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1
Clayton, H. M., B. Smith, and A. Egenvall. "Rein tension in novice riders when riding a horse simulator." Comparative Exercise Physiology 13, no. 4 (October 5, 2017): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep170010.
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This study reports tension in the left and right reins when riding a horse simulator that moved only in the sagittal plane. The objective was to determine whether asymmetries in rein tension of novice riders at the rising trot, canter, and halt were present, and if so, to investigate their relationship with the rider’s handedness. The experimental hypothesis was that rein tension would be higher on the side of the rider’s non-dominant hand. 22 novice riders (19 right-handed; 3 left-handed) rode a horse simulator at halt, rising trot and canter. Rein tension was recorded in both reins at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz for 8 s at each gait. The variables measured in rising trot and canter were minimal and maximal tension, the change between minimal and maximal values and mean tension per step at rising trot or per stride at canter. At halt only mean tension during the 8 s recording was measured. Comparisons between right and left reins and between right-handed and left-handed riders were made using mixed models. The results showed no asymmetries in mean tension at halt. In rising trot and canter all significant differences involved higher tension in the right rein regardless of handedness of the riders. During rising trot the minimum was higher in the right rein over all riders and both the mean and maximal values were higher in the right rein in left-handed riders. In canter left-handed riders had higher mean tension in the right rein. All recorded asymmetries had higher tension in the right rein compared with the left and they were more prevalent in left-handed riders which implies higher tension in the non-dominant hand. Rein tension patterns were not symmetrical on the left and right sides and asymmetries in left-handed riders were not mirrored in right-handed riders.
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Evdokimova, Ludmilla. "Deux traductions du Physiologus." Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 11 (November 15, 1998): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.11.05evd.
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Résumé Je compare le "Bestiaire" de Pierre de Beauvais (version courte) et le "Bestiaire" de Guillaume le Clerc afin de comprendre quelle dépendance existe entre la forme-vers ou la forme-prose du bestiaire et son contenu au début du XIIIe s. A mon avis, ce sont deux textes différents par leur niveau de difficulté. Ils s'opposent par une quantité plus ou moins grande de mots et de noms propres difficiles, de citations de la Bible. En suivant le texte latin, la traduction en prose recrée les allégories complexes et hiérarchisées; le poète n'en conserve que les éléments séparés. Ces bestiaires divergent dans leurs visées: d'une part, spécialement didactique et, peut-être, directement pédagogique, d'autre part, didactique et distrayante en même temps. Ils s'opposent aussi par la manière d'utiliser les descriptions, le vocabulaire abstrait ou concret. Les caractéristiques mentionnées forment des ensembles cohérents dans l'un et l'autre cas. Elles sont liées à la nature même du vers ou de la prose, choisis par des traducteurs, ou bien à la fonction sociale de leurs oeuvres.
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Stroppa, Marco. "The Physiologus and the Greek Papyri." Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 28 (December 31, 2016): 168–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.28.11str.
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In Greek literary papyri coming from Egypt we can find only a few evidences of works about animals, for example fragments of Aristotelian works or works linked to the scientific production. Only in recent years two papyri were published that contained a “bestiary” in a broad sense. The first papyrus is a fragment of the Physiologus, one of the most important ancient Greek treatises devoted to the animals: it is a fragment small in size, but of great importance since it testifies the spreading of this work. The second papyrus full of animal figures is the so-called Artemidorus Papyrus, which on one side bears the drawings of many animals. In some cases it is possible to trace them back to the animals described in the chapters of the Physiologus, and determine connections between such different products, an illustrated scroll belonging to the first century AD and a Christian essay of the third century AD.
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Stroppa, Marco. "The Physiologus and the Greek Papyri." Reinardus 28 (2016): 168–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.28.11.str.
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In Greek literary papyri coming from Egypt we can find only a few evidences of works about animals, for example fragments of Aristotelian works or works linked to the scientific production. Only in recent years two papyri were published that contained a “bestiary” in a broad sense. The first papyrus is a fragment of the Physiologus, one of the most important ancient Greek treatises devoted to the animals: it is a fragment small in size, but of great importance since it testifies the spreading of this work. The second papyrus full of animal figures is the so-called Artemidorus Papyrus, which on one side bears the drawings of many animals. In some cases it is possible to trace them back to the animals described in the chapters of the Physiologus, and determine connections between such different products, an illustrated scroll belonging to the first century AD and a Christian essay of the third century AD.
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Egenvall, A., M. Eisersiö, M. Rhodin, R. van Weeren, and L. Roepstorff. "Rein tension during canter." Comparative Exercise Physiology 11, no. 2 (April 2015): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep150005.
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Riders generally use reins as a means for communication with the horse. At present, the signalling pattern is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to illustrate and analyse the rein tension patterns in a number of rider/horse combinations across a variety of exercises in the canter gait. Our hypothesis was that some riders will follow the movement of the horse more closely than others. Data were collected from eight professional riders riding each three (in one case two) horses that were familiar to them in canter. Horses were instrumented with rein tension meters logged by inertial measurement unit technique (IMU). Inside and outside rein tension data were synchronised with the gait using the vertical acceleration IMU-signal at the poll. Stride-split data (0-100 percentages) were analysed using mixed models technique to elucidate the inside/outside and stride percentage interaction, taking into account the exercises performed. In general, tension was maximal just before the beginning of vertical stance, as defined by the maximal acceleration of the head, with the release closer to the suspension phase. The release was significantly more marked on the outside rein, but between riders and horses the pattern varied substantially. In total 26% of the variation was represented by riders and 21% by the horses. On average there were significant inside/outside rein differences, but at the same time in some horse/rider combinations these differences did not exist.
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Guire, R., H. Mathie, M. Fisher, and D. Fisher. "Riders’ perception of symmetrical pressure on their ischial tuberosities and rein contact tension whilst sitting on a static object." Comparative Exercise Physiology 13, no. 1 (March 6, 2017): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep160026.
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The horse-rider system is of great interest in understanding the mechanics involved in optimising locomotor function and performance in the ridden horse. Adult riders (n=30) attending a rider conference volunteered to take part in the study. Riders were asked to mimic riding position by positioning themselves symmetrically on their seat bones (ischial tuberosities) sitting on a (Pliance) pressure mat which was placed on a static platform. Riders were also asked to mimic even rein contact using reins with gauges which were attached to a solid wall. When satisfied that they were sitting symmetrically and had an even rein contact, pressure and rein measurements were captured for 5 s and repeated three times. A paired T Test was carried out to determine differences between left and right ischial tuberosities and rein pressures. Using a static model, this study found that the riders had significantly more pressure beneath the left ischial tuberosity (mean ± standard deviation, 3.22±1.43 N/cm2) compared to the right (2.65±1.49 N/cm2) (P=0.04) and no significant differences were observed between left (6.37±2.42 N) and right rein pressure (6.38±2.66 N) (P=0.95). Whilst sitting on a static platform, differences in ischial tuberosity pressure in adult riders were observed despite these riders’ perception that their seat was symmetrically weighted. These differences observed need to be investigated further, dynamically, to determine if there is a similar trend in the ridden situation.
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Kay, Sarah. "Rigaut de Berbezilh, the Physiologus Theobaldi, and the opening of animal inspiration." Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 28 (December 31, 2016): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.28.06kay.
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In two of his songs (421.1 and 421.2) the troubadour Rigaut de Berbezilh aspires to sing in response to a voice that is bestial yet somehow metaphysical. Scholars have attributed these animal images to the influence of the Physiologus, but Rigaut’s likeliest source in that tradition has not yet been identified. This article proposes to fill that lacuna by contending that the bestiary redaction closest to Rigaut’s imagery is the Physiologus Theobaldi, a verse text that unlike other bestiaries was used to teach Latin poetry and even song. In both the Physiologus Theobaldi and (though in a different way) Rigaut’s songs, animals’ breath and voice are identified with life and spirit, an identification that places these works within the wider medieval context of natural philosophical interest in pneuma. Whereas Theobaldus allegorizes his beasts in the third person, Rigaut’s first-person lyrics assume their voice, breath, life or spirit as potentially his own. He thereby opens his songs to a being that is not human. No longer anthropocentric, they enact a hybridity that we find elsewhere associated with revelation and apocalypse. The horizon of human history that opens (in Heidegger’s sense) the world of human language is thereby in turn opened up to that which it closes off, and the demarcations by which humanity defines itself are suspended.
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Feraille, Éric, and Valérie Olivier. "Rôle du néphron distal dans le contrôle du volume extracellulaire en condition physiologique et dans le syndrome néphrotique." médecine/sciences 37, no. 4 (April 2021): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2021032.
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Les reins jouent un rôle majeur dans le maintien de la composition du milieu intérieur. Cette fonction est coordonnée avec l’élimination des déchets du métabolisme, impliquant la production par les reins d’environ 180 litres de filtrat par jour et la réabsorption de la grande majorité de l’eau et des solutés filtrés. L’ajustement final de la composition de l’urine est réalisé dans le segment distal sensible à l’aldostérone (ASDN), qui inclut le tube contourné distal et le système collecteur. La réabsorption de sodium prédomine dans le tube distal si le potassium doit être épargné, ou dans le système collecteur si le potassium doit être sécrété. Le syndrome néphrotique est caractérisé par une protéinurie massive causée par des lésions glomérulaires, associée à une rétention hydrosodée prenant place dans l’ASDN et induisant chez le patient des œdèmes parfois volumineux.
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Okubo, Masami. "Ivoire." Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 12 (September 15, 1999): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.12.09oku.
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Résumé Ælred de Rievaulx élabore dans son Sermo beate Virginis l'image mariale du trône d'ivoire et la symbolique christique de l'éléphant. La description de leur nature dont l'origine remonte probablement à Pline l'Ancien et sa moralisation ont été développées à travers le Physiologus, mais aussi à travers la tradition exégétique, en particulier par les commentateurs du Cantique des Cantiques.
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Honegger, Thomas. "'A Fox is a Fox is a Fox... ' The Fox and the Wolf Reconsidered." Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 9 (December 31, 1996): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.9.06hon.
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Abstract The Middle English The Fox and the Wolf is the first piece of evidence that 'Renart' had crossed the 'linguistic channel' which separated the Anglo-Norman nobility from their English subjects. The article argues that the poet tries to take into account his audience's likely unfamiliarity with the scurrilous beast-epic hero by linking his poem with the already familiar traditions of the beast tale, the beast fable, as well as The Physiologus and the bestiary.
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Martín, Llúcia. "Aquatic animals in the Catalan Bestiari." Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 21 (December 17, 2009): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.21.09mar.
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Before entering into the main study on aquatic animals included in Catalan bestiary texts, a brief summary is presented on the history of preserved Catalan texts that contain a bestiary: a list of real or imaginary animals with their characteristics and corresponding symbolic reference. The aquatic animals present in the Catalan bestiary are the frog, the sawfish, the whale; we also consider a hybrid, the mermaid, and the crocodile, an animal which is not a fish but is closely linked with the aquatic environment. In many cases we can speak about textual coincidences with different traditions, from Latin Physiologi to medieval European texts. Peculiarities of the Catalan version are studied in connexion with the Tuscan tradition.
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Okubo, Masami. "La licorne et les prophètes." Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 10 (December 11, 1997): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.10.07oku.
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Résumé La façade occidentale de la cathédrale de Laon et la Nativité Jhesu Crist en prose offrent deux exemples de la licorne et des prophètes du Christ, l'un sculpté et l'autre écrit. Ces représentations remonteraient probablement à la même source: le Physiologus et le Sermo contra Judoeos, Paganos et Arianos de Quodvultdeus, qui a circulé au Moyen Age sous le nom de saint Augustin. Contrairement à ce qu'a affirmé Emile Mâle, le Speculum Ecclesiae d'Honorius Augustodunensis n'est pas l'inspiration directe de la sculpture de Laon.
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Leclercq-Marx, Jacqueline. "Le Physiologus, source d’inspiration pour l’art et la littérature du haut Moyen Âge et du Moyen Âge central." Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 30 (December 31, 2018): 124–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.00018.lec.
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Abstract Que la littérature et l’art du Moyen Âge central contiennent de nombreuses références – directes ou indirectes – au Physiologus est bien connu. Il manque toutefois une vue d’ensemble et synthétique des diverses occurrences qui puisse donner la mesure de leur ampleur, de leur diversité et aussi de certaines de leurs spécificités. En outre, on ignore parfois qu’elles s’insèrent dans une tradition aussi longue que fournie, du moins au niveau textuel. Pour toutes ces raisons, on voudra bien trouver ici une mise en perspective de cette source d’inspiration importante, un certain nombre d’études de cas et d’exemples significatifs de même que quelques réflexions susceptibles de nourrir les études à venir.
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Wille, Clara. "Le Tigre dans la tradition latine du Moyen Age." Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 22 (December 16, 2010): 176–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.22.11wil.
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‘Tigris’, en latin, désigne un animal rare et farouche, c’est le plus grand et le plus puissant des félins. Dans l’Antiquité, en Orient, c’était un présent qu’on offrait aux rois et aux princes. Les Romains l’ont introduit en Europe pour servir aux jeux de cirque, mais aussi pour en faire un animal domestique. Il est décrit par Pline et Solin, par exemple, mais ne fait pas partie du catalogue classique des animaux du Physiologus. Après la chute de l’Empire Romain, cet animal reste presque inconnu en Europe jusqu’au XVe siècle, mais entre–temps il s’est fait une réputation fabuleuse de bête sauvage et dangereuse. Dans la littérature, le terme ‘tigris’ devient sémantiquement vague et peut désigner divers animaux par allusion à leur couleur. De plus, issue de la tradition grecque et latine, l’histoire du nom de ce fauve est double. Il en résulte que nous trouvons, dans les bestiaires médiévaux, deux animaux au caractère féroce plus ou moins légendaires et exotiques. Enfin, au Moyen Age, dans l’iconographie, sa robe varie et est tantôt tachetée tantôt unie. Cet article se propose de suivre l’évolution des diverses représentations du tigre dans les textes et l’iconographie de la tradition latine.
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Rein, Kaarina. "Loomad Rootsi-aegse Tartu ülikooli meditsiinitöödes." Mäetagused 78 (December 2020): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/mt2020.78.rein.
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At the Swedish-period University of Tartu there were four medical works which described or mentioned animals in some connection. Animals were often used as metaphors in these works in order to draw parallels with humans. In this connection animals were rather considered to be inferior to humans as it was typical to the early modern period. In the medical works of the 17th century University of Tartu veterinary medicine is mentioned and also the use of animals as a source of remedies or even animals as their own doctors, teaching the humans how to heal certain diseases. There are hints to animals in scientific experiments. In the medical work Dissertatio prima de oeconomia corporis animalis, originating from 1698, the development of early modern physiology can be observed. There is a clear difference between the works which were compiled in the first half of the 17th century and the dissertation written at the end of the same century. The works that were written earlier were mostly based on ancient authors, whereas the dissertation from the end of the 17th century delivers empirical knowledge. Thus animals had their impact on the medicine of the 17th century University of Tartu as well as on the way of talking and writing about medicine.
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Gauthey, Thomas. "L’éléphant en Inde et en Afrique dans les écrits de voyage occidentaux, du XIIIe au début du XVIe siècle." Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 27 (December 31, 2015): 112–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.27.06gau.
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Le sens du mot “éléphant” ne semble, a priori, guère problématique pour les clercs médiévaux. Pourtant, jusqu’au début du XIIIème siècle, la réalité qu’il recouvre n’est connue que par des héritages antiques et le passage d’un unique éléphant dans la ménagerie de Charlemagne. La paix mongole et l’ouverture de la route de l’Inde permettent l’essor d’une littérature qui lui laisse une part majeure: la littérature de voyage. L’éléphant est d’une certaine manière une incarnation animalière de la démesure orientale, comme le sous-entend le vocabulaire emphatique qui lui est associé; certains auteurs se montrent ainsi particulièrement admiratifs de cet animal, qualifié de “mirabile” par Jordan Catala de Séverac, qui sert à la fois d’instrument militaire et de force de travail. Mais l’animal, si singulier, est difficile à décrire, surtout à un public qui n’en a vraisemblablement jamais vu. Il convient de relever, également, l’importance que revêt la couleur de l’animal et surtout le fait qu’il est décrit à la fois comme un animal domestique et sauvage. Ces écrits, de fait, précisent les connaissances scientifiques rapportées depuis l’Antiquité, et même les infirment: l’éléphant cesse d’être considéré comme exclusivement asiatique (ce qui était le cas depuis Isidore de Séville), on rapporte que ses pattes sont bel et bien flexibles (alors que le Physiologus affirmait le contraire), et, enfin, la chasteté exemplaire qui lui était prêté dans les écrits paléochrétiens est mise à mal par les récits de capture de l’animal.
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Hoppeler, Hans H., and Craig E. Franklin. "Handing over the reins." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 15 (August 1, 2020): jeb232892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.232892.
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Claßen, Martin. "Darmentleerung, Sauberkeitsentwicklung bei Kindern und ihre Störungen (Obstipation und Enkopresis)." Kindheit und Entwicklung 16, no. 1 (January 2007): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/0942-5403.16.1.50.
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Zusammenfassung. Verstopfung und Stuhlinkontinenz bei Kindern stellen für die Betroffenen und deren Familien eine schwere Belastung dar. In den meisten Fällen liegen funktionelle Störungen ohne organische Erkrankungen zugrunde. Trotzdem muss bei jedem Kind eine zielgerichtete somatische Diagnostik erfolgen. Rein psychische Ursachen für Obstipation und Inkontinenz sind eher selten. Nach Eingrenzen der Diagnose kann durch verschiedene Therapieansätze eine Besserung der Symptomatik erfolgen. Neben medikamentösen und diätetischen Maßnahmen stehen verhaltenstherapeutische Ansätze im Vordergrund. Der vorliegende Text gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse zu Kontinenzentwicklung, Physiologie und Pathophysiologie der Darmentleerung sowie Diagnostik und Behandlung von Obstipation und Enkopresis aus pädiatrisch-gastroenterologischer Sicht.
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Egenvall, A., A. Byström, L. Roepstorff, M. Rhodin, M. Eisersiö, and H. M. Clayton. "Modelling rein tension during riding sessions using the generalised additive modelling technique." Comparative Exercise Physiology 14, no. 4 (December 7, 2018): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep180017.
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General additive modelling (GAM-modelling) is an exploratory technique that can be used on longitudinal (time series) data, e.g. rein tension, over a period of time. The aim was to apply GAM-modelling to investigate changes in rein tension during a normal flatwork training session. Six riders each rode two or three of their horses (n=17 horses) during a normal flatwork/dressage training session with video recordings and rein tension measurements (128 Hz). Training sessions were classified according to rider position, stride length and whether horses were straight, bent to the left or bent to the right. The rein tension data were split into strides and for each stride minimal (MIN) and maximal (MAX) rein tension were determined and the area under the rein tension curve (AUC) was calculated. Using data on a contact the three outcome variables MIN, MAX and AUC rein tension were modelled by horse and rein (left/right), and time within the session was modelled as a smooth function. Two additional sets of models were constructed; one set using data within-rein with gait as a fixed effect and one set with rein and gait as fixed effects. Mean ± standard deviation values were MIN: 8.0±7.7 N, AUC: 180±109 Ns, and MAX: 49±31 N. GAM-modelling extracted visually interpretable information from the originally chaotic rein tension signals. Modelled data suggest that MIN, AUC and MAX follow the same pattern within horse. In general, rein tension was lowest in walk, intermediate in trot and highest in canter. Evaluating the entire ride, 12/17 horses systematically showed higher tension in the right rein. It is concluded that GAM-models may be useful for detecting patterns through time in biomechanical data.
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Spallanzani, Raul German, David Zemmour, Tianli Xiao, Teshika Jayewickreme, Chaoran Li, Paul J. Bryce, Christophe Benoist, and Diane Mathis. "Distinct immunocyte-promoting and adipocyte-generating stromal components coordinate adipose tissue immune and metabolic tenors." Science Immunology 4, no. 35 (May 3, 2019): eaaw3658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw3658.
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Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key brakes on the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation that regulates local and systemic metabolic tenor. Breakdown of this regulation promotes type 2 diabetes. The cytokine IL-33 expands and sustains the unique Treg population residing within VAT. Here, relying on single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified the major IL-33 producers in VAT to be particular mesenchymal stromal cell subtypes, related to but distinct from adipocyte progenitor cells. We explored modulation of the VAT stromal cell landscape with physiologic variables such as age and sex, as well as its remodeling in pathogenic states like obesity. Last, we uncovered a VAT Treg:stromal cell negative regulatory loop that keeps the potent effect of IL-33 under rein.
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K., Partoev. "Productivity of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus Tuberosus L.) in the condition of Tajikistan." Ekologiya i stroitelstvo 2 (2016): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35688/2413-8452-2016-02-003.
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Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is a perennial herbaceous plant height from 40 cm to 2.5 m high with erect branched, leafy stem. The length of the growing season is 4.5–5 months. The yield of tubers in average 15 t/ha, the total productivity of terrestrial bodies – 70...90 t/ha. In Tajikistan, the Jerusalem artichoke began to be cultivated in 40–50 years of the last century. In the conditions of the Gissar valley at an experimental plot of the Institute of botany, physiology and plant genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, located in the Eastern part of Dushanbe at the altitude of 840 m above sea level, and carried out the planting of Jerusalem artichoke tubers in midApril. In the conditions of Rasht valley (Jirgatol district at altitudes of 2100 and 2700 m above sea level and the Rasht district, at an altitude of 2300 m above sea level) planting tubers of Jerusalem artichoke was conducted in the third week of may. Identification of the general size a biomass sun artichoke on the irrigation fields of Gissar and Rasht valleys fluctuates within from 66.5 to 94.2 t/hec. and on rein field from 30.4 to 72.5 t/hec., yield of tubers from 24.95 to 38.4 t/hec. on the irrigation fields and from 11.85 to 22.95 t/hec. on rein fields. On the Jerusalem artichoke average the biomass on the irrigation fields makes 78.8 t/hec. and on rein fields 47.4 t/hec, and a crop of tubers accordingly 30.63 and 15.73 t/hec. that testifies to efficiency of cultivation sun artichoke in irrigation and rein fields of our republic. The irrigation promote increase of biomass yield of american artichoke on 30.4 t/hec. (64.1 %), yield of tubers – on 14.9 t/hec.( 94.7 %) in comparison with cultivation without irrigation.
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Itoh, Hideaki, Hiroyuki Nakahara, Okihide Hikosaka, Reiko Kawagoe, Yoriko Takikawa, and Kazuyuki Aihara. "Correlation of Primate Caudate Neural Activity and Saccade Parameters in Reward-Oriented Behavior." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 1774–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00630.2002.
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Changes in the reward context are associated with changes in neuronal activity in the basal ganglia as well as changes in motor outputs. A typical example is found in the caudate (CD) projection neurons and saccade parameters. It raised the possibility that the changes in CD neuronal activity contribute to the changes in saccade parameters. To examine this possibility, we calculated the correlation coefficients (CORs) of the firing rates of each neuron with saccade parameters (peak saccade velocity and latency) on a trial-by-trial basis. We then calculated the mean CORs separately for two CD populations: reward-enhanced type neurons (RENs) that showed enhanced activity and reward-depressed type neurons (RDNs) that showed depressed activity when reward was expected. The activity of RENs was positively correlated with the saccadic peak velocity and negatively correlated with the saccade latency. The activity of RDNs was not significantly correlated with the saccade parameters. We further analyzed the CORs for RENs, a major type of CD neurons. First, we examined the time courses of the CORs using a moving time window (duration: 200 ms). The positive correlation with the saccade velocity and the negative correlation with the saccade latency were present not only in the peri-saccadic period but also during the pre- and postcue periods. Second, we asked whether the CORs with the saccade parameters were direction-selective. A majority of RENs were more active before contralateral saccades (contralateral-preferring neurons) and their activity was correlated more strongly with contralateral saccades than with ipsilateral saccades. A minority of RENs, ipsilateral-preferring neurons, showed no such preference. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CD neuronal activity exerts facilitatory effects on contralateral saccades and that the effects start well before saccade execution. Furthermore, a multiple regression analysis indicated that changes in activity of some, but not all, CD neurons could be explained by changes in saccade parameters; a major determinant was reward context (presence or absence of reward). These results suggest that, while a majority of CD neurons receive reward-related signals, only some of them can make a significant contribution to change saccadic outputs based on expected reward.
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Gómez, Jessica, Mario J. Simirgiotis, Sofía Manrique, Mauricio Piñeiro, Beatriz Lima, Jorge Bórquez, Gabriela E. Feresin, and Alejandro Tapia. "UHPLC-ESI-OT-MS Phenolics Profiling, Free Radical Scavenging, Antibacterial and Nematicidal Activities of “Yellow-Brown Resins” from Larrea spp." Antioxidants 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020185.
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This research was designed to investigate the metabolite profiling, phenolics and flavonoids content and the potential antioxidant, antibacterial and nematicidal activities of “yellow-brown resins” from Larrea divaricata Cav (LdRe) and L. nitida Cav (LnRe). Metabolite profiling was obtained using an ultrahigh resolution liquid chromatography orbitrap MS analysis (UHPLC-ESI-OT-MS). The antioxidant properties were screened by four methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), trolox equivalent antioxidant activity assay (TEAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes (LP). The antibacterial activity was evaluated according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. In addition, the potential combinatory effect was analyzed with the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values using the checkerboard design. The nematicidal activity was carried out according to a standardized protocol. LdRe and LnRe showed a strong capture of the DPPH radical withvalues around 8.4 µg resin/mL; FRAP (1.69–1.94 mgTE/ g resin), TEAC (1.08–1.09 mgTE/g resin) and LP (81–82% at 100 µg of resin/mL) assays. A strong antimicrobial activity was displayed by both resins against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923(MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300(MRSA) (MICs = 16–32 µg resin/mL). Additionally, the combination of LdRe or LnRe with the antibiotic cefotaxime showed an indifferent effect (FICI values = 1–1.25), however, this combinationcould be a potential strategy to reduce the drug doses, and in this way can be a potential alternative to reduce bacterial resistance. On the other hand, the resins showed a scarce nematicidal potential toward J2 Meloidogyne incognita; an important nematode infecting horticultural crops. Phenolics compounds were identified by UHPLC-PDA-OT-MS analysis, updating the knowledge on the chemical profile of these species. These results, together with the high content of quantified phenolics and flavonoids, allow the phenolics-enriched resins of these two Larrea species to be considered as a promising sustainable source of compounds of pharmacological interest.
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Freitas, Ana Cristina Nogueira, and Thomas Voets. "Why the emperor penguin reigns where elephants shiver." Cell Calcium 91 (November 2020): 102263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102263.
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Marlin, D. J., H. P. Martin, S. Hughes, and J. M. Williams. "Stirrup forces during approach, take-off and landing in horses jumping 70 cm." Comparative Exercise Physiology 17, no. 3 (April 12, 2021): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep200056.
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Stirrups aid the rider to stabilise their lower leg allowing it to be used effectively for communication and in maintaining their position in the saddle. Relatively few studies have investigated stirrup forces and to the best our knowledge no studies have reported stirrup forces in jumping. The aim of the present study was to measure stirrup forces in five showjumping horses ridden by the same professional rider. All horses were in regular training and competition jumping at least 30 cm higher than the fence used for the study. The fence chosen was a 70 cm upright with a pole at the top and a groundline. Right and left stirrup forces were measured using wireless load cells placed between the stirrup leathers and the stirrup. The signals were transmitted and digitised at 100 Hz and synchronised with video from a webcam using an inertial measurement unit. After warming-up, including over jumps, each horse attempted the jump three times from each rein in canter (3 horses left then right rein; 2 horses right then left rein). Mean peak total (sum of left and right) stirrup force for the approach (n=5 strides per horse per jump), take-off and landing phase of the jump was 1,034±110, 1,042±284 and 1,447±256 N (range 905 to 1,815 N), respectively (mean ± standard deviation). There was no significant difference between right or left mean peak stirrup force during approach or take-off, but mean peak force was consistently higher on the right stirrup during the early phase of landing on either the right or left rein (right: 827±320 N; left: 615±336 N; P<0.05). In conclusion, the mean total peak stirrup forces measured in the present study in the same rider jumping five different horses over a 70 cm single upright fence are similar to previous reports of peak stirrup forces in gallop and consistent with observations of asymmetric loading of the saddle and horses’ backs by riders.
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Geckeler, Kurt, Roland Wacker, Franz Martini, Anita Hack, and Wilhelm Aicher. "Enhanced Biocompatibility for SAOS-2 Osteosarcoma Cells by Surface Coating with Hydrophobic Epoxy Resins." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 13, no. 3 (2003): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000071866.
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Murakami, Kazuo, H. Hori, T. Yamauchi, and T. Yoshino and M. Nagahama. "72 New renins produced by site-direct mutagenesis." Journal of Hypertension 6, no. 4 (December 1988): S722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-198812040-00289.
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Liang, Ping, Craig A. Jones, Brent W. Bisgrove, Lei Song, Sean T. Glenn, H. Joseph Yost, and Kenneth W. Gross. "Genomic characterization and expression analysis of the first nonmammalian renin genes from zebrafish and pufferfish." Physiological Genomics 16, no. 3 (February 13, 2004): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00012.2003.
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Liang, Ping, Craig A. Jones, Brent W. Bisgrove, Lei Song, Sean T. Glenn, H. Joseph Yost, and Kenneth W. Gross. Genomic characterization and expression analysis of the first nonmammalian renin genes from zebrafish and pufferfish. Physiol Genomics 16: 314–322, 2004. First published November 25, 2003; 10.1152/physiol-genomics. 00012.2003.—Renin is a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a pathway which plays an important physiological role in blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis. The origin of the RAS is believed to have accompanied early evolution of vertebrates. However, renin genes have so far only been unequivocally identified in mammals. Whether or not a bona fide renin gene exists in nonmammalian vertebrates has been an intriguing question of physiological and evolutionary interest. Using a genomic analytical approach, we identified renin genes in two nonmammalian vertebrates, zebrafish ( Danio rerio) and pufferfish ( Takifugu rubripes). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that the predicted fish renins cluster together with mammalian renins to form a distinct subclass of vertebrate aspartyl proteases. RT-PCR results confirm generation of the predicted zebrafish mRNA and its expression in association with the opisthonephric kidney of adult zebrafish. Comparative in situ hybridization analysis of wild-type and developmental mutants indicates that renin expression is first detected bilaterally in cells of the interrenal primordia at 24 h postfertilization, which subsequently migrate to lie adjacent to, but distinct from, the glomerulus of the developing pronephric kidney. Our report provides the first molecular evidence for the existence of renin genes in lower vertebrates. The observation that the earliest renin-expressing cells, arising during ontogeny of this teleost vertebrate, are of adrenocortical lineage raises an interesting hypothesis as regards the origin of renin-expressing cells in the metanephric kidney of higher vertebrates.
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Ioannou, P., A. Y. Loh, and D. H. Osmond. "Activation and measurement of plasma prorenin in the rat." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 69, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 1331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y91-197.
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Prorenin determination in rat plasma has been problematic from the outset. Consequently, its existence is questioned by some and its quantity by others, making it difficult for knowledge to advance as to its function relative to the renin system. The present study examines major variables in the determination of rat plasma prorenin and renin, notably different prorenin activation protocols involving blood samples obtained under various conditions from animals under different anesthetics. We found that a trypsin activation step with 5 mg/mL plasma, 60 min at 23 °C, followed by a PRA step of 10 min at 37 °C, resulted in the highest prorenin estimates, up to approximately 400 ng∙mL−1∙h−1 in terms of angiotensin I, as compared with published values of 0–190, based on other protocols. These estimates were obtained despite considerable destruction of angiotensinogen (renin substrate) by trypsin. Cryoactivation of prorenin was much less effective than in human plasma but, when followed by trypsin, it facilitated greater activation than with trypsin alone. Comparable fresh and fresh-frozen plasmas had similar prorenin–renin values, but lower values were observed in plasmas that had been repeatedly frozen and thawed. Conscious rats and those anesthetized with Inactin or ether had higher renins and prorenins than those anesthetized with methoxyflurane or halothane. Rats with kidneys in place during blood collection had higher renins (but not prorenins) than those whose kidneys were clamped off, suggesting that last-minute renin release during blood collection had occurred. We conclude that (i) trypsin generates increased renin, or renin-like, activity in plasma, suggesting activation of a precursor; (ii) on this basis, high prorenin levels exist in normal rat plasma; (iii) renin and prorenin levels are variously influenced by different anesthetics and blood handling procedures; (iv) variation in prorenin levels suggests that it is a dynamic (functional?) component of the renin system; (v) prorenin measurements are heavily influenced by methodological variations during the trypsin step or the subsequent PRA step; (vi) using standardized methodology, the rat can serve as a model for investigating the function of prorenin in normotension and hypertension.Key words: tryptic activation, angiotensinogen, adrenalectomy, anesthesia.
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de Leeuw, Peter W. "On the significance of renal vein renins in renovascular hypertension." Journal of Hypertension 20, no. 5 (May 2002): 843–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200205000-00015.
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Pöschl, Peter. "Sonografie in der Diagnostik traumatischer Nervenläsionen." Klinische Neurophysiologie 51, no. 02 (March 20, 2020): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1046-0142.
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ZusammenfassungDie möglichst frühzeitige und präzise Klassifikation einer traumatischen peripheren Nervenläsion ist für ein optimales Reinnervations-Ergebnis von großer Bedeutung. Üblicherweise finden hierfür die Methoden der Neurophysiologie Verwendung, die die Funktion eines betroffenen Nervs erfassen. Einer solchen rein funktionellen Untersuchung entgehen jedoch einige wichtige Aspekte traumatischer Nervenläsionen, unter anderem die Beurteilung der Kontinuität eines Nervs, die Entwicklung eines Kontinuitätsneuroms, der Bezug zu Knochenfragmenten oder zu Osteosynthesematerial und das Erkennen von Mehretagenläsionen. Dies gelingt nur mithilfe eines morphologischen Verfahrens wie der Sonografie. Sie ist daher eine sehr wertvolle Methode für die Beurteilung von traumatischen Nervenläsionen.
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Losser, Marie-Reine, Catherine Bernard, Jean-Louis Beaudeux, Christophe Pison, and Didier Payen. "Glucose modulates hemodynamic, metabolic, and inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide in rabbits." Journal of Applied Physiology 83, no. 5 (November 1, 1997): 1566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.5.1566.
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Losser, Marie-Reine, Catherine Bernard, Jean-Louis Beaudeux, Christophe Pison, and Didier Payen. Glucose modulates hemodynamic, metabolic, and inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide in rabbits. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(5): 1566–1574, 1997.—Glucose is important for vascular and immunocompetent cell functions. We hypothesized that modifications in glucose metabolism (normal feeding, 24-h fasting, glucose loading) may influence the hemodynamic, metabolic, and inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide administration (LPS; 600 μg/kg iv) in rabbits. Aortic (ABFV), hepatic artery (HABFV), and portal vein blood flow velocities (PVBFV) (pulsed Doppler), plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and nitrites were measured. Fasting depleted hepatic glycogen content, and intraportal glucose load (2 g/kg) partially restored it. LPS induced a similar hypotension (−20%, P < 0.05) in three groups of animals. In fed animals, systemic vasoconstriction occured with low ABFV and PVBFV (−40%, P < 0.05), together with lactacidemia and hyperglycemia. In fasted animals, ABFV and PVBFV were maintained, without metabolic acidosis or hyperglycemia. Glucose loading induced hemodynamic and metabolic patterns comparable to those observed in fed animals, although significantly more severe. TNF release was amplified fourfold by glucose loading, with no impact on nitrite levels. In conclusion, glucose metabolism interferes with hemodynamic, metabolic, and inflammatory responses to LPS.
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de Ze´licourt,, Diane, Kerem Pekkan,, Hiroumi Kitajima,, David Frakes, and, and Ajit P. Yoganathan. "Single-Step Stereolithography of Complex Anatomical Models for Optical Flow Measurements." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 127, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1835367.
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Transparent stereolithographic rapid prototyping (RP) technology has already demonstrated in literature to be a practical model construction tool for optical flow measurements such as digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV), laser doppler velocimetry (LDV), and flow visualization. Here, we employ recently available transparent RP resins and eliminate time-consuming casting and chemical curing steps from the traditional approach. This note details our methodology with relevant material properties and highlights its advantages. Stereolithographic model printing with our procedure is now a direct single-step process, enabling faster geometric replication of complex computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for exact experimental validation studies. This methodology is specifically applied to the in vitro flow modeling of patient-specific total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) morphologies. The effect of RP machining grooves, surface quality, and hydrodynamic performance measurements as compared with the smooth glass models are also quantified.
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Lowy, B., Teofilo Herrera, and Miguel Ulloa. "El Reino de los Hongos. Micologia basica y aplicada." Mycologia 83, no. 2 (March 1991): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3759948.
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Popolo, Ada, Anna Lisa Piccinelli, Silvana Morello, Rosalinda Sorrentino, Cuesta Rubio Osmany, Luca Rastrelli, and Pinto Aldo. "Cytotoxic activity of nemorosone in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 89, no. 1 (January 2011): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y10-100.
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Estrogen receptor (ER) antagonists have been widely used for breast cancer treatment; however, patients have increasingly shown resistance and sensitivity to the high toxicity of these drugs, and identification of novel targeted therapies is therefore required. To determine whether nemorosone, a polycyclic polyisoprenylated benzophenone isolated from floral resins of Clusia rosea Jacq. and Cuban propolis samples, exerts anticancer effects on human breast cancer cells, estrogen receptor positive (ERα+) MCF-7 and estrogen receptor negative (ERα–) MDA-MB-231 and LNCaP cells were used. Cells were treated with nemorosone alone or in association with 17β-estradiol (E2) or an ER antagonist, ICI 182,780, a selective ER downregulator that completely abrogates estrogen-sensitive gene transcription. Nemorosone inhibited the cell viability of ERα+ but not of ERα– cells. In MCF-7, nemorosone induced inhibition of cell growth by blocking the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. Moreover, the expression of pERK1/2 and pAkt, considered to be hallmarks of the nongenomic estrogen signalling pathway, were reduced in MCF-7 cells treated with nemorosone. All these effects were enhanced by ICI 182,780. However, nemorosone was not able to interfere with E2-induced Ca2+ release. These findings suggest that nemorosone may have therapeutic application in the treatment of breast cancer because of its activity on ERα.
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Milevoj, Lea. "Electrophoretic Study of Proteins in the Fungus Fusarium Moniliforme Var. Subglutinans Wr. & Reink." Cereal Research Communications 25, no. 3 (September 1997): 603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03543790.
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Campanac, Emilie, and Dax A. Hoffman. "Repeated cocaine exposure increases fast-spiking interneuron excitability in the rat medial prefrontal cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 11 (June 1, 2013): 2781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00596.2012.
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The medial prefrontal cortex plays a key role in cocaine addiction. However, how chronic cocaine exposure affects cortical networks remains unclear. Most studies have focused on layer 5 pyramidal neurons (the circuit output), while the response of local GABAergic interneurons to cocaine remains poorly understood. Here, we recorded from fast-spiking interneurons (FS-IN) after repeated cocaine exposure and found altered membrane excitability. After cocaine withdrawal, FS-IN showed an increase in the number of spikes evoked by positive current injection, increased input resistance, and decreased hyperpolarization-activated current. We also observed a reduction in miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, whereas miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current activity was unaffected. We show that, in animals with cocaine history, dopamine receptor D2 activation is less effective in increasing FS-IN intrinsic excitability. Interestingly, these alterations are only observed 1 wk or more after the last cocaine exposure. This suggests that the dampening of D2-receptor-mediated response may be a compensatory mechanism to rein down the excitability of FS-IN.
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Schredl, Michael, Maria Schackert, Gordon Benedikt Feld, and Claudia Schilling. "Ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung von schlafbezogenen Metakognitionen: Deutsche Kurzform des MCQ-I." Somnologie 25, no. 3 (February 9, 2021): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11818-021-00293-w.
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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Fragestellung Schlafbezogene Kognitionen, aber auch schlafbezogene Metakognitionen (Umgang mit Gedanken) spielen in der Ätiologie der Insomnie, vor allem bei der Aufrechterhaltung, eine Rolle. Bisher liegt nur ein englischsprachiger Fragebogen (MCQ-I) mit 60 Items zur Erfassung schlafbezogener Metakognitionen vor. Ziel dieser Arbeit war das Zusammenstellen einer kürzeren, deutschen Version, die sowohl gute Reliabilität als auch Validität aufweist. Material und Methoden Insgesamt nahmen 512 Patienten mit unterschiedlichen Schlafstörungen (264 Frauen, 248 Männer; mittleres Alter: 45,04 ± 16,70 Jahre) an der Erhebung teil. Der MCQ‑I wurde vor dem Erstgespräch ausgefüllt mitgebracht. Ergebnisse Die 20-Item-Version wies eine hohe interne Konsistenz (r = 0,906) und hohe Retest-Reliabilität (r = 0,916) auf. Patienten mit der Diagnose einer Insomnie zeigten einen signifikant höheren Summenwert im MCQ-I 20 als Patienten mit anderen Schlafstörungen. Interessanterweise waren auch die Diagnose einer depressiven Erkrankung und das Auftreten einer Alptraumstörung mit vermehrten schlafbezogenen Metakognitionen verbunden. Schlussfolgerung Schlafbezogene Metakognitionen scheinen in der Insomnie-Ätiologie eine Rolle zu spielen. Interessant wäre es zu überprüfen, ob eine rein metakognitive Therapie die Symptomatik bei Insomniepatienten in ähnlicher Weise wie die klassische kognitive Verhaltenstherapie der Insomnie verbessern kann.
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Fontaine, Mark S., and John L. Foltz. "ADULT SURVIVORSHIP, FECUNDITY, AND FACTORS AFFECTING LABORATORY OVIPOSITION OF PISSODES NEMORENSIS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 12 (December 1985): 1575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1171575-12.
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The deodar weevil, Pissodes nemorensis Germar, is a vector and wounding agent associated with pitch canker fungus, Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. var. subglutinans Wr. & Reink., in the southeastern United States (Blakeslee et al. 1981). This univoltine weevil breeds in southern pines that have been stressed by factors such as fire, lightning, or mechanical injury (Baker 1972). The adults feed on phloem after chewing through the outer bark. Females deposit eggs in some of these feeding pits and then plug the hole with macerated phloem (Atkinson 1979). Larvae tunnel under the bark and feed on phloem as they develop.
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Cassien, Mathieu, Anne Mercier, Sophie Thétiot-Laurent, Marcel Culcasi, Emilie Ricquebourg, Alice Asteian, Gaëtan Herbette, Jean-Pierre Bianchini, Phila Raharivelomanana, and Sylvia Pietri. "Improving the Antioxidant Properties of Calophyllum inophyllum Seed Oil from French Polynesia: Development and Biological Applications of Resinous Ethanol-Soluble Extracts." Antioxidants 10, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020199.
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Tamanu oil from Calophyllum inophyllum L. has long been used in traditional medicine. Ethanol extraction was found the best strategy for recovering bioactive compounds from the resin part of Tamanu oil, yielding two neutral and acidic resins fractions with high phenolics, flavonoids and pyranocoumarins concentrations. A further cascade of LPLC/HPLC separations of neutral and acidic resin fractions allowed identifying fifteen metabolites, and among them, calanolide D and 12-oxocalanolide A (both in neutral fraction) were first identified from a natural source. All these extracts, subfractions and isolated metabolites demonstrated increased free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antimycobacterial activity compared to Tamanu oil and its de-resinated lipid phase. Overall, these results could promote resinous ethanol-soluble Tamanu oil extracts as a useful multifaceted and renewable medicinal resource.
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Schmidt, T. J., R. F. Husted, and J. B. Stokes. "Steroid hormone stimulation of Na+ transport in A6 cells is mediated via glucocorticoid receptors." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 264, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): C875—C884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1993.264.4.c875.
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The A6 cell line derived from the toad kidney forms polarized, highly differentiated epithelial monolayers in culture and has been utilized as an experimental model for studying regulation of transepithelial Na+ transport by aldosterone. In the present study we evaluated the specific role(s) of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in mediating this enhanced electrogenic Na+ transport, which was measured experimentally as an increase in short-circuit current (Isc). Our data demonstrate that specific glucocorticoid agonists (100 nM), including RU 28362 and RU 26988, elicit “mineralocorticoid-like” increases in Isc that are blocked by the glucocorticoid antagonist RU 38486 but are unaffected by mineralocorticoid antagonists including RU 28318 and RU 26752. The stimulatory effects of aldosterone (100 nM) were also blocked by RU 38486 and not by mineralocorticoid antagonists. These data extend earlier studies suggesting that in this cell line aldosterone mediates its physiological effects via binding with relatively low affinity (dissociation constant Kd congruent to 25-50 nM) to glucocorticoid receptors, despite the presence of apparently normal mineralocorticoid receptors. Our in vitro biochemical studies also demonstrate that A6 glucocorticoid receptor complexes can be thermally activated or transformed to DNA binding forms which exhibitaltered elution profiles from anion-exchange resins. Thus, based on several criteria, these amphibian glucocorticoid receptors appear very similar to classical mammalian receptors and are capable of mediating all of the stimulatory effects of aldosterone on net Na+ transport.
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Posnack, Nikki Gillum, Daina Brooks, Akhil Chandra, Rafael Jaimes, Narine Sarvazyan, and Matthew Kay. "Physiological response of cardiac tissue to bisphenol a: alterations in ventricular pressure and contractility." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 309, no. 2 (July 15, 2015): H267—H275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00272.2015.
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Biomonitoring studies have indicated that humans are routinely exposed to bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical that is commonly used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Epidemiological studies have shown that BPA exposure in humans is associated with cardiovascular disease; however, the direct effects of BPA on cardiac physiology are largely unknown. Previously, we have shown that BPA exposure slows atrioventricular electrical conduction, decreases epicardial conduction velocity, and prolongs action potential duration in excised rat hearts. In the present study, we tested if BPA exposure also adversely affects cardiac contractile performance. We examined the impact of BPA exposure level, sex, and pacing rate on cardiac contractile function in excised rat hearts. Hearts were retrogradely perfused at constant pressure and exposed to 10−9-10−4 M BPA. Left ventricular developed pressure and contractility were measured during sinus rhythm and during pacing (5, 6.5, and 9 Hz). Ca2+ transients were imaged from whole hearts and from neonatal rat cardiomyocyte layers. During sinus rhythm in female hearts, BPA exposure decreased left ventricular developed pressure and inotropy in a dose-dependent manner. The reduced contractile performance was exacerbated at higher pacing rates. BPA-induced effects on contractile performance were also observed in male hearts, albeit to a lesser extent. Exposure to BPA altered Ca2+ handling within whole hearts (reduced diastolic and systolic Ca2+ transient potentiation) and neonatal cardiomyocytes (reduced Ca2+ transient amplitude and prolonged Ca2+ transient release time). In conclusion, BPA exposure significantly impaired cardiac performance in a dose-dependent manner, having a major negative impact upon electrical conduction, intracellular Ca2+ handing, and ventricular contractility.
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Sessler, F. M., J. A. Jacquez, and R. L. Malvin. "Different production and decay rates of six renin forms isolated from rat plasma." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 250, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): E551—E557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1986.250.5.e551.
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Rat kidney contains six forms of renin, which are in different proportion from those found in plasma. We tested the hypothesis that differential removal and production of the forms might explain the differences between stored and circulating renins. In one group of rats, the six forms of renin were measured in plasma, 10 min after hemorrhage, or after aortic constriction. Plasma was run on an isoelectric focusing gel, and the six peaks of renin activity were expressed either as angiotensin I per hour per milliliter or as a percentage of the total plasma renin concentration. After hemorrhage or aortic constriction, the concentration of each form was significantly increased; the profile of circulating renin was significantly modified, showing an increase in proportion of form 2 and a decrease of forms 4, 5, and 6. In a second group, the disappearance of each form was measured 0 to 100 min after nephrectomy and fitted a two-exponential decay curve. Interpreted as a two-pool system with degradation from pool 1, the degradation rate decreased progressively, going from form 1 to 6. In a third group, arterial and renal venous blood were collected. The profile of secreted renin was calculated from the arterial venous difference. This profile fitted the prediction of the two-compartment model. Our data support the hypothesis that the proportion of each circulating renin form is the result of a balance between the rate of production of renin of constant composition and the degradation of the six forms at different rates.
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Tranquille, C. A., V. A. Walker, D. Hodgins, J. McEwen, C. Roberts, P. Harris, R. Cnockaert, R. Guire, and R. C. Murray. "Quantification of warm-up patterns in elite showjumping horses over three consecutive days: a descriptive study." Comparative Exercise Physiology 13, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep170009.
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There is very little reported information on warm-up practices in showjumping horses. The objective was to quantify warm-up jumping patterns/duration in a competition (field) environment in showjumping horses. Ten mixed-breed elite showjumping horses were assessed at a three-day training session. Riders warmed-up as they would normally for an elite competition and jumped at least one round of a 15-fence (135-145 cm) course on each day. Fence type/height, number of jumping efforts and lead take-off/landing limbs during warm-up were recorded. Rider global-positioning-system and inertial-motion-sensors recorded speed, time spent in each pace/rein plus stride length and stride duration during warm-up and course. Heart rate (HR) was recorded when the horse was resting in its stable and for the duration of the ridden exercise. Appropriate paired statistical tests were used to compare variables between days, and between warm-up and the round(s). Mean warm-up duration, time in each pace and on each rein did not differ within rider between days, however, there were inter-rider differences (mean warm-up duration = 18 min; range = 12-27 min). Number of jumping efforts and fence type/height did not differ between days. During warm-up, there was no preference in canter lead when approaching fences. However, on departure there was a preferred canter lead, plus jump landing and leaving lead limb asymmetry (left canter lead predominating in all cases). Horses cantered slower, with a shorter stride length and a longer stride duration during warm-up compared to when jumping the round (speed – warm-up: 4.21±0.09 m/s; round: 5.53±0.15 m/s; stride length – warm-up: 2.59±0.06 m; round: 3.16±0.08 m; stride duration – warm-up: 0.62±0.02 s; round: 0.58±0.03 s). Mean resting HR significantly decreased on consecutive study days. Mean, peak and final HR during warm-up did not significantly change between days. Results provide novel information on warm-up patterns in a competition (field) environment for elite horses, and suggest that showjumping horses may be warmed-up asymmetrically.
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Yssaad, H. A. Reguieg, A. Latigui, T. Nouri, and L. Bessafi. "Effect of Salt Stress and Bentonite on the Germination and Proline Content of Vicia faba L. Plant var. ‘Semilla violeta’ and ‘Reine mora’." American Journal of Plant Physiology 7, no. 5 (August 15, 2012): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajpp.2012.212.219.
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Santiago, Joana, Joana V. Silva, Manuel A. S. Santos, and Margarida Fardilha. "Fighting Bisphenol A-Induced Male Infertility: The Power of Antioxidants." Antioxidants 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020289.
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Bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known endocrine disruptor present in epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics, negatively disturbs the male reproductive system affecting male fertility. In vivo studies showed that BPA exposure has deleterious effects on spermatogenesis by disturbing the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis and inducing oxidative stress in testis. This compound seems to disrupt hormone signalling even at low concentrations, modifying the levels of inhibin B, oestradiol, and testosterone. The adverse effects on seminal parameters are mainly supported by studies based on urinary BPA concentration, showing a negative association between BPA levels and sperm concentration, motility, and sperm DNA damage. Recent studies explored potential approaches to treat or prevent BPA-induced testicular toxicity and male infertility. Since the effect of BPA on testicular cells and spermatozoa is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species, most of the pharmacological approaches are based on the use of natural or synthetic antioxidants. In this review, we briefly describe the effects of BPA on male reproductive health and discuss the use of antioxidants to prevent or revert the BPA-induced toxicity and infertility in men.
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Calatayud, A., F. Pomares, and E. Barreno. "Interactions between nitrogen fertilization and ozone in watermelon cultivar Reina de Corazones in open-top chambers. Effects on chlorophyll a fluorescence, lipid peroxidation, and yield." Photosynthetica 44, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11099-005-0163-2.
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Xu, Haixin, and Kurt Mendgen. "Targeted Cell Wall Degradation at the Penetration Site of Cowpea Rust Basidiosporelings." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 10, no. 1 (January 1997): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1997.10.1.87.
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Basidiospore germlings of the cowpea rust fungus (Uromyces vignae) penetrate the epidermal cell wall of the nonhost plant Vicia faba. In order to characterize the wall structure of the penetration site, leaves were high pressure frozen, freeze substituted, and embedded in appropriate resins. With antibodies against epitopes present in pectin, polygalacturonic acid, xyloglucan, and callose, we studied the modification of these wall components during infection. The density of epitopes was determined at the penetration site and compared with noninfected areas of the epidermal wall. Along the fungal penetration hypha, a zone of the plant wall, 0.2 μm wide, exhibited a reduced density of pectin and xyloglucan epitopes. A similar reduction of epitope density was also found for xyloglucan after treatment of sections from noninoculated plants with cellulase and xylanase and for pectin after treatment with pectinase. The density of polygalacturonic acid epitopes remained unchanged in the outer layer of the epidermal wall, but increased over the inner layer. A high density of polygalacturonic acid epitopes was found over a collarlike wall apposition produced by the plant cell along the penetration hypha. These results indicate that the fungus degrades the plant cell wall at the penetration site and that the plant cell secretes new wall material into this area to form the wall apposition.
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Heck, Christian T., Gwyneth Volkmann, and Holly N. Woodward. "Polyester or epoxy: assessing embedding product efficacy in paleohistological methods." PeerJ 8 (December 15, 2020): e10495. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10495.
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Histological examination of bone microstructure provides insight into extant and extinct vertebrate physiology. Fossil specimens sampled for histological examination are typically first embedded in an inexpensive polyester resin and then cut into thin sections, mounted on slides, and polished for viewing. Modern undecalcified bone is chemically processed prior to embedding in plastic resin, sectioning, mounting, and polishing. Conversely, small fossil material and modern undecalcified bone are typically embedded in higher priced epoxy resin because these specimen types require final sections near or below 100 µm thick. Anecdotal evidence suggests thin sections made of polyester resin embedded material polished thinner than 100 µm increases likelihood of sample peeling, material loss, and is unsuitable for modern tissue and small fossil material. To test this assertion, a sample of modern bones and fossil bones, teeth, and scales were embedded in either polyester resin or epoxy resin. Embedded specimens were sectioned and mounted following standard published protocol. Thin sections were ground on a lapidary wheel using decreasing grit sizes until tissue microstructure was completely discernible when viewed under a polarizing light microscope. Additionally, eight prepared thin sections (four from polyester resin embedded specimens and four from epoxy resin embedded specimens) were continuously ground on a lapidary wheel using 600 grit carbide paper until peeling occurred or material integrity was lost. Slide thickness when peeling occurred was measured for comparing slide thickness when specimen integrity was lost between the two resin types. Final slide thickness ranged from 38 µm to 247 µm when tissue was identifiable using a polarizing microscope. Finished slide thickness varied between resin types despite similar tissue visibility. However, finished slide thickness appears more dependent on hard tissue composition than resin type. Additionally, we did not find a difference of slide thickness when material was lost between resin types. The results of this preliminary study suggest that polyester resins can be used for embedding undecalcified modern hard tissues and fossilized hard tissues without loss of tissue visibility or material integrity, at least in the short term.
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Jakovljević Kovač, Martina, Valentina Pavić, Anastazija Huđ, Ines Cindrić, and Maja Molnar. "Determination of Suitable Macroporous Resins and Desorbents for Carnosol and Carnosic Acid from Deep Eutectic Solvent Sage (Salvia officinalis) Extract with Assessment of Antiradical and Antibacterial Activity." Antioxidants 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040556.
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In this study, for the first time, the adsorption/desorption characteristics of carnosic acid and carnosol from deep eutectic solvent extract of Salvia officinalis on five macroporous resins (HP20, XAD7HP, XAD16N, HP21, HP2MG) were evaluated. The high adsorption and medium desorption capacities of carnosic acid and carnosol as well as antibacterial and antiradical activity from the extract obtained with choline chloride:lactic acid (1:2) on XAD7HP resin indicated that resin was appropriate. To get the optimal separation process, the influence of factors such as adsorption/desorption time and volume of desorbent was further investigated. The results showed that the extract with high antiradical and antibacterial activity was obtained via adsorption and desorption on XAD7HP resin. The extraction efficiencies of the deep eutectic solvents (DESs) recycled once, twice, and thrice were 97.64% (±0.03%), 93.10% (±0.66%), and 88.94% (±1.15%), respectively, for carnosic acid, and 96.63% (±0.04%), 94.38% (±0.27%), and 91.19% (±0.36%), respectively, for carnosol, relative to the initial solvent efficiency. Based on that, this method is a promising basis for the large-scale preparation of extracts from Salvia officinalis with further application in the pharmaceutical or food industry, especially for maintaining the “green” character of the whole process to obtain the appropriate extract.