Relevant bibliographies by topics / Reinforcement of structural elements

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Reinforcement of structural elements'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Reinforcement of structural elements"

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Safi, Walid Ahmad, Yo Hibino, Koichi Kusunoki, Yasushi Sanada, and Tomohisa Mukai. "Impact of the Reinforcement Detailing on Seismic Performance of Isolated Non-structural Walls." Buildings 10, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10050089.

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Following the observation of severe damage to structurally isolated non-structural reinforced concrete walls after major earthquakes, researchers began to reassess the effectiveness and connection detail of non-structural walls to moment-resisting frames. A method to control damages to the non-structural wall, is to cast exterior non-structural concrete wall elements to be monolithic with frame elements, without anchoring the wall longitudinal bar. The non-anchorage of the wall longitudinal bar significantly increases the drift capacity of the wall and decreases damage. Using an experimental approach, this study assesses the influence of reinforcement detailing and quantity of the transverse reinforcements on the strength and drift capacity of the non-structural hanging wall. This study further evaluates the workability mechanism of the transverse reinforcements and reinforcement detailing with concrete. The non-anchorage of hanging walls, having boundary confinements, was found to exhibit a higher drift and strength capacity than similar walls with the anchored detailing without boundary confinements. The strength capacity of the anchored detailing hanging walls with minimum amounts of reinforcements was higher than that of the non-anchored specimen. The boundary confinements were found to be more influential on the capability of the hanging wall when placed along with non-anchored detailing reinforcement.
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Tannert, Thomas, Jorge M. Branco, and Mariapaola Riggio. "RILEM TC "Reinforcement of Timber Elements in Existing Structures"." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.1041.

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The paper reports on the activities of the RILEM technical committee Reinforcement of Timber Elements in Existing Structures. The main objective of the committee is to coordinate the efforts to improve the reinforcement practice of timber structural elements. Recent developments related to structural reinforcements can be grouped into three categories: (i) addition of new structural systems to support the existing structure; (ii) configuration of a composite system; and (iii) incorporation of elements to increase strength and stiffness. The paper specifically deals with research carried out at the Bern University of Applied Sciences Switzerland (BFH), the University of Minho Portugal (UniMinho), and the University of Trento Italy (UNITN). Research at BFH was devoted to improve the structural performance of rounded dovetail joints by means of different reinforcement methods: i) self-tapping screws, ii) adhesive layer, and iii) a combination of self-tapping screws and adhesive layer. Research at UNITN targeted the use of dry connections for timber-to-timber composites, specifically reversible reinforcement techniques aimed at increasing the load-bearing capacity and the bending stiffness of existing timber floors. At UniMinho, double span continuous glulam slabs were strengthened with fibre-reinforced-polymers. All three examples demonstrate the improved structural performance of timber elements after reinforcing them.
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Ghavami, Khosrow. "Bamboo as reinforcement in structural concrete elements." Cement and Concrete Composites 27, no. 6 (July 2005): 637–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.06.002.

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Libotean, Dan Alexandru, Alexandru Chira, and Ferdinánd-Zsongor Gobesz. "Textile-Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2018.08.07.

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Abstract The textile reinforced concrete is a material with increased mechanical properties that can allow the production of lighter structural elements. The alkali-resistant textile reinforcement is not affected by corrosion. A structural facade panel and a light pole were modeled in order to study their behavior in the case of wind pressure. The developed numerical simulations were calibrated according to available data from the literature. These simulations revealed information potentially useful in the planning of further experimental tests.
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Pidun, Kevin, and Thomas Gries. "Shaped Textile Reinforcement Elements for Concrete Components." Advanced Materials Research 747 (August 2013): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.415.

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By now the application of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) for facade constructions can be considered as state of the art. Especially ventilated curtain walls made of TRC and sandwich elements made in combination of TRC-layers and foam cores recently are realized in pilot projects which are predominantly located in Aachen, Germany. The Life funded Insu-Shell façade of the Institute fuer Textiltechnik (ITA) of RWTH Aachen University gives an example of such a pilot project. Furthermore, a pedestrian bridge has been built in Albstadt, Germany. The enormous potential of TRC-applications is shown in these practical projects. All projects have been completed successfully and present good results in terms of the surface quality, the design freedom, the wall thinness and the ecological performance. A networked process chain was aimed at and approached and finally implemented. Apart from this, all these projects incorporating impregnated textile reinforcements reveal unanswered questions regarding production of shaped reinforcement elements, their ability to bear loads and their durability. Particularly the transformation of a 2D-warp-knit fabric to a reinforcement element (textile reinforcement cage) is a challenge, which needs to be addressed further. Since the beginning of 2012 a new transfer project called Shaped textile reinforcement elements for concrete components (T08) within the framework of the Collaborative Research Center 532 `Textile Reinforced Concrete - Development of a new technology` is funded. That challenge is to be solved in the T08 project in cooperation with Institutes from the RWTH Aachen University and industry partners led by the Institute of Structural Concrete of RWTH Aachen University.
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Döbrich, Oliver, Thomas Gereke, and Chokri Cherif. "Modelling of textile composite reinforcements on the micro-scale." Autex Research Journal 14, no. 1 (March 14, 2014): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10304-012-0047-z.

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Abstract Numerical simulation tools are increasingly used for developing novel composites and composite reinforcements. The aim of this paper is the application of digital elements for the simulation of the mechanical behaviour of textile reinforcement structures by means of a finite element analysis. The beneficial computational cost of these elements makes them applicable for the use in large models with a solution on near micro-scale. The representation of multifilament yarn models by a large number of element-chains is highly suitable for the analysis of structural and geometrical effects. In this paper, a unit cell generating method for technical reinforcement textiles, using digital elements for the discretization, is introduced.
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Komarov, Valeriy A., Alexander A. Pavlov, Svetlana A. Pavlova, and Ramaz V. Charkviani. "Reinforcement of Aerospace Structural Elements Made of Layered Composite Materials." Procedia Engineering 185 (2017): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.329.

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Knauff, M., B. Grzeszykowski, and A. Golubińska. "Minimum Reinforcement for Crack Width Control in RC Tensile Elements." Archives of Civil Engineering 65, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0008.

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AbstractNew approach using direct crack width calculations of the minimum reinforcement in tensile RC elements is presented. Verification involves checking whether the provided reinforcement ensures that the crack width that may result from the thermal-shrinkage effects does not exceed the limit value. The Eurocode provisions were enriched with addendums derived from the German national annex. Three levels of accuracy of the analysis were defined - the higher the level applied, the more significant reduction in the amount of reinforcement required can be achieved. A methodology of determining the minimum reinforcement for crack width control on the example of a RC retaining wall is presented. In the analysis the influence of residual and restraint stresses caused by hydration heat release and shrinkage was considered.
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Massone, Leonardo M., and Eduardo E. López. "Modeling of reinforcement global buckling in RC elements." Engineering Structures 59 (February 2014): 484–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.11.015.

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Plyusnin, Mikhail G., and Sergey V. Tsybakin. "The effect of anisotropy of elastic properties of GFRP reinforcement on strength of compressed concrete structural elements." Vestnik MGSU, no. 6 (June 2019): 669–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2019.6.669-679.

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Introduction. Despite the growing interest to the use of GFRP reinforcement in various concrete structures, its use in the concrete compressed zone is not investigated sufficiently. The use of GFRP reinforcement in compressed concrete elements is limited by a combination of low value of its modulus of elasticity and small ultimate deformation of concrete during compression. A number of researchers suggest solving this problem by means of increase the ultimate concrete deformation due to lateral reinforcement. However, unlike steel reinforcement, the elastic properties of composite reinforcement depend on the stress direction, which is due to the significant difference between the moduli of elasticity of the fibre glass and the binder. Consequently, the stress-deformation state of compressed concrete elements with longitudinal GFRP reinforcement and close-set lateral reinforcement will differ from the stress-deformation state of steel-reinforced concrete elements. Materials and methods. To clarify the effect of the anisotropy of fibre-glass reinforcement elastic properties on its work in the concrete compressed zone, a physical experiment and numerical simulation using the LIRA-SAPR software were carried out. Physical nonlinearity of materials was not taken into account in the model. Results. An assessment of the effect of anisotropy of elastic properties of fibre-glass reinforced plastic (GFRP) reinforcement on the strength of compressed concrete elements was accomplished for longitudinal reinforcement. The experiment showed that the location of the longitudinal GFRP reinforcement in the concrete compressed zone in the absence of lateral reinforcement led to a decrease in the average strength of the tested samples by 9.2 %, while the fracture nature of GFRP-reinforced samples differed from the fracture nature of control samples. As a result of the numerical simulation, it was revealed that the cause of the strength reduction is the anisotropy of the elastic properties of GFRP reinforcement, which affects the stress-deformation state of compressed concrete. Conclusions. The analysis of the results of experiment and numerical simulation showed that the reason for the decrease in strength is the low modulus of elasticity of GFRP when compressed in the lateral direction as compared with the similar characteristic of concrete. The degree of strength reduction will also depend on the relation between the moduli of elasticity of concrete and GFRP when compressed in the longitudinal direction.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reinforcement of structural elements"

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Brown, Adrian D. "The use of carbon fibre reinforced cement as tensile reinforcement for concrete structural elements." Thesis, University of Bath, 1987. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287533.

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Russell, Darren. "Finite element analysis of embankments on soft ground incorporating reinforcement and drains." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1992. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1853/.

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The objectives of the research were threefold. Firstly, to improve .the numerical modelling capability for reinforced embankments constructed over soft compressible soils containing vertical drains. Secondly, to demonstrate the ability to model accurately such embankments. Finally, to develop simplified procedures to be used in the design of embankments over soft soils. The modifications to the finite element program, CRISP, included the incorporation of three additional elements: modelling the reinforcement, the soil/reinforcement interface and the vertical drains. The facility to vary permeability with stress level was also implemented. A technique for modelling the consolidation of soil containing vertical drains in plane strain finite element analyses was developed and validated. The modified program was validated in three ways. Firstly, each element was used to analyse simple problems so that the correct formulation was ensured. Secondly, a series of analyses was carried out of problems for which analytical solutions were available; these problems involved collapse of undrained sub soils and consolidation around a single vertical drain. Thirdly, an analysis of a case history of an embankment constructed over a normally consolidated clay, improved with vertical drains, was performed. Based on the results of the previous finite element analyses, and an additional analysis of an idealized two-stage constructed embankment, simple design procedures have been proposed. Firstly, a method for the design of single stage embankments and, secondly, a method for the calculation of subsoil strength increases in multi-stage construction, which can be used in conjucntion with limit equilibrium analyses. It is concluded that the finite element method is a useful technique for the analysis of reinforced embankments over soft soils containing vertical drains.
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Sundberg, Lars Andreas. "Analysis of welded reinforcements on a boom mower : A structural and modal analysis of reinforcement properties on a industrial boom mower." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-148593.

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Road safety is a complicated issue that affects most world economies due to its negative socioeconomic impact. Road safety programs include different programs that cover different areas for minimizing the effects of these impacts. One of these programs focuses road safety against invasion of wildlife into traffic roads. Most economies that heavily include these particular programs, such as Sweden, rely on specific machinery and techniques for clearing road shoulders that allows driver to foresee any possible danger or road invasion in good time. The most common piece of machinery used for covering this type of activity is known as a boom mower. Boom mowers can be pictured as giant lawnmowers that are attached into a long boom crane from wheel loaders or excavators, so they can clear invading vegetation from the road shoulders. Boom mowers suffer from heavy wear due to their dimensions, weight and operating speed which it requires companies to pay extra attention to their construction and choice of materials. Cranab Slagkraft is a Swedish company that has been specialized for providing high quality boom mowers for the last 30 yearsfor clearing vegetation on the Swedish roads. But, despite their higher quality products, these boo mowers are often expensive and complicated to manufacture. For this reason, Cranab has requested a study to minimize the manufacturing burden in order to simplify its production and diminish cost. This research study focuses on the latest components addition into the boom mower construction to assess their performance. For this research, the researcher will put to test the reinforcements of the boom mower’s model SH150 and see what their performance against harmonic vibrations and structural strength against local stresses are. The research follows two complementary analysis. First, a modal analysis on the boom mower’s main structure for evaluating resonance levels at an operating frequency. Second, a structural analysis with idealized conditions at operating speed to determine construction stress resilience. The results in this research reveals that the modal analysis rejects the viability of one group of reinforcements and confirms the implications of the other one. Also, the results reveal that the complicated geometry requires advanced software for providing more conclusive results. In addition, the boom mower’s own geometry and choice of material might play a role in adjusting the harmonic resonance and adjusting the boom mower’s mechanical properties. The latter conclusion should be considered as a theme of study for future research in this same field.
Trafiksäkerhet är ett komplicerat ärende som påverkar de flesta världsekonomier på grund av dess negativa socioekonomiska inverkan. I trafiksäkerhetsprogrammen ingår olika program som täcker olika områden för att minimera de socioekonomiska effekterna. Ett av dessa program koncentrerar sig på trafiksäkerhet mot invasion av vilda djur på motorbanor. De flesta världsekonomiers system som omfattar dessa trafiksäkerhetsprogram, till exempel Sverige, är beroende av specifika maskiner och tekniker för röjning av vägarna som gör det möjligt för föraren att i god tid ska kunna förutse eventuell fara eller vilt som kommer in på vägen. Den vanligaste maskinen som används för röjning av vägar kallas kättingröjare. Kättingröjaren kan liknas vid gigantiska gräsklippare som är fastsatta på en grävmaskin, hjullastare och/eller väghyvel så att de kan rensa bort gräs från vägkanten. Kättingröjare lider av kraftigt slitage på grund av deras dimensioner, vikt och driftshastighet. Det kräver att tillverkaren uppmärksammar konstruktionen och materialvalet till kättingröjaren. Cranab Slagkraft är ett svenskt företag som under de senaste 30 åren har specialiserat sig på att leverera högkvalitativa kättingröjare. Kättingröjarna är ofta dyra och komplicerade att tillverka. Av den anledningen har Cranab begärt en studie för att förenkla produktionen och minska tillverkningskostnaderna. Den här studien koncentrerar sig på det senaste komponenttillägget i kättingröjarens konstruktion för att bedöma deras prestanda. I den här studien testas flera förstärkningar i kättingröjarens modell SH150 för att undersöka deras prestanda mot harmonisk vibration och strukturell hållfasthet mot lokala spänningar. I studien ingår två kompletterande analyser. Först görs en modalanalys på kättingröjarens huvudstruktur för utvärdering av resonansnivåer vid driftsfrekvensen. Sedan görs en strukturell analys med idealiserat tillstånd vid driftshastigheten för att bestämma spänningsmotståndet. I resultatet beskrivs en grupp av förstärkningar som inte har någon påverkan för kättingröjarens harmoniska vibration och spänningsmotstånd och en andra grupp som visar påverkan. Även resultaten visar att den komplicerade geometrin kräver avancerad mjukvara för att ge mer avgörande resultat. Dessutom kan kättingröjarens egen geometri och materialval ha påverkan vid justering av dess harmoniska resonans och mekaniska egenskaper. Den senare slutsatsen bör betraktas som ett begrepp för framtida studier inom samma område.
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Reyes, Ordoñez Murray Olaf, and Argomedo Yuliana Vanessa Alegre. "Análisis estructural de la iglesia de San Pedro de Carabayllo – Lima / Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2015. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/handle/urp/1343.

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La presente investigación trata sobre “El análisis estructural de la Iglesia San Pedro de Carabayllo” considerada el monumento histórico más antiguo de Lima Norte. Este trabajo se desarrolló con el objetivo de determinar su análisis estructural; utilizando un modelo matemático de acuerdo al método de elementos finitos, determinando los valores numéricos de los esfuerzos y sus desplazamientos. Esta tesis es una investigación aplicada, cuantitativa de diseño descriptivo y de tipo explicativo, no experimental, transversal y prospectivo. Se concluye que la estructura no cumple con los desplazamientos mínimos según norma sismo resistente y que falla al someterla a cargas de sismo, planteándonos de esta manera alternativas de reforzamiento para la estructura; evitando así afectar la autenticad de los materiales de la estructura. This research is about “Structural analysis of the San Pedro Church of Carabayllo " considered the oldest historic monument in North Lima. This work was developed with the aim of determining their structural analysis; using a mathematical model according to the finite element method, determining the numerical values of forces and movements. This thesis is an applied research, quantitative descriptive and explanatory design type, not experimental, transversal and prospective. It is concluded that the structure does not meet the minimum standard displacement as earthquake resistant and fails when subjected to earthquake loads , by posing this alternative way of reinforcement for the structure ; thus avoiding authenticate affect the structure material.
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Baingo, Darek. "A Framework for Stochastic Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams Affected by Reinforcement Corrosion." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23063.

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Corrosion of reinforcing bars is the major cause of deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in North America, Europe, the Middle East, and many coastal regions around the world. This deterioration leads to a loss of serviceability and functionality and ultimately affects the structural safety. The objective of this research is to formulate and implement a general stochastic finite element analysis (SFEA) framework for the time-dependent reliability analysis of RC beams with corroding flexural reinforcement. The framework is based on the integration of nonlinear finite element and reliability analyses through an iterative response surface methodology (RSM). Corrosion-induced damage is modelled through the combined effects of gradual loss of the cross-sectional area of the steel reinforcement and the reduction bond between steel and concrete for increasing levels of corrosion. Uncertainties in corrosion rate, material properties, and imposed actions are modelled as random variables. Effective implementation of the framework is achieved by the coupling of commercial finite element and reliability software. Application of the software is demonstrated through a case study of a simply-supported RC girder with tension reinforcement subjected to the effects of uniform (general) corrosion, in which two limit states are considered: (i) a deflection serviceability limit state and (ii) flexural strength ultimate limit state. The results of the case study show that general corrosion leads to a very significant decrease in the reliability of the RC beam both in terms of flexural strength and maximum deflections. The loss of strength and serviceability was shown to be predominantly caused by the loss of bond strength, whereas the gradual reduction of the cross-sectional area of tension reinforcement was found to be insignificant. The load-deflection response is also significantly affected by the deterioration of bond strength (flexural strength and stiffness). The probability of failure at the end of service life, due to the effects of uniform corrosion-induced degradation, is observed to be approximately an order of magnitude higher than in the absence of corrosion. Furthermore, the results suggest that flexural resistance of corroded RC beams is controlled by the anchorage (bond) of the bars and not by the yielding of fully bonded tensile reinforcement at failure. This is significant since the end regions can be severely corroded due to chloride, moisture, and oxygen access at connections and expansion joints. The research strongly suggests that bond damage must be considered in the assessment of the time-dependent reliability of RC beams subjected to general corrosion.
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Fawwaz, Maha, and Adnan Hanna. "Structural behavior of notched glulam beams reinforced by means of plywood and FRP." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-19479.

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Nowadays, timber is widely used in construction industry thanks to its availability and good properties. The use of solid (sawn) timber is not always proper since it is only available up to certain dimensions. Therefore, the so-called Engineered WoodProducts (EWPs) have been introduced to cope with the different design needs of structures. The Glued laminated Timber (glulam) is a type of EWPs that consists of smallsections of timber laminates glued together to form beams and columns. Glulam can be manufactured in almost any size and shape; it can also be tapered or notched. However, notching a beam at its end leads to a stress concentration at the re-entrantcorner of the notch due to the sudden change in the notched beam’s cross section. The concentration of shear and tensile stresses perpendicular to the grain can lead to a catastrophic brittle failure caused by the crack propagation from the notch corner. Crack opening due to tensile stresses perpendicular to grain is the most common failure at the notch corner and it is always taken into design consideration. However,shear component is usually exists and must be also considered in design to guarantee the safety of the structure. Currently, only the normal forces perpendicular to the beam’s axis are considered in the design of the reinforcement in design handbooks. The aim of this thesis was to study the structural behavior of notched glulam beams reinforced by adhered plywood panels and FRP. The carrying capacity of the notched glulam beams at their ends is the main subject of this thesis. In addition, a review of the notched beams design, reinforcements, and analysis theories are included. Experimental series of three point bending tests with notched glulam beams withdifferent configurations of reinforcement was carried out in lab. Deformations and forces were measured both with conventional techniques and with contact-free measurement systems - ARAMIS. On the other hand, a simple model of two dimensional plane stress element has been created of the unreinforced notchedbeam in ABAQUS. The normal and shear stresses were calculated for a horizontalpath of 100 mm in length starting from the notch tip. Afterwards, the mean stresseswere determined for the same path and have been used in calculations. The Mean Stress Approach has been adopted in the hand calculations to calculate the crack length and the failure load according to the ABAQUS model. Accordingly, the failure load was about 40 kN for the unreinforced beams. Also, Eurocode 5 has been used to calculate the failure load which gave a value of 20.2 kN for the unreinforced beams. The average maximum applied load in tests was 30 kN for the unreinforced beams while it reached about two and a half times this value for the CF-reinforced and the plywood-reinforced beams.
Tack vare sina goda egenskaper används trä i byggnadskonstruktioner i allt storeomfattning. Konstruktionsvirke (sågade trävaror) kan dock inte alltid användas pågrund av de begränsade dimensioner som finns tillgängliga. På grund av bl a dettahar ett flertal så kallade engineer wood products (EWP) utvecklats. Limträ är en typav EWP som består av sammanlimmade lameller som bygger upp tvärsnitt i balkareller pelare. Limträ kan tillverkas i nästan godtycklig storlek och form och kan enkeltförses med t ex urtag. Vid urtag i balkändar nära upplag uppstår högaspänningskoncentrationer vid urtagets horn på grund av geometrin. Koncentrationenav normalspänningar och skjuvspänningar kan leda till plötsligt brott på grund avsprickpropagering från urtagets hörn, något som måste tas hänsyn till viddimensionering. Dagens dimensioneringsmetoder är baserade på att man tar hänsyntill enbart normalspänningarna vinkelrät fiberriktningen.Målet med detta arbete har varit att studera beteendet hos limträbalkar med urtag vidupplag som förstärkts med fiberarmering eller plywood. Huvudmålet har varit attbestämma balkarnas bärförmåga, vilket skett genom att genomföra försök med olikakonfigurationer vad gäller förstärkningsmaterial och dess utformning. Vidare harolika dimensioneringsmetoder från litteraturen studerats.Kraft och förskjutning under provningarna uppmättes dels med traditionellamätmetoder, men deformationerna mättes även med beröringsfri metod, ARAMIS.En enkel tvådimensionell finit elementmodell skapades och analyserades i ABAQUSför analys av oförstärkt balk. Normalspänningar och skjuvspänningar beräknades ochmedelspänningarna längs en på förhand definierad sträcka beräknades.Medelspänningskriteriet användes sedan för att uppskatta balkens bärförmåga.Enligt FE-beräkningarna uppskattades bärförmågan för de oförstärkta balkarna till ca40 kN. Provningarna gav ett medelvärde på balkarnas bärförmåga på ca 30 kN,medan de förstärkta balkarna hade en 2,5 gånger högre bärförmåga. Skillnadenmellan FE-beräkningarna och provningarna kan förklaras med den osäkerhet somfinns vad gäller det aktuella trämaterialets egenskaper.Beräkningar enligt Eurokod 5 gav en karakteristisk bärförmåga på 20,2 kN.
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Anampa, Vilcas Oscar Alonso, and Carranza Lucia Isabel Loyola. "Evaluación estructural del Museo de Sitio Bodega y Quadra ante un evento sísmico severo." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2015. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/handle/urp/1346.

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El Museo de Sitio Bodega y Quadra es el primer museo de sitio del Centro Histórico que muestra detalles del estilo de vida en la Lima antigua. Declarada Patrimonio Cultural Inmueble Colonial por el INC, actual Ministerio de Cultura; es por ello que consideramos importante realizar la evaluación estructural del mismo ante un evento sísmico severo. Dicha evaluación se ha realizado mediante el programa “VisualFEA”, el cual se basa en la teoría de los elementos finitos, además se ha respetado la norma de diseño peruana y las consideraciones necesarias por ser, la estructura en estudio, un monumento histórico. La presente es una investigación aplicada, cuantitativa, explicativa y descriptiva; de diseño no experimental, transversal y prospectivo. Se concluye que la estructura no cumple los desplazamientos mínimos, según norma, al someterla al sismo severo; por lo que se procede a plantear la propuesta de reforzamiento estructural haciendo uso de las técnicas de reconstrucción local y refuerzo externo, evitando afectar la integridad y la autenticidad de los materiales por tratarse de un patrimonio cultural. The museum of site Bodega y Quadra is the first museum of the historic center which shows the old´s life style of lima citizen. It was named Cultural Heritage Colonial Property by the Ministerio de la Cultura; because of that reason we considered important to realize the structural assessment of this museum to prevent any problem in case of a severe earthquake. This thesis has been done using the “VisualFEA” software which is based on the theory of the finite elements, besides it has been considered the Peruvian regulation of design and the properly considerations since it is a Heritage Property. This is an applied, quantitative, descriptive and explanatory research; design not experimental, transversal and prospective. Concludes that the structure does not meet minimum displacement, as a rule, when subjected to sever earthquake; so it proceeds to raise the proposed structural reinforcement using the local reconstruction technique and external reinforcement, preventing affect the integrity and authenticity of the materials because it is a historical monument.
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Gowripalan, N. "Reinforcement of concrete elements with modified polymers." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378032.

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Haji, Oussama. "Modèles de comportement de structures textiles : développement, identification, implémentation." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE3007.

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Les renforts fibreux subissent des mécanismes de déformations complexes lors du procédé de fabrication des pièces composites. Par conséquent, des défauts se produisent à différentes échelles du renfort qui peuvent affecter drastiquement la qualité de la pièce finale. Afin d’améliorer celle-ci, il serait judicieux de prévoir la faisabilité des pièces composite par la modélisation et la simulation du procédé de mise en forme. Cette tâche nécessite d’établir, tout d’abord, une loi de comportement du renfort fibreux par le biais de la modélisation du comportement des mèches, qui dépend lui-même du comportement des fibres et des interactions entre elles. D’où l’intérêt de commencer par l’étude d’un milieu fibreux modèle à l’échelle de la fibre. La présente étude s’inscrit dans cette approche en ayant comme objectif de développer un milieu modèle basé sur une géométrie réaliste d’un réseau de fibres faiblement enchevêtrées et quasiment unidirectionnelles. À l’issue de ce travail, deux éléments clés sont présentés : (i) des outils automatisés de reconstruction de la microstructure des milieux fibreux à partir des images de la tomographie à rayons X, jusqu’à son modèle CAO. (ii) une stratégie de simulation fiable,nourrie par des essais expérimentaux de compaction effectués sur un milieu fibreux modèle de 40 fibres de polyester. En utilisant ces outils, des simulations de compaction confinée, sur la même microstructure que celle de l’échantillon réel, ont été effectuées sur Abaqus®. Les fibres ont été modélisées par des éléments poutres 3D en prenant en compte le frottement entre elles. Un modèle numérique de contact, basé sur la loi de Hertz, est utilisé également. La confrontation des résultats numériques avec ceux des expériences montre une cohérence très encourageante qui permet de valider le modèle numérique d’une part, et de tester d’autres trajets de chargement en augmentant le nombre de fibres d’autre part
The fibrous textile undergoes different mechanical loads, which induce strains and damage to the fabric at different scales. As a result, the mechanical properties of the final parts are drastically impacted. It is therefore essential topredict the feasibility of composite parts by the modelization and the simulation of the fabric preforming process.This task requires an appropriate mechanical behaviour of the fibrous textile. This behaviour is mainly a structural effect that depends essentially on the yarn interlacing and secondly on the yarn behaviour. Each yarn is composedof thousands of fibers; therefore, the objective of the present thesis is to establish a reliable numerical model ofslightly entangled and quasi-parallel fibers. The present work presents mainly: (i) a realistic representation of the fiber network geometry and (ii) a reliable simulation strategy to model the main phenomena at the fiber scale. To feed this approach, compaction tests were conducted on fiber network specimens of 40 polyester fibres. The experiments were combined with X-ray tomography image analysis. Using these tools, simulations of confined compaction on the same microstructure of the used specimen were performed on Abaqus®/Explicit. Beam finite elements were chosen to model the fibers and optimise the calculation cost. The normal contact behaviour between the fibers were was accurately modelled using the contact stiffness scaling and referring to Hertz contact model. The simulation strategy has been validated by comparing the mechanical response of the compaction experiment with the numerical one. The proposed model offers encouraging results in accordance with the real compaction test. More loading trajectories will be performed on a bundle of hundreds of fibers to gather more information on the microscopic scale (fiber scale), and then formulate a mechanical behaviour at the mesoscopic scale (yarn scale)
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Tabatabai, Seyed Mohammad Reza. "Finite element-based elasto-plastic optimum reinforcement dimensioning of spatial concrete panel structures /." Basel ; Boston ; Berlin : Birkhäuser, 1996. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=incoll&nr=815.

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Books on the topic "Reinforcement of structural elements"

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Branco, Jorge, Philipp Dietsch, and Thomas Tannert, eds. Reinforcement of Timber Elements in Existing Structures. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67794-7.

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Fehl, Barry D. Use of reinforcement in a nonlinear, incremental structural analysis. [Vicksburg, Miss: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1995.

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Keller, Thomas. Use of fibre reinforced polymers in bridge construction. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed007.

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<p>The aim of the present Structural Engineering Document, a state-of-the-art report, is to review the progress made worldwide in the use of fibre rein­forced polymers as structural components in bridges until the end of the year 2000.<p> Due to their advantageous material properties such as high specific strength, a large tolerance for frost and de-icing salts and, furthermore, short installation times with minimum traffic interference, fibre reinforced polymers have matured to become valuable alternative building materials for bridge structures. Today, fibre reinforced polymers are manufactured industrially to semi-finished products and ccimplete structural components, which can be easily and quickly installed or erected on site.<p> Examples of semi-finished products and structural components available are flexible tension elements, profiles stiff in bending and sandwich panels. As tension elements, especially for the purpose of strengthening, strips and sheets are available, as weil as reinforcing bars for concrete reinforcement and prestressing members for internal prestressing or external use. Profiles are available for beams and columns, and sandwich constructions especially for bridge decks. During the manufacture of the structural components fibre-optic sensors for continuous monitoring can be integrated in the materials. Adhesives are being used more and more for joining com­ponents.<p> Fibre reinforced polymers have been used in bridge construction since the mid-1980s, mostly for the strengthening of existing structures, and increas­ingly since the mid-1990s as pilot projects for new structures. In the case of new structures, three basic types of applications can be distinguished: concrete reinforcement, new hybrid structures in combination with traditional construction materials, and all-composite applications, in which the new materials are used exclusively.<p> This Structural Engineering Document also includes application and research recommendations with particular reference to Switzerland.<p> This book is aimed at both students and practising engineers, working in the field of fibre reinforced polymers, bridge design, construction, repair and strengthening.
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P, Kamat Manohar, ed. Elements of structural optimization. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1985.

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Berg, Glen V. Elements of structural dynamics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1989.

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Zafer, Gürdal, and Kamat Manohar P, eds. Elements of structural optimization. 2nd ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990.

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Haftka, Raphael T. Elements of structural optimization. 3rd ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992.

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Structural elements design manual. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 1990.

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Design of structural elements. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

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Haftka, Raphael T. Elements of Structural Optimization. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Reinforcement of structural elements"

1

Bertolini-Cestari, Clara, and Tanja Marzi. "Nanocomposites as Reinforcement for Timber Structural Elements." In RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports, 79–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67794-7_5.

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Sai Venkata Ramanjaneyulu, V., and G. Papa Rao. "Behaviour of RC Structural Elements with Laced Reinforcement." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 817–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0362-3_66.

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Deluce, J., S. C. Lee, and F. J. Vecchio. "Crack Formation in FRC Structural Elements Containing Conventional Reinforcement." In High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6, 271–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2436-5_33.

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Dietsch, Philipp, and Andreas Ringhofer. "Self-tapping Screws as Reinforcement for Structural Timber Elements." In RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports, 7–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67794-7_2.

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Kasal, Bo, and Libo Yan. "Fiber-Reinforced Polymers as Reinforcement for Timber Structural Elements." In RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports, 51–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67794-7_4.

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Jockwer, Robert, and Erik Serrano. "Glued-in Rods as Reinforcement for Timber Structural Elements." In RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports, 29–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67794-7_3.

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Tannert, Thomas, Philipp Dietsch, and Jorge Branco. "Reinforcement of Timber Elements in Existing Structures." In RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67794-7_1.

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Thulin, Frederick A., and John D. Brock. "Structural Evaluation of Cold-Formed Sheet Steel Concrete Reinforcement Using Finite Elements and Tests." In Computational Mechanics ’86, 965–71. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68042-0_139.

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Floss, R. "Reinforcing Elements in Steep Slopes and Vertical-Faced Earth Structures — German State of the Art." In The Application of Polymeric Reinforcement in Soil Retaining Structures, 561–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1405-6_22.

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Dritsos, Stephanos, and Dimitrios Baros. "Modification and Strengthening of a Characteristic Reinforced Concrete Building in Patras, Greece." In Case Studies on Conservation and Seismic Strengthening/Retrofitting of Existing Structures, 21–41. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/cs002.021.

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<p>The design and application of strengthening measures aiming to effectively counter possible weaknesses related to the extensive architectural modification of a characteristic reinforced concrete building is discussed in this chapter. Several balconies were removed as part of the architectural interventions. Externally bonded reinforcement consisting of steel and fibre reinforced polymer laminates was applied as an “answer” to possible changes in flexural stress of selected structural elements in the immediate area of the demolitions. A unique anchorage system was also designed and applied as an answer to the loss of development length of the main reinforcement bars of selected beams due to the removal of their cantilever parts.</p>
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Conference papers on the topic "Reinforcement of structural elements"

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Zhelyazov, Todor. "Finite Element Modelling of FRP – Strengthened Structural Elements." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0752.

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<p>Numerical aspects of the analysis of structural elements strengthened with FRP reinforcement are discussed in this contribution. Constitutive laws are defined on the meso – scale for the materials involved (steel, concrete, FRP).</p><p>The evolutions of experimentally observable parameters of FRP-strengthened concrete elements loaded in flexure are obtained by finite element analysis. Numerical results are compared to experimental data.</p><p>The employed numerical strategy consists in defining a damage-based constitutive law for concrete. A beneficial outcome of the implementation of such constitutive relation is the possibility to monitor the damage evolution for a given period of exploitation. Since the remaining structural life can be assessed in this way, monitoring of damage accumulation appears as a prerequisite for an accurate and efficient design of the reinforcement.</p>
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Del Giudice, Lorenzo, Rafal Wrobel, Antonios Katsamakas, Christian Leinenbach, and Michalis Vassiliou. "CYCLIC TESTING OF 1:40 SCALE CANTILEVER RC ELEMENTS WITH DIGITALLY MANUFACTURED REINFORCEMENT." In 8th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research National Technical University of Athens, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120121.8545.18965.

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Alves, Ricardo Valeriano, Mayra Soares Pereira Lima Perlingeiro, and Flávia Moll de Souza Judice. "Structural Restoration and Reinforcement of Desengano Bridge." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.1584.

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<p>The Desengano bridge, with 11 spans and 171.5 meters in length, transverses the Paraíba do Sul River between the cities of Vassouras and Valença in the State of Rio de Janeiro and was part of the Dom Pedro II Railroad (EFDPII). The bridge has exceptional historical value because it is one of the very first metallic structures built in Brazil and was inaugurated in 1865 by Emperor D. Pedro II himself. The bridge, originally made up of three lines of stringers, supports a railroad and a carriageway. In this century, one of the stringer lines was removed to make room for the modern railway bridge supported by the original pillars. The two remaining stringer lines, with a reinforced concrete slab, were intended for road traffic. The objective of this work is to present the particulars of the restoration and structural reinforcement completed in 2017 on the roadway. A physical- chemical analysis revealed that the metallic structure is composed of wrought iron whose brittle nature prevents the use of welded connections. The slab of reinforced concrete, with carbonation and corrosion problems, was submitted to an alkalinization process. The entire superstructure was suspended for leveling and installation of elastomeric bearings. The careful removal of specific rivets made screw connections possible for structural reinforcement. The nine arch spans were reinforced with a new bracing system, Dywidag bars arranged parallel to the original rods, and tensioned by indirect prestressing. The two lattice girder spans were reinforced with monostrand tendons prestressed just below the lower flange. The recovery of steel areas, lost through corrosion, was accomplished by concrete adhesion. The reinforced structural elements were designed so as not to affect the architecture of the historical patrimony.</p>
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Slaitas, Justas, and Juozas Valivonis. "Crack parameters in normal section of FRP strengthened RC elements." In The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.028.

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Contrary to existing studies, this paper presents a prediction model of crack parameters in normal section of FRP strengthened RC elements neglecting crack spacing. A relation between normal crack width, depth and strains in the level of FRP reinforcement, established by Slaitas et al. (Slaitas, Daugevičius, Valivonis, & Grigorjeva, 2018a) and Jokūbaitis et al. (Jokūbaitis & Juknevičius, 2013; Jokūbaitis, Juknevičius, & Šalna, 2013), allowed authors to describe the full development of the crack up to the element failure. Numerical results are compared with experimental ones from the tests of 9 RC beams, strengthened with externally bonded and near surface mounted FRP reinforcements.
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Gosain, Narendra. "Repair of Concrete Elements Using Externally Bonded Reinforcement: 30 Year History." In Structures Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41031(341)218.

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Osman Letelier, Juan Pablo, Alex Hückler, and Mike Schlaich. "Application of Prestressed CFRP Textiles for the Development of Thin- Walled Concrete Structural Elements." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0102.

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<p>The success story of prestressed concrete is based on the utilization of high‐strength prestressing steel which enables large compressive forces to be introduced into the concrete. However, thin‐walled concrete structures often require considerable thicknesses for the sole purpose of preventing corrosion of the steel elements. In this paper the use of prestressed Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) for the development of thin‐walled concrete structural elements is briefly presented. The transition of material to stronger, lighter and corrosion‐resistant CFRP represents a significant improvement in concrete construction. Prestressing with CFRP elements leads to more slender and thereby more economical and durable structural elements. Through the additional prestressing of a reinforcement mesh, very light and highly rigid surface structures can be constructed. Prestressing technologies have been developed and adapted for specific applications i.e. slabs and doubly curved structural elements and validated by experimental tests. This paper shows that prestressed carbon reinforced concrete can be used for more durable and efficient thin‐walled structures, allowing for more sustainable construction.</p>
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KHOMWAN, N., and S. J. FOSTER. "FE MODELLING OF FRP-REPAIRED RC PLANE STRESS ELEMENTS." In Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on FRP Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS–6). World Scientific Publishing Company, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812704863_0113.

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TANN, D. B., P. DAVIES, and R. DELPAK. "A REVIEW OF DUCTILITY DETERMINATION OF FRP STRENGTHENED FLEXURAL RC ELEMENTS." In Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on FRP Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS–6). World Scientific Publishing Company, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812704863_0031.

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Shin, In-Seob, Jae-Yong Park, Seog-Young Han, and Timothy C. Kennedy. "Topology Optimization of the Inner Reinforcement for a Vehicle’s Hood Using Evolutionary Procedure." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84322.

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Topology optimization of the inner reinforcement for a vehicle’s hood has been performed by evolutionary structural optimization (ESO) method. The purpose of this study is to obtain optimal topology of the inner reinforcement for a vehicle’s hood considering static stiffness and natural frequency simultaneously. To do this, the multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) technique was implemented. From several combinations of weighting factors, a Pareto-optimal solution was obtained. Optimal topologies were obtained by the ESO method, i.e., by eliminating the elements having the lowest efficiency from the structural domain. Topology optimization for a static stiffness problem has been accomplished by removing the element having the lowest efficiency measured by the elastic strain energy efficiency factor. Likewise, topology optimization for a natural frequency problem has been performed by eliminating the elements having the lowest efficiency measured by the natural frequency efficiency factor. As the weighting factor for natural frequency goes from zero to 1, it was found that the optimal topology transitions from the optimal topology of the static stiffness problem to that of the natural frequency problem. Therefore, it was concluded that the ESO method can be effectively applied to topology optimization of the inner reinforcement of a vehicle’s hood.
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Babu, C. Ramesh. "Technical note on using CNTs as reinforcements in reinforced concrete structural elements." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, CHARACTERIZATION, SOLID STATE PHYSICS, POWER, THERMAL AND COMBUSTION ENERGY: FCSPTC-2017. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4990225.

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Reports on the topic "Reinforcement of structural elements"

1

Rickard, N. D. STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR REPLACEABLE GRAPHITE CORE ELEMENTS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10197186.

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Journeay, J. M., and J. van Ulden. Neogene structural elements of northern Cascadia, British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/209503.

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Herrmann, George. Mechanical Response of Structural Elements to Dynamic Loads. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada209827.

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Hamins, Anthony, Alexander Maranghides, Kevin B. McGrattan, Erik L. Johnsson, Thomas J. Ohlemiller, Michelle K. Dennelly, Jiann C. Yang, et al. Experiments and modeling of structural steel elements exposed to fire. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ncstar.1-5bv1.

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Chen, Bing C., Weiya Zhang, David Johnson, Manoj Thota, Zhen Wu, Kon-Well Wang, Soobum Lee, and Fabio Semperlotti. Adaptable Structural Logic System Synthesis with Bistable Snap-Through Elements. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada574780.

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DeAnna, Dixon, and Hodo Wayne. Finite element analysis of quoin block deterioration and load transfer mechanisms in miter gates : pintle and pintle connections. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40842.

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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) currently operates and maintains approximately 193 commercially active lock sites with 239 locks and dams spanning nearly 12,000 miles. These networks of water channels are used to transport 600 million tons of domestic cargo, generating $405 billion in revenue annually. Nearly 60% of these structures in operation are over 50 years old and have reached design life. A failure of the miter gates could result in a major negative impact on the economy and on the ability to maintain flood control. Administrators need recommendations to better prioritize maintenance and repair of the USACE miter gates. This work investigated the influence of miter gate’s quoin block degradation on load transfer to the pintle and/or pintle connections. Results of finite element analysis are reported for the quoin block degradation simulated levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%. The parametric study shows the overstressed regions are the pintle neck and bolt-hole regions. To improve pintle designs so they may better mitigate detrimental environmental based deterioration effects, this work recommends (1) increasing the thickness of the bolt-hole connection region and (2) adding ribbing reinforcement around the neck area of the pintle.
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Leland, Robert W. Comparative Study of Hexahedral and Tetrahedral Elements for Non-linear Structural Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1331497.

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Durling, P., and F. Marillier. Stratigraphy and structural elements of the Cumberland Basin from seismic reflection data. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/208198.

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Hamins, Anthony, Alexander Maranghides, Kevin B. McGrattan, Erik L. Johnsson, Thomas J. Ohlemiller, Michelle K. Dennelly, Jiann C. Yang, et al. Experiments and modeling of structural steel elements exposed to fire (Appendices D-G). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ncstar.1-5bv2.

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Durling, P., and F. Marillier. Structural elements of the Magdalen Basin, Gulf of St. Lawrence, from seismic reflection data. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/134281.

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