Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Reins – Physiologie'
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Pelchat, Marie-Ève. "Étude structure-fonction du cotransporteur rénal NA-K-CL de type 2." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20742.
Full textPoirier, André. "Influence de l'infection rénale sur la néphrotoxicité de la gentamicine." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33572.
Full textMontréal Trigonix inc. 2018
Gille, Jean-Pierre. "Technologies des échanges respiratoires (O2 et Co2) : application à la réalisation d'appareils médicaux." Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPE092.
Full textNOURDIN, PASCAL. "Le rein et ses dependances energetiques en medecine chinoise : physiologie traditionnelle, applications cliniques, interpretations modernes." Reims, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REIMM051.
Full textKaminski, Hannah. "Insights into the physiology of the gamma-delta T Physiologie des lymphocytes T gamma-delta dans l'interaction du cytomégalovirus avec son hôte immunodéprimé." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0328.
Full textCytomegalovirus is a major infectious cause of mortality and morbidity following transplantation and a better knowledge about the immune cells acting against CMV and about their response to immunosuppressive drugs would help to better manage this life threatening infection. We have previously demonstrated that the tissue-associated adaptive Vδ2neg γδ T-cells are key effectors responding to CMV and associated to recovery. We analyzed here the repertoire and functions of naive Vδ2neg γδ T-cells to know better their "innate" properties against CMV. Secondly, an additional Vγ9negVδ2pos subgroup with adaptive functions has been recently described in adults. We demonstrated that these Vγ9negVδ2pos T-cells are also components of the CMV immune response while presenting with distinct characteristics from Vδ2neg γδT-cells. Notably Vγ9negVδ2pos T-cells were the only γδ T-cell subset which expansion tightly correlated with the severity of CMV disease. Consequently, we identified a new player in the immune response against CMV and open interesting clinical perspectives for using Vγ9negVδ2pos T-cells as an immune marker for CMV disease severity in immunocompromised patients.Finally, we analyzed the effect of mTOR-inhibitors (mTORi), immunosuppressive drugs, on CMV-specific T cells. Indeed, mTORi are inexplicably associated with a lower incidence of CMV infection in seropositive (R+) kidney transplant recipients (KTR). We hypothesized that CMV reactivation in R+ patients could be due to dysfunctional T cells that might be improved by mTORi. First we showed that both alpha-beta and gamma-delta T cells displayed a more dysfunctional phenotype (LAG3+, TIM3+, PD-1+, CD85j+) at day 0 in the 16 R+ KTR with severe CMV reactivation when compared to the 17 with spontaneously resolving or without CMV reactivation. Second, treating patients with mTORi (n= 27) decreased the proportion of PD-1+ and CD85j+ alpha-beta and gamma-delta T cells when compared to mycophenolic acid (MPA) treated patients (n=44), which correlate with the frequency and severity of CMV infections. mTORi-treated patients also lead to higher proportions of late-differentiated and cytotoxic gamma-delta T cells and increased percentages of IFN-gamma producing and cytotoxic alpha-beta T cells. In vitro, mTORi increased proliferation, survival and CMV-induced IFN-gamma-production of alpha-beta and gamma-delta T cells. mTORi also decreased PD-1 and CD85j expression in both subsets and shifted to a more efficient EOMESlow Hobit high profile. In gamma-delta T cells mTORi effect was related to increased TCR signaling. Those results reveal (i) that severe CMV replication is associated with a dysfunctional T cell profile and (ii) that mTORi improve their fitness in association with a better control of CMV. Dysfunctional T cell phenotype could represent a new biomarker in R+ patients to predict post-transplantation infection and help to stratify patients who should benefit from mTORi treatment
Pinganaud, Geneviève. "La fonction rénale du sujet âgé : de la physiologie du vieillissement rénal à la pathologie à partir de l'expérience clinique du service de nephrologie et d'une revue de la littérature." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR23045.
Full textKhawam, Krystel. "Evaluation du rôle du système IL-15/IL-15R dans la physiologie et la pathologie des cellules épithéliales rénales humaines." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T036.
Full textPicard, Nicolas. "Rôle physiologique de la kallicréine rénale." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066077.
Full textMartin, Mireille. "Transport et utilisation de certains anions organiques par le rein de rat, in vivo : études par microponctions et différences artérioveineuses." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO1T039.
Full textSerfaty, Julie. "La cystatine C, un nouveau marqueur du débit de filtration glomérulaire." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05P091.
Full textRaison, Denis. "Nouvelles données sur les effets rénaux de la protéine apparentée à l'hormone parathyroïdienne (PTHrP) : acteur physioloque de la régulation hémodynamique et cytokine pro-fibrotique." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat//2011/RAISON_Denis_2011_ED414.pdf.
Full textParathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein or PTHrP is ubiquitously expressed and acts locally in many physiological processes. Many studies have established that exogenous applied PTHrP or PTHrP overexpression in mice induces hypotension and vasodilatation, namely in the renal vasculature. More recently, PTHrP has also been involved in inflammation and fibrosis. This thesis provides new data about the cardiovascular effects of PTHrP as well as its contribution to renal fibrosis. Using a mouse model which allows conditional knockout of PTHrP (SMA-CreERT2/PTHrPL2/L2 mice), we were able to evaluate the importance of endogenous PTHrP in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal hemodynamics under physiological conditions but also in response to an isotonic saline overload. PTHrP deletion in vascular smooth muscle cells had no effect on blood pressure, but decreased renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and plasma renin concentration. PTHrP elicited epithelio-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis on human kidney epithelial cells (HK-2). Our work presents PTHrP as an amplification factor for TGF-beta1 on ECM synthesis. TGF-beta1 induced massive overexpression of PTHrP and PTHrP contributed to TGF-beta1 auto-induction. Moreover, PTHrP activated another pathway for EMT induction and fibrosis, the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. The contribution of PTHrP was confirmed in vivo, on an experimental model of tubulo-interstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureter ligation (UUO), in which a treatment with a PTHrP neutralizing antibody decreased TGF-beta1 mRNA, renal fibrosis, as well as lymphocytes T and monocytes/macrophages infiltration
Houamel, Dounia. "Physiologie et rôle de l'hepcidine dans des pathologies hépatiques et rénales : Implication de BMP6 dans l'hémochromatose héréditaire : Régulation du métabolisme du fer intra-rénal : Protection contre les infections urinaires." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077223.
Full textIron is an essential element for nearly every living organism, but excessive iron accumulation is highly toxic. Hepcidin, an antimicrobial peptide synthesized mainly in the liver, is the key regulator of iron homeostasis. Hepcidin controls the major fluxes of iron by inhibiting the intestinal iron absorption and the delivery of recycled iron from macrophages. Hepcidin synthesis is highly complex and modulated by different stimuli. Indeed, hepcidin is stimulated by iron and inflammation, and is repressed by iron deficiency and all situations that stimulate erythropoietic activity. The best-characterized regulatory pathway of hepcidin expression is theBMP6/SMADS signaling. Herein, we studied the regulation of hepcidin synthesis and its role in various physiological and pathophysiological situations: 1 - involvement of BMP6 in hereditary hemochromatosis (hh) in humans. Hh is characterized by abnormal iron loading in parenchyma leading to serious complications. Our study describes for the first time the involvement of bmp6 gene in the development of iron overload in humans. 2 - the role of kidney in iron homeostasis has long been overlooked. Our results indicate that the kidney is able to synthesize hepcidin and that local hepcidin synthesis may play a key role in the control of renal and urinary iron content. 3 - the physiological role of hepcidin in urinary tract infection (uti) has been studied. Our findings indicate that hepcidin participates to renal antibacterial defense and suggest that upec may repress renal production of hepcidin to evade renal host defenses
Howdeshell, Kembra L. "Effects of exposure to environmentally-relevant levels of bisphenol A on mouse reproductive physiology and maternal behavior /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3060107.
Full textMoulouel, Boualem. "Transport du fer dans le rein : role physiologique et physiopathologique dans la régulation de la synthèse d'érythropoïétine." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077152.
Full textErythropoietin, the erythropoiesis regulating hormone, is mainly synthesized by renal interstitial fibroblatsts. This synthesis is under the control of the transcription factor HIF2a, which is regulated by the prolylhydroxylase PHD2. The optimum activity of PHD2 requires simultaneous availability of oxygen and iron. It is now clear that, under hypoxia or defective erythropoiesis, PHD2 activity is repressed and HIF2a is stabilized leading to the stimulation of erythropoietin (EPO) gene expression. However, little is known about the implication of iron and hepcidin in this regulation mechanism. Hepcidin is- a little peptide first known as antimicrobial but also considered today as the pivotai regulator of iron homeostasis. It decreases plasma iron by reducing its intestinal absorption and release from spleen and liver macrophages. Plasma hepcidine mainly originates from the liver but recent reports indicate that it is also locally synthesized in other organs including the kindney, suggesting a role for hepcidin in the regulation of renal iron content and therefore in the regulation of renal EPO synthesis. The study of hemochromatosis model Hepc-/-, revealed an iron overload in the kidney, especially in the medullar region. Colocalization studies, with specific markers of different tubular sections, showed that iron accumulates in the thick ascending Limb of the Henle's loop (TAL). By electron microscopy, we observed iron deposits not only in tubular cells but also in interstitial fibroblasts, responsible for EPO synthesis. The study of the regulation of iron transporters (DMT1, TfR1 and FPN) and trans-epithelial iron transport in tubular TAL and OK cell lines revealed that DMT1 plays an important role in the Hepc-i- renal iron overload phenotype. These results allowed us to evidence a local, hepcidin dependent, iron homeostasis regulation in the kidney. Using several models in with variable iron status, liver and kidney hepcidin and EPO expression in the kidney (Phlebotomy, iron restricted diet ,systemic and renal inflammation), we show that hepcidin by regulating renal iron content plays an important role in the modulation of EPO response. In vitro studies on renal EPO producing cells (REPC) suggest that the expression of this hormone is negatively regulated by intracellular iron content. Our results, taken together, suggest that hepcidin, by regulating iron transepithelial transport ir the distal nephron, could exert a control on EPO production in interstitial fibroblasts
Faure, Jean-Pierre. "Etude des phénomènes précoces responsables des lésions d'ischémie reperfusion en transplantation rénale : évaluation dans un modèle d'autotransplantation chez le porc." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT1402.
Full textBignon, Yohan. "Physiologie et physiopathologie des transports transépithéliaux du tubule proximal : mise en évidence du rôle de la sous-unité Kir4.2 et analyse d'un mutant de ClC-5 impliqué dans la maladie de Dent." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066244/document.
Full textThe proximal tubule is involved in diuresis by modifying the content of the glomerular ultrafiltrate. Using a variety of transepithelial transports systems, it reabsorbs all ultrafiltrated glucose, amino-acids and low molecular weight proteins, as well as 80% of HPO42- and HCO3- ions, about 60% of Na+, Cl-, K+, and Ca2+ ions, 75% of water and 30% of Mg2+.During this thesis, I determined the physiological and physiopathological roles of two transport proteins present in proximal tubule. Firstly, I evaluated the renal function of mice invalidated for the Kir4.2 protein, whose role was undetermined. Our results show that Kir4.2, in association with Kir5.1, form a Kir4.2/Kir5.1 potassium channel at the basolateral membrane of proximal tubular cells. Furthermore, Kir4.2-null mice exhibit a reduced ammoniagenesis leading to an isolated proximal renal tubular acidosis. This study provides the gene encoding Kir4.2 as a candidate gene for the yet unexplained autosomal dominant isolated proximal renal tubular acidosis.Secondly, I evaluated in vitro the functional consequences of a pathogenic mutation of the 2Cl-/H+ exchanger ClC-5, involved in Dent’s disease. This disease, characterized by a low-molecular-weigth-proteinuria in the context of a general proximal tubule dysfunction, is currently thought to be due to an acidification defect of early endosomes linked to a loss of function of ClC-5. Surprisingly, our results show that ClC-5, converted into a chloride channel by this mutation, indeed acidifies the early endosomes as well as the ClC-5 wild-type. Thus, Dent’s disease may originate from a defect in the accumulation of chloride ions into the early endosomes
EZELIN, MARIE-CHRISTINE. "Suivi medico-physiologique du centre permanent d'entrainement et de formation de tennis au c. R. E. P. S. De reims chez 8 garcons minimes." Reims, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REIMM068.
Full textGillion-Boyer, Olivia. "Rôles de PLCE1 et INF2 dans la physiopathologie des podocytopathies héréditaires." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T044.
Full textDuring the last decade, the identification of several podocyte genes in hereditary forms of podocytopathies has allowed to refine the glomerular filtration barrier structure and function. We conducted a mutational analysis on a worldwide cohort of 139 patients with nephrotic syndrome and identified 9 novel mutations of the PLCE1 gene encoding the phospholipase Cε1. Surprisingly in an autosomal recessive disease, we observed an incomplete penetrance in 3 pedigrees suggestive of oligogenic inheritance or genetic and/or environnemental modifiers, although the screening of 19 candidate genes failed to identify a causative variant. We confirmed the major role of INF2 encoding a diaphanous-related formin in autosomal dominant podocytopathies. We showed that most INF2 mutations are located in the N-terminal domain of the protein which is involved in its autoinhibition through the binding to its C-terminus, and also interacts with another podocyte and cytoskeletal component IQGAP1. Since INF2 interacts with MAL (Myelin And Lymphocyte protein) and the Rho GTPase Cdc42, essential players of the peripheral myelination process, we hypothesized that INF2 mutations could be involved in the intriguing association of a podocytopathy with the Charcot Marie Tooth peripheral neuropathy. We screened a cohort of 16 families with this neurorenal phenotype and identified mutations in 75% of them. We showed that INF2 is expressed in Schwann cells, where it colocalizes and interacts with MAL, and that mutations in INF2 alter INF2 interaction with Cdc42. This suggests that INF2 mutations could disturb the INF2-MAL-Cdc42 pathway and its role in myelin formation and maintenance
Royet, Julien. "Mise en évidence dans les extraits rénaux et dans le surnageant de cellules stromales médullaires d'une nouvelle activité érythropoïétique : caractérisation de cette activité et étude de son rôle physiologique." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10218.
Full textMarkadieu, Nicolas. "Etude du rôle de la phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dans la réabsorption du sodium par un modèle de tubule distal et collecteur du rein." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210988.
Full textNous avons étudié l’importance de chacun des 3-phosphoinositides produits par la PI 3-kinase, sur le transport du sodium en ajoutant au milieu cellulaire des formes «perméantes» de ces phospholipides. Parmi ceux-ci, le PIP3 et dans une moindre intensité le PI(3,4)P2 augmentent ce transport. En revanche, le PI3P, le PI(3,5)P2, ainsi que le PI(4,5)P2 n’ont pas d’effet sur lui. Nous avons démontré par la technique du Western blot que la 3-phosphatase PTEN est exprimée dans les cellules A6. Cette phosphatase déphosphoryle le PIP3 en PI(4,5)P2. Nous avons surexprimé PTEN dans les cellules A6. Ceci réduit l’augmentation du transport du sodium induite par l’insuline, ainsi que celle induite par addition de la forme «perméante» de PIP3.
Nous avons ensuite vérifié si d’autres agents qui activent la PI 3-kinase, stimulent également le transport de sodium à travers cet épithélium. A cette fin, nous avons d’abord vérifié que l’EGF et le peroxyde d’hydrogène, connus pour stimuler la PI 3-kinase dans d’autres systèmes, activent également cette enzyme dans les cellules A6. Tous deux augmentent ce transport. L’importance de l’augmentation induite par H2O2 est comparable à celle de l’insuline, tandis que l’effet de l’EGF est plus transitoire. Un dosage d’activité de la PI 3-kinase, nous a permis de démontrer que l’intensité de l’activation de la PI 3-kinase est corrélée avec l’amplitude de l’augmentation du transport du sodium. Par comparaison avec l’effet de l’insuline et de l’H2O2, l’EGF augmente faiblement l’activité de la PI 3-kinase et induit une faible augmentation du transport.
Nous avons également examiné si la voie des MAPK influence la stimulation du transport du sodium par ces différents agents. Cette voie ne semble pas impliquée dans l’effet de l’insuline ou du peroxyde d’hydrogène. Par contre, elle diminue la stimulation du transport de sodium par l’EGF. L’effet de l’EGF sur le transport semble résulter d’un compromis entre l’activation de la voie de la PI 3-kinase qui l’augmente et l’activation de la voie des MAPK qui le diminue.
En conclusion, une augmentation de PIP3, soit par addition de PIP3 exogène, soit par augmentation endogène sous l’effet de l’insuline ou d’autres agents stimulant la PI 3-kinase, augmente le transport du sodium tandis qu’une diminution de PIP3 endogène (par surexpression de PTEN) le diminue. L’importance de l’activation de la PI 3-kinase est quantitativement corrélée avec l’importance de l’augmentation du transport du sodium. La PI 3-kinase est donc un médiateur-clef de la régulation rénale de ce transport.
Doctorat en sciences biomédicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Pons, Marianne. "Contribution à l'étude des variations circadiennes de la fonction rénale chez le rat : application à l'étude de la chrononéphrotoxicité de la ciclosporine A." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR2B003.
Full textDurroux, Thierry. "Les canaux calciques des cellules glomérulées de la glande surrénale de rat : mise en évidence et caractérisation par la technique du "patch-clamp"." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20047.
Full textAnstey, Zachary. "Evaluation of mitochondrial function in a model of developmental programming of hypertension associated with transient neonatal oxygen exposure." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12756.
Full textEVALUATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION IN A MODEL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING OF HYPERTENSION ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSIENT NEONATAL OXYGEN EXPOSURE Introduction: Rats exposed to oxygen (O2) as newborns suffer complications in adulthood, including: arterial hypertension, vascular dysfunction, nephropenia and indices of oxidative stress. Although the rats are born at term, their organ development is equivalent to that of a preterm fetus, allowing organs of interest such as the kidney to be compared to premature infants. Given that impaired nephrogenesis or reduced nephron numbers has been shown to promote the development of hypertension and mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with increased oxidative stress, we hypothesised that exposure to high oxygen concentrations in the neonatal period would significantly impact the expression and activity of key proteins involved in renal mitochondrial function and lead to an excessive production of reactive oxygen species by the mitochondria. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rat pups were exposed to 80% O2 (Hyperoxic (H) group; O2 exposed) or 21% O2 (Control (Ctrl) group) from day 3 to day 10 of life. At 4 and 16 weeks of age, kidneys were rapidly excised and the mitochondria isolated following a standard protocol; with a buffer containing 0.32 M sucrose and differential centrifugations. Expression of mitochondrial proteins was assessed by Western blot, whereas the release of hydrogen peroxide (H202), activities of key citric acid cycle enzymes and mitochondrial swelling were assessed by spectrophotometry. Results are expressed as the means ± SE. Both male and female offspring were studied. Results: In male H rats at 16 weeks of age (n=6), citrate synthase activity (internal standard and measure of relative mitochondrial abundance) was significantly increased (12.4 ± 8.4 vs 4.1 ± 0.5 μmole/mL/min), whereas aconitase activity (sensitive to ROS) was significantly decreased (0.11 ± 0.05 vs 0.20 ± 0.04 μmoles/min/mg mitochondria) and H202 release was significantly increased (7.0 ± 1.3 vs 5.4 ± 0.8 ρmoles/mg mitochondrial protein) compared to the controls (Ctrl, n=6 males and 4 females). The H group (vs Ctrl) also demonstrated a reduction in the expression of peroxiredoxin-3 (Prx3) (H 0.61±0.06 vs. Ctrl 0.78±0.02 relative units, -23%; p<0.05), a protein involved in the elimination of H202 and in the expression of cytochrome C oxidase (Complex IV) (H 1.02±0.04 vs. Ctrl 1.20±0.02 relative units, -15%; p<0.05), a protein in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, whereas the expression of uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), a protein involved in dissipating the proton gradient, was significantly increased (H 1.05±0.02 vs. Ctrl 0.90±0.03 relative units, +17%; p<0.05). Female H rats (n=6) (vs Ctrl, n=6) at 16 weeks of age demonstrated a significant increase in aconitase activity (0.33±0.03 vs 0.17±0.02 μmoles/min/mg mitochondria), in the expression of ATP synthase β subunit (H 0.73±0.02 vs. Ctrl 0.59±0.02 relative units, +25%; p<0.05) (involved in ATP production) and in the expression of MnSOD (H 0.89±0.02 vs. Ctrl 0.74±0.03 relative units, +20%; p<0.05) (mitochondrial antioxidant involved in scavenging superoxide), whereas Prx3 expression was significantly reduced (H 1.1±0.07 vs. Ctrl 0.85±0.01 relative units, -24%; p<0.05 ). In male H rats (vs Ctrl) at 4 weeks of age, the expression of Prx3 was significantly increased (H 0.72±0.03 vs. Ctrl 0.56±0.04 relative units, +31%; p<0.05). Female H rats (vs Ctrl) at 4 weeks of age demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of UCP2 (H 1.22±0.05 vs. Ctrl 1.03±0.04 relative units, +18%; p<0.05) and in the expression of MnSOD (H 1.36±0.01 vs. 1.19±0.06 relative units, +14%; p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that transient oxygen exposure in the neonatal rat modifies protein expression, enzymatic activity and leads to indices of mitochondrial dysfunction (increase in ROS) in the adult kidney; these adverse changes in the mitochondria were more pronounced in adult males than in females. Overall, these findings, suggest that impaired mitochondrial function is associated with and could play a role in the development of arterial hypertension, oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease associated with transient neonatal hyperoxic stress. Keywords: Mitochondria, Hypertension, Kidneys, Developmental Programming, Oxygen, ROS
Nchienzia, Henry. "Hedgehog interacting protein (Hhip) regulates both pancreatic and renal dysfunction in high fat diet-induced obese mouse model." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23524.
Full textHedgehog interacting protein (Hhip), a signaling molecule in the Hedgehog Hh pathway, was originally discovered as a putative antagonist of all 3 secreted Hh ligands, i.e., Sonic (Shh), Indian (Ihh), and Desert (Dhh). Hhip regulates cell function via either canonical- or non-canonical Hh pathway. Hhip encodes a protein of 700 amino acids, and is abundantly expressed in vascular endothelial cell-rich tissues, including the pancreas, and kidneys. To date, less is known about Hhip’s expression pattern in mature islet cells, and its function under normal and/or disease conditions, such as diet induced-obesity, as well as its role in chronic kidney disease, and kidney dysfunction. Hhip null mice (Hhip-/-) display markedly impaired pancreatic islet formation (45% reduction of islet mass with a decrease of beta cell proliferation by 40%), however Hhip-/- mice die shortly after birth mainly due to lung defects. In our first study, we systemically studied the role of pancreatic Hhip expression by using a whole body knock out in response to 8 weeks high fat diet (HFD) insult, and HFD-mediated beta cell dysfunction in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro using heterozygous (Hhip+/-) vs. wild type (Hhip+/+) mice. Both HFD-fed Hhip+/+ male and female mice developed severe glucose intolerance (IPGTT), which was ameliorated in male and female HFD-Hhip+/- mice. Associated with this glucose intolerance, was hyperinsulinemia, which was observed only in HFD-fed male Hhip+/- mice. HFD-fed Hhip+/- mice had high levels of circulating plasma insulin in both insulin secretion phases compared to HFD fed Hhip+/+ mice. In the pancreas, Hhip expression was increased in the islets of HFD-Hhip+/+ mice, mainly co-localized in beta cells and none in alpha cells. While maintaining the total islet number, and beta cell mass, male HFD-Hhip+/+ mice had a higher number of larger islets, in which insulin content was reduced; islet architecture was disoriented, with evident invasion of alpha cells into the central core of beta cells; and an evident increase in oxidative stress markers (8-OHdG and NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox 2)). In contrast, male HFD-Hhip+/- mice had a higher number of smaller islets, with increased beta cell proliferation, pronounced glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), ameliorated oxidative stress and preserved islet integrity. In vitro, recombinant Hhip (rHhip) dose-dependently increased oxidative stress (Nox2 and NADPH activity), and decreased the number of insulin-positive beta cells, while siRNA-Hhip enhanced GSIS, and abolished the stimulation of sodium palmitate (PA)-BSA on Nox2 gene expression. We believe our data highlights a novel finding as to how pancreatic Hhip gene inhibits insulin secretion, by altering islet integrity, and promoting Nox2 gene expression in beta cells in response to HFD-mediated beta cell dysfunction. Diabetes presents high risk factors associated with complications such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) characterized by a gradual loss in kidney function. The increased incidence of diabetic related kidney complications has been recently correlated with increase rate of obesity. We recently established that impaired nephrogenesis in kidneys of offsprings of our murine model of maternal diabetes was associated with upregulation of Hhip gene expression [127]. Subsequently, our recent data also shows that hyperglycemia induced increased renal Hhip gene expression in adult murine kidneys leading to apoptosis of glomerular epithelial cells and endothelial to mesenchymal transition (Endo-MT) - related renal fibrosis [128]. In this current study, we demonstrated how Hhip overexpression in renal proximal tubular cells, contributes to early development of chronic kidney disease after 14 weeks of HFD. Mice in HFD-fed groups showed significantly greater weight gain as compared to mice in ND fed groups. IPGTT revealed that HFD fed mice also developed glucose intolerance, with no apparent changes in insulin sensitivity. HFD did not impact hypertension, even though we had a modest trend of increase in perirenal fat deposit in the HFD fed subgroups. Renal function as measured by the glomerular filtration rate was normal in all four subgroups, indicating that neither HFD, nor Hhip overexpression promoted renal hyperfiltration. Nonetheless, renal morphology revealed HFD kidneys had subclinical injury, presented signs of tubular vacuolization and damage compared to ND fed mice. This pathology of tubular damage and vacuolization was more pronounced in HFD-fed transgenic (Hhip-Tg) mice compared to non-Tg mice, and this promoted mild tubular cell apoptosis and enhanced oxidative stress. In conclusion, HFD feeding-induced obesity led to detrimental effects on glucose toleranc,e and mild morphological changes in kidneys, characterized by the presence of osmotic nephrosis, increased renal oxidative stress, and apoptosis which might be mediated by an increase in renal FABP4. This was exacerbated by the over-expression of Hhip in the renal proximal tubules.
Aouameur, Rym. "Caractérisation du co-transporteur Na+/myo-inositol SMIT2 dans les membranes en bordure en brosse de rein de lapin et d’intestin de rat." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2846.
Full textMyo-inositol (MI) is an organic solute involved in various aspects of cell physiology, including cell signaling. It is also known as a compatible osmolyte. Three secondary active MI cotransporters have been identified; two are Na+- coupled (SMIT1 and SMIT2) and one is H+-coupled (HMIT). The main aim of this study was to characterize MI uptake throught SMIT2 as expressed in epithelial cells and in Xenopus laevis oocytes. In order to achieve the characterization of this transport system, we used purified brush border membrane vesicles (BBMv) isolated from rabbit kidney and rat intestine. We first performed a quantification of mRNA levels in rabbit kidney using real time PCR for both SMIT1 and SMIT2. We found that SMIT1 is mainly expressed in the renal medulla while SMIT2 is mainly localized in the renal cortex. This result was confirmed on Western blots using an antibody raised against SMIT2. Through inhibition studies using selective substrates for SMIT1 (inhibited by L-fucose) and SMIT2 (inhibited by D-chiroinositol), we showed that SMIT2 seems to be responsible for all the apical transport of MI into the proximal convoluted tubule with a Km of 57 ± 14 µM. By transport studies we established that rabbit intestine seems to lack apical transport of MI while rat intestine has a very active uptake of this molecule. qRT-PCR quantification confirmed the absence of MI transporters in rabbit intestine. As for kidney, SMIT2 seems to be the only transporter responsible for apical MI uptake in enterocytes with a Km of 150 ± 40 µM. Functional analysis of rat SMIT2 activity, via electrophysiological studies in Xenopus oocytes, demonstrated similarities to the activities of SMIT2 from rat intestine and rabbit kidney. SMIT2 displays high affinities for MI (270 ± 19 µM), DCI (310 ± 60 µM) and no affinity for L-fucose. SMIT2 is very sensitive to phlorizin (Pz; 16 ± 7 µM). Although these functional characteristics essentially confirmed those found in rat intestine, a iv discrepancy exists between the two systems studied. Indeed, the affinity constant for glucose was approximately 40-fold lower in vesicles than in oocytes. We also tested the ability of SGLT1 and GLUT5, other sugar transport systems present in enterocytes apical membranes, to perform MI uptake. Because the inhibition of these transporters did not alter radiolabeled MI uptake, we concluded that they had no significant contribution to MI transport in rat intestine. Finally, the basolateral efflux of MI was not mediated by GLUT2 because when expressed in oocytes, this transporter was not able to transport MI.
Shi, Yixuan. "Caractérisation du gène de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine-2 dans le rein diabétique et implication dans le développement de la néphropathie diabétique et de l'hypertension." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11828.
Full textIt is well accepted that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation plays an important role in the development of hypertension and diabetic nephropathy (DN). With the discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and recognition of MAS as the receptor of Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), new players in RAS, ACE2/Ang 1-7/MAS axis, have been identified to counteract the effect of ACE/Ang II/ AT1 axis. Evidence implicates the intrarenal RAS’s contribution to DN. Previous studies from our laboratory using transgenic mice overexpressing rat Angiotensinogen (Agt) in their renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) have demonstrated the importance of the intrarenal RAS in renal damage and the induction of hypertension. We also recently observed that renal ACE2 expression and urinary Ang 1–7 were lower in type 1 diabetic Akita mice and that treatment with RAS blockers normalized ACE2 expression and prevented hypertension development in these Akita mice. In the diabetic milieu, both glycemia and angiotensin II (Ang II) can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which contributes to kidney injury. To explore the relationship among ROS, ACE2 and DN, we created Akita transgenic mice overexpressing catalase (Cat) in RPTCs by crossbreeding type I diabetic Akita mice with our established transgenic mice overexpressing rat Cat in RPTCs. In another study, Akita mice were treated with Ang 1-7 or combination of Ang 1-7 and its antagonist, A779, to investigate the relations between Ang 1-7 action, systolic hypertension (sHTN), oxidative stress, kidney injury, ACE2 and Mas receptor expression. Our results showed that overexpression of Cat attenuated renal oxidative stress; prevented hypertension; ameliorated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, kidney hypertrophy, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and tubular apoptosis; and suppressed profibrotic and proapoptotic gene expression in RPTCs of Akita Cat-Tg mice compared with Akita mice. Furthermore, overexpression of Cat in RPTCs of Akita mice normalized renal ACE2 expression and urinary Ang 1–7 levels. On the other hand, Ang 1-7 administration prevented systemic hypertension, normalized urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and attenuated glomerular hyperfiltration without affecting blood glucose levels in Akita mice. Furthermore, Ang 1-7 treatment also attenuated oxidative stress and the expression of NADPH oxidase 4, Agt, ACE, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and collagen IV, and increased the expression of ACE2 and Mas receptor in Akita mouse kidneys. These effects were reversed by co-administration of A779. These data demonstrated that Cat overexpression prevents hypertension and progression of nephropathy and highlight the importance of intrarenal oxidative stress and ACE2 expression contributing to hypertension and renal injury in diabetes. Furthermore, our data suggest that Ang 1-7 plays a protective role in hypertension and RPTC injury in diabetes, predominantly through decreasing renal oxidative stress-mediated signaling and normalizing ACE2 and Mas receptor expression. Our results also indicate Ang 1-7 as a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of systemic hypertension and kidney injury in diabetes. Therefore, Ang 1-7 mediates the major protective role of ACE2 in the hypertension and DN.
Liu, Fang. "Rôle du système rénine-angiotensine intrarénal dans l’hypertension et les dommages rénaux chez les souris transgéniques diabétiques." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3638.
Full textExperimental and clinical studies have shown that renin-angiotensin system (RAS)activation may lead to hypertension, a major cardiovascular and renal risk factor. Angiotensinogen (Agt) is the sole substrate of the RAS. However, it is unclear whether intrarenal RAS activation alone could induce kidney injury independently of systemic hypertension and play an important role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). To explore the role of intrarenal RAS in kidney injury, transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing rat Agt in their renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ). Diabetic Tg mice were treated with RAS blockers (perindopril and losartan), insulin or a combination of both and then euthanized after 4 weeks of treatment. In a separate study, non-diabetic Tg mice were treated with RAS blockers or hydralazine (a vasodilator) or apocynin (an NADPH oxidase inhibitor) and then euthanized after 8 weeks of treatment. Non-Tg littermates served as controls in both studies. Immortalized rat proximal tubule cells (IRPTCs) stably transfected with Agt cDNA or control plasmid were used in the experiments as an in vitro model. Our results showed that non-diabetic Tg mice displayed a significant increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), albuminuria, RPTC apoptosis, and proapoptotic gene expression. Diabetic Tg mice had a further increase of albuminuria, RPTC apoptosis, and proapoptotic gene expression, though the SBP of the diabetic Tg mice was similar to that of non-diabetic Tg mice. RAS blockers and/or insulin treatments markedly attenuated these changes, except that insulin had no impact on hypertension. In vitro, high-glucose melieu significantly increased apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in Agt stable transfectants compared to control cells, and these changes were attenuated by insulin and/or RAS blockers. Furthermore, non-diabetic Tg mice showed significantly elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and NADPH oxidase activity, as well as enhanced expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), extracellular matrix proteins, collagen type IV, and NADPH oxidase subunit p47 in their RPTC. Treatment with apocynin and perindopril ameliorated these changes, but apocynin had no effect on SBP. In contrast, hydralazine prevented hypertension but not albuminuria, RPTC apoptosis, or proapoptotic gene expression. These data indicate that intrarenal RAS activation and hyperglycemia act in concert to induce albuminuria and RPTC apoptosis independent of systemic hypertension. ROS generation via NADPH oxidase activation mediates, at least in part, intrarenal RAS action on RPTC apoptosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and albuminuria in Tg mice. On the other hand, in an on-going experiment, to avoid the nephro-toxic effects of STZ and further delineate the effects of intrarenal RAS activation, Tg mice overexpressing rat Agt in their RPTCs were crossbred with Ins2Akita mice, a spontaneous type I diabetes model, to generate Akita-rAgt-Tg mice. Preliminary data indicated that hyperglycaemia and intrarenal RAS activation induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in RPTC in vivo, and the ER stress pathway contributed to RPTC apoptosis in diabetes, at least in the Akita model. RAS blockade was effective in attenuating some parameters of renal injury in AkitarAgt-Tg mice.
Batarseh, Ghada. "Tegdma induction of apoptotic proteins in pulp fibroblasts." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2709.
Full textMonomers like triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) leach from dental composites and adhesives due to incomplete polymerization or polymer degradation. The release of these monomers causes a variety of reactions that can lead to cell death. This death can be either necrotic, which is characterized mainly by inflammation and injury to the surrounding tissues, or apoptotic, which elicits little inflammatory responses, if any at all. TEGDMA-induced apoptosis in human pulp has been reported recently. However, the molecular mechanisms and the apoptotic (pro and anti) proteins involved in this process remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the apoptotic proteins expressed or suppressed during TEGDMA-induced apoptosis. Human pulp fibroblasts (HPFs) were incubated for 24 hours with different TEGDMA concentrations (0.125-1.0 mM). Cytotoxicity was determined using the cytotoxicity Detection KitPLUS (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany). TEGDMA was shown to cause cell cytotoxicity at concentrations of 0.50 mM and up. The highest concentration with no significant cytotoxicity was used. Cells were incubated with or without 0.25 mM TEGDMA for 6 h and 24 h. Cell lysates were then prepared and the protein concentrations determined using the Bradford protein assay. A Human Apoptosis Array kit (Bio-Rad Hercules, CA ) was utilized to detect the relative levels of 43 apoptotic proteins. The results of this study showed statistically significant increases of multiple examined pro-apoptotic proteins. The anti-apoptotic proteins were also altered. Pro-apoptotic proteins involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways were increased significantly. The results indicated that TEGDMA has effects on both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.