Kuk Kim. "Enhanced Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Nanotube Reinforced Composites." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64249.

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Halloysite nanotube (HNT) and clay were introduced into the composites to improve the dispersion of MWNT. Combining the nanotubes with HNT/clay allows both electrical and mechanical behavior to be simultaneously enhanced with the addition of HNT and clay, dielectric property is also increased tremendously. MWNTs appear to have an affinity for clay that causes them to become more exfoliated and better networked in these composites.

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Sancaktar, E., and J. Kuznicki. "Stress-Dependent Water Uptake Behavior of Clay Reinforced Nanocomposite Epoxy." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80549.

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Layered silicate nanolayers can be used as alternative inorganic components for the construction of nanostructured hybrid composites. The clay silicate nanolayers possess stable Si-O bonds and high particle aspect ratios comparable to conventional fibers. Their interlayer surface is easily modified by ion-exchange reaction, and the gallery can be intercalated by organic polymer precursors for the formation of organic-inorganic nanocomposites. Exfoliated clay composites contain single, 1 nm thick layers of clay dispersed in the polymer matrix. Owing to the platy morphology of the silicate layers, exfoliated clay nanocomposites can exhibit dramatically improved properties such as barrier and mechanical properties that are not available for conventional composite materials. Since the clay particles scavenge water, the nanocomposite samples initially absorb slightly higher amounts of water in comparison to the no-clay samples, with the water molecules congregating around the clay particles. On the other hand, the presence of these clay particles still hinders diffusion of water through the sample, thus protecting the structural interfaces. In this work, low viscosity liquid aromatic diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin Epon 815C was mixed with nanoclay at 60°C for 6 hours. The epoxy-clay mixture was then mixed with curing agent DETA (Diethylenetriamine) at 80°C for 4 minutes and cured at 120°C for 3 hours to produce exfoliated clay — epoxy resin system. These samples were used to first optimize the percent clay level for lowest water uptake, and subsequently immersed in water in stressed condition (flexural stress) to assess the effect of stress on nanocomposite epoxy system for its water uptake behavior. The results revealed up to 33% reduction in water uptake for the stressed samples.

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Herle, Vitezslav, Adolfo Santini, and Nicola Moraci. "Use of Reinforced Lightweight Clay Aggregates for Landslide Stabilisation." In 2008 SEISMIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE: Commemorating the 1908 Messina and Reggio Calabria Earthquake. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2963878.

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