Relevant bibliographies by topics / Relation causale

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Relation causale'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Relation causale"

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den Ouden, Hanny. "De Verwerving van de Negatief Causale Relatie." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 53 (January 1, 1995): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.53.08oud.

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Sanders, Spooren and Noordman (1992) provide a classification of coherence relations that is based on four primitives. These primitives are claimed to have a psychological status, in that hearers and speakers use their knowledge of these primitives to infer the right coherence relation between two clauses. The order in which children acquire coherence relations provides a test base for the classification: the classification predicts that negative causal relations are the most complex and that children therefore acquire these relations later than any of the others. This hypothesis was investigated in an experiment with 8- and 11-year-old children. In one task the children had to infer the right relation, in another task the children had to produce the right relation. Negative causal relations were compared with negative additive and positive causal relations. The items were constructed with nonsense words to eliminate the factor of world knowledge. In several respects the negative causal relation turned out to be the most complex.
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van der Kamp, Leo J. Th. "Padanalyse En Causale Modellering." Taaltoetsen 31 (January 1, 1988): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.31.08kam.

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Pad analysis is part of multivariate analysis and aims at describing the relation between various measurements in terms of a causal model which can be derived from a theory about the possible relations between these variables. Such a causal model can be presented in the form of an arrow diagram or pad diagram. On the basis of three examples the ingredients of a pad model are discussed, as well as the aim of pad analysis, its various forms (recursive vs. non-recursive models; models with manifest and latent variables; measurement errors). In addition causal analysis is discussed, a form of analysis which may be regarded as a generalization of pad analysis. Finally some comments are made on the state of the art and annotated references to the literature are given.
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DUCROT, C., and D. BRES. "Regard philosophique sur la causalité en épidémiologie – approche interdisciplinaire." INRAE Productions Animales 26, no. 4 (August 18, 2013): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2013.26.4.3165.

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Différentes pratiques et méthodes, depuis la conception de l’étude jusqu’à l’analyse statistique, permettent à l’épidémiologiste de cerner au mieux la nature causale de la relation entre facteur et maladie, mais celle-ci relève de l’interprétation, car des circonstances non causales peuvent aussi induire une relation, le hasard mais aussi l’effet d’autres facteurs connectés. La philosophie identifie trois niveaux de discussion dans l’usage de la notion de causalité : le problème kantien de la distinction entre réalité absolue et réalité perçue par l’Homme, étant donné ses facultés de connaissance ; le problème positiviste de la difficulté d’identifier des causes à partir de l’observation des phénomènes naturels, liaison entre phénomènes ne signifiant pas nécessairement succession causale ; le problème de l’induction, multiplier les expériences ne pouvant apporter de preuve définitive, les falsificationistes proposant d’étudier la robustesse d’un résultat en le soumettant à de nouveaux tests visant à le réfuter. Il ressort de cette réflexion interdisciplinaire différents apports à la pratique de l’épidémiologie et plus généralement de la recherche en biologie : entre autres rechercher les contextes lesplus à même de remettre en question le résultat ; établir une conjonction de résultats différents et complémentaires pour conforter l’hypothèse de causalité, ce qui est en lien avec les dix critères de causalité utilisés par les épidémiologistes pour évaluer et discuter la nature causale d’une relation. En définitive, avoir un regard critique sévère sur les résultats d’étude est la seule façon d’apporter du crédit à l’interprétation quant à la causalité d’une relation statistique significative.
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Laatar, A., I. Mahmoudi, S. Chekili, S. Kerkeni, S. Zaltni, S. Kassab, R. Hajri, and L. Zakraoui. "Colite collagène et spondylarthropathie: Relation causale ou association fortuite?" Revue du Rhumatisme 74, no. 10-11 (November 2007): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rhum.2007.10.329.

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Reiss, Julian. "Contrefactuels, expériences de pensée, et conception singulariste de la relation causale en histoire1." Labyrinthe, no. 39 (December 31, 2012): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/labyrinthe.4277.

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Rivière, S., A. Konaté, S. Grosleron, J. P. Martinetto, and A. Le Quellec. "Chirurgie faciale reconstructrice et rechute de maladie de Wegener : Coïncidence ou relation causale ?" La Revue de Médecine Interne 23 (December 2002): 611s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0248-8663(02)80516-1.

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Bilodeau, Renée. "L'inertie du mental." Dialogue 32, no. 3 (1993): 507–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300012294.

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Le modèle causaliste en théorie de l'action a pour point de départ l'idée que les rationalisations sont des explications causales de l'action, c'est-à-dire que les énoncés à propos des croyances et des pro-attitudes qui ont motivé un agent à accomplir une certaine action expriment les antécédents causaux de cette action. Pour reprendre un des exemples classiques, le meurtre de César par Brutus a été causé par le désir que Brutus avait de prendre le pouvoir et par sa croyance que la seule façon d'y parvenir était d'éliminer César. Bien qu'intuitive, cette position soulève immédiatement un problème du fait que les états intentionnels, en raison de leur contenu propositionnel, ne s'imposent pas d'office comme appartenant au règne des choses physiques et de la causalité. Comment, en effet, des entités d'ordre mental peuvent-elles interagir avec les entités complètement différentes que sont les événements physiques? Et même, plus largement, comment un événement mental peut-il avoir une quelconque efficace causale sur un événement physique ou sur un autre événement mental? Une réponse bien connue à cette difficulté est le monisme anomal de Davidson, selon lequel il n'y a pas d'obstacle à ce que le mental soit en relation causale avec le physique puisque les occurrences d'événements mentaux sont identiques à des occurrences d'événements physiques. Toutefois cette approche, qui, comme bien d'autres, mise sur une stratégie matérialiste pour ne pas isoler le mental du physique, en a conduit plus d'un à douter de l'indispensabilité du mental.
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Le Prestre, Philippe. "La reconstruction identitaire de l’Amérique après le 11 septembre." Études internationales 35, no. 1 (June 8, 2004): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/008446ar.

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Résumé Afin d’explorer les liens entre identité et sécurité dans le cas des États-Unis, cet article pose deux hypothèses qui relient les surprises extérieures au renforcement de l’identité interne et à la transformation de l’identité externe, et la définition de la menace et les choix de politiques adoptés aux efforts visant à imposer une certaine conception de l’identité collective. L’analyse des discours des dirigeants américains à la suite de l’attentat du 11 septembre est cohérente avec ces deux hypothèses, sans que l’on puisse conclure à la présence d’une relation causale, plutôt qu’instrumentale, entre identité et comportements.
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Fest, T., B. de Wazières, M. Deschazeaux, R. Angonin, F. Dumont-Girard, D. Vuitton, and J. L. Dupond. "Hépatite B et LAI ; Efficacité de l'interféron α. Relation causale entre virus B de l'hépatite et désordres lymphoprolifératifs T ?" La Revue de Médecine Interne 12, no. 3 (May 1991): S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0248-8663(05)82942-x.

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Monnoyer, Jean-Maurice. "Formes de complexion, types de connexion.: Remarques sur la dualité descriptive et génétique de la notion de Gestalt chez Mach, Ehrenfels et Meinong." Philosophiques 26, no. 2 (October 2, 2002): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004957ar.

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RÉSUMÉ Le but de cet article est de confronter trois acceptions du terme Gestalt , concept et entité qui a joué en Europe un rôle considérable dans l’émergence de la phénoménologie et de la psychologie descriptive entre 1890 et 1930, avant que les représentants de l’école berlinoise n’émigrent aux États-Unis. On confronte ici le sens donné à l’appréhension de la Gestalt , d’abord chez E. Mach, puis chez le fondateur de ce courant de pensée, C. von Ehrenfels, et enfin chez Meinong, dont Ehrenfels a été l’élève. Le problème central de la relation de complexité et de son « fondement » ontologique dans le domaine particulier de l’ écoute musicale est abordé par ces trois auteurs. On explique pourquoi leurs divergences ont ensuite conduit à remplacer, par une conception psycho-génétique (celle de Koffka et de Köhler), ce qui se présentait à l’origine comme une espèce nouvelle de relation que la « forme » entretient à l’égard de ses éléments constitutifs, sans jamais dépendre d’eux par une explication causale.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Relation causale"

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Chota, Samson. "Étude de la relation causale entre les oscillations cérébrales et la perception en utilisant des techniques non invasives de stimulation cérébrale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30110.

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Dans cette thèse, j'étudie le rôle causal des oscillations neurales dans les mécanismes d'échantillonnage temporel. Les manuscrits originaux des chapitres II et III sont consacrés à l'échantillonnage perceptuel dans la bande alpha. L'hypothèse est que cette forme d'échantillonnage a des effets sur la perception du temps dans notre système visuel. Nous l'avons testé en manipulant des oscillations alpha avec une stimulation rythmique tout en observant des changements dans la perception du temps relatif des stimuli visuels. Outre les oscillations comportementales, il existe également des signatures neurales qui font allusion à la périodicité intrinsèque avec laquelle les cortex sensoriels collectent les informations. La nature oscillatoire des échos perceptifs implique fortement que le système visuel réverbère sélectivement la composante 10 Hz de son entrée. Si nous pouvions étendre ces échos perceptuels à d'autres modalités, nous aurions la preuve que ces modalités collectent également des informations de façon périodique et qu'elles utilisent des mécanismes similaires pour ce faire. Dans les manuscrits originaux du chapitre IV, j'ai cherché à savoir si nous pouvons trouver des échos perceptuels dans le domaine tactile. Les mécanismes d'échantillonnage périodique du cerveau semblent pouvoir être dissociés en un mécanisme d'échantillonnage perceptif de bas niveau et un mécanisme d'échantillonnage attentionnel de haut niveau. L'échantillonnage attentionnel est supposé être plus flexible et dépendant de la tâche et il a récemment été démontré qu'il est causé par l'activité rythmique thêta chez les macaques. La confirmation de ces résultats chez l'homme nous aiderait à identifier le mécanisme oscillatoire responsable des fluctuations de l'attention. Le manuscrit original du chapitre V présente une étude dans laquelle nous reproduisons les résultats comportementaux de l'étude sur les macaques chez les humains. L'endroit du champ visuel à partir duquel les mécanismes d'échantillonnage de l'attention peuvent recueillir des informations dépend entièrement de la position de nos yeux. Les saccades et les fluctuations de l'attention doivent donc être hautement coordonnées. Une façon de synchroniser ces deux systèmes est l'activité oscillatoire. Il a été proposé que les saccades et les fortes transitions visuelles remettent à zéro la phase des oscillations thêta, ce qui permet de traiter les stimuli pertinents en temps voulu. Si ce mécanisme repose effectivement sur une activité rythmique, nous devrions pouvoir la perturber et observer les erreurs correspondantes dans l'échantillonnage attentionnel.[...]
It should have become clear now that oscillatory activity has profound effects on multiple aspects of our perception and is strongly involved in the way we sample our visual environment. Many of these relationships however are poorly understood, specifically in their causal-directional nature. In this thesis, I investigate the causal role of neural oscillations in temporal sampling mechanisms. The original manuscripts in chapter II and III are dedicated to perceptual sampling in the alpha band. It is hypothesized that this form of sampling has effects on time perception in our visual system. We tested this by manipulating alpha oscillations with rhythmic stimulation while observing changes in perceived relative timing of visual stimuli. Besides behavioral oscillations there are also neural signatures that hint at the intrinsic periodicity with which sensory cortices collect information. The oscillatory nature of perceptual echoes strongly implies that the visual system selectively reverbrates the 10 Hz component of its input. If we could extend these perceptual echoes to other modalities we would have evidence that 1. these other modalities also process information periodically and 2. that they utilize similar neural mechanisms for this purpose. In the original manuscripts in chapter IV I investigated if we can find perceptual echoes in the tactile domain. The periodic sampling mechanisms of the brain seem to be dissociable into a more low-level perceptual and a more high-level attentional sampling mechanism. Attentional sampling is assumed to be more flexible, task dependent and has recently been hypothesized to be caused by theta rhythmic activity in macaques. Providing support for these findings in humans would help us to identify the oscillatory mechanism that is responsible for behavioral attentional fluctuations found in many studies. The original manuscript in chapter V presents a study in which we replicate behavioral findings of the macaque-study in humans. Which location in the visual field attentional sampling mechanisms can collect information from depends entirely on the position of our eyes. Saccades and attentional sampling need therefore be highly coordinated. One way to synchronize these two systems is through oscillatory activity. It has been proposed that saccades, and surprisingly also strong visual transients, can reset the phase of theta oscillations which in turn allow for well timed processing of relevant stimuli. If this mechanism indeed relies on rhythmic activity then we should be able to disrupt it and observe corresponding errors in attentional sampling. The original manuscript in chapter VI investigates which effects strong visual disruptions have on the perceived relative timing of two stimuli. During my doctorate I sought to answer the following research questions: 1. Is the occipital alpha rhythm causally involved in discretely sampling visual information? (chapter II and III) 2. Is there a link between oscillatory activity and rhythmic sampling in the somatosensory system? (chapter IV) 3. Can we manipulate theta rhythmic activity to modulate attentional sampling? (chapter V and VI)
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Plante, Céline. "Relation entre le Modèle de croyances relatives à la santé, le Sentiment d'efficacité personnelle, l'Attribution causale de la maladie et l'observance aux auto-soins diabétiques." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0016/MQ56959.pdf.

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Plante, Céline. "Relation entre le modèle de croyances relatives à la santé, le sentiment d'efficacité personnelle, l'attribution causale de la maladie et l'observance aux auto-soins diabétiques." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 1999.

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Tarnovanu, Horia. "Causation and responsibility : four aspects of their relation." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7060.

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The concept of causation is essential to ascribing moral and legal responsibility since the only way an agent can make a difference in the world is through her acts causing things to happen. Yet the extent and manner in which the complex features of causation bear on responsibility ascriptions remain unclear. I present an analysis of four aspects of causation which yields new insights into different properties of responsibility and offers increased plausibility to certain moral views. Chapter I examines the realist assumption that causation is an objective and mind-independent relation between space-time located relata – a postulate meant to provide moral assessment with a naturalistic basis and make moral properties continuous with a scientific view of the world. I argue that such a realist stance is problematic, and by extension so are the views seeking to tie responsibility attributions to an objective relation. Chapter II combines the context sensitivity of causal claims with the plausible idea that responsibility ascriptions rest on the assessment of causal sequences relating agents and consequences. I argue that taking context sensitivity seriously compels us to face a choice between moral contrastivism and a mild version of scepticism, viz. responsibility is not impossible, but ultimately difficult to identify with confidence. I show why the latter view is preferable. Chapter III explores the concern that group agents would causally (and morally) overdetermine the effects already caused by their constituent individuals. I argue that non-reductive views of agency and responsibility lack a coherent causal story about how group agents impact the world as relatively independent entities. I explain the practical importance of higher-order entities and suggest a fictionalist stance towards group agency talk. Chapter IV analyses the puzzle of effect selection – if causes have infinitely many effects, but only one or a few are mentioned in causal claims, what determines their selection from the complete set of consequents? I argue that the criteria governing the difference between effects and by-products lack clarity and stability. I use the concerns about appropriate effect selection to formulate an epistemic argument against consequentialism.
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Wechs, Julian. "Relations causales multipartites en théorie quantique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY008.

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Ces dernières années, une grande attention a été portée à l'étude des relations causales en théorie quantique. Plus particulièrement, il a été montré qu'il est possible de concevoir des scénarios dans lesquelles des parties réalisent des opérations qui sont compatibles avec la théorie quantique, mais qui ne peuvent pas être intégrées dans une structure causale globale. De tels ordres causaux indéfinis sont intéressants d'un point de vue fondamental, mais aussi sous l'angle de l'informatique quantique, étant donné qu'ils sortent du paradigme habituel des circuits quantiques, dans lequel on présuppose un ordre causal bien défini. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier des relations causales indéfinies dans des scénarios comportant plus de deux parties. Comparées au cas bipartite, les situations multipartites font apparaître des aspects et problèmes nouveaux qui nécessitent d’être clarifiés afin de comprendre fondamentalement les structures causales quantiques indéfinies, et de mettre en évidence leurs implications et leur utilité potentielle pour l’informatique quantique.Une approche particulière pour étudier des relations causales quantiques est le formalisme des matrices de processus. Dans ce formalisme, le concept de la non-séparabilité causale a été introduit afin de qualifier des scénarios qui ne sont pas compatibles avec un ordre causal. Dans le chapitre 2, nous étudions comment généraliser ce concept au cas multipartite, comment caractériser des processus multipartites causalement (non)-séparables, et comment certifier la non-séparabilité causale multipartite. Un autre sujet important est de déterminer quels scénarios quantiques avec un ordre causal indéfini sont physiquement réalisables, et comment ils peuvent être réalisés concrètement. Dans le chapitre 3, nous introduisons deux nouvelles classes de processus quantiques multipartites qui sont réalisables en pratique et nous caractérisons les matrices de processus correspondantes. En particulier, nous définissons la classe des circuits quantiques avec un ordre causal contrôlé de manière quantique. L'exemple le plus simple d'un tel circuit est le quantum switch : un protocole dans lequel l'ordre entre deux opérations est contrôlé par un qubit dans un état de superposition, et qui définit un processus causalement non-séparable. La classe que nous introduisons contient des exemples plus généraux de processus causalement non-séparables avec de nouvelles propriétés. Nous montrons ensuite comment la caractérisation des processus de cette classe nous permet d'étudier de nouvelles applications de la non-séparabilité causale. Dans le chapitre 4, nous étudions un effet particulier de communication quantique dans un scénario avec un contrôle cohérent entre deux canaux quantiques. Ceci nous conduit à une analyse plus générale de la notion de canal quantique contrôlé de façon cohérente, qui implique certaines subtilités. Dans le chapitre 5, nous abordons un autre problème inhérent aux scénarios multipartites, qui est de savoir si un phénomène donné est véritablement multipartite (<< genuinely multipartite >>) ou non. Plus particulièrement, nous étudions des corrélations (non)-causales << véritablement multipartites >>. Dans le chapitre 6, nous mettons en évidence que des valeurs faibles anormales sont possibles sans post-sélection. Enfin, dans le chapitre 7, nous montrons qu'une certaine classe de matrices de processus tripartites, à savoir celles qui sont unitairement extensibles, ont une réalisation sur des sous-systèmes dits temporellement délocalisés, c'est-à-dire des sous-systèmes quantiques qui ne sont pas associés à un temps bien défini. Cette classe est plus grande que la classe des circuits quantiques avec un ordre causal contrôlé de manière quantique. Un point intéressant est qu'elle contient des processus qui violent des inégalités causales
In recent years, the investigation of causal relations in quantum theory has attracted a lot of interest. In particular, it has been found that it is possible to conceive of scenarios where some parties perform operations that are compatible with quantum theory locally, but that cannot be embedded into a global background causal structure. Such indefinite causal structures are of interest from a fundamental point of view, but also from the perspective of quantum information processing, since they do not fit into the usual paradigm of quantum circuits, which assumes a definite causal order. The main aim of this thesis is to study indefinite quantum causal relations involving more than two parties. Compared to the bipartite case, there are many new aspects and complications that arise in multipartite situations, which need to be clarified in order to fundamentally understand quantum causal structures, and to shed light on their implications and potential usefulness for quantum information processing.A suitable mathematical framework for the investigation of quantum causal relations is the process matrix formalism. In this framework, the notion of causal nonseparability was introduced in order to qualify scenarios that are incompatible with a definite causal order. In Chapter 2, we study how to generalise this concept to the multipartite case, how to characterise multipartite causally (non)separable quantum processes, and how to certify multipartite causal nonseparability. Another important topic is to determine which quantum scenarios with indefinite causal order are physically implementable, and how they can be realised concretely. In Chapter 3, we introduce two new classes of physically realisable multipartite quantum processes, and characterise them in terms of their process matrix descriptions. In particular, we define the class of quantum circuits with quantum control of causal order. The simplest example of such a circuit is the quantum switch, a protocol in which the order between two operations is controlled by a qubit in a superposition state, and which defines a causally nonseparable process. The class we introduce also contains more general examples of causally nonseparable processes with new features. We then show how the process matrix characterisation of this class allows us to search for new quantum information processing applications of causal nonseparability. In Chapter 4, we investigate a particular quantum communication effect in a scenario involving coherent control between two quantum channels. This leads us to a more general analysis of the notion of a coherently controlled channel, which involves certain subtilities. In Chapter 5, we turn to another problem that arises in multipartite scenarios, namely whether a given phenomenon is genuinely multipartite or not. More particularly, we study genuinely multipartite (non)causal correlations. In Chapter 6, we show that anomalous weak values are possible without post-selection. In Chapter 7, we show that certain tripartite process matrices, namely those that are unitarily extensible, have a realisation on so-called time-delocalised subsystems, i.e., quantum subsystems that are not associated with a definite time. The class of unitarily extensible tripartite process matrices is larger than the class of quantum circuits with quantum control, and in particular contains processes that violate so-called causal inequalities
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Eryilmaz, Cevirgen Aysegul. "Causal Relations Among 12th Grade Students." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614970/index.pdf.

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The purpose of this study is to invetigate the causal relationships among 12th grade students&rsquo
geometry knowledge regarding prisms and pyramids, spatial ability, gender, and school type. Path analysis was used to test the relationships among knowledge factors (declarative, conditional, and procedural knowledge), spatial ability factors (spatial visualization, mental rotation, and spatial perception ability), gender (female and male), and school type (general high schools and Anatolian high schools). Knowledge factors and spatial ability factors were determined by carrying out confirmatory factor analysis for the Prisms and Pyramids Knowledge Test and Purdue Spatial Visualization Test separately. Results revealed the bilateral relations among students&rsquo
declarative, conditional and procedural knowledge
and the bilateral relations among spatial visualization, mental rotation, and spatial perception ability. When relations among spatial ability factors and knowledge factors were examined, the importance of the students&rsquo
spatial abilities on geometry performance was exposed explicitly. Spatial visualization and mental rotation ability have positive direct effects on all knowledge factors. Additionally, spatial perception ability have positive direct effect on declarative and procedural knowledge. On the other hand, school type has positive direct effects on students&rsquo
geometry knowledge factors and spatial ability factors. These effects exposed the superiority of students in Anatolian high schools in respect of students in general high schools. Moreover, direct effects of gender on mental rotation ability, spatial perception ability, and declarative knowledge were found. Although, results presented the male superiority in mental rotation and spatial perception abilities, direct effect of gender on declarative knowledge indicate the female advantage.
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Taylor, Christopher Nigel. "A formal logical analysis of causal relations." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.564138.

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Causal relations of various kinds are a pervasive feature of human language and theorising about the world. Despite this, the specification of a satisfactory general analysis of causal relations has long proved difficult. The research described in this thesis is an attempt to provide a formal logical theory of causal relations, in a broad sense of 'causal', which includes various atemporal explanatory and functional relations, in addition to causation between temporally ordered events; and which involves not only necessity associated with physical laws, but also necessity associated with laws and constraints of various other types. The key idea which motivates the analysis is that many types of causal relation have in common certain underlying abstract properties, regardless of the nature of the participants involved. These properties can be expressed via an axiomatisation, initially viewed as applicable to 'event causation', but subsequently re-interpreted in a more abstract and general way. Given the wide variety of models for the axioms, there are not likely to be powerful general methods for computing the causal relationships defined: instead it is likely to be more productive to use methods tailored to particular models.
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Guha, Amal. "Compréhension de textes et représentation des relations causales." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00161089.

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Cette thèse porte sur la notion de distance causale dans la représentation mentale du texte lu (hypothèse du modèle de situation). J'ai d'abord étudié dans la littérature, notamment philosophique, comment on définissait la relation de causalité "dans les choses". Une telle définition semblant hors d'atteinte, j'ai élaboré des définitions opérationnelles de la distance causale, à la fois dans la réalité et dans le modèle de situation. J'ai conduit deux expériences sur des chaînes causales (i. e. des séquences de phrases dans lesquelles chacune décrit la conséquence de la précédente) partielles issues de textes de vulgarisation, recueillant des jugements de plausibilité sur les couples cause-conséquence présentés. Il s'avère que la distance causale mentale (plausibilité) est d'autant moindre que le nombre d'intermédiaires sautés (approximation de la distance causale réelle) est important. On ne trouve pas d'effet du rang de lecture dans la plausibilité jugée. Par ailleurs, la familiarité du participant avec le thème abordé augmente la plausibilité jugée. Il est présenté une série de descripteurs du temps, de l'espace, et des protagonistes, qui permet de qualifier la relation entre les événements décrits par deux phrases. Ces descripteurs sont prédicteurs (à 41 %) de la plausibilité. La causalité est donc une dimension à part entière du modèle de situation, mais elle peut être en grande partie ramenée aux autres dimensions de la situation, que sont le temps, l'espace, et les protagonistes. Nous suggérons que ces données situationnelles peuvent fournir la base d'une décision "fruste" pour entreprendre ou non une inférence causale lors de la lecture d'un texte.
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Sellner, Daniela Bettina. "The access to causal relations in semantic memory." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=966247035.

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Labadal, Abdelkrim. "Alliances technologiques et croissance economique : Impacts et relations causales." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON10022.

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Les alliances stratégiques sont l’une des manifestations de la mondialisation. Elles ont marqué le début des années 1980 et n’ont pas cessé de se multiplier. Les alliances stratégiques ont fait l'objet de plusieurs recherches aussi bien en organisation industrielle que dans le domaine des sciences de la gestion. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans cette optique. Il s’agit de chercher la présence de liens de causalité entre les alliances technologiques et la croissance économique. Pour atteindre notre objectif, nous analysons, dans le premier chapitre, le concept d'alliances stratégiques. Dans le second chapitre, nous exposons le problème des alliances technologiques et la place qu’elles occupent parmi les théories de la croissance économique. Soulever toutes les questions relatives à leur efficacité d’une part et leur stabilité d’autre part, font l'objet d'un troisième chapitre. En utilisant la théorie des jeux évolutionniste, nous montrons que les alliances sont en mesure de résister à la présence de firmes qui opèrent seules sur le marché. À la fin de la thèse, dans un quatrième chapitre, nous concluons à l’existence d’un impact, tant quantitatif que qualitatif, des alliances technologiques sur la croissance économique
Strategic alliances are one manifestation of globalization. They marked the beginning of 1980 and have continued to multiply. Strategic alliances have been subject of several studies in industrial organization and also in the field of management sciences. This thesis is part of this context. We are looking the presence of causal links between technological alliances and economic growth. To achieve our objective, we analyze, in the first chapter, the concept of strategic alliances. In the second chapter, we expose the problem of technological alliances and their place among the theories of economic growth. Raise all matters relating to their effectiveness on the one hand and stability on the other hand, are the subject of a third chapter. Using the theory of evolutionary games, we show that alliances are able to resist the presence of firms that operate only on the market. At the end of the thesis, in a fourth chapter, we conclude that there is an impact, both quantitatively and qualitatively, technology alliances on economic growth
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Books on the topic "Relation causale"

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Kurki, Milja. Causation in international relations: Reclaiming causal analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Kurki, Milja. Causation in international relations: Reclaiming causal analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Kurki, Milja. Causation in international relations: Reclaiming causal analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Vourkoutiotis, Vasilis. Making common cause: German-Soviet relations, 1919-22. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.

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Shultz, George Pratt. Berlin and the cause of freedom. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1985.

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Shultz, George Pratt. Berlin and the cause of freedom. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1985.

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Shultz, George Pratt. Berlin and the cause of freedom. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1985.

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American international oil policy: Causal factors and effect. London: F. Pinter, 1987.

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American international oil policy: Causal factors and effect. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987.

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Riaux, Gilles. Ethnicité et nationalisme en Iran: La cause azerbaïdjanaise. Paris: Karthala, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Relation causale"

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Rohatinski, Željko. "Causal Relations." In Time and Economics, 73–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61705-3_7.

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Dribus, Benjamin F. "Relation Space and Generalizations." In Discrete Causal Theory, 273–338. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50083-6_5.

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Doyle, Richard J. "Learning Causal Relations." In The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, 55–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2279-5_13.

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De Muijnck, Wim. "Causal Efficacy." In Dependencies, Connections, and Other Relations, 155–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0121-1_13.

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De Muijnck, Wim. "Causal Dependence." In Dependencies, Connections, and Other Relations, 53–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0121-1_5.

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De Muijnck, Wim. "Causal Connection." In Dependencies, Connections, and Other Relations, 73–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0121-1_6.

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De Muijnck, Wim. "Relations as Causal Relata." In Dependencies, Connections, and Other Relations, 147–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0121-1_12.

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Goldvarg, Yevgeniya, and Philip N. Johnson-Laird. "Reasoning with Causal Relations." In Proceedings of the Twenty First Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 191–95. New York: Psychology Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781410603494-38.

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Águeda, Cristina Puente. "Causal Relations, Text Mining and Causal Graphs." In Accuracy and Fuzziness. A Life in Science and Politics, 61–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18606-1_2.

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Heffner, John. "Causal Relations in Visual Perception." In Naturalistic Epistemology, 193–214. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3735-2_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Relation causale"

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Salimi, Babak, Harsh Parikh, Moe Kayali, Lise Getoor, Sudeepa Roy, and Dan Suciu. "Causal Relational Learning." In SIGMOD/PODS '20: International Conference on Management of Data. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3318464.3389759.

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Gao, Lei, Prafulla Kumar Choubey, and Ruihong Huang. "Modeling Document-level Causal Structures for Event Causal Relation Identification." In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/n19-1179.

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"Causal Relations in Measured Data." In 2019 12th International Conference on Measurement. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/measurement47340.2019.8779921.

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Rehbein, Ines, and Josef Ruppenhofer. "Catching the Common Cause: Extraction and Annotation of Causal Relations and their Participants." In Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-0813.

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Ohmori, Nobuyuki, and Tatsunori Mori. "Causal Relation Extraction from Failure Analysis Documents." In Applied Simulation and Modelling. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2012.777-022.

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Sun, Yizhou, Kunqing Xie, Ning Liu, Shuicheng Yan, Benyu Zhang, and Zheng Chen. "Causal relation of queries from temporal logs." In the 16th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1242572.1242735.

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Ding, Xiaoshan, Fang Li, and Dongmo Zhang. "Causal relation recognition between sentence-based events." In 2011 23rd Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2011.5968467.

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Mirza, Paramita. "Extracting Temporal and Causal Relations between Events." In Proceedings of the ACL 2014 Student Research Workshop. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-3002.

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Hidey, Christopher, and Kathy McKeown. "Identifying Causal Relations Using Parallel Wikipedia Articles." In Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/p16-1135.

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Ning, Qiang, Zhili Feng, Hao Wu, and Dan Roth. "Joint Reasoning for Temporal and Causal Relations." In Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1212.

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Reports on the topic "Relation causale"

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Espinosa-Torres, Juan Andrés, José Eduardo Gómez-González, Luis Fernando Melo-Velandia, and José Fernando Moreno-Gutiérrez. The international transmission of risk : causal relations among developed and emerging countries' term premia. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.869.

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Hamm, Robert M. Evaluation of Relative Importance Judgment Methods in the Context of Causal Prediction. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada255718.

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Zhu, Qiuming. Nonmonotonic Extrapolation of Causal Relations for Knowledge-Based Decision Support Using a Bayesian Network Approach. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada409265.

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Contreras Salamanca, Luz Briyid, and Yon Garzón Ávila. Generational Lagging of Dignitaries, Main Cause of Technological Gaps in Community Leaders. Analysis of Generation X and Boomers from the Technology Acceptance Model. Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/ecacen.4709.

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Community and neighborhood organizations are in the process of renewing the organizational culture, considering technological environments in the way of training, and advancing communally, being competitive in adaptation and learning, creating new solutions, promoting change, and altering the status quo, based on the advancement of technology over the last few years, currently applied in most organizations. The decisive factor is the ability of true leaders to appropriate the Technological Acceptance Model –TAM– principles, participating in programs and projects, adopting new technologies from the different actors involved, contributing to the welfare of each community. There is, however, a relative resistance to the use of technology as support in community management, due to the generational differences in leaders and dignitaries, according to collected reports in this study, in relation to the age range of dignitaries –Generation X and Baby Boomers predominate–. They present a challenge to digital inclusion with difficulties related to age, cognitive, sensory, difficulty in developing skills, and abilities required in Digital Technologies, necessary to face new scenarios post-pandemic and, in general, the need to use technological facilities.
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Wang, Youwei, Yuxin Chen, and Yi Qian. The Causal Link between Relative Age Effect and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from 17 Million Users across 49 Years on Taobao. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25318.

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Mirel, Lisa. NHSR 155: Comparative Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Public-Use and Restricted-Use Linked Mortality Files - Production Schedule. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:104774.

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This report describes a comparative analysis of the public-use and restricted-use NHANES LMFs. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative hazard ratios for a standard set of sociodemographic covariates for all-cause as well as cause-specific mortality, using the public-use and restricted-use NHANES LMFs.
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Kaffenberger, Michelle, and Lant Pritchett. Women’s Education May Be Even Better Than We Thought: Estimating the Gains from Education When Schooling Ain’t Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/049.

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Women’s schooling has long been regarded as one of the best investments in development. Using two different cross-nationally comparable data sets which both contain measures of schooling, assessments of literacy, and life outcomes for more than 50 countries, we show the association of women’s education (defined as schooling and the acquisition of literacy) with four life outcomes (fertility, child mortality, empowerment, and financial practices) is much larger than the standard estimates of the gains from schooling alone. First, estimates of the association of outcomes with schooling alone cannot distinguish between the association of outcomes with schooling that actually produces increased learning and schooling that does not. Second, typical estimates do not address attenuation bias from measurement error. Using the new data on literacy to partially address these deficiencies, we find that the associations of women’s basic education (completing primary schooling and attaining literacy) with child mortality, fertility, women’s empowerment and the associations of men’s and women’s basic education with positive financial practices are three to five times larger than standard estimates. For instance, our country aggregated OLS estimate of the association of women’s empowerment with primary schooling versus no schooling is 0.15 of a standard deviation of the index, but the estimated association for women with primary schooling and literacy, using IV to correct for attenuation bias, is 0.68, 4.6 times bigger. Our findings raise two conceptual points. First, if the causal pathway through which schooling affects life outcomes is, even partially, through learning then estimates of the impact of schooling will underestimate the impact of education. Second, decisions about how to invest to improve life outcomes necessarily depend on estimates of the relative impacts and relative costs of schooling (e.g., grade completion) versus learning (e.g., literacy) on life outcomes. Our results do share the limitation of all previous observational results that the associations cannot be given causal interpretation and much more work will be needed to be able to make reliable claims about causal pathways.
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ZHAO, Wen-Man, Shu-Man TAO, and Giu-Ling LIU. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in relation to the risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events among patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.6.0112.

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Mirel, Lisa, Cindy Zhang, Christine Cox, Ye Yeats, Félix Suad El Burai, and Golden Cordell. Comparative analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey public-use and restricted-use linked mortality files. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:104744.

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"Objectives—Linking national survey data with administrative data sources enables researchers to conduct analyses that would not be possible with each data source alone. Recently, the Data Linkage Program at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) released updated Linked Mortality Files, including the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data linked to the National Death Index mortality files. Two versions of the files were released: restricted-use files available through NCHS and Federal Statistical Research Data Centers and public-use files. To reduce the reidentification risk, statistical disclosure limitation methods were applied to the public-use files before they were released. This included limiting the amount of mortality information available and perturbing cause of death and follow-up time for select records. Methods—To assess the comparability of the restricted-use and public-use files, relative hazard ratios for all-cause and cause-specific mortality using Cox proportional hazards models were estimated and compared. Results—The comparative analysis found that the two data files yield similar descriptive and model results. Suggested citation: Mirel LB, Zhang C, Cox CS, Ye Y, El Burai Félix S, Golden C. Comparative analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey public-use and restricted-use linked mortality files. National Health Statistics Reports; no 155. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc:104744. CS323656 nhsr155-508.pdf"
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Viswanathan, Meera, Jennifer Cook Middleton, Alison Stuebe, Nancy Berkman, Alison N. Goulding, Skyler McLaurin-Jiang, Andrea B. Dotson, et al. Maternal, Fetal, and Child Outcomes of Mental Health Treatments in Women: A Systematic Review of Perinatal Pharmacologic Interventions. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer236.

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Background. Untreated maternal mental health disorders can have devastating sequelae for the mother and child. For women who are currently or planning to become pregnant or are breastfeeding, a critical question is whether the benefits of treating psychiatric illness with pharmacologic interventions outweigh the harms for mother and child. Methods. We conducted a systematic review to assess the benefits and harms of pharmacologic interventions compared with placebo, no treatment, or other pharmacologic interventions for pregnant and postpartum women with mental health disorders. We searched four databases and other sources for evidence available from inception through June 5, 2020 and surveilled the literature through March 2, 2021; dually screened the results; and analyzed eligible studies. We included studies of pregnant, postpartum, or reproductive-age women with a new or preexisting diagnosis of a mental health disorder treated with pharmacotherapy; we excluded psychotherapy. Eligible comparators included women with the disorder but no pharmacotherapy or women who discontinued the pharmacotherapy before pregnancy. Results. A total of 164 studies (168 articles) met eligibility criteria. Brexanolone for depression onset in the third trimester or in the postpartum period probably improves depressive symptoms at 30 days (least square mean difference in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, -2.6; p=0.02; N=209) when compared with placebo. Sertraline for postpartum depression may improve response (calculated relative risk [RR], 2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95 to 5.24; N=36), remission (calculated RR, 2.51; 95% CI, 0.94 to 6.70; N=36), and depressive symptoms (p-values ranging from 0.01 to 0.05) when compared with placebo. Discontinuing use of mood stabilizers during pregnancy may increase recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.2; N=89) and reduce time to recurrence of mood disorders (2 vs. 28 weeks, AHR, 12.1; 95% CI, 1.6 to 91; N=26) for bipolar disorder when compared with continued use. Brexanolone for depression onset in the third trimester or in the postpartum period may increase the risk of sedation or somnolence, leading to dose interruption or reduction when compared with placebo (5% vs. 0%). More than 95 percent of studies reporting on harms were observational in design and unable to fully account for confounding. These studies suggested some associations between benzodiazepine exposure before conception and ectopic pregnancy; between specific antidepressants during pregnancy and adverse maternal outcomes such as postpartum hemorrhage, preeclampsia, and spontaneous abortion, and child outcomes such as respiratory issues, low Apgar scores, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, depression in children, and autism spectrum disorder; between quetiapine or olanzapine and gestational diabetes; and between benzodiazepine and neonatal intensive care admissions. Causality cannot be inferred from these studies. We found insufficient evidence on benefits and harms from comparative effectiveness studies, with one exception: one study suggested a higher risk of overall congenital anomalies (adjusted RR [ARR], 1.85; 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.78; N=2,608) and cardiac anomalies (ARR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.17 to 4.34; N=2,608) for lithium compared with lamotrigine during first- trimester exposure. Conclusions. Few studies have been conducted in pregnant and postpartum women on the benefits of pharmacotherapy; many studies report on harms but are of low quality. The limited evidence available is consistent with some benefit, and some studies suggested increased adverse events. However, because these studies could not rule out underlying disease severity as the cause of the association, the causal link between the exposure and adverse events is unclear. Patients and clinicians need to make an informed, collaborative decision on treatment choices.
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