Academic literature on the topic 'Reinforced concrete column'

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Journal articles on the topic "Reinforced concrete column"

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Pei, Weichang, Daiyu Wang, Xuan Wang, and Zhenyu Wang. "Axial monotonic and cyclic compressive behavior of square GFRP tube–confined steel-reinforced concrete composite columns." Advances in Structural Engineering 24, no. 1 (2020): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220934557.

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Fiber-reinforced polymer tube–confined steel fiber–reinforced concrete column is a novel composite column proposed recently, which consists of a traditional steel-reinforced concrete column and an external glass fiber–reinforced plastic tube for lateral confinement. In order to investigate the axial compression behavior of steel fiber–reinforced concrete columns, a total of 16 square specimens were fabricated and tested under axial monotonic and cyclic compressive loading. Three different configurations of inner shaped steels, including cross-shaped, box-shaped with wielding, and box-shaped wi
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Nhabih, Hussein Talab, Ahmed M. Hussein, and Marwa Marza Salman. "Study a Structural Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded GFRP Reinforced Columns Made of Geopolymer Concrete." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 3 (2020): 563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091492.

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This study investigated a modern composite material, which is a short geopolymer concrete column (GPCC) reinforced by GFRP bars. The structural performances of GPCC subjected to eccentric load were studied and compared to the normal strength concrete column (NSCC) reinforced by steel bars. In this study, the primary experimental parameters were the reinforcement bars types, load eccentricity, and concrete types. Seven short columns were tested: three normal strength concrete columns reinforced by steel bars, three geopolymer concrete columns reinforced by GFRP bars and one normal strength conc
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Xu, Pi Yuan, Lin Lin Ren, and Ya Feng Xu. "The Antiknock Property Research of L Steel Reinforced Concrete Special-Shaped Column in the Different Thicknesses of Steel Bone in Blast Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 654–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.654.

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In this paper, L steel reinforced concrete special-shaped columns are established by the finite element analysis software ABAOUS and we simulate and analyze models in blast loads. The main purpose is to study the antiknock property of L steel reinforced concrete special-shaped column in the different thicknesses of steel bone. We change the thickness of steel bone to get the time-displacement curve of L steel reinforced concrete special-shaped columns in blast loads. On the basis of the study we draw the conclusion: the antiknock property of L steel reinforced concrete special-shaped column is
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Mohamed Sayed, Ahmed, Mohamed Mohamed Rashwan, and Mohamed Emad Helmy. "Experimental Behavior of Cracked Reinforced Concrete Columns Strengthened with Reinforced Concrete Jacketing." Materials 13, no. 12 (2020): 2832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122832.

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Reinforced concrete (RC) columns often need to be strengthened or rehabilitated to allow them to carry the loads applied to them. In previous studies, RC columns have been strengthened by jacketing, without considering the occurrence of cracking. In this study, the behavior of RC columns strengthened externally by jacketing after cracking is analyzed. The accuracy of the existing models was verified by analyzing the performance of fifteen RC columns with different cross-sections to determine the effect of new variables, such as the column size, amount of steel reinforcement, and whether the co
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Thejarathnam, T., M. H. Prashanth, and Imran Kuttagola. "Study on the effectiveness of prefabricated cage system reinforcement in columns." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1149, no. 1 (2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1149/1/012010.

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Abstract The concrete is the primary vertical load bearing component in a reinforced concrete column whereas the steel cage provides additional vertical load carrying capacity along with the confinement of core concrete. The research paper will focus on the performance of Prefabricated Cage System (PCS) Reinforcement in square columns. Eight columns were casted and tested, out of which two are rebar reinforced columns and six are PCS reinforced columns. There were two test groups, each group containing one rebar column and three PCS columns. In this study work is done to compare the performanc
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Guri, Zijadin, Jelena Ristic, and Danilo Ristic. "Nonlinear response of RC column models under real earthquakes and axial loads." Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers 76, no. 10 (2024): 919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14256/jce.3947.2024.

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This paper reports on original findings from advanced HYLSER-1 seismic tests conducted on steel-reinforced concrete column models subjected to simulated low and high axial loads. The study includes a comparative analysis of steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) column models and composite-reinforced concrete (CRC) column models, using refined nonlinear analytical micro-models. The results demonstrate that earthquake intensity, axial load level, and concrete confinement are the primary factors influencing the complex hysteretic responses and failure of column models reinforced with either conventiona
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Niu, Jiangang, Wenming Xu, Jingjun Li, and Jian Liang. "Influence of Cross-Sectional Shape on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete Canvas and CFRP-Reinforced Columns." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (May 11, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5541587.

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Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapping has become an attractive strengthening technique for concrete columns. However, the ingress of corrosion into the concrete through the gap of CFRP fiber greatly reduces the durability of concrete and the bearing capacity of specimens. Concrete canvas, a kind of corrosion-resistant and refractory material, is a promising method to enhance durability and carrying capacity. In this study, the concrete canvas (CC) and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) were used to jointly reinforce columns with square cross section, octagonal cross section, circular cro
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Guo, Quan Quan, Yu Xi Zhao, and Kun Shang. "Experimental Research on Eccentric Compressive Performance of Steel Tube-Reinforced Concrete Column." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.184.

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Eccentric loading experiment of 13 steel tube-reinforced concrete columns and a reinforced concrete column is implemented. The whole process from the start load on the steel tube-reinforced concrete column until damage has been researched. Change of ultimate bearing capacity with eccentricity, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, position coefficient has been studied, and deflection curve and load-vertical displacement curve under eccentric compressive load were obtained. Failure characteristics of steel tube-reinforced concrete were divided into two different type, small eccentric damage and big
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Lei, Min, Zihao Wang, Penghui Li, et al. "Experimental Investigation on Short Concrete Columns Reinforced by Bamboo Scrimber under Axial Compression Loads." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (September 29, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8886384.

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The paper presents bamboo scrimber bars as a reinforcing material instead of steel reinforcement in low-strength concrete columns. Twelve short concrete columns with different reinforcements are tested under axial compression load to study the axial compressive behavior of short concrete columns reinforced by bamboo scrimber. Three columns are reinforced concrete columns, and the other nine columns are bamboo scrimber reinforced concrete columns. The failure process, bearing capacity, axial deformation, and strain of the specimens are compared and analyzed. The results show that the bonding pe
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Shehab, Hamdy, Ahmed Eisa, Ahmed Mohamed Wahba, Peter Sabol, and Dušan Katunský. "Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Columns Using Ultra-High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Jacket." Buildings 13, no. 8 (2023): 2036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082036.

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The use of Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) increased in the field of civil engineering throughout the last few decades. UHPFRC is being used considerably on a large scale in megastructure applications. High compressive and tensile strength permits reconstruction and optimization of the structural members. At the same time, its improved durability properties make it easier to extend the life of the design and can be used as thin layers, cladding, repairs, and column coverings. Although UHPC has an extremely high compressive strength, it exhibits very brittle fracture b
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reinforced concrete column"

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Hamil, Stephen J. "Reinforced concrete beam-column connection behaviour." Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1523/.

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熊朝暉 and Zhaohui Xiong. "Reinforced concrete column behavior under cyclic loading." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31243836.

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Xiong, Zhaohui. "Reinforced concrete column behavior under cyclic loading /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23530121.

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Lau, Shuk-lei. "Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete beam-column joints using glass fibre reinforced polymer sheets." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B32001630.

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Lau, Shuk-lei, and 劉淑妮. "Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete beam-column joints using glass fibre reinforced polymer sheets." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B32001630.

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Parker, Daniel Edward. "Shear strength within reinforced concrete beam-column joints." Thesis, University of Bolton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492666.

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Reinforced concrete is an economical construction material and is widely used throughout the world in buildings and bridges. The shear strength within beam-column joints in reinforced concrete structures has been identified as an area where further research is still needed in order to form reliable design methods. The aim of this research programme has been to develop a rational analytical model which can be used conveniently in the design of beam-column joints. The work consists of a brief literature review, an extensive experimental programme and the development of a new analytical model for
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Yacoub, Mohamad Toufic 1957. "PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTIONS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275564.

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Lloyd, Alan Eric Walker. "Blast Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Columns." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32389.

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Explosives place large demands on the lateral load carrying capacity of structures. If these loads are applied on columns, the high pressure transient loads from explosives can result in significant damage to the primary gravity load carrying elements. The loss of these elements, which are responsible from overall strength and stability of the structure, may cause collapse of all or parts of the structure. Therefore, it is important to mitigate the blast loads effects on columns. A comprehensive research study into the design, application, and use of different retrofit systems to mitigate dama
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Motamed, Jubin. "Monolithic beam to external column joints in reinforced concrete." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2010. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/90727/monolithic-beam-to-external-column-joints-in-reinforced-concrete.

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The benefits of high strength concrete (HSC) in the construction of multi-storey buildings are commonly acknowledged. Past researchers have investigated the suitability of design codes for the use of HSC [1]. However, there are concerns about the shear behaviour of HSC beams and BCJ used in the construction of these buildings. HSC beams have equal or less shear resistance compared to normal strength concrete (NSC) beams [2], and the brittleness of HSC material could be unsuitable for BCJ as confinement stirrups may not be as effective as NSC in the column due to a smaller Poisson’s ratio. This
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Salisbury, Seth T. "Repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete beam-column joints." Connect to resource, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/45377.

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Books on the topic "Reinforced concrete column"

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Ajdukiewicz, Andrzej. Reinforced-concrete slab-column structures. Elsevier, 1989.

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Ajdukiewicz, Andrzej. Reinforced-concrete slab-column structures. Elsevier, 1990.

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Tan, Pengguan. Computer aided design of reinforced concrete column. North East London Polytechnic, 1985.

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Fintel, Mark. Column shortening in tall structures: Prediction and compensation. Portland Cement Association, 1987.

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Asri, Nik Mohd. A study of reinforced concrete column using computer model. North East London Polytechnic, 1986.

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Thurlimann, Bruno. Design of masonry walls and reinforced concrete columns with column-deflection-curves. Birkhauser, 1987.

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McLean, David I. Noncontact lap splices in bridge column-shaft connections. Washington State Dept. of Transportation, 1997.

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Akanshu, Sharma, and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, eds. Investigations on inelastic behavior of non-seismically detailed reinforced concrete beam-column joints under cyclic excitations. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2008.

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Xin, Xian Zuo. Behaviour of reinforced concrete interior beam-column joints designed using high strength concrete and steel. University of Canterbury, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1992.

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Sharma, Akanshu. Experimental investigations and evaluation of strength and deflections of reinforced concrete beam-column joints using nonlinear static analysis. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Reinforced concrete column"

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Mosley, W. H., J. H. Bungey, and R. Hulse. "Column design." In Reinforced Concrete Design. Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14911-7_9.

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Mosley, W. H., and J. H. Bungey. "Column Design." In Reinforced Concrete Design. Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20929-3_9.

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Mosley, W. H., and J. H. Bungey. "Column Design." In Reinforced Concrete Design. Macmillan Education UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18825-3_9.

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Mosley, W. H., and J. H. Bungey. "Column Design." In Reinforced Concrete Design. Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13058-0_9.

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Hulse, R., and W. H. Mosley. "Column Design." In Reinforced Concrete Design by Computer. Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18930-4_5.

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Green, R. "Reinforced Concrete Column Design." In Trends in Structural Mechanics. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5476-5_27.

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Hu, Zongbo. "Analysis of Impact Resistance and Optimization of Protective Capacity for Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6238-5_14.

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AbstractThrough simulated horizontal impact tests on steel-reinforced concrete column components, the dynamic response of steel-reinforced concrete columns under different impact heights, boundary conditions, and impact velocities was obtained. The results indicate that with an increase in impact energy, the peak impact force shows an upward trend. As the impact height increases, the impact force gradually decreases, with higher forces near the end. When the mass of the impacting object is 2580 kg and the minimum velocity is 4.58 m/s, the maximum residual displacement occurs in the impact zone
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Mosley, W. H., R. Hulse, and J. H. Bungey. "Column Design." In Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocode 2 (EC2). Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13413-7_9.

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Peng, Yuxuan, Dezhang Sun, and Junwu Dai. "Numerical Analysis of High-Performance Reinforced Concrete Columns Under Eccentric Loading." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4355-1_41.

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AbstractThe article is based on the eccentric compression test of HRB650E reinforced high-strength concrete columns. ABAQUS finite element software is used to conduct finite element analysis on HRB650E reinforced high-strength concrete column specimens. Comparing the simulation results with the experimental results, it can be found that the two fit well. By observing the patterns of experimental and simulation results, it can be concluded that the bearing capacity of HRB650E grade reinforced high-strength concrete columns is good, and improving the concrete strength can enhance the bearing cap
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Polienko, Wladislaw, and Klaus Holschemacher. "Influences of the Effectiveness of a Column Confinement with Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC)." In Springer Proceedings in Materials. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72955-3_51.

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AbstractIn the present paper the results of uniaxial compression tests conducted on textile reinforced concrete (TRC)—confined reinforced concrete (RC) columns are reported. By confining the column with TRC, the lateral expansion of the concrete can be impeded. The resulting multiaxial compressive stress state allows to enhance the components axial capacity. Due to the corrosion-resistant textile, the usual concrete cover in reinforced concrete construction is reduced, which allows slender but at the same time highly load-bearing components to be created. Consequently TRC provides a sustainabl
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Conference papers on the topic "Reinforced concrete column"

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Sheikh, Shamim Ahmed, and Zahra Kharal. "Corrosion-resistant Reinforced Concrete Columns." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0946.

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<p>To address this issue of corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete, large scale columns reinforced with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars were tested under simulated earthquake loads. In addition to the moment - curvature and shear - deflection responses, ductility factors, and work and energy dissipation parameters were used to evaluate column performance. Twenty-five columns with circular and square sections can be compared to investigate variables such as axial load level, amount and type of reinforcement, i.e. GFRP vs steel. GFRP-reinforced columns were found to behave wi
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N, Ajmal S., Thushara Raju, and Ramaswamy K. P. "Numerical Evaluation of Alkali Activated Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Column." In 6th International Conference on Modeling and Simulation in Civil Engineering. AIJR Publisher, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.156.12.

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Geopolymer concrete is a type of concrete that is made by reacting aluminate and silicate-bearing materials such as fly ash or slag from iron and metal production with a caustic activator. It can be a suitable substitute for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. Geopolymer concrete is considered as green concrete since the reduced CO2 emission and due to the usage of waste materials for manufacturing. A lot of studies are undertaken in the field of the usage of geopolymer concrete in structural members such as beams, columns, slabs, etc. In this paper, geopolymer concrete columns are modele
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"Effect of the Column Dimensions on the Punching Shear Strength of Edge Column-Slab Connections." In SP-232: Punching Shear in Reinforced Concrete Slabs. American Concrete Institute, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/14942.

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"Slab-Column Connections Under Seismic Actions." In SP-232: Punching Shear in Reinforced Concrete Slabs. American Concrete Institute, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/14940.

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"UCSD Shear Column Benchmark Tests." In SP-205: Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures. American Concrete Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/11632.

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Scarton, Henry A., Kyle R. Wilt, and Gary J. Saulnier. "Ultrasonic Communications Through a Reinforced Concrete Column." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67710.

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Measurements were obtained by sending high frequency acoustic waves through a reinforced concrete column. Past work involved through-wall digital communications and power delivery through metallic barriers; this paper extends that work to a reinforced concrete column. A pair of 35 mm diameter circular transducers with a thickness of 10 mm (corresponding to a resonance of 200 kHz) were epoxied to opposite sides of a 0.7 m thick reinforced concrete column. A vector network analyzer (VNA) obtained the characteristics of the acoustic channel formed between the two sensors. A voltage transfer funct
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"Modeling Parameters for Reinforced Concrete Slab-Column Connections." In SP-297: Seismic Assessment of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings. American Concrete Institute, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51686902.

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Kulkarni, Sumant, and Aparna Kulkarni. "Behavior of Short Reinforced Concrete Columns with Varying Tie Spacing and Concrete Grades Under Compression." In Second International Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2025. https://doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.179.31.

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The strength and stiffness of a rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) column improves owing to rectangular ties. Concrete presses lateral ties of an RC column under compression when it experiences an axial force. The resistance offered by lateral ties prohibits the expansion of the concrete core. Hairline cracks get propagated along longitudinal steel bars in column corners with the increment in the axial load. Spalling of concrete takes place as soon as the longitudinal bars undergo yielding. The column resists load even after spalling due to confinement by ties. No sooner does the axial load
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"Interior Slab-Rectangular Column Connections Under Biaxial Lateral Loadings." In SP-232: Punching Shear in Reinforced Concrete Slabs. American Concrete Institute, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/14941.

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"Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints With Eccentricity." In SP-123: Design of Beam-Column Joints for Seismic Resistance. American Concrete Institute, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/2863.

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Reports on the topic "Reinforced concrete column"

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Nema, Arpit, and Jose Restrep. Low Seismic Damage Columns for Accelerated Bridge Construction. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/zisp3722.

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This report describes the design, construction, and shaking table response and computation simulation of a Low Seismic-Damage Bridge Bent built using Accelerated Bridge Construction methods. The proposed bent combines precast post-tensioned columns with precast foundation and bent cap to simplify off- and on-site construction burdens and minimize earthquake-induced damage and associated repair costs. Each column consists of reinforced concrete cast inside a cylindrical steel shell, which acts as the formwork, and the confining and shear reinforcement. The column steel shell is engineered to fa
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Zerkane, Ali. Cyclic Loading Behavior of CFRP-Wrapped Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3001.

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Ko, Yu-Fu, and Jessica Gonzalez. Fiber-Based Seismic Damage and Collapse Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Single-Column Pier-Supported Bridges Using Damage Indices. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2241.

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Near-fault earthquakes can have major effects on transportation systems due to the structural damage they impose on bridges. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the seismic damage of bridges appropriately, and this research focuses on reinforced concrete (RC) bridges. This research advances the seismic performance assessment of RC single-column pier-supported bridges with flexural failure under near-fault ground motion by use of ductility coefficients and damage indices. The methodology included modeling fiber-based nonlinear beam-column elements to simulate the damage development process of
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Lew, H. S., Yihai Bao, Fahim Sadek, Joseph A. Main, Santiago Pujol, and Mete A. Sozen. An Experimental and Computational Study of Reinforced Concrete Assemblies under a Column Removal Scenario. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1720.

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Ko, Yu-Fu, and Jessica Gonzalez. Effects of Low-Cycle Fatigue Fracture of Longitudinal Reinforcing Steel Bars on the Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Piers. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2024.2328.

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Earthquakes, which can cause tremendous local stress and strain on infrastructure, can cause reinforced concrete (RC) bridges to collapse due to the concrete cracking and fracture of the steel reinforcement rebars. The fracture of longitudinal reinforcing steel due to low-cycle fatigue is one of the main causes of failure in RC structures under earthquake loading. The purpose of this research is to include the effects of low-cycle fatigue fracture of longitudinal reinforcing steel bars on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete bridge piers. To obtain a greater understanding of low-cycl
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Hayes, John R., and Jr. Investigation of the Use of Viscoelastic Damping Devices to Rehabilitate a Lightly Reinforced Concrete Slab- Column Structure. Defense Technical Information Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada360496.

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Yang, Hua, Faqi Liu, Yuyin Wang, and Sumei Zhang. FIRE RESISTANCE DESIGN OF CIRCULAR STEEL TUBE CONFINED REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2018.p.094.

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Al-Khafaji, Hayder. Experimental Investigation of CFRP Wrapped Square Non-ductile Reinforced Concrete Columns. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5265.

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Taylor, Andrew W., Cynthia Kuo, Kevin Wellenius, and Duke Chung. A summary of cyclic lateral load tests on rectangular reinforced concrete columns. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5984.

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Lopez Ibaceta, Alvaro. Seismic Performance of Substandard Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns under Subduction-Zone Ground Motions. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6853.

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