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Pérez-Leroux, Ana, Alexander Tough, Erin Pettibone, and Crystal Chen. "Restrictions on ordering of adjectives in Spanish." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 9, no. 1 (2020): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.9.1.5277.
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Abstract. Sequences of multiple modifying adjectives are subject to poorly understood lexical ordering restrictions. There are certain commonalities to these restrictions across languages, as well as substantive language variation. Ordering restrictions in Spanish are still under empirical debate, with some proposing strict ordering for direct modifier adjectives; others proposing broad ordering restrictions based on the contrast between intersective and non-intersective adjectives, and yet others raising the possibility that adjectival order is fully unrestricted. The goal of the present study is to examine corpus evidence for adjectival sequences. We look at both sequences of two postnominal adjectives (Noun +Adjective + Adjective, NAA sequences) as well as sequences of one prenominal, and one postnominal adjective (Adjective + Noun +Adjective, ANA sequences). The results from the NAA datasets clearly categorically confirms that relational adjectives are structurally closer to the noun. There is some evidence for an ordering bias along the line of the intersectivity hypothesis, but little else in term of hard evidence for restrictions. Additional ordering constraints appear once we incorporate the ANA datasets into the empirical picture. One interpretation is that these restrictions can be subsumed under an approach where evaluative adjectives have to occupy the prenominal restriction. In sum, the evidence is most compatible with the middle ground approach, but not with a fully articulated set of ordering restrictions.
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Spencer, Andrew, and Irina Nikolaeva. "Denominal adjectives as mixed categories." Word Structure 10, no. 1 (2017): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2017.0101.
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Many languages have morphological devices to turn a noun into an adjective. Often this morphology is genuinely derivational in that it adds semantic content such as ‘similar-to-N’ (similitudinal), ‘located-on/in’ (locational) and so on. In other cases the denominal adjective expresses no more than a pragmatically determined relationship, as in preposition-al phrase (see the synonymous preposition phrase), often called ‘relational adjectives’. In many languages relational adjectives are noun-to-adjective transpositions, that is, adjectival forms (‘representations’) of nominals. In some languages and constructions they retain some of the noun-related properties of the base. For example, the base can be modified by an attribute as though it were still a syntactically represented noun, giving rise to what we will call ‘syntagmatic category mixing’. We also find instances of ‘paradigmatic category mixing’ in which the derived adjectival form retains some of the inflectional morphology (case and/or number and/or possessive) of its base noun, as in a number of Uralic and Altaic languages. We address this kind of categorial mixing within the descriptive framework for lexical relatedness proposed in Spencer (2013) . A true transposition has a complex ‘semantic function’ (sf) role, consisting of the semantic function role of the derived category overlaid over that of the base. We explain how the complex semantic structure role of noun-to-adjective transpositions maps onto c-structure nodes, using the syntactic framework of Lexical Functional Grammar.
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Goes, Jan. "The adjective: an eminently syncategorematic part of speech." Kalbotyra 74 (September 15, 2021): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/kalbotyra.2021.74.4.
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In this article we propose an alternative to the theories which subdivide the adjective into three major types (qualifier, relational, adjective of the third type), themselves subdivided into several subclasses. We believe instead that there is only one adjectival lexeme with different uses (unitary hypothesis). To do this, we start from the two ways of looking for the adjectival prototype: on the one hand, the abstract prototype built by accumulating criteria, on the other, the semantic prototype. We examine the behavior of occurrences of the abstract prototype (admirable, monumental) and the semantic prototype (grand) with respect to gradation, the attributive function (more specifically the place of the adjective) and the predicative function. The examples show not only that the two prototype models can be reconciled, but above all that the behavior and the meaning of any adjective depend in large part on the noun it qualifies, a result which confirms our unitary hypothesis. The syntactic-semantic dependence of the adjective on the supporting substantive is such that it can be concluded that the adjective is a syncategorematic part of speech, rather than a polysemous one.
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Nagano, Akiko. "A conversion analysis of so-called coercion from relational to qualitative adjectives in English." Word Structure 11, no. 2 (2018): 185–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2018.0124.
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It is widely observed that relational adjectives (RAdjs) in English can be coerced into qualitative adjectives (QAdjs) rather freely ( Farsi 1968 ; Beard 1991 ; Bauer et al. 2013 ; Nikolaeva & Spencer 2013 ; Lieber 2015 ). However, the process of coercion and its output properties have not been studied extensively. This paper presents a conversion analysis of the process and discusses how it is effected in the grammar and how converted QAdjs differ from non-converted suffixal ones, such as similatives. The analysis considers the working of the truthfulness operator within a class name NP. Clearly demarcating different adjective classes, the findings of this paper contribute to research on both conversion and RAdj.
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Kochová, Pavla. "Ke Vztahu Slovotvorného, Potenciálního A Lexikálního Významu V Lexikografickém Popisu Desubstantivních Vztahových Adjektiv." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 69, no. 3 (2018): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0025.
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Abstract The relationship between the wordformation meaning and the lexical meaning on the one hand and the relationship between potentiality and reality of the lexical meaning on the other hand belongs to the topics repeatedly dealt with by Klára Buzássyová. In her studies she also stated that the assessment of the wordformation meaning and the lexical meaning is a task for lexicographers (and a task of lexicographic treatment of the vocabulary). Denominal relational adjectives still represent a lexicographic challenge in terms of treating their (real) lexical meaning. Their wordformation meaning is general: ‘relating to the fact denoted by the motivating word’. Their lexical meaning is given by the relation to the motivating noun or the motivating multiword unit (the polysemantic structure of the motivating noun is thus indicated in the semantic structure of the adjective) and by the reference to the governing noun (collocability of relational adjectives as a consequence of their dominant use in the attributive position, i.e. in adjectivesubstantive combinations, is also expressed in their semantic structure). The lexical meaning of denominal relational adjectives is also influenced by the lexicalization process, e.g. by the accumulation of semantic elements on their systemic qualificative meaning (the characteristic property meaning and comparative meaning), leading sometimes to the total loss of connection with the motivating noun.
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López Hernández, Francisca, and Socorro Bernardos Galindo. "A relational adjective and a noun semantic binding in the specialized language of Information and Communication Technology." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 31, no. 1 (2018): 197–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.15037.lop.
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Abstract This study reports on a semantic analysis of a terminology pattern formed by a relational adjective Radj and a noun n, found in specialized texts written in English and Spanish from the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) field. This research is first based on a terminology perspective to later focus on a recurring multi-word lexical unit pattern in which the specialized concept is realized by a relational adjective. The syntactic pattern [Radj+n] will be referred to as Specialized Lexical Combination (SLC). The study presents a step forward to previous terminology research. We argue that the semantic analysis of the adjective-noun relationship will help understand the underlying knowledge organization of this ICT subject area. The analysis is approached from the framework of the Generative Lexicon specially focusing on the qualia structure of this recurring multi-word lexical unit pattern.
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Boleda, Gemma, Sabine Schulte im Walde, and Toni Badia. "Modeling Regular Polysemy: A Study on the Semantic Classification of Catalan Adjectives." Computational Linguistics 38, no. 3 (2012): 575–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00093.
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We present a study on the automatic acquisition of semantic classes for Catalan adjectives from distributional and morphological information, with particular emphasis on polysemous adjectives. The aim is to distinguish and characterize broad classes, such as qualitative (gran ‘big’) and relational (pulmonar ‘pulmonary’) adjectives, as well as to identify polysemous adjectives such as econòmic (‘economic ∣ cheap’). We specifically aim at modeling regular polysemy, that is, types of sense alternations that are shared across lemmata. To date, both semantic classes for adjectives and regular polysemy have only been sparsely addressed in empirical computational linguistics. Two main specific questions are tackled in this article. First, what is an adequate broad semantic classification for adjectives? We provide empirical support for the qualitative and relational classes as defined in theoretical work, and uncover one type of adjective that has not received enough attention, namely, the event-related class. Second, how is regular polysemy best modeled in computational terms? We present two models, and argue that the second one, which models regular polysemy in terms of simultaneous membership to multiple basic classes, is both theoretically and empirically more adequate than the first one, which attempts to identify independent polysemous classes. Our best classifier achieves 69.1% accuracy, against a 51% baseline.
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Corteel, Céline. "Pour en finir avec la prétendue synonymie de pareil et identique." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 44, no. 1 (2009): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.44.1.08cor.
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The goal of this paper is to tease apart the semantic differences between pareil and identique. After a brief discussion of the syntactic and semantic properties shared by the two adjectives, attention is given to data illustrating their specificity. It is shown that identique is similar to symmetric relational adjectives. In an objective way, identique emphasizes a strong resemblance between distinct entities which usually have the same referential status. By contrast, pareil often serves to point out an asymmetric relationship between two referents, of which one tends to be more virtual than the other. The adjective often expresses a subjective judgment, allowing the speaker to focus (possibly by means of a type) on certain salient properties of a referent.
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Paivio, Allan, Mustaq Khan, and Ian Begg. "Concreteness and relational effects on recall of adjective–noun pairs." Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale 54, no. 3 (2000): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0087337.
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MacCaull, Wendy. "Relational semantics and a relational proof system for full Lambek calculus." Journal of Symbolic Logic 63, no. 2 (1998): 623–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2586855.
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AbstractIn this paper we give relational semantics and an accompanying relational proof theory for full Lambek calculus (a sequent calculus which we denote by FL). We start with the Kripke semantics for FL as discussed in [11] and develop a second Kripke-style semantics, RelKripke semantics, as a bridge to relational semantics. The RelKripke semantics consists of a set with two distinguished elements, two ternary relations and a list of conditions on the relations. It is accompanied by a Kripke-style valuation system analogous to that in [11]. Soundness and completeness theorems with respect to FL hold for RelKripke models. Then, in the spirit of the work of Orlowska [14], [15], and Buszkowski and Orlowska [3], we develop relational logic RFL. The adjective relational is used to emphasize the fact that RFL has a semantics wherein formulas are interpreted as relations. We prove that a sequent Γ → α in FL is provable if and only if a translation, t(γ1 ● … ● γn ⊃ α)ευu, has a cut-complete fundamental proof tree. This result is constructive: that is, if a cut-complete proof tree for t(γ1 ● … ● γn ⊃ α)ευu is not fundamental, we can use the failed proof search to build a relational countermodel for t(γ1 ● … ● γn ⊃ α)ευu and from this, build a RelKripke countermodel for γ1 ● … ● γn ⊃ α. These results allow us to add FL, the basic substructural logic, to the list of those logics of importance in computer science with a relational proof theory.
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Huang, Wei, Marhaba Mamat, Rui Shang, et al. "Analysis of the Private, Collective, and Relational Self-Cognitions among Han and Tibetan Chinese." Psychological Reports 115, no. 1 (2014): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/07.17.21.pr0.115c12z9.
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Differences in the concepts of private, collective, and relational selves between two Chinese ethnic groups, the Han and Tibetan—adhering to the philosophies of Confucianism and Tibetan Buddhism, respectively—were examined. 128 students (54 men, 74 women; M age=20.9 yr., SD = 2.2) completed the revised Twenty Statements Test and self-reference paradigm. Study 1 found that for Han participants relational and private selves were ranked similarly and as more important than the collective self. Studies 2 and 3 found that adjective words describing private and relational selves were recalled in greater proportions than words describing the collective self. Tibetan participants showed no significant differences between the three self-cognitions. The findings correspond to differences in self-identity among these two subcultures.
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Schwarzschild, Roger. "Degrees and segments." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 23 (August 24, 2013): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v23i0.2661.
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I make two related proposals, one about directed scale segments and the other about the nature of degrees. Bale (2007, 2011) argued that degrees should be analyzed as sets of individuals and that degree arguments are created in the syntax from relational predicates. Schwarz (2010) showed that Bale’s construction runs into problems when the required degree relation is complex, denoted by an LF constituent that contains more than just a gradable adjective. I modify Bale’s proposal so that it overcomes Schwarz’s objection. But first I propose a semantics for comparatives based on quantification over directed scale segments, triples consisting of two degrees and a measure function. The modification of Bale’s proposal depends upon this. Segments are of independent interest as they permit a conjunctive semantics for extended adjectival phrases, the way events do for verb phrases. Potential benefits of ‘degree-conjunctivism’ are explored.
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Hill, Pamela D., Jean C. Aldag, Barbara Hekel, Gina Riner, and Pamela Bloomfield. "Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life Questionnaire." Journal of Nursing Measurement 14, no. 3 (2006): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jnm-v14i3a005.
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This article summarizes the development and psychometric properties of the first self-administered, paper-and-pencil instrument that measures maternal quality of life during the early postpartum period. The definition, domains, and conceptual model by Ferrans and Powers (QLI) were used to develop the Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life (MAPP-QOL) tool. A convenience sample of 184 mothers completed the MAPP-QOL at week 1 and 3 postpartum. Component analysis revealed five domains: psychological/baby; socioeconomic; relational/spouse-partner; relational/family-friends; and health & functioning. Internal consistency reliability for the five subscales resulted in Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from .82 to .96. Stability reliability ranged from .66 to .76. The MAPP-QOL and a single-item measure of life satisfaction correlated (r = .69), suggesting convergent validity; discriminant validity was supported by negative correlations with the three negative mood states of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List–Revised (MAACL–R) as well as poor sleep and fatigue scores. Acceptable reliability and construct validity suggest that the MAPP-QOL may be used in research. Further testing with larger and more diverse samples is recommended.
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Zhang, Niina Ning. "The syntax of same and ATB constructions." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 54, no. 2 (2009): 367–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100001298.
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AbstractThis paper presents a new approach to Across-the-Board (ATB) constructions without resorting to ATB movement. I first examine the syntactic properties of same constructions such as The same man Mary helped and John ruined, and propose a derivation for the constructions. I claim that the relational nominal that contains the adjective same is base-generated in the first conjunct, and moves out of the co-ordinate complex. The raised relational nominal binds a silent form in the second conjunct. This analysis of same constructions is then extended to ATB constructions. The two types of constructions share syntactic and semantic properties. I argue that the overt extracted element of ATB constructions has a movement chain relation with the gap in the first conjunct alone. The silent argument in the second conjunct never moves out of the conjunct. Various types of non-identity readings of ATB constructions are also explained. This research shows that coordinate constructions do not introduce any special type of movement to the computation system.
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Gangi, Sarah, Alessandra Talamo, and Stefano Ferracuti. "The Long-Term Effects of Extreme War-Related Trauma on the Second Generation of Holocaust Survivors." Violence and Victims 24, no. 5 (2009): 687–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.24.5.687.
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The psychological consequences of intergenerational trauma on the second generation of Holocaust survivors were studied in a sample of 40 nonimmigrant Italian Jews and compared to a control group. Differences between offspring of Holocaust survivors (HSO) and a comparison group were assessed by the Adjective Check List, Anxiety Questionnaire Scale, Defence Mechanism Inventory, and Family Environment Scale. Although the HSO displayed no serious psychological consequences, they had higher anxiety levels than controls, low self-esteem, inhibition of aggression, and relational ambivalence. These data partially confirm previous research on the topic, although the level of psychological distress seems to be lower in the Italian sample than in other samples of second-generation Holocaust survivors.
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Tovena, Lucia M., and Marleen Van Peteghem. "Différent vs autre et l’opposition réciproque vs comparatif." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 25, no. 1 (2002): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.25.1.09tov.
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Summary This paper tests on French Beck’s (2000) analysis of plural and quantified NP dependent readings of different in English. According to her, different works as a relational adjective when it depends on a plural NP, and as a comparison operator when it depends on a universally quantified NP. Beck treats as evidence in favour of her thesis the fact that German uses two distinct ‘different’ (verschieden and ander) to produce the range of possible readings of different in English. We show, however, that the opposition between différent and autre in French does not locate the border of lexical differentiation there where we find it in German and where Beck sets the functional split. Furthermore, a close scrutiny of the English data exposes inconsistencies in her analysis of different as a comparison operator. In sum, our contrastive study of the three languages does not provide evidence for a clear-cut opposition between different uses of ‘different’. On the contrary, the situation depicted is better described as a gradient divided up in different ways by the various languages when realised as lexical items.
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Cetnarowska, Bożena. "Group adjectives, possessives and single-participant derived nominals in Polish." Questions and Answers in Linguistics 3, no. 2 (2016): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/qal-2016-0005.
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Abstract The article compares the occurrence of pronominal possessive adjectives and denominal group adjectives in Polish event nominals. It is demonstrated that while in other Slavonic languages (e.g., in Russian) relational adjectives clearly contrast with possessive adjectives (both pronominal and lexical ones), in Polish denominal group adjectives, such as prezydencki ‘presidential’, ministerialny ‘ministerial’, or urzędniczy ‘clerk.ADJ’, resemble possessive pronouns in functioning as elements which can satisfy the argument structure of event nominals. The focus is laid on intransitive nominals, in view of the Possessor Principle proposed for Polish by Rozwadowska (1997). While some Polish intransitive nominals accompanied by possessives or by group adjectives are recognized as referential nominals (as is predicted by the analysis of Greek and Romanian group adjectives presented by Alexiadou and Stavrou, 2011, and Moreno, 2015), other intransitive nominals with such adjectival satellites are argued to be argument-supporting nominals. The association with the agentive reading (i.e., external argument interpretation) is shown to be characteristic, but not obligatory, with thematic group adjectives.
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Moreno, Mihaela Marchis. "Relational Adjectives at Interfaces." Studia Linguistica 69, no. 3 (2015): 304–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/stul.12038.
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Pepper, Steve, and Pierre J. L. Arnaud. "Absolutely PHAB." Semantics and Psychology of Complex Words 15, no. 1 (2020): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.00016.pep.
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Abstract There have been many attempts at classifying the semantic modification relations (ℜ) of N + N compounds but this work has not led to the acceptance of a definitive scheme, so that devising a reusable classification is a worthwhile aim. The scope of this undertaking is extended to other binominal lexemes, i.e. units that contain two thing-morphemes without explicitly stating ℜ, like prepositional units, N + relational adjective units, etc. The 25-relation taxonomy of Bourque (2014) was tested against over 15,000 binominal lexemes from 106 languages and extended to a 29-relation scheme (“Bourque2”) through the introduction of two new reversible relations. Bourque2 is then mapped onto Hatcher’s (1960) four-relation scheme (extended by the addition of a fifth relation, similarity, as “Hatcher2”). This results in a two-tier system usable at different degrees of granularities. On account of its semantic proximity to compounding, metonymy is then taken into account, following Janda’s (2011) suggestion that it plays a role in word formation; Peirsman and Geeraerts’ (2006) inventory of 23 metonymic patterns is mapped onto Bourque2, confirming the identity of metonymic and binominal modification relations. Finally, Blank’s (2003) and Koch’s (2001) work on lexical semantics justifies the addition to the scheme of a third, superordinate level which comprises the three Aristotelean principles of similarity, contiguity and contrast.
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Anderson, Curt, and Sebastian Löbner. "Roles and the compositional semantics of role-denoting relational adjectives." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 60 (January 1, 2018): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.60.2018.456.
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The semantics of adjectives related to nominals denoting societal roles, such aspresidential (from president), have remained understudied. We examine the semantics of whatwe call role-denoting relational adjectives, providing a formal analysis using the notion of aframe, a unified representation for lexical knowledge, world knowledge, and context. The frameswe propose are based on a constructivist philosophical understanding of social roles, leading usto posit a multi-tiered ontology of events and individuals. Using frames and our ontology, weprovide a general semantics for role-denoting relational adjectives and roles.Keywords: modification, adjectives, relational adjectives, events, non-intersective adjectives,roles, natural language metaphysics, frame semantics.
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Paquot, Magali. "The phraseological dimension in interlanguage complexity research." Second Language Research 35, no. 1 (2017): 121–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658317694221.
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This article reports on the first results of a large-scale research programme that aims to define and circumscribe the construct of phraseological complexity and to theoretically and empirically demonstrate its relevance for second language theory. Within this broad agenda, the study has two main objectives. First, it investigates to what extent measures of phraseological complexity can be used to describe second language (L2) performance at different proficiency levels. Second, it compares measures of phraseological complexity with traditional measures of syntactic and lexical complexity. Variety and sophistication are postulated to be the first two dimensions of phraseological complexity, which is approached via relational co-occurrences, i.e. co-occurring words that appear in a specific structural or syntactic relation (e.g. adjective + noun, adverbial modifier + verb, verb + direct object). Phraseological diversity is operationalized as root type–token ratio computed for each syntactic relation. Two methods are tested to approach phraseological sophistication. First, sophisticated word combinations are defined as academic collocations that appear in the Academic Collocation List (Ackermann and Chen, 2013). Second, it is approximated with the average pointwise mutual information score as this measures has been shown to bring out word combinations made up of closely associated medium to low-frequency (i.e. advanced or sophisticated) words. The study reveals that unlike traditional measures of syntactic and lexical complexity, measures of phraseological sophistication can be used to describe L2 performance at the B2, C1 and C2 levels of the Common European Framework of References for Languages (CEFR), thus suggesting that essential aspects of language development from upper-intermediate to very advanced proficiency level may be situated in the phraseological dimension.
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Fábregas, Antonio. "The internal syntactic structure of relational adjectives." Probus 19, no. 1 (2007): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus.2007.001.
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Özdemir, Gökhan, and Esra Dalkıran. "Identification of the Predictive Power of Five Factor Personality Traits for Individual Instrument Performance Anxiety." Journal of Education and Training Studies 5, no. 9 (2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v5i9.2522.
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This study, with the aim of identifying the predictive power of the five-factor personality traits of music teacher candidates on individual instrument performance anxiety, was designed according to the relational screening model. The study population was students attending the Music Education branch of Fine Arts Education Departments in Educational Faculties in Turkey with the sample comprising 256 students attending the Music Education branch of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Pamukkale University and Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University during the 2016-2017 academic year. For data collection in the study, the Individual Instrument Performance Test Anxiety Scale developed by Dalkıran et al. (2014) and the Adjective-based Personality Test developed by Bacanlı et al. (2009) according to the five factor concept were used. Correlation analysis was performed to test whether there was a significant correlation between the individual instrument performance anxiety of students and the five factor personality traits. Additionally, to determine the predictive power of the five factor personality traits on individual instrument test performance anxiety of Music Education branch students, standard multiple regression analysis was performed. Data were tested at the significance level of 0.05. According to the obtained data, it can be said there is a significant correlation between the individual instrument performance anxiety levels and the five factor personality traits of Music Education branch students. A positive and high level relationship was identified between performance anxiety levels and the five factor personality trait of emotional balance/neuroticism, while there was no correlation with agreeableness and performance anxiety level. Extraversion and openness to experience had a negative correlation with performance anxiety level, while there was a positive correlation observed between conscientiousness and performance anxiety. The five factor personality traits of emotional balance/neuroticism and conscientiousness positively and significantly predicted performance anxiety, while extraversion negatively and significantly predicted performance anxiety level. Contrarily, openness to experience and agreeableness were not identified to significantly predict performance anxiety level.
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Nagano, Akiko. "Are relational adjectives possible cross-linguistically? The case of Japanese." Word Structure 9, no. 1 (2016): 42–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2016.0086.
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Studying relational adjectives cross-linguistically, Bisetto (2010) raises the important issue of whether this type of derivation is possible across languages. In this paper, we will attempt to show that there is at least one language, Japanese, that does not possess derivational affixes for relational adjectives. All the living adjectivalizing suffixes in Japanese, -teki, -rasi(i), -ppo(i), and -chikku, derive qualitative adjectives. More significantly, we will also show that this dearth of derivational morphology is compensated for by the systematic use of genitive forms in Japanese. The set of functions mapped to specific derivational affixes in many European languages is systematically mapped to two types of modifiers, the genitive form [Noun + no] and the genitive form expanded by a marker reminiscent of combining forms [Noun + Marker + no].
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COZETTE, MURIELLE. "Reclaiming the critical dimension of realism: Hans J. Morgenthau on the ethics of scholarship." Review of International Studies 34, no. 1 (2008): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210508007882.
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AbstractThis article investigates Morgenthau’s views on the ethics of scholarship and argues that all his works should be read in the light of his central goal: speaking truth to power. Doing so demonstrates that for Morgenthau, a realist theory of international politics includes two dimensions: it is supposed to explain international relations, but it is also, fundamentally, a critical project which questions the existing status quo. While the explanatory dimension of realism is debated at great length, its critical dimension is consistently overlooked by the more recent, self-named ‘critical’ approaches which tend to present the two adjectives ‘realist’ and ‘critical’ as mutually exclusive. This amounts to an insidious high-jacking of the very adjective critical, which in most cases merely signals one does not espouse a realist perspective. This is highly problematic as it obscures the fact that for Morgenthau, the founding father of realism, political science is by definition a subversive and revolutionary force critical of the existing order. Highlighting the critical dimension that lies at the core of the realist project as formulated by Morgenthau therefore challenges the current narrow use of the adjective ‘critical’ in the discipline and leads to reclaim it for the realist tradition.
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Kenesei, István. "On a multifunctional derivational affix: Its use in relational adjectives or nominal modification and phrasal affixation in Hungarian." Word Structure 7, no. 2 (2014): 214–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2014.0066.
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The -i derivative affix is an old conundrum in the grammar of Hungarian. It is regularly classified as a fully productive affix deriving adjectives from nouns of various semantic properties including geographical and proper names. It is usually also claimed that it can occur on postpositions and some adverbials, but since these are closed classes the use of the affix in these cases is not productive. We challenge the accepted wisdom and argue that the affix is productive across the board and the meanings its derivatives represent are highly predictable. Canonical adjectives have a number of characteristics that these derivative adjectives do not, which suggests that the latter are an alternative to modification by noun, rather than adjectives proper. On the other hand, i-affixation can take referential noun phrases as its base, a phenomenon found in other morphological processes in this language, as well as in other languages. Referential adjectives based on inherently referential expressions, proper names in particular, can carry over the referential function in a conceptual-semantic, though not in a syntactic sense. I-modifiers work much the same way in Hungarian, but there are also differences, as shown in relation to result nominals as well as complex event nominals.
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Uth, Melanie. "The Diachronic Development of French -age between Usage-Related Shifts and Grammatical Change." Language Dynamics and Change 6, no. 2 (2016): 284–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00602003.
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French -age developed from Latin relational adjectives in -aticus that were by and by nominalized, thereby incorporating the former head noun as a semantic constituent. In this article, it is argued that the Modern French -age derivation originated from the (re-)association of a semantically vacuous formative and an abstract semantic feature. This semantic feature gradually emerged through abstraction from the existing concrete derivatives and, once established, has determined the range of possible interpretations of newly coined formations up to this day. The most important result of the analysis is that, apart from a structural reanalysis of the Latin nominalized relational -aticus adjectives, French -age did not undergo any meaning change at all, the stability of its meaning being due to the abovementioned continuous interplay between the abstract semantic feature and the usage of the various concrete -age nominalizations.
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DUNCAN, HILARY D., NORMAN SEGALOWITZ, and NATALIE A. PHILLIPS. "Differences in L1 linguistic attention control between monolinguals and bilinguals." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, no. 1 (2014): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672891400025x.
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Relational elements of language (e.g. spatial prepositions) act to direct attention to aspects of an incoming message. The listener or reader must be able to use these elements to focus and refocus attention on the mental representation being constructed. Research has shown that this type of attention control is specific to language and can be distinguished from attention control for non-relational (semantic or content) elements. Twenty-two monolinguals (18–30 years) and nineteen bilinguals (18–30 years) completed two conditions of an alternating-runs task-switching paradigm in their first language. The relational condition involved processing spatial prepositions, and the non-relational condition involved processing concrete nouns and adjectives. Overall, monolinguals had significantly larger shift costs (i.e. greater attention control burden) in the relational condition than the non-relational condition, whereas bilinguals performed similarly in both conditions. This suggests that proficiency in a second language has a positive impact on linguistic attention control in one's native language.
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Maurel, Denis, and Odile Piton. "Un dictionnaire de noms propres pour INTEX." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 22, no. 1-2 (1999): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.22.1-2.17mau.
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In this paper, we begin by presenting the electronic relational dictionary of proper names created within the ‘Prolex’ project. We demonstrate the algorithm used for linking proper names in a text with reference to a particular application; this algorithm uses a specific transducer. We then describe our ‘Proper Name Dictionary’ for intex software. This currently contains just geographic proper names: hydronyms, toponyms, names of inhabitants and also toponymic adjectives.
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Ari Kusumadewi, Ni Putu Tetania. "TEXT STRUCTURE IN CULINARY GUIDES WINE AND DINE: SINGAPORE’S TOP RESTAURANTS." ANAPHORA: Journal of Language, Literary and Cultural Studies 4, no. 1 (2021): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/anaphora.v4i1.4855.
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Abstract. This study aims to find the stages and language features of the descriptive text structure in Wine & Dine: Singapore's Top Restaurants. The contribution of this research is that it can be used as a reference in the preparation of descriptive texts that will have social functions as information reports on the topic of restaurants. The theory used in this study is the theory of Descriptive Text by Knapp and Watkins (2005). This research method uses qualitative methods. This research data is the descriptive text in the culinary guidebook. The research found that the topic of data is a restaurant and there are 12 (twelve) stages in the restaurant descriptive text that are Food, Identity, Decoration, Services, Location, Facilities, Comment, Beverages, Branches, Abstract, Price, Employees. The language features used in restaurant descriptive text are the use of simple present tense, relational verbs, action verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. This research concludes that although 12 (twelve) stages have been found in the restaurant descriptive text, the stages used are 3-6 stages in the composition of the descriptive text. Relational verbs and action verbs are not applied to all sentences in one text. Adjectives are used more often than Adverb or Adverbial phrases in restaurant descriptive text.
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Shields, Kenneth. "More on the origin of the Indo-European feminine gender : a reply to Ledo-Lemos." Linguistica 50, no. 1 (2010): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.50.1.241-248.
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This brief paper has two related purposes. First, it represents a response to Ledo-Lemos' criticisms (2003) of the theory of the origin of the Indo-European feminine gender presented in Shields (1995 and elsewhere) - a theory based on the established typological principle that demonstratives (in this case, a demonstrative in *a) are key in the emergence of gender systems because of their dual role as anaphora and attributive modifiers. Second, this paper includes critical commentary about Ledo-Lemos' own hypothesis regarding the origin of this Indo-European grammatical category, grounded in the specialization of "relational adjectives." Objections to the latter involve his reliance on unmotivated analogical reanalysis and paradigmatic specialization.
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KrajewsKa, Dorota. "Erlazio-atzizkia eta hitz-ordenaren aldaketa." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 127 (June 14, 2019): 85–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv127.3.
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LABURPENA Lan honetan -ko erlazio-atzizkia duten sintagmen kokapena (izenaren aurrekoa eta izenaren ostekoa) aztertzen da ikuspuntu diakronikotik. atzizkiaren funtzioa izenen modifikatzaileak sortzea da, adberbioetatik, leku kasua, instrumentala edo postpo-sizioa duten izenetatik eta izen-multzoetatik. Helburua da hitz-ordenaren bariazioa deskribatzea eta erabileran eragina zuten faktoreak identifikatzea. Proposatzen da izen osteko -ko modifikatzaileak sortu zirela erlazio-atzizkia zuten sintagma batzuk adjek-tibo bezala lexikalizatu zirelako, eta adjektiboari zegokion kokapenean hasi zirela jar-tzen, hau da, izenaren eskuinean. RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se analiza la posición de los sintagmas que contienen el sufijo de relación-ko(pronominal o postnominal) desde un punto de vista diacrónico. Mediante dicho sufijo se crean modificadores adjetivales a partir de adverbios, sintagmas nomina-les o sustantivos dotados con casos locativos, instrumentales o posposiciones. El objeto del trabajo esdescribir la variación existente en el orden de las palabras e identificar los factores que influyen en el uso de unas u otras variantes. se propone que los modificado-res con-kopostnominal fueron creados tras la lexicalización como adjetivos de algunos sintagmas dotados del sufijo relacional; en concreto, su posición sintáctica cambió a la del adjetivo, pasando de ser pronominales a postnominales. ABSTRACT This paper deals with the relational marker -ko, which derives adjectival modifiers from a wide range of phrases: adverbs, local-case- or instrumental-marked nouns, postpo-sitions and determinerless nPs. More specifically, the goal is to describe the constitu-ent order variation from a diachronic perspective. There are two options: the modifier might be prenominal (default in the modern language) or postnominal. My proposal is that postnominal -ko modifiers appeared because some -ko phrases lexicalized as adjec-tives and started to be placed after the noun, in the position where canonical qualitative adjectives go in Basque.
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Van Peteghem, Marleen. "Les différentes interprétations de pareil ou comment un adjectif relationnel devient un marqueur anaphorique." Langue française 136, no. 1 (2002): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/lfr.2002.6472.
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Pratiwi, Desak Putu Eka, Putu Nur Ayomi, and Komang Dian Puspita Candra. "Representation of Bali in Tourism Advertisement Videos." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture 3, no. 5 (2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v3i5.533.
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Employing the Halliday’s theory of transitivity (1985), this study explores the representation of Balinese religion, culture, and nature in the Bali tourism advertisements videos produced by Bali’s Tourism Office, Bali Tourism Board and Ministry of Tourism of Indonesian Republic. The study reveals that the language of the advertisements mostly describes Bali in terms of material process, mental and relational process. In terms of relational process, the beauty of Bali’s culture and nature is capitalized and portrayed as having certain kind of qualities: indicated by the use of adjectives typical to tourism advertisement such as mesmerizing, exotic, unique, etc. and it is constantly defined as paradise. A stark difference, however, occurs in terms of the participants of the clause. In the advertisement produced by the Bali Tourism office, the participants having the role of ‘actors’, ‘senser’ and ‘carrier’, are Balinese people, Bali’s nature, and culture. The advertiser, taking the position of ‘we’, the Balinese, speaks to the world, explaining their home island, culture and belief. On the other hand, the more ‘mainstream’ advertisements of Bali, give more to the prospective tourists, addressed as ‘you’. Here the tourists are the actors and sensers of everything Bali can offer. Bali is depicted as purely a travel destination that can satisfy the visitors and in the position of passive ‘phenomenon’ and ‘goals’. The advertisers are taking the position of ‘the travel agent’, the third party that promotes Bali
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Siregar, Fenty Lidya, Henni Henni, and Silvanni Comara. "The Representation of Gender in a Textbook Entitled When English Rings a Bell." Eralingua: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Asing dan Sastra 5, no. 1 (2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/eralingua.v5i1.13664.
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Abstract. Despite countless criticism that English textbooks contain gender biases, teachers still use textbooks in their teaching. This study investigated the representation of gender in an English textbook for junior high school level: When English Rings a Bell. Halliday’s transitivity system (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004, 2014) is applied in this qualitative study to reveal how gender is represented. The result shows female characters dominate the roles of Participants. Regarding the types of Processes, the depictions of male and female characters are both significant in Relational processes; however, female characters are more frequently represented than male characters in other Processes. It is observed that both males and females are mostly attributed with positive personality adjectives. Only a few male characters are associated with negative traits. This study is expected to provide teachers and book authors with references of gender representations in the textbook so they can be aware of the imbalance and actively contribute to lessen this discrepancy. Keywords: Textbook, gender representation, English, ideology
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Chappell, Hilary. "The Passive of Bodily Effect in Chinese." Studies in Language 10, no. 2 (1986): 271–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.10.2.02cha.
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In standard Chinese (pŭtōnghuà), besides the regular passive form NP (undergoer) - BEI - NP (agent) - VP, there is a second syntactically related passive with a complex predicate containing a postverbal or 'retained object' : NP (undergoer) - BEI - NP (agent) - V - LE - N (part of the body). This second construction serves as the topic of discussion of this paper. It is shown to be restricted to expressing an inalienable relationship between a person and a part of the body, other relational nouns such as kinship or material possessions being excluded from postverbal position. It is argued that the postverbal NP is not a case of a 'retained object' in Jespersen's sense (1933) as the body part term neither acts as the true semantic undergoer nor can be considered as a kind of second object. This argument is supported by the additional evidence of the postverbal NP not permitting any modification by adjectives or demonstratives. The interpretation of lasting effect on the undergoer (the affected per son) resulting from an adversative passive event is claimed to be a main semantic constraint of this construction.
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Papastephanou, Marianna. "And That’s Not All: (Sur)Faces of Justice in Philosophy of Education." Philosophies 6, no. 1 (2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies6010010.
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Adjectives such as “environmental”, “social”, “cosmopolitan”, “relational”, “distributive”, etc. reflect how scholars discern the many faces of justice and put several claims to, and claimants of, justice in perspective. They have also helped related research to focus on some surfaces of justice, that is, on spaces that invite justice, localities and formations, such as the state, social policies, social institutions, etc. within which ethical-political challenges unravel. Diverse philosophical perspectives enable context-specific explorations of (sur)faces of justice. However, I argue, there is more to the concept of justice than what perspectives (considered alone or in their sum total) allow us to view. To theorize how this surplus may be more discernible through stereoscopic rather than perspectival optics I first describe how educational-philosophical perspectives, old and new, discuss just education or education for justice; and then I critique the very notion of perspective on which scholarly work relies. Despite their merits, perspectival framings of justice fail to address the interconnectivity of various (sur)faces of justice.
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Little, Miles. "Theorising personhood: for better or for worse." European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare 2, no. 1 (2014): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/ejpch.v2i1.696.
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Person-centered medicine is emerging as one of the most formidable critiques of evidence-based medicine. One of its claims to priority over patient-centered care, humane medicine, narrative-based medicine and values-based medicine is its attention to the philosophy of personhood. While it defines personhood in widely accepted terms, using adjectives employed by Cassell, such as ‘embodied, purposeful, thinking, feeling, emotional, reflective, relational’, it offers no examination of the numerous debates and disagreements about personhood. In particular, it has not so far explored the tension that exists between the neo-Lockean account of persistent psychological attributes, such as intention, cognition and rationality and the ‘animalistic’ account that ascribes personhood to human existence, to the human body and brain. Nor has it examined the significance of personhood as an emergent property of human beings imbedded in cultures and societies. Medical ontology is basically realist and its epistemology empiricist. Person-centered medicine faces the task of translating a contested, emergent concept into something realistic and empirically examinable, if it is to persist and have pedagogical purchase. Schectman’s ‘person-life view’ may provide a starting point for conceptualisation and teaching and respect is a relationship that underpins an understanding of personhood, but other guidelines will be needed. Some relevant suggestions are made in this article.
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Samson, C. "$ldots,$Is Different From$,ldots$: A Corpus-Based Study of Evaluative Adjectives in Economics Discourse." IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 49, no. 3 (2006): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpc.2006.880741.
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Wang, Jiangning, Congtian Lin, Yan Han, and Liqiang Ji. "Discussion of the Method for Constructing Animal Traits." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (April 25, 2018): e26168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26168.
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Trait data in biology can be extracted from text and structured for reuse within and across taxa. For example, body length is one trait applicable to many species and "body length is about 170 cm" is one trait data point for the human species. Trait data can be used in more detailed analyses to describe species evolution and development processes, so it has begun to be valued by more than taxonomists. The EOL (Encyclopedia of Life) TraitBank provides an example of a trait database. Current trait databases are in their infancy. Most are based on morphological data such as shape, color, structural and sexual characteristics. In fact, some data such as behavioral and biological characteristics may be similarly included in trait databases. To build a trait database we constructed a list of controlled vocabulary to record the states of various terms. These terms may exhibit common characteristics: They can be grouped as conceptual (subject) and descriptive (delimiter) terms. For example, in “the shoulder height is 65–70 cm”, "shoulder height" is the conceptual term and "65–70 cm" is the descriptive term. Conceptual terms may be part of an interdependent hierarchical structure. Examples in morphology, physiology and conservation or protection status, demonstrate how parts or systems may be broken into smaller measurable (quantifiable) or enumerable pieces. Descriptive terms will modify or delimit parameters of conceptual terms. These may be numerical with distinguishing units, counts, or other adjectives or enumerable with special nouns. They can be grouped as conceptual (subject) and descriptive (delimiter) terms. For example, in “the shoulder height is 65–70 cm”, "shoulder height" is the conceptual term and "65–70 cm" is the descriptive term. Conceptual terms may be part of an interdependent hierarchical structure. Examples in morphology, physiology and conservation or protection status, demonstrate how parts or systems may be broken into smaller measurable (quantifiable) or enumerable pieces. Descriptive terms will modify or delimit parameters of conceptual terms. These may be numerical with distinguishing units, counts, or other adjectives or enumerable with special nouns. Although controlled vocabularies about animals are complex, they can be normalized using RDF (Resource Description Framework) and OWL (web ontology language) standards. Next, we extract traits from two main types of existing descriptions. tabular data, which is more easily digested by machine, and descriptive text, which is complex. tabular data, which is more easily digested by machine, and descriptive text, which is complex. Pure text often needs to be extracted manually or by NLP (computerized natural language processing). Sometimes machine learning methods can be used. Moreover, different human languages may demand different extraction methods. Because the number of recordable traits exceeds current collection records, the database structure should be optimized for retrieval speed. For this reason, key-value databases are more suitable for storage of traits data than relational databases. EOL used the database Virtuoso for Traitbank, which is a non-relational database. Using existing mature tools and standards of ontology, we can construct a preliminary work-flow for animal trait data, but some tools and specifications for data analysis and use need to await additional data accumulation.
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Chartock, Sarah. "“Corporatism with Adjectives”? Conceptualizing Civil Society Incorporation and Indigenous Participation in Latin America." Latin American Politics and Society 55, no. 2 (2013): 52–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2013.00193.x.
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AbstractEthnodevelopment is a relatively new type of participatory policy that targets the poverty of marginalized ethnic groups with a focus on identity and self-management. While observers have recognized the empirical significance of this new paradigm, little has been done to conceptualize ethnodevelopment. This article argues that national-level ethnodevelopment implementation is a form of corporatism. Examining ethnodevelopment institutions in Ecuador, it shows that the state has structured, subsidized, and partially controlled the indigenous sector through ethnodevelopment policies and agencies. However, certain components of classical corporatism, such as monopolies of representation, do not characterize this paradigm. This article therefore classifies ethnodevelopment as a diminished subtype of corporatism. It challenges corporatism's long association with a particular historical period in the region and finds that Latin American states and social groups have called on historical institutional repertoires in responding to the newly salient ethnic cleavage in the region.
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Jackson, Stephen. "Sons of Which Soil? The Language and Politics of Autochthony in Eastern D.R. Congo." African Studies Review 49, no. 2 (2006): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.2006.0107.
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Abstract:The recent wars in the DR Congo have led to a marked upsurge in both elite and popular discourse and violence around belonging and exclusion, expressed through the vernacular of “autochthony.” Dangerously flexible in its politics, nervous and paranoid in its language, unmoored from geographic or ethno-cultural specificity, borrowing energy both from present conflicts and deep-seated mythologies of the past, the idea of autochthony has permitted comparatively localized instances of violence in the DRC to inscribe themselves upward into regional, and even continental logics, with dangerous implications for the future. This article analyzes how the “local”/“stranger” duality of autochthony/allochthony expresses itself in the DRC through rumors, political tracts, and speeches and how it draws energy from imprecise overlaps with other powerful, preexisting identity polarities at particular scales of identity and difference: local, provincial, national, regional. Across each, autochthony operates as a loose qualifier, a binary operator: autochthony is adjectival, relational rather than absolute, policing a distinction between in and out, and yet not indicating, in itself, which in/ou t distinction is intended. Thus many speak of “Sons of the Soil,” but of which soil, precisely? The slipperiness between different scales of meaning permits the speaker to leave open multiple interpretations. This indefiniteness is a paradoxical source of the discourse's strength and weakness, suppleness and nervousness, its declarative mood and attendant paranoia.
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Duxbury, Alison. "Rejuvenating the Commonwealth—The Human Rights Remedy." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 46, no. 2 (1997): 344–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300060462.
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Lord Casey's sad testament to an organisation which was perceived as “on the way to becoming not much more than a paper connection” is hardly encouraging to someone intent on studying the institution. It would appear that the Commonwealth of Nations as a contemporary discussion point is even less fashionable today than it was 30 years ago. It has recently been written that in our generation those few individuals with an opinion about the Commonwealth view it as an “anachronistic organization whose retirement to the pages of history is long overdue”. The situation of an Australian attempting to write about the Commonwealth is confused by the need to distinguish it from the “Commonwealth of Australia” by such adjectives as the “British” Commonwealth or the “Commonwealth of Nations”.
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Dressler, Wolfgang U. "Transdisciplinary Aspects of Morphological Productivity." European Review 16, no. 4 (2008): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798708000331.
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This contribution presents a model of morphological productivity that allows some points of comparison with the concept of productivity in economics and in other disciplines. It is a two-step model: in the first step, degrees of productivity of morphological rules are established on the so-called syntagmatic axis of language, i.e. how a word is changed in its linear make-up, e.g. English boy becomes boy-s in the plural or is changed to boy-friend, boy-hood, boy-ish in word formation. In the second step, rule application is compared on the so-called paradigmatic axis with possibly competing productive rules, e.g. in adjective formation from nouns, suffixation with -ish (e.g. boy-ish), is compared with suffixations with -y (e.g. fier-y), -ly (e.g. friend-ly), -ic (e.g. syntact-ic), -ical (e.g. morpholog-ical). Then supportive psycholinguistic evidence is presented from online tests and first language acquisition, an area of crucial evidence for linguistic theories, since any constructs of a model must be learnable by children.
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Galovská, Marcela. "Human Capital and Potential to Increase its Creativity." Creative and Knowledge Society 5, no. 2 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cks-2015-0008.
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AbstractArticle highlights the contribution of human capital, which is currently important for every business entity. In order to be an effective organization, it must have a human capital with creative potential. Creativity largely influences work and personal life balance and language skills. Therefore, in the first part of this paper, I concentrate on possibilities of increasing creativity of human resources and discuss the notion of human capital and creativity. Currently, if a business entity wants to be competitive and efficient, it must posses creative human resources. What are the possibilities of increasing creativity? Due to the global economic crisis, businesses prefer to reduce the cost of education. This tendency seems to be a very week one, even a dangerous one! The paper deals with the effectiveness of creative thinking and with the use of part of existing global environmental undertaking. The paper investigates in particular the language skills of human resources. I have compared the Slovak and Chinese language, as when operating on a given language, except others, human being is familiar with cultural differences in that particular language and can think within this framework, which creates a new perspective on problem solving in general, with a particular use in the respective organization (firm).In this article, I discuss and analyze the knowledge of human resource management and human capital theory. I use mainly comparative method and relational content analysis. The contribution is processed on the basis of Human Capital report (21). The main scientific objective is to highlight the language skills of the human resource and its link to creative thinking. Important issue seems to be a balance between professional and personal life, which forms an important basis for the development of creativity and creative thinking. Within the language skills, a specific highlight is dedicated to chromatic adjectives (colors) that are currently used in these languages, but also the idioms and phrases that are not possible to translate into another language.
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Langhorne, Richard. "The regulation of diplomatic practice: the beginnings to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961." Review of International Studies 18, no. 1 (1992): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500118716.
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Diplomats, whose historical reputation in earlier times has so often been unsavoury, have more recently been highly regarded, except perhaps in the immediate aftermath of the First World War, for which catastrophe they were held by some to be to blame. The privations of the Cold War and the occasional severe maltreatments endured in unsettled states have from time to time since 1945 made them heroes. The change of status has, particularly since the nineteenth century, been associated with a rising sense of belonging to a recognizable and separate profession, with its own body of knowledge and skill, for which suitable candidates could be trained. This development was slow in gestation and its first signs cannot be reliably identified until the seventeenth century with the appearance of the first clutch of semi-professional manuals. From that time, a potential semantic confusion has existed arising out of the use of the adjective ‘diplomatic’ sometimes to describe the process of international political argument and its eventual success or failure in reaching agreement, and sometimes to describe the administrative mechanism of diplomacy itself. it was this latter aspect of diplomacy, seen separately from the content of policy, which from the mid nineteenth century began to attract a new kind of attention, driven particularly by international lawyers, to the point where it was beginning to seem desirable to attain a general international agreement as to what were the rules of the game.
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Dargiewicz, Anna. "Wo ist der Anfang, und wo ist das Ende? Zu übersetzungsrelevanten Merkmalen der deutschen Komposita." Germanica Wratislaviensia 142 (January 11, 2018): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0435-5865.142.8.
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In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird auf grundlegende Faktoren verwiesen, denen man bei der Übertragung der deutschen Komposita ins Polnische Rechnung tragen sollte. Zu diesen Faktoren gehören: Binarität der Komposita, Reihenfolge der Kompositaglieder und Nichtvertauschbarkeit der Glieder ohne Bedeutungsverlust, unbegrenzte Ausbaumöglichkeiten der deutschen Komposita, Fugenelemente als Verbindungskitt zwischen zwei Konstituenten einer Zusammensetzung, Paraphrasierung als Mittel zur Ermittlung der semantischen Beziehungen in einem Kompositum und Ad-hoc-Bildungen als Besonderheit der deutschen Wortbildung. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass das Deutsche den Beinamen ,Substantivspracheʽ hat, wird hier die Aufmerksamkeit vorzugsweise den substantivischen kompositionellen Formationen geschenkt. Das untersuchte Korpus konzentriert sich auf die Bandwurmkomposita – darunter pressetypische, Aufmerksamkeit erregende Lexeme sog. Eyecatcher sowie Ad-hoc-Bildungen, die für den Übersetzer häufig als eine harte Nuss zu knacken sind. Bemerkenswert ist die Tatsache, dass die in einem deutschen Kompositum implizierten semantischen Relationen durch ein komplexes Vorgehen im Übertragungsprozess, durch die Vereinigung von interkulturellen, sprachlichen und translatorischen Kompetenzen effektiv in die Zielsprache übertragen werden können.Where Is the Beginning and Where the End? Features of German Compounds and Their Characteristics in the Context of Translation Translation issues deserve a lot of attention, particularly if they are related to linguistic phenomena characteristic of the given language. Translating multiple complex compounds from German into Polish constitutes just such a phenomenon and it is interesting precisely from the point of view of translation. This article is devoted to peculiar characteristics of German compounds which should be taken into account in the process of translating them into the Polish language. Several important factors have been discussed which must not be overlooked during a semantic analysis of multisegmental compounds if errors in translation are to be avoided. These are: the binarity of compounds, the sequence of individual segments in the compound and the semantic consequences of their fixed position, the potential for free expansion of German compounds, the occurrence of joint interfix, paraphrasing as a way of establishing the semantic relations between the segments of the given compound and occasional constructions as a peculiarity of German word formation. Because a characteristic feature of German word formation is the tendency to form nominal compounds, the corpus created for the purpose of the present article and subjected to analysis consists of nominal compounds. The analysis I have conducted makes it possible to draw the conclusion that German multisegmental compounds are translated into the Polish language mostly using complex syntactic structures, the so-called phrases, rather than structurally equivalent constructions. Phrases, which function as equivalents of German compounds, are in most cases exceptionally well developed, often additionally characterized by an adjectival or genitival modifier, or a subordinate clause, which, in comparison with the one-word German compounds does not seem economical as regards the quantity of words which are connected syntactically. Providing an adequate equivalent in the target language is a considerable and ambitious challenge. Apart from having linguistic skills and necessary knowledge, it requires from the translator analytical and synthetic skills as well as the ability to approach the given problem critically and creatively. Only a compilation of those skills and abilities guarantees a correct/professional translation as an end product devoid of ambiguities.
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Schwarzschild, Roger. "Degrees and segments." Semantics and Linguistic Theory, April 3, 2015, 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v0i0.2661.
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I make two related proposals, one about directed scale segments and the other about the nature of degrees. Bale (2007, 2011) argued that degrees should be analyzed as sets of individuals and that degree arguments are created in the syntax from relational predicates. Schwarz (2010) showed that Bale’s construction runs into problems when the required degree relation is complex, denoted by an LF constituent that contains more than just a gradable adjective. I modify Bale’s proposal so that it overcomes Schwarz’s objection. But first I propose a semantics for comparatives based on quantification over directed scale segments, triples consisting of two degrees and a measure function. The modification of Bale’s proposal depends upon this. Segments are of independent interest as they permit a conjunctive semantics for extended adjectival phrases, the way events do for verb phrases. Potential benefits of ‘degree-conjunctivism’ are explored.
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Gunkel, Lutz, and Gisela Zifonun. "Constraints on relational-adjective noun constructions: A comparative view on English, German and French." Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 56, no. 3 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaa.2008.56.3.283.
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Kornfeld, Laura, and Gabriela Resnik. "LEXICALIZACIÓN DE SECUENCIAS NOMBRE DEVERBAL-ADJETIVO RELACIONAL." Organon 12, no. 26 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2238-8915.29561.
Full textAbstract:
The present article focuses on the study of deverbal noun-relational adjective sequences suchas contaminación hídrica or gasto ambiental.. First, we characterise the properties of the relationaladjectives and the deverbal nouns that form the sequences and we distinguish two types of sequences,according to the distinction of Bosque & Picallo (1996) between thematic and classificatory relationaladjectives. From this classification, we revise the phenomenon of reduction (cf. Adelstein & Kuguel,1998). Finally, we propose possible terminographic applications of the above analysis.