Academic literature on the topic 'Relational adjective'
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Journal articles on the topic "Relational adjective"
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Pérez-Leroux, Ana, Alexander Tough, Erin Pettibone, and Crystal Chen. "Restrictions on ordering of adjectives in Spanish." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 9, no. 1 (2020): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.9.1.5277.
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Abstract. Sequences of multiple modifying adjectives are subject to poorly understood lexical ordering restrictions. There are certain commonalities to these restrictions across languages, as well as substantive language variation. Ordering restrictions in Spanish are still under empirical debate, with some proposing strict ordering for direct modifier adjectives; others proposing broad ordering restrictions based on the contrast between intersective and non-intersective adjectives, and yet others raising the possibility that adjectival order is fully unrestricted. The goal of the present study is to examine corpus evidence for adjectival sequences. We look at both sequences of two postnominal adjectives (Noun +Adjective + Adjective, NAA sequences) as well as sequences of one prenominal, and one postnominal adjective (Adjective + Noun +Adjective, ANA sequences). The results from the NAA datasets clearly categorically confirms that relational adjectives are structurally closer to the noun. There is some evidence for an ordering bias along the line of the intersectivity hypothesis, but little else in term of hard evidence for restrictions. Additional ordering constraints appear once we incorporate the ANA datasets into the empirical picture. One interpretation is that these restrictions can be subsumed under an approach where evaluative adjectives have to occupy the prenominal restriction. In sum, the evidence is most compatible with the middle ground approach, but not with a fully articulated set of ordering restrictions.
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Spencer, Andrew, and Irina Nikolaeva. "Denominal adjectives as mixed categories." Word Structure 10, no. 1 (2017): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2017.0101.
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Many languages have morphological devices to turn a noun into an adjective. Often this morphology is genuinely derivational in that it adds semantic content such as ‘similar-to-N’ (similitudinal), ‘located-on/in’ (locational) and so on. In other cases the denominal adjective expresses no more than a pragmatically determined relationship, as in preposition-al phrase (see the synonymous preposition phrase), often called ‘relational adjectives’. In many languages relational adjectives are noun-to-adjective transpositions, that is, adjectival forms (‘representations’) of nominals. In some languages and constructions they retain some of the noun-related properties of the base. For example, the base can be modified by an attribute as though it were still a syntactically represented noun, giving rise to what we will call ‘syntagmatic category mixing’. We also find instances of ‘paradigmatic category mixing’ in which the derived adjectival form retains some of the inflectional morphology (case and/or number and/or possessive) of its base noun, as in a number of Uralic and Altaic languages. We address this kind of categorial mixing within the descriptive framework for lexical relatedness proposed in Spencer (2013) . A true transposition has a complex ‘semantic function’ (sf) role, consisting of the semantic function role of the derived category overlaid over that of the base. We explain how the complex semantic structure role of noun-to-adjective transpositions maps onto c-structure nodes, using the syntactic framework of Lexical Functional Grammar.
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Goes, Jan. "The adjective: an eminently syncategorematic part of speech." Kalbotyra 74 (September 15, 2021): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/kalbotyra.2021.74.4.
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In this article we propose an alternative to the theories which subdivide the adjective into three major types (qualifier, relational, adjective of the third type), themselves subdivided into several subclasses. We believe instead that there is only one adjectival lexeme with different uses (unitary hypothesis). To do this, we start from the two ways of looking for the adjectival prototype: on the one hand, the abstract prototype built by accumulating criteria, on the other, the semantic prototype. We examine the behavior of occurrences of the abstract prototype (admirable, monumental) and the semantic prototype (grand) with respect to gradation, the attributive function (more specifically the place of the adjective) and the predicative function. The examples show not only that the two prototype models can be reconciled, but above all that the behavior and the meaning of any adjective depend in large part on the noun it qualifies, a result which confirms our unitary hypothesis. The syntactic-semantic dependence of the adjective on the supporting substantive is such that it can be concluded that the adjective is a syncategorematic part of speech, rather than a polysemous one.
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Nagano, Akiko. "A conversion analysis of so-called coercion from relational to qualitative adjectives in English." Word Structure 11, no. 2 (2018): 185–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2018.0124.
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It is widely observed that relational adjectives (RAdjs) in English can be coerced into qualitative adjectives (QAdjs) rather freely ( Farsi 1968 ; Beard 1991 ; Bauer et al. 2013 ; Nikolaeva & Spencer 2013 ; Lieber 2015 ). However, the process of coercion and its output properties have not been studied extensively. This paper presents a conversion analysis of the process and discusses how it is effected in the grammar and how converted QAdjs differ from non-converted suffixal ones, such as similatives. The analysis considers the working of the truthfulness operator within a class name NP. Clearly demarcating different adjective classes, the findings of this paper contribute to research on both conversion and RAdj.
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Kochová, Pavla. "Ke Vztahu Slovotvorného, Potenciálního A Lexikálního Významu V Lexikografickém Popisu Desubstantivních Vztahových Adjektiv." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 69, no. 3 (2018): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0025.
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Abstract The relationship between the wordformation meaning and the lexical meaning on the one hand and the relationship between potentiality and reality of the lexical meaning on the other hand belongs to the topics repeatedly dealt with by Klára Buzássyová. In her studies she also stated that the assessment of the wordformation meaning and the lexical meaning is a task for lexicographers (and a task of lexicographic treatment of the vocabulary). Denominal relational adjectives still represent a lexicographic challenge in terms of treating their (real) lexical meaning. Their wordformation meaning is general: ‘relating to the fact denoted by the motivating word’. Their lexical meaning is given by the relation to the motivating noun or the motivating multiword unit (the polysemantic structure of the motivating noun is thus indicated in the semantic structure of the adjective) and by the reference to the governing noun (collocability of relational adjectives as a consequence of their dominant use in the attributive position, i.e. in adjectivesubstantive combinations, is also expressed in their semantic structure). The lexical meaning of denominal relational adjectives is also influenced by the lexicalization process, e.g. by the accumulation of semantic elements on their systemic qualificative meaning (the characteristic property meaning and comparative meaning), leading sometimes to the total loss of connection with the motivating noun.
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López Hernández, Francisca, and Socorro Bernardos Galindo. "A relational adjective and a noun semantic binding in the specialized language of Information and Communication Technology." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 31, no. 1 (2018): 197–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.15037.lop.
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Abstract This study reports on a semantic analysis of a terminology pattern formed by a relational adjective Radj and a noun n, found in specialized texts written in English and Spanish from the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) field. This research is first based on a terminology perspective to later focus on a recurring multi-word lexical unit pattern in which the specialized concept is realized by a relational adjective. The syntactic pattern [Radj+n] will be referred to as Specialized Lexical Combination (SLC). The study presents a step forward to previous terminology research. We argue that the semantic analysis of the adjective-noun relationship will help understand the underlying knowledge organization of this ICT subject area. The analysis is approached from the framework of the Generative Lexicon specially focusing on the qualia structure of this recurring multi-word lexical unit pattern.
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Boleda, Gemma, Sabine Schulte im Walde, and Toni Badia. "Modeling Regular Polysemy: A Study on the Semantic Classification of Catalan Adjectives." Computational Linguistics 38, no. 3 (2012): 575–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00093.
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We present a study on the automatic acquisition of semantic classes for Catalan adjectives from distributional and morphological information, with particular emphasis on polysemous adjectives. The aim is to distinguish and characterize broad classes, such as qualitative (gran ‘big’) and relational (pulmonar ‘pulmonary’) adjectives, as well as to identify polysemous adjectives such as econòmic (‘economic ∣ cheap’). We specifically aim at modeling regular polysemy, that is, types of sense alternations that are shared across lemmata. To date, both semantic classes for adjectives and regular polysemy have only been sparsely addressed in empirical computational linguistics. Two main specific questions are tackled in this article. First, what is an adequate broad semantic classification for adjectives? We provide empirical support for the qualitative and relational classes as defined in theoretical work, and uncover one type of adjective that has not received enough attention, namely, the event-related class. Second, how is regular polysemy best modeled in computational terms? We present two models, and argue that the second one, which models regular polysemy in terms of simultaneous membership to multiple basic classes, is both theoretically and empirically more adequate than the first one, which attempts to identify independent polysemous classes. Our best classifier achieves 69.1% accuracy, against a 51% baseline.
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Corteel, Céline. "Pour en finir avec la prétendue synonymie de pareil et identique." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 44, no. 1 (2009): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.44.1.08cor.
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The goal of this paper is to tease apart the semantic differences between pareil and identique. After a brief discussion of the syntactic and semantic properties shared by the two adjectives, attention is given to data illustrating their specificity. It is shown that identique is similar to symmetric relational adjectives. In an objective way, identique emphasizes a strong resemblance between distinct entities which usually have the same referential status. By contrast, pareil often serves to point out an asymmetric relationship between two referents, of which one tends to be more virtual than the other. The adjective often expresses a subjective judgment, allowing the speaker to focus (possibly by means of a type) on certain salient properties of a referent.
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Paivio, Allan, Mustaq Khan, and Ian Begg. "Concreteness and relational effects on recall of adjective–noun pairs." Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale 54, no. 3 (2000): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0087337.
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MacCaull, Wendy. "Relational semantics and a relational proof system for full Lambek calculus." Journal of Symbolic Logic 63, no. 2 (1998): 623–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2586855.
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AbstractIn this paper we give relational semantics and an accompanying relational proof theory for full Lambek calculus (a sequent calculus which we denote by FL). We start with the Kripke semantics for FL as discussed in [11] and develop a second Kripke-style semantics, RelKripke semantics, as a bridge to relational semantics. The RelKripke semantics consists of a set with two distinguished elements, two ternary relations and a list of conditions on the relations. It is accompanied by a Kripke-style valuation system analogous to that in [11]. Soundness and completeness theorems with respect to FL hold for RelKripke models. Then, in the spirit of the work of Orlowska [14], [15], and Buszkowski and Orlowska [3], we develop relational logic RFL. The adjective relational is used to emphasize the fact that RFL has a semantics wherein formulas are interpreted as relations. We prove that a sequent Γ → α in FL is provable if and only if a translation, t(γ1 ● … ● γn ⊃ α)ευu, has a cut-complete fundamental proof tree. This result is constructive: that is, if a cut-complete proof tree for t(γ1 ● … ● γn ⊃ α)ευu is not fundamental, we can use the failed proof search to build a relational countermodel for t(γ1 ● … ● γn ⊃ α)ευu and from this, build a RelKripke countermodel for γ1 ● … ● γn ⊃ α. These results allow us to add FL, the basic substructural logic, to the list of those logics of importance in computer science with a relational proof theory.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Relational adjective"
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Wikström, Joakim. "El uso de adjetivos pre- y posnominales en el discurso coloquial de hablantes no nativos." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157880.
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El propósito de la presente monografía es investigar si un grupo de hablantes no nativos de español, todos de nivel muy avanzado, usan los adjetivos modificadores en su discurso espontáneo de una manera parecida a la nativa, y más particularmente en qué medida los colocan de manera idiomática delante o detrás del substantivo. El material usado consiste, por un lado, de entrevistas, en las cuales los participantes cuentan de sus propias vidas, y por el otro lado, de una tarea en la que comentan la acción en un videoclip de la película Tiempos Modernos (de Charlie Chaplin). Los participantes del estudio son diez suecos que residen en Chile desde hace por lo menos 5 años. La hipótesis es que, dada una constatada tendencia conservadora general en los hablantes de una segunda lengua que los llevaría a “ir por lo seguro“, los sujetos sobreusarían la opción no marcada, o sea, la posposición, en la colocación de los adjetivos. Los adjetivos están categorizados en dos grupos: uno de adjetivos cotidianos que tienden a anteponerse al sustantivo (bueno, malo, pequeño, grande, pobre, puro, nuevo, viejo, alto), y los restantes adjetivos, que por defecto aparecen en posición posnominal (p.ej. laboral, sueco, libre, desnudo, rápido, cultural, blanco, redondo, privado etc.). Los resultados no apoyan la hipótesis, en el sentido de que los participantes no nativos tienden a sobreusar la posposición. Estos participantes son comparados con un grupo de control que consiste de diez hablantes de español L1 que residen en Chile. Un aspecto que discrepa en el grupo de hablantes no nativos es el uso del adjetivo grande, para el cual los no nativos prefieren la posposición. También destaca el hecho que los participantes nativos son más propensos a usar adjetivos en general en comparación con el grupo no nativo.<br>The purpose of this thesis is to investigate to what extent a group of non-native Spanish speakers, all of whom are highly proficient users of L2 Spanish, use modifying adjectives in spontaneous discourse in a targetlike manner and, particularly, to what extent they place them idiomatically before or after the noun. The corpus used consists of interviews, in which the subjects talk about their lives, and another task in which they comment the action of a videoclip from the movie ‘Modern Times’ (by Charlie Chaplin). The subjects of the study are ten Swedes that have lived in Chile for at least 5 years. The assumption being the tendency for second language speakers to be generally conservative and choose to ‘go for what's safe’, it is hypothesized that the L2 users would overuse the unmarked option for placing adjectives, namely after the noun. The adjectives are divided into two categories: one consisting of everyday adjectives that strongly tend to be placed ahead of the noun (bueno, malo, pequeño, grande, nuevo, pobre, puro, viejo, alto) and the other of adjectives that appear in postposition by default (e.g. laboral, sueco, libre, desnudo, rápido, cultural, blanco, redondo, privado etc.). The results don’t support the hypothesis, in the sense that the non-native participants tend to overuse postposition. The L2 participants have been compared to a control group consisting of ten L1 Spanish speakers living in Chile. One aspect that differs in the non-native group is the use of grande, for which the non-native speakers, unlike the natives, prefer postposition. What also stands out is the fact that native speakers are more prone to using adjectives in general compared to the non-native group.
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Salazar, Burgos Hada Rosabel. "Descripción y representación de los adjetivos deverbales de participio en el discurso especializado." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/41720.
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El objetivo de esta tesis, es reunir información gramatical suficiente que permita determinar qué características deben reunir las bases verbales del español para ser capaces de originar un adjetivo deverbal de participio (ADP), y, basados en ello, poder describir cómo opera el proceso de activación de valor especializado en los términos N+ADP del dominio de la economía. Estas construcciones sintácticas mínimas son muy productivas en los discursos de ámbitos especializados, sin embargo la naturaleza híbrida de la forma participial acarrea muchos conflictos a la tarea de Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural (PNL). Esta aproximación al análisis de los ADP es lingüística, está anclada teóricamente en la Teoría Comunicativa de la Terminología (TCT) e intenta ser el punto de contacto entre teoría y aplicación.<br>The goal of this thesis is to pinpoint the grammatical information that is necessary to determine which Spanish verb stems give rise to an adjectival participle (AP). This information will allow us to describe the linguistic indicators that, within the domain of economy, activate a specialized meaning in those terms that have the structure AP+noun. These syntactic minimal constructions are highly productive in specialized discourse. Nevertheless, the hybrid nature of the participial form invokes many conflicts in Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. This descriptive approach to the adjectival participles is linguistic in nature, based on the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CTT), intends to be the point of contact between theory and application.
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ZAMBI, GABRIELA FARLEY MEIRELES. "ADVERB FORMATION: A STUDY ON THE RELATION BETWEEN ADVERBIAL ADJECTIVES AND X-MENTE ADVERBS IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=16786@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>O trabalho investiga a relação entre as formações adverbiais no português do Brasil, buscando identificar em que medida as características morfológicas e sintáticas dos adjetivos adverbializados influem no fato de estes apresentarem, em um mesmo contexto sintático, construções X-mente correspondentes. Examinam-se inicialmente as controvérsias relativas à conceituação/classificação do advérbio, a relação entre classe e função, os processos pelos quais são formados os advérbios em português e o tratamento dado as formas X-mente e aos adjetivos adverbializados na abordagem tradicional. Em seguida, observam-se estudos de orientação funcionalista e de base gerativista, nos quais se constatam divergências significativas no que concerne ao modo como é analisado o fenômeno da adverbialização de adjetivos. Opta-se por considerá-lo como resultante do processo de conversão morfológica, pois entende-se que apesar de adjetivos e advérbios pertencerem a categorias lexicais distintas, existe entre elas uma relação. Analisam-se ocorrências de adjetivos adverbializados extraídas de um corpus organizado para o estudo, visando a verificar se estes admitem a contraparte em - mente. Constata-se que dentre os fatores que influem na possibilidade de um adjetivo adverbial poder apresentar (ou não) um advérbio em - mente correspondente, encontram-se as características morfológicas da base e o grau de informalidade do ato de fala. Por fim, conclui-se que a maior parte dos adjetivos adverbializados apresentam uma forma X-mente equivalente, sem que haja alteração semântica.<br>This work investigates the relation between different abverbial constructions in Brazilian Portuguese, in order to establish the extent to which syntactic and morphological characteristics of adverbialized adjectives are connected to the potential interchangeability between these constructions and X-mente adverbs in the same syntactic context. We examine first the controversies regarding the conceptualization and classification of adverbs. Then we discuss the relation between class and function, after which we approach the processes of adverb formation in Brazilian Portuguese and the way X-mente forms and adverbial adjectives are described in the traditional literature on the subject. Some functional and generative oriented studies are then presented, in which significant discrepancies are found in the way adverbial adjectives are analyzed. In this study, we consider adverbial adjectives to result from a morphological conversion process because, even though adjectives and adverbs are different lexical categories, they are related to each other. The adverbial adjectives used in the analysis were extracted from a corpus specially formed for this study. The results show that the morphological characteristics of the base word and the degree of informality in the speech act are connected to the potential for having both constructions in Portuguese. Our results also lead to the conclusion that adverbial adjectives normally have an X-mente counterpart with no semantic change.
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Chovanova, Iveta. "Morphologie constructionnelle du slovaque et éléments de comparaison avec le français : les adjectifs dénominaux construits par composition et dérivation." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN21015/document.
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Ce travail, qui s'appuie sur une étude de corpus, analyse deux types d'adjectifs dénominaux en slovaque : les adjectifs suffixés en -ský (NskýA) et les adjectifs composés d'un adjectif et d'un nom (ANA). Les résultats obtenus pour le slovaque sont mis en correspondance, et seulement quand cela est pertinent, avec les réalisations sémantiquement équivalentes du français. Les analyses pour le slovaque sont vérifiées et testées à chaque fois à l'aide d'une expérience réalisée sous forme de questionnaires soumis aux locuteurs slovaques. La formation des ANA (MODROOKÝA "ayant les yeux bleus") répond à un triple faisceau de contraintes (i) entre l'ANA et le nom recteur (Nr), e.g. modrookéA dievcaNr "fille aux yeux bleus", (ii) entre le composant nominal (N) et le Nr (OKON "oeil" et dievca "fille"), et (iii) entre le composant adjectival (A) et le N (MODRÝA "bleu" et OKON "oeil"). Ces adjectifs désignent une propriété inhérente de l'entité à laquelle réfère le Nr. L'interprétation sémantique majoritaire est la relation méronymique : le N dénote une partie constitutive et visible de l'entité désignée par le Nr. La suffixation en -ský sélectionne essentiellement les noms propres de lieu (toponymes) et de personne (anthroponymes) en position de base. Le contenu sémantique de ces adjectifs est identique à celui de leurs bases. Les NskýA toponymiques comme LIBANONSKÝA "libanais" peuvent référer au lieu ainsi qu'aux habitants d'un lieu. Seule la valeur du Nr permet de désambiguïser la référence d'un NskýA toponymique. Les NskýA anthroponymiques comme STALINSKÝA "stalinien" peuvent avoir, outre l'interprétation relationnelle : "de Staline", un sens qualifiant : "comparable à Staline"<br>In this corpus-based study, we are concerned with the formation of two types of denominal adjectives in Slovak: adjectives suffixed with -ský (NskýA) and compound adjectives formed by an adjective and a noun (ANA). The obtained results are verified and tested in two surveys conducted with Slovak native speakers. The Slovak morphological constructions and compared with semantically equivalent expressions in French. The formation of ANA (MODROOKÝA "blue-eyed") obeys a set of three types of semantic constraints : (i) between ANA and the Head-Noun (HdN), e.g. modrookéA dievcaHdN "blue-eyed girl", (ii) between the noun-component (N) and the HdN (OKON "eye" et dievca "girl"), and (iii) between the adjective-component (A) and the N (MODRÝA "blue" et OKON "eye"). An ANA refers to an inherent property of an individual denoted by HdN. The interpretation in force is a Part-Whole Relation: the N denotes a constitutive and visible part of the concrete entity referred to by the HdN. The suffixation by means of -ský applies mainly to proper nouns denoting either a portion of space (toponym) or a human (anthroponym). In Slovak, the semantic interpretation of an NskýA adjective is normally the same as that of the base noun. Toponymic adjectives like LIBANONSKÝA "lebanese" can refer to the geographical space as well as to the inhabitants of this space. Only the HdN's semantic value is able to disambiguate the meaning of such a toponymic NskýA. As for anthroponymic NskýA like STALINSKÝA "stalinien", they are likely to appear, besides the relational use, i.e. "concerning Stalin", in qualifying contexts: "comparable to Staline"
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Martin, Fabienne. "Prédicats statifs, causatifs et résultatifs en discours. Sémantique des adjectifs évaluatifs et des verbes psychologiques." Phd thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450803.
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Cette thèse analyse les propriétés sémantiques et discursives des prédicats d'état ('laid, généreux') ainsi que des prédicats causatifs et résultatifs, et plus particulièrement des verbes psychologiques à Expérienceur objet ('stimuler, encourager'). Le cadre adopté est celui de la sémantique néo-davidsonienne (Parsons, 1990) et de la sémantique du discours (Kamp & Reyle 1993, Asher 1993). La première partie (chap 1-7) est consacrée aux prédicats d'état, et la seconde aux prédicats causatifs et résultatifs (chap. 8-9). Dans le chapitre 1, on expose les arguments en faveur de l'idée que les verbes d'état ont un argument implicite davidsonien comme les verbes d'action. Abordant ensuite les constructions en 'by/in' ('by/in smoking, he broke his promise'), l'auteur propose de considérer, avec Goldman et contre Davidson, que celles-ci décrivent deux événements distincts, liés par une relation de génération. L'analyse goldmanienne de ces constructions est ensuite étendue aux prédicats d'état ('in doing this, he was clever'), ce qui permet de distinguer les prédicats qui dénotent un état dépendant d'une action, comme 'clever' en usage occurrentiel, des prédicats qui dénotent un état indépendant d'une action, comme beautiful (cf. '??in doing this, he was beautiful'). Le chapitre 2 fait le point sur les spécificités des prédicats d'état par rapport aux prédicats d'activité. Y est notamment montré que certains prédicats d'état acceptent le "progressif interprétatif" ('tu es en train de croire au Père Noël!'). Ce type de progressif est distingué du progressif standard et du progressif actif anglais ('he was being clever'); sont définis également les "prédicats interprétatifs" qui n'acceptent que ce progressif. Le chapitre 3 élabore une typologie aspectuelle des prédicats d'état. Sont d'abord distingués quatre types d'états en fonction de l'intervalle pendant lequel l'état en cause est vérifié. On montre que cette quadri-partition rend mieux compte des données linguistiques que la dichotomie classique en 'stage level predicates' et 'individual level predicates'. Ensuite sont définis les "prédicats d'état pur" comme beau, qui dénotent un état indépendant de toute action, et les "prédicats d'état endo-actionnel" comme 'généreux/bruyant' en usage occurrentiel, qui dénote un état généré par une action. On présente des arguments contre l'assimilation de ces derniers prédicats à des prédicats d'action. Est alors analysée l'ambiguïté des prédicats comme "généreux" dans l'emploi occurrentiel: 'Pierre m'a donné des bonbons. Il a été généreux' peut vouloir dire soit que Pierre a été généreux de (décider de) me donner des bonbons (lecture-d), soit qu'il a été généreux dans la manière de me les donner (lecture-m). Dans la foulée, on examine la relation temporelle qui prend place entre un état s et l'action e dont il dépend. Enfin, on montre que l'analyse proposée peut rendre compte de la concurrence entre passé composé et imparfait dans les phrases dénotant un état occurrentiel. A partir de la typologie aspectuelle élaborée au chapitre 3, le chapitre 4 revisite le problème que soulèvent certains prédicats d'état dans les constructions à prédicat second descriptif ('Pierre a donné des bonbons saoul/??généreux') et propose une nouvelle solution. On montre ensuite que cette solution peut être adaptée pour résoudre un problème moins étudié, à savoir celui que posent certains prédicats d'état dans les subordonnées temporelles en 'quand '(cf. 'Il était généreux, quand il a distribué les bonbons' versus '??Il a distribué des bonbons quand il était généreux'). Enfin, on fait le point sur la difficulté qu'éprouvent les prédicats évaluatifs à entrer dans les constructions présuppositionnelles, parmi lesquelles les subordonnées temporelles, mais les GN définis ('La femme rousse/??généreuse commanda une bière'). Le chapitre 5 est consacré aux relations rhétoriques qui s'établissent entre la description d'un état et la description d'un événement, aux combinaisons possibles entre ces relations rhétoriques, et à la manière dont tel ou tel prédicat d'état, vu ses propriétés sémantiques, contribue à établir telle ou telle relation rhétorique avec la description d'événement. Le chapitre 6 revient sur le problème que soulève l'indéfini des en lecture non générique avec certains prédicats d'état, notamment les prédicats évaluatifs ('Des livres étaient sales' versus '??Des livres étaient merveilleux'). En se fondant sur les outils de la 'Decision Theoretic Semantic's (Merin 1999), l'auteur fait l'hypothèse qu'un prédicat P n'accepte des que si la quantité des éléments satisfaisant P dans le contexte est non pertinente pour les fins du discours, et s'il est clair, par ailleurs, que les qualités implicites que peuvent instancier les dits éléments ne contribuent en aucune façon à expliquer qu'ils satisfont P. On montre que ces deux conditions sont respectées (resp. violées) avec les prédicats d'état compatibles (resp. incompatibles) avec des dans sa lecture non générique. Le chapitre 7 est consacré à la sémantique qu'il faut assigner aux prédicats d'état évaluatifs. On expose tout d'abord les arguments en faveur d'une sémantique "réaliste", qui analyse les prédicats évaluatifs comme des prédicats unaires dénotant de vraies propriétés. On distingue ensuite, dans le contenu informationnel des énoncés évaluatifs, un composant assertif et deux implicatures associées. On termine par l'analyse des prédicats évaluatifs superlatifs ('merveilleux'); est argumentée l'idée que ces prédicats ont un composant expressif, en ce sens que le locuteur, en les utilisant, implicite qu'une entité satisfaisant le prédicat a déclenché en lui une émotion, vécue ou rejouée lors de l'énonciation. On montre en quoi ce composant expressif contribue à expliquer pourquoi de tels prédicats sont difficilement utilisables à l'impératif ou dans certains types de questions. Le chapitre 8 répertorie trois classes parmi les verbes, dits "résultatifs", qui présupposent l'occurrence d'un événement e causant ou générant l'événement asserté e'. On présente d'abord le problème que pose la définition de cette présupposition, puis une nouvelle solution est exposée. On montre alors que la présupposition des verbes résultatifs -- achèvements droits et accomplissements strictement forts --- est de nature scalaire et peut s'expliquer par la Loi d'exhaustivité de Ducrot. Le chapitre 9 est consacré aux verbes psychologiques à Expérienceur objet (VPEO). Après avoir classé ces verbes en fonction de leur structure événementielle, on fait le point sur les différentes lectures qu'ils peuvent accepter. On montre ensuite qu'à la différence des VPEO acceptables dans les constructions agentives, les VPEO qui y sont peu acceptables exhibent deux propriétés cruciales. D'abord, ils présupposent toujours, à l'instar des verbes étudiés dans le chapitre 8, l'occurrence de l'événement impliquant le sujet; ensuite, certains d'entre eux sont "interprétatifs", en ce sens que l'assertion du changement d'état psychologique ne s'avère pertinente pour les fins du discours que si l'interprétant connaît, par ailleurs, l'événement qui cause ce changement. Cela permet d'expliquer pourquoi les verbes en question ne peuvent faire avancer la narration comme le ferait un prédicat d'action normal, et pourquoi ils sont peu compatibles avec les adverbes de manière orientés sur l'agent, les pseudo-clivées ou les compléments de lieu. On termine par l'analyse aspectuelle de la classe des VPEO, en montrant qu'on y trouve des membres des cinq classes aspectuelles distinguées dans le chapitre précédent.
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Chovanová, Iveta. "Morphologie constructionnelle du slovaque et éléments de comparaison avec le français : les adjectifs dénominaux construits par composition et dérivation." Phd thesis, Université Nancy II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00659159.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail, qui s'appuie sur une étude de corpus, analyse deux types d'adjectifs dénominaux en slovaque : les adjectifs suffixés en -ský (Nský) et les adjectifs composés d'un adjectif et d'un nom (AN). Les résultats obtenus pour le slovaque sont mis en correspondance, et seulement quand cela est pertinent, avec les réalisations sémantiquement équivalentes du français. Les analyses pour le slovaque sont vérifiées et testées à chaque fois à l'aide d'une expérience réalisée sous forme de questionnaires soumis aux locuteurs slovaques. La formation des AN (MODROOKÝ 'ayant les yeux bleus') répond à un triple faisceau de contraintes (i) entre l'AN et le nom recteur (Nr), e.g. modrooké dievča 'fille aux yeux bleus', (ii) entre le composant nominal (N) et le Nr (OKO 'œil' et dievča 'fille'), et (iii) entre le composant adjectival (A) et le N (MODRÝ 'bleu' et OKO 'œil'). Ces adjectifs désignent une propriété inhérente de l'entité à laquelle réfère le Nr. L'interprétation sémantique majoritaire est la relation méronymique : le N dénote une partie constitutive et visible de l'entité désignée par le Nr. La suffixation en -ský sélectionne essentiellement les noms propres de lieu (toponymes) et de personne (anthroponymes) en position de base. Le contenu sémantique de ces adjectifs est identique à celui de leurs bases. Les Nský toponymiques comme LIBANONSKÝ 'libanais' peuvent référer au lieu ainsi qu'aux habitants d'un lieu. Seule la valeur du Nr permet de désambiguïser la référence d'un Nský toponymique. Les Nský anthroponymiques comme STALINSKÝ 'stalinien' peuvent avoir, outre l'interprétation relationnelle : 'de Staline', un sens qualifiant : 'comparable à Staline'.
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Scheible, Silke. "Computational treatment of superlatives." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4153.
Full textAbstract:
The use of gradable adjectives and adverbs represents an important means of expressing comparison in English. The grammatical forms of comparatives and superlatives are used to express explicit orderings between objects with respect to the degree to which they possess some gradable property. While comparatives are commonly used to compare two entities (e.g., “The blue whale is larger than an African elephant”), superlatives such as “The blue whale is the largest mammal” are used to express a comparison between a target entity (here, the blue whale) and its comparison set (the set of mammals), with the target ranked higher or lower on a scale of comparison than members of the comparison set. Superlatives thus highlight the uniqueness of the target with respect to its comparison set. Although superlatives are frequently found in natural language, with the exception of recent work by (Bos and Nissim, 2006) and (Jindal and Liu, 2006b), they have not yet been investigated within a computational framework. And within the framework of theoretical linguistics, studies of superlatives have mainly focused on semantic properties that may only rarely occur in natural language (Szabolsci (1986), Heim (1999)). My PhD research aims to pave the way for a comprehensive computational treatment of superlatives. The initial question I am addressing is that of automatically extracting useful information about the target entity, its comparison set and their relationship from superlative constructions. One of the central claims of the thesis is that no unified computational treatment of superlatives is possible because of their great semantic complexity and the variety of syntactic structures in which they occur. I propose a classification of superlative surface forms, and initially focus on so-called “ISA superlatives”, which make explicit the IS-A relation that holds between target and comparison set. They are suitable for a computational approach because both their target and comparison set are usually explicitly realised in the text. I also aim to show that the findings of this thesis are of potential benefit for NLP applications such as Question Answering, Natural Language Generation, Ontology Learning, and Sentiment Analysis/Opinion Mining. In particular, I investigate the use of the “Superlative Relation Extractor“ implemented in this project in the area of Sentiment Analysis/Opinion Mining, and claim that a superlative analysis of the sort presented in this thesis, when applied to product evaluations and recommendations, can provide just the kind of information that Opinion Mining aims to identify.
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Chang-Ching-Cheng and 張景程. "The Relation of Mora Theory and Reduplicative Adjectives in Taiwanese Southern Min." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17509144214557709833.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>玄奘大學<br>應用外語系碩士班<br>98<br>In the thesis, it discusses AA, AAA, AABB, ABAB patterns of the
reduplicated adjectives through Mora theory mainly and Mora theory
as a tool find out the original weight or the product of other
possible existed weight.
The thesis argues the tone sandhi could produce the syllable weight
and hypothesize that the tone sandhi could produce a Mora. However,
the one Mora is not real value and the hypotheses only wants to
prove that the tone sandhi could really have the product of the
syllable weight.
The purpose of the thesis wants to prove that the tone sandhi could
produce the syllable weight to change the semantic intensity of the
different reduplicated adjectives.
However, the thesis solely has a reasonable hypothesis to prove the
syllable weight increases by the tone sandhi and it merely needs a
virtual Mora value, not exact one.
Key words: the reduplicated adjective, Mora theory, tone sandhi
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Marchis, Mihaela Adriana [Verfasser]. "Relational adjectives at the syntax, morphology interface in Romanian and Spanish / vorgelegt von Mihaela Adriana Marchis." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1009550918/34.
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Carrière, Isabelle. "Adjectifs dérivés de noms : analyse en corpus médical et élaboration d'un modèle d'encodage terminologique." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17666.
Full textBooks on the topic "Relational adjective"
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Lassiter, Daniel. Certainty and possibility. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701347.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses several more epistemic adjectives. Certain and its near-synonym sure are maximum adjectives that combine with proportional and percentage modifiers. A comparison with non-modal adjectives suggests a ratio-scale classification with at least an upper bound. Several lines of evidence indicate that certainty and likelihood are formally closely related. However, there are puzzles around the interpretation of uncertain that indicate that the relation may not be one of identity. I consider three possible analyses, all of which have certain advantages and drawbacks. I then turn to possible, which is often claimed to be non-gradable. Naturalistic data indicate that possibility is a graded concept (e.g., increase the possibility of), and that possible is gradable (e.g., too/very/n% possible). While an analysis in terms of some kind of scalar coercion is technically feasible, the most natural explanation is that possible is a gradable adjective whose scale is closely related to likely’s scale.
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Moreno, Mihaela Marchis. Relational Adjectives in Romance and English: Mismatches at Interfaces. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2020.
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Moreno, Mihaela Marchis. Relational Adjectives in Romance and English: Mismatches at Interfaces. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
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Wellwood, Alexis. The Meaning of More. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804659.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book re-imagines the compositional semantics of comparative constructions with words like “more”. It argues for a revision of one of the fundamental assumptions of the degree semantics framework as applied to such constructions: that gradable adjectives do not lexicalize measure functions (i.e., mappings from individuals or events to degrees). Instead, the degree morphology itself plays the role of degree introduction. The book begins with a careful study of non-canonical comparatives targeting nouns and verbs, and applies the lessons learned there to those targeting adjectives and adverbs. A primary distinction that the book draws extends the traditional distinction between gradable and non-gradable as applied to the adjectival domain to the distinction between “measurable” and “non-measurable” predicates that crosses lexical categories. The measurable predicates, in addition to the gradable adjectives, include mass noun phrases, plural noun phrases, imperfective verb phrases, and perfective atelic verb phrases. In each of these cases, independent evidence for non-trivial ordering relations on the relevant domains of predication are discussed, and measurability is tied to the accessibility of such orderings. Applying this compositional theory to the core cases and beyond, the book establishes that the selection of measure functions for a given comparative depends entirely on what is measured and compared rather than which expression introduces the measurement
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F, Bello Walden, Chavez-Malaluan Jenina Joy, and Manila People's Forum on APEC., eds. APEC, four adjectives in search of a noun. Manila People's Forum on APEC, 1996.
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Stahn, Carsten, and Jens Iverson, eds. Just Peace After Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823285.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The interplay between peace and justice plays an important role in almost any contemporary conflict. Peace and conflict studies have generally devoted more attention to conflict than to peace. Peace is often described in adjectives, such as negative/positive peace, liberal peace or democratic peace. But what elements make a peace just? Just war theory, peacebuilding, or transitional justice provide different perspectives on the dialectic relation between peace and justice and the methods of establishing peace after conflict. Experiences such as the Colombian peace process show that peace is increasingly judicialized. This volume analyses some of the situational, normative, and relational elements of peace in processes of transition. It explores six core themes: conceptual approaches towards just peace, macro-principles, the nexus to security and stability, protection of persons and public goods, rule of law and economic reform and accountability. It engages with understudied issues, such as the pros and cons of robust UN mandates, the link between environment protection and indigenous peoples, the treatment of illegal settlements, the feasibility of vetting practices or the protection labour rights in post-conflict economies. It argues that just peace requires only not negotiation, agreement and compromise (e.g., moderation), but contextual understandings of law, multiple dimensions of justice and strategies of prevention. It complements the two earlier volumes on the legal contours of jus post bellum, namely Just Post Bellum: Mapping the Normative Foundations (2014) and Environmental Protection and Transitions from Conflict to Peace: Clarifying Norms, Principles and Practices (2017).
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Contini–Morava, Ellen, and Eve Danziger. Non-canonical gender in Mopan Maya. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Mopan (Mayan, Belize/Guatemala) has two noun classifiers that resemble gender markers. However, the gender markers (GMs) violate expectations about canonical gender (Corbett and Fedden 2016): only a minority of Mopan nouns are gendered; gender is marked only together with the noun, not in multiple syntactic domains; gender marking can be omitted in certain syntactic contexts; and gender marking can be introduced when a normally non-gendered noun co-occurs with an adjectival modifier. We address the grammatical and discourse functions of Mopan GMs in relation to their non-canonical properties. Two productive functions—use as honorific titles with proper names and derivation of agentive nominals—are extended to various functions involving agentivity and differentiation, e.g. derivation of descriptive terms for non-human implements and terms for varietal subcategories. GMs are also employed creatively in discourse, e.g. to suggest animacy of inanimates or to introduce sex differentiation where it would not otherwise be signalled.
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Gómez-Torrente, Mario. Roads to Reference. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846277.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
How is it that words (such as “Aristotle”) come to stand for the things they stand for (such as Aristotle)? Is the thing that a word stands for, its reference, fully identified or described by conventions known to the users of the word? Or is there a more roundabout relation between the reference of a word and the conventions that determine or fix it? Do words like “water,” “three,” and “red” refer to appropriate things, just as the word “Aristotle” refers to Aristotle? If so, which things are these, and how do they come to be referred to by those words? In Roads to Reference, Mario Gómez-Torrente provides novel answers to these and other questions that have been of traditional interest in the theory of reference. The book introduces a number of cases of apparent indeterminacy of reference for proper names, demonstratives, and natural kind terms, which suggest that reference-fixing conventions for them adopt the form of lists of merely sufficient conditions for reference and reference failure. Arguments are then provided for a new anti-descriptivist picture of those kinds of words, according to which the reference-fixing conventions for them do not describe their reference. The book also defends realist and objectivist accounts of the reference of ordinary natural kind nouns, numerals, and adjectives for sensible qualities. According to these accounts, these words refer, respectively, to “ordinary kinds,” cardinality properties, and properties of membership in intervals of sensible dimensions, and these things are fixed in subtle ways by associated reference-fixing conventions.
Book chapters on the topic "Relational adjective"
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Cann, Ronnie. "6. Sense relations." In Semantics - Lexical Structures and Adjectives, edited by Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von Heusinger, and Paul Portner. De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110626391-006.
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Townsend, Charles E. "Some peculiarities of Czech relational adjectives." In Discourse and Meaning. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.78.38tow.
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Scholz, Ulrike. "12. La confixation et les adjectifs de relation." In Manuel des langues de spécialité, edited by Werner Forner and Britta Thörle. De Gruyter, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110313505-014.
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Schulte im Walde, Sabine, and Maximilian Köper. "Pattern-Based Distinction of Paradigmatic Relations for German Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives." In Language Processing and Knowledge in the Web. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40722-2_19.
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Hartung, Matthias, and Anette Frank. "Distinguishing Properties and Relations in the Denotation of Adjectives: An Empirical Investigation." In Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01541-5_8.
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Mirrezaei, Seyed Iman, Bruno Martins, and Isabel F. Cruz. "The Triplex Approach for Recognizing Semantic Relations from Noun Phrases, Appositions, and Adjectives." In The Semantic Web: ESWC 2015 Satellite Events. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25639-9_39.
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Li, Lin, and Pengyuan Liu. "A Corpus-Based Analysis of Syntactic-Semantic Relations between Adjectival Objects and Nouns in Mandarin Chinese." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49508-8_17.
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Miller, D. Gary. "Nominal derivation." In The Oxford Gothic Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813590.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Derivation is mostly suffixal. This chapter focuses on word formation, in particular the productive abstract formatives -iþa, -þs, etc., and the vowel stems extended by -n- (-ei etc.), actor nominals in -(j)an- and -areis. The main adjective formations include material and relational -eins, characterizing -a/i/ug-, -isks for ethnicity and appurtenance, and -n- extended diminutive nouns in-(i)la. Gothic has many suffixes not shared with the rest of Germanic. Some that are shared have different properties. For instance, -iþa is very productive in Gothic and specialized on heavy monosyllabic bases. One of the most productive suffixes in North and West Germanic is *‑i/unga-, barely represented in Gothic, and the feminine alternant *‑i/ungō is completely absent from Gothic.
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Wellwood, Alexis. "Measuring states." In The Meaning of More. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804659.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter extends the theory developed in the previous chapter in which an expression like “much” (implicitly as part of “more”, explicitly as part of phrases like “too much” when combined with nouns and verbs) uniformly introduces measure functions into the compositional semantics of comparatives. The present focus is on adjectival comparatives, which are typically analyzed as involving lexical specification of measures by the adjectival target. Exploring both novel and familiar data, drawn from the morphosyntactic and semantic literatures, this chapter suggests that the balance of evidence diagnoses the relevance of order-theoretic properties at the lexical level rather than the presence of lexically-specified measures. The positive proposal offered is that adjectives express properties of states, and the distinction between gradable and non-gradable is on a par with that between mass and count nouns: the former introduce non-trivial ordering relations while the latter do not.
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Matthews, P. H. "Relations between premodifiers." In The Positions of Adjectives in English. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199681594.003.0006.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Relational adjective"
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Marrafa, Palmira, and Sara Mendes. "Modeling adjectives in computational relational lexica." In the COLING/ACL. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1273073.1273145.
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Lazar, Marilena, and Diana Militaru. "Automatic lexico-syntactic classification of noun-adjective relations for Romanian language." In 2015 7th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecai.2015.7301166.
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Liu, Haoyan, Lei Fang, Qian Liu, Bei Chen, Jian-Guang Lou, and Zhoujun Li. "Leveraging Adjective-Noun Phrasing Knowledge for Comparison Relation Prediction in Text-to-SQL." In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/d19-1356.
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Scheible, Silke, and Sabine Schulte im Walde. "A Database of Paradigmatic Semantic Relation Pairs for German Nouns, Verbs, and Adjectives." In Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-5814.
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Kanzaki, Kyoko, Hitoshi Isahara, and Noriko Tomuro. "The "close-distant" relation of adjectival concepts based on self-organizing map." In the workshop. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1598848.1598860.
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Ih, Jeong-Guon, Su-Won Jang, Cheol-Ho Jeong, Youn-Young Jeung, and Kye-Sup Jun. "A Study on the Sound Quality Evaluation Model of the Air Cleaner." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41115.
Full textAbstract:
In operating the air cleaner for a long time, people in a quiet enclosed space expect calm sound at low operational levels for a routine cleaning of air; in contrast, a powerful, yet not-annoying, sound is expected at high operational levels for an immediate cleaning of pollutants. In this context, it is important to evaluate and design the air cleaner noise to satisfy such contradictory expectation from the customers. In this study, a model for evaluating the air cleaner sound quality was developed based on the objective and subjective analyses. Sound signals from various air cleaners were recorded and they were edited by increasing or decreasing the loudness at three wide specific-loudness bands: 20–400 Hz (0–3.8 Bark), 400–1250 Hz (3.8–10 Bark), 1.25k–12.5k Hz bands (10–22.8 Bark). Subjective tests using the edited sounds were conducted by the semantic differential method (SDM) and the method of successive intervals (MSI). SDM test for 7 adjective pairs was conducted to find the relation between subjective feeling and frequency bands. Two major feelings, performance and annoyance, were factored out from the principal component analysis. We found that the performance feeling was related to both low and high frequency bands; whereas the annoyance feeling was related to high frequency bands. MSI test using the 7 scales was conducted to derive the sound quality index to express the severity of each perceptive descriptor. Annoyance and performance indices of air cleaners were modeled from the subjective responses of the juries and the measured sound quality metrics: loudness, sharpness, roughness, and fluctuation strength. Multiple regression method was employed to generate sound quality evaluation models. Using the developed indices, sound quality of the measured data were evaluated and compared with the subjective data. The difference between predicted and tested scores was less than 0.5 point.