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1
Martin, Roderick, Anna Vidinova, and Stephen Hill. "Industrial Relations in Transition Economies: Emergent Industrial Relations Institutions in Bulgaria." British Journal of Industrial Relations 34, no. 1 (March 1996): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.1996.tb00469.x.
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Hill, Stephen, Roderick Martin, and Anna Vidinova. "Institutional Theory and Economic Transformation: Enterprise Employment Relations in Bulgaria." European Journal of Industrial Relations 3, no. 2 (July 1997): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095968019732006.
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Kakovkina, Olga M. "Diplomatic Activity of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria in Ukraine on the basis of the Central State Archives of Public Organizations of Ukraine (TsDAGO)." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 1, no. 1-2 (December 26, 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2611809.
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The article deals with the diplomatic activities of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) in the Soviet Ukraine on the basis of materials from the Central State Archive of Public Organizations of Ukraine (TsDAGO). These are documents of the secret part of the general department of the foundation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. The chronological scope of the study was from 1944 to 1989, from the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Bulgaria after the 1944 Bulgarian coup d’etat until the democratization of the Bulgarian state and society began. The development of Bulgarian-Soviet diplomatic relations, their activity and peculiarities were condi tioned by the subordinate status of Bulgaria, the formation of Moscow’s directive diplomacy, and the high intensity of economic and other ties. Particular attention in them belonged to Ukraine, which became the field of activity of Bulgarian diplomats. Before the opening of the consulates, the coordination of diplomatic activities in Ukraine was conducted from the embassy in Moscow. In 1965, the first Consulate General of Bulgaria was opened in Odessa; in 1971 – in Kiev, which had features – the Consulate General in Odessa was focused on economic issues, the Consulate General in Kiev – the problems of political and international importance. The author shows that the documents of the archive reveal the functional aspects of consulates, as well as their composition, characteristics of Bulgarian diplomats, everyday life, problems of stay and work. The documents include the personalities of some of the general consuls like S. Ralev, N. Minkov, K. Evtimov, I. Radonov. An important feature of the diplomatic activity of the Bulgarian diplomatic missions was their complete control of the Party centers of the USSR and the People’s Republic of Bulgaria. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine in these conditions was the executor of the tasks of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, the Central Committee of the CPSU, the translator of their position, the informer, while performing traditional functions within the framework of international diplomatic law. The most meaningful for the characteristics of the Soviet/Ukrainian-Bulgarian relations are the conversations with the consuls of Bulgaria, which testify to the dependent position of the country. At the same time, the Bulgarian diplomats were trustees who reported on relations in the consular corps of Kiev, the political views of diplomats, especially criticism of the USSR. The author comes to the conclusion that the diplomatic missions of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria in Ukraine were part of a fairly well-established system of Soviet-Bulgarian relations in general, the study of which continues.
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Kostova, Dobrinka. "Parliamentary elections in Bulgaria, October 1991." Journal of Communist Studies 8, no. 1 (March 1992): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523279208415138.
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Todorova, Velina. "The Rule of Law in Bulgaria." Southeastern Europe 44, no. 2 (July 20, 2020): 233–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763332-04402006.
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This article discusses to what extent Bulgaria has attempted to establish the Rule of Law in recent years and the reasons this aim has remain unattained. It outlines the “peripheral status” of law in Bulgarian society because of the society’s unaccomplished modernization. Next, the manifestation of deficiencies in the development of the Rule of Law is analyzed following Martin Mendelski’s conceptual model (de jure and de facto legality), in particular, in relation to the fight against corruption. The analysis is based on quantitative and qualitative evidence from the Legal Barometer project and the Study of Legislative Activity of the 44th National Assembly. The empirical facts prove that the state mostly produces legal texts and creates administrative structures (in its anti-corruption reforms as well), but not actual results in legal defence of human rights, property rights and in defence of public interests in general.
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Zhelyazkova, Antonina, and Violeta Angelova. "Racism in post-communist Bulgaria and trade union responses." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 13, no. 3 (August 2007): 447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890701300309.
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This article describes Bulgaria's difficult transition to a market economy and the significantly high unemployment rates among its substantial Turkish and Roma minorities, as well as Bulgarian Muslims. It discusses the history and debates on using the terms ‘racism’, ‘xenophobia’ and ethnic ‘discrimination’ in Bulgaria. It also traces the reasons for the appearance of an ultra-right nationalist party. It then focuses on the role of the trade unions, their activities and their influence on the minorities. The general non-discriminatory policy of the trade unions is outlined as well as some examples of good union practices.
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Wallimann, Isidor, and Chrsto Stojanov. "Social and Economic Reform in Bulgaria: Economic Democracy and Problems of Change in Industrial Relations." Economic and Industrial Democracy 10, no. 3 (August 1989): 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x89103006.
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Kovacheva, Siyka. "Managing uncertainty of young people's transitions to adulthood in Bulgaria." Sociologija 54, no. 2 (2012): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1202245k.
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The paper examines the strategies of young people in Bulgaria for responding to and dealing with uncertainty in the passage to autonomy. It focuses on the active engagement of the young in the processes of identity formation and gaining independence, thus initiating a change in the common patterns of growing up. The biographical choices that the young make are analysed as embedded in a multilayered social context involving the interplay of macro societal changes, shifts in organisational policies and practices and restructuring of gender and generational relations in the family. Theoretically this paper builds upon the concept of uncertainty in understanding the dilemma of structure and agency in youth transitions. The analysis is based upon official statistical information about economic and demographic trends in 21st century Bulgaria and the findings of an organisational case study of a social service agency and biographical interviews with young working parents, which were conducted within the framework of the international Transitions project. Two case studies of individual strategies of young women - one from a working class family and the other from an ethnic minority - are presented in more detail in order to examine the agency they apply in coping with uncertainty and the resources they mobilize in devising (everyday and short-term) life projects. The combination of quantitative and qualitative data allows a reflection on the process of managing uncertainty with regards to the past experiences, present meanings and future aspirations of young people as influenced by the contracting state support and contradictory company policies in Bulgaria.
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Vashcheva, Irina Yu, and Dmitry A. Koryakov. "Medieval Bulgaria in the Context of Political Imagology." Slovene 7, no. 2 (2018): 527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2018.7.2.21.
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The article is a review of the book written by the famous Bulgarian medievalist P. Angelov. The work under review is a collection of articles published in different years and divided into four thematic blocks: Serbian-Bulgarian relations, medieval Bulgarian diplomacy, Bulgarians as seen by their neighbours, and other nations as seen by the medieval Bulgarians. The authors of this review think highly of the book. A significant part of its articles was published in the last five years, but even the earlier articles have still not lost their relevance. The long-term studies of P. Angelov recreate a fairly clear and bright picture of military and diplomatic contacts of Bulgaria and Serbia, Bulgaria and Byzantium, Bulgaria and other countries of the region in a rather broad historical perspective. Some of the debatable assumptions made by the author do not in the least detract from the significance of the work, but, on the contrary, contribute to a constructive scientific dialogue. In general, the new collection of works by P. Angelov, without a doubt, is scientifically relevant, makes a significant contribution to important fields of study, meets the modern international standards of scientific level and will certainly be in demand in the Russian and European scientific community.
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Đukanović, Dragan. "North Macedonia and its Neighbours: Challenges and Perspectives." Croatian International Relations Review 25, no. 85 (November 1, 2019): 90–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cirr-2019-0007.
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Abstract In this paper, the author has analysed the perspectives of Macedonia’s new foreign policy concept regarding its neighbours since the second half of 2017. Therefore, he points to Macedonia’s numerous bilateral issues, primarily about its name with neighbouring Greece. The paper also includes a review of other open issues with Bulgaria and Albania, which jeopardize its path towards the EU and NATO membership. The signing of two crucial bilateral agreements with Bulgaria (2017) and Greece (2018) has significantly changed its foreign policy position and accelerated the realization of its Euro-Atlantic perspective. Additionally, Macedonia has improved relations with Albania and Kosovo. Although the relations with Serbia have oscillated, they cannot, in general, be labelled as bad. The author concludes that the determination of the new Macedonian political elite to resolve the accumulated bilateral issues with its neighbours is very significant in the broader regional context. It also represents a stimulus for the rest of the Western Balkans.
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Todorov, Antony, and Anna Krasteva. "Ethnic minorities and political representation: The case of Bulgaria." Southeastern Europe 35, no. 1 (2011): 8–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633311x545661.
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AbstractThe political representation of minority groups in Bulgaria is analyzed from three perspectives. The first relates to political socialization: the mechanisms of minority political preference, and their materialization into political behavior, mostly during elections or through party membership. The second relates to political actors' conduct towards minorities: their attitudes toward minority identities and the significance of minority representation in their practice. The third perspective relates to the institutional framework that politically regulates minority status. This third perspective raises questions of minimum representation, and the legal formalization of minority political parties. Bulgarian ethnic politics is analyzed regarding both the ethnic factors in constructing the political scene and the political factors in structuring the ethnic model. The present article questions the applicability of the distinction between the 'politics of ideas' and the 'politics of identities' to Southeastern Europe in general, and to Bulgaria in particular. This theoretical question is addressed through two empirical comparative analyses: the similarities and divergences of the minority management model in the Bulgarian Constitution and the one applied in the political practice, and the differences between minority representation in Bulgaria and in neighboring countries such as Romania.
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Taşkın, Yüksel. "Europeanization and the extreme right in Bulgaria and Turkey: unveiling similarities between Ataka Party and Red Apple Coalition." Southeastern Europe 35, no. 1 (2011): 95–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633311x545698.
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AbstractThis article aims at comparing the main characteristics of the extreme right groups in Turkey and Bulgaria. The ATAKA party in Bulgaria and the Red Apple Coalition in Turkey are chosen for comparison. There has been an increasing convergence of the discourse and strategy of these groups in reaction to globalization in general, and the Europeanization process in particular. This article will test the validity of this hypothesis, without neglecting the differences caused by the individual histories of the two countries. The chosen groups' attitudes towards significant political issues, as well as their discourse and strategy, will be analyzed with comparative insight.
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Vodenicharova, Maria Sashkova. "Supply chain study in food industry in Bulgaria." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 48, no. 9 (June 18, 2020): 921–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-03-2019-0080.
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PurposeThe article examines the supply chain (SC) in a food industry in Bulgaria. The relations between suppliers and the degree of integration of the activities along with the SC will be studied by building forms of partnerships with suppliers and the areas of cooperation they work in. The relevance of the topic is determined by the increasing pressure exerted by the consumers in terms of quality and safety, caused by the scandals with food products, the regulations concerning the traceability along the SC and providing safety and quality. The purpose of the study, in the present paper, is the theoretical and applied aspects of collaboration along the SC and the use of modern information systems and technologies in the food industry in Bulgaria.Design/methodology/approachThe objectives of the study, in the present paper, are the theoretical and applied aspects of collaboration along the SC and the use of modern information systems and technologies in the food industry in Bulgaria. The subjects of this study are the enterprises of the food industry in Bulgaria. The number of companies surveyed is 93. Small and medium-sized enterprises generate 48.7% of the turnover in the industry and 63% of the employment in the sector. A research survey with structured questionnaire was conducted in the period 2018–2019. The interrelations in the SC are underdeveloped and there is a low degree of integration between the participants in the food industry in Bulgaria. The implementation of information and communications technology (ICT) and blockchains in the SC in the food industry in Bulgaria is at a low level.FindingsThe subjects of this study are the enterprises of the food industry in Bulgaria. The number of companies surveyed is 93. Small and medium-sized enterprises generate 48.7% of the turnover in the industry and 63% of the employment in the sector. The sectors which are traditionally included in the food industry are as follows: flour milling, milk processing, meat processing, canning industry and production of dried and canned fruit, vegetables and seeds, fishery, production of sugar and confectionery, chocolate and desserts and production of spices. The present research study does not focus on production of drinks, mineral water bottles and production of alcoholic drinks, as well as production of tea and coffee, bread and bakery products. A research survey with structured questionnaire was conducted in the period 2018–2019. The questions included in the questionnaire helped to study general indicators for the evaluation of the degree of cooperation and the implementation of modern ICT in organizations in the food industry. The first part of the questionnaire included questions related to the general information about organizations, which determines the form of ownership, the existence of foreign participation in the enterprise, the number of settlements where the activity is carried out and geographic distribution of sales in the country and abroad. These questions are important to frame a general characteristic of the studied enterprises.Research limitations/implicationsThe study had few limitations, which in turn suggest avenues for further research. This study does not include the production of beverages, mineral water bottles and the production of alcoholic beverages as well as tea and coffee production. With regard to the subject of the study, the article focuses mainly on relations between suppliers and the degree of integration of the activities along the SC, which will be studied by building forms of partnerships with suppliers and the areas of cooperation they work in, while remaining outside the scope of the study themes and challenges in making SCs environmentally sustainable. Although a large amount of data were analyzed, there exists an opportunity to widen this study significantly. The possibilities of omnichannels along the SC in the food chain will be explored first as well as the possibilities for building an omnichannel strategy in the food supply chain.Practical implicationsThis study provides insights to manufacturers, retailers, wholesalers and managers of the food industry for supply chain management (SCM) and for connections and cooperation with suppliers and partners. The research study provides clarity about the degree of integration in the management of SC and the opportunities for development of the cooperation between the SC participants.Originality/valueThis study reveals for the first time the SC in the food industry in Bulgaria and provides directions for development. This study shows the degree of SCM integration as well as the opportunities for developing cooperation between the actors in the chain.
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Thirkell, John, Boyko Atanasov, and Grigor Gradev. "Trade Unions, Political Parties and Governments in Bulgaria, 1989–92." Journal of Communist Studies 9, no. 4 (December 1993): 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523279308415234.
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Chiru, Mihail, and Sergiu Gherghina. "When voter loyalty fails: party performance and corruption in Bulgaria and Romania." European Political Science Review 4, no. 1 (April 8, 2011): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773911000063.
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This article identifies the determinants of party loyalty while making a distinction between government and opposition voters within an electoral cycle in the two most recent European Union members (Bulgaria and Romania). Both countries are characterized by the perception of widespread corruption and a general distrust of politicians that are likely to hinder the development of strong ties between citizens and parties. We test the explanatory potential of both traditional and revisionist theories of partisanship, suggesting that perceptions of corruption should be treated as equal to evaluations of actual performance. The statistical analysis of comparative study of electoral systems survey data emphasizes the salience of party performance evaluations for party loyalty. Corruption perceptions are significant predictors of loyalty in the Bulgarian case. Voters in both countries assess critically the performance of their preferred party whether it was part of the government or in opposition. A significant difference arises between government and opposition voters with regard to the predictive potential of identification conceptualized as closeness to a party.
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Mishev, Plamen, and Emilia Valcheva. "Origin-labeled Products - Food Quality and Food Safety in Bulgaria." Society and Economy 27, no. 3 (December 1, 2005): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/socec.27.2005.3.3.
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Bachev, Hrabrin. "Integration of dairy farms in the supply chain in Bulgaria." Society and Economy 30, no. 1 (June 1, 2008): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/socec.30.2008.1.5.
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Dimitrova, Antoaneta, and Bernard Steunenberg. "Living in Parallel Universes? Implementing European Movable Cultural Heritage Policy in Bulgaria." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 51, no. 2 (November 16, 2012): 246–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12000.
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Plyushteva, Anna. "Exploring the Role of the Workplace in Experiences of Commuter Stress: A Mixed-Method Study from Sofia, Bulgaria." Social Sciences 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10060208.
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Several studies have argued that the effects of commuter stress spill into other domains of everyday life, including the workplace. However, the entanglements between commuter stress and the workplace are complex and multidirectional. Commuter stresses both shapes and is shaped by managerial policies, workplace social relations, and the negotiations of working schedules. The present paper explores these interconnections. Drawing on a survey of 281 office-based employees in 27 companies in Sofia, Bulgaria, the paper demonstrates how the characteristics of individuals and individual journeys are important in shaping commuter stress but not exclusively so. In examining the significance of the workplace in relation to commuter stress, the paper differentiates between the geographical location of the workplace and the employing organisation, thus offering a granular understanding of spatial (e.g., the quality of the public spaces surrounding the office) and organisational (e.g., managerial decisions regarding parking) factors. The paper highlights the social and spatial constraints within which commutes are carried out, thus emphasising the role of employers and local government in what is often understood in terms of individual travel choices.
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Toma, Denis, Mara Županić, and Yulia Chusova. "A Comparison of Temporal Life Satisfaction of Nursing Students in the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Bulgaria." Croatian nursing journal 4, no. 1 (June 16, 2020): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24141/2/4/1/9.
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Introduction. Temporal satisfaction with life can be defined as satisfaction of an individual with their past, present and future life. When conducting a classic study of satisfaction with life, the focus is placed on different periods in life in order to avoid a potential error in measuring satisfaction with life. Closely connected to the concept of satisfaction with life is the concept of happiness, which represents a momentary, passing experience. Although it is pleasant, it can last for a shorter or longer time period. Satisfaction with life is a much more complex concept. Many authors define it as a general feeling or opinion about the life of an individual. There are a number of factors from different areas of life that contribute to satisfaction with life. They include work, romantic relationships, relations with family and friends, personal growth and health, among others. The measures of satisfaction with life are generally subjective or they are based on variables that an individual considers especially important in their own life. Aim. The aim is to question and compare the differences in temporal satisfaction with life among nursing students in Croatia and Bulgaria. Methods. The study included 100 nursing students, out of which 50 students are studying in the Republic of Croatia and 50 in the Republic of Bulgaria. The study used a questionnaire as an instrument of research. The questionnaire was The Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale (hereinafter TSWLS), which was devised in 1998 by Pavot and associates. Results. A statistically significant difference was found in 9 out of 15 statements. Furthermore, a statistically noticeable difference is seen in the average evaluation of overall temporal satisfaction with life between Croatian and Bulgarian nursing students. Conclusion. The study determined statistically significant differences in temporal satisfaction with life amongst students of nursing from Croatia and Bulgaria.
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Yotova, Maria. "Ethnographic Heritage as a Branding Strategy: A Case Study of Yogurt in Bulgaria and Japan." Global Economic Review 47, no. 1 (October 27, 2017): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1226508x.2017.1393724.
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Stjepanovic-Zaharijevski, Dragana, and Danijela Gavrilovic. "Identities and family value orientations in the Balkans." Sociologija 52, no. 1 (2010): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1001023s.
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According to Giddens, the modern self is bewildered by the growing variety of possible identities on offer. In the transitional period Balkan countries are currently facing, we can observe a dynamic interplay of traditional and new identities. Traditional identities on one hand change under the pressure of new ones, and on the other put up certain resistance to possible changes. In this paper the authors present a comparative analysis of identification and identities in Serbia, Bulgaria and Macedonia, based on the findings of empirical research. By establishing similarities and differences between identity dynamics in these countries, it becomes possible to account for identity trends in them. In a separate section, family value orientations are examined as cultural frames of reference of identity constructions. Their analytical deconstruction is accomplished through the prism of relatively structured gender relations and a particular, 'desired' pattern of family values.
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Stoilova, Desislava, and Nikolay Patonov. "Fiscal policy and growth in a small emerging economy: The case of Bulgaria." Society and Economy 42, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 386–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00015.
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AbstractThe purpose of this article is to study the impact of fiscal policy on economic growth in Bulgaria for the period 1995–2018. The descriptive analysis is focused on the general trends in fiscal policy and tax structure. The influence of government spending and taxation on economic growth is studied through regressions on time-series data. The empirical estimates prove that taxation is a more reliable instrument of fiscal policy than government spending in terms of a small open emerging-market economy. The dilution of the effect of public spending is probably caused by the high negative values of the current account balance that have been maintained for long periods. Thus, when domestic supply is weak, government expenditure cannot stimulate domestic production, as supply is dominated by import goods. Public investments demonstrate a negative effect on economic growth, which suggests a low productivity of investment spending. A factor of great importance is the level of corruption, which is strongly correlated with government investments, but is harmful to their efficiency. The Bulgarian tax system demonstrates consistency with economic growth. The receipts from value-added tax seems growth-conductive. The decrease of the corporate income tax rate exerts a positive impact on economc performance during the analyzed period, while personal income taxation demonstrates a negative effect. Property taxation has no significant relation with the growth of the Bulgarian economy.
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Dimitrova, Radosveta, Pasquale Musso, Luzelle Naudé, Skerdi Zahaj, Iva Polackova Solcova, Delia Stefenel, Fitim Uka, Venzislav Jordanov, Evgeni Jordanov, and Peter Tavel. "National collective identity in transitional societies: Salience and relations to life satisfaction for youth in South Africa, Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Kosovo and Romania." Journal of Psychology in Africa 27, no. 2 (April 21, 2017): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2017.1301722.
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Henry, Bernard, Kalin Naydenov, Dimo Dimov, Diana Jordanova, and Neli Jordanova. "Relations between the emplacement and fabric-forming conditions of the Kapitan-Dimitrievo pluton and the Maritsa shear zone (Central Bulgaria): magnetic and visible fabrics analysis." International Journal of Earth Sciences 101, no. 3 (February 12, 2011): 747–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0634-y.
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Slavova, Gergana, and Maya Ivanova. "The role of EU programmes in stimulating entrepreneurship in rural regions: A viewpoint from Bulgaria." Journal of East European Management Studies 24, no. 3 (2019): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2019-3-497.
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The paper aims to examine rural entrepreneurship and the way it is enhanced by the EAFRD programme. The specific focus is on the perceptions and entrepreneurial behaviour of beneficiaries of hospitality and rural tourism projects in Bulgaria. The findings imply that participants demonstrate various entrepreneurship initiatives and call for closer cooperation with the local institutions, in order to maximize the overall effects. Involvement of higher public authorities, or programmes (such as EAFRD) considerably enhances rural entrepreneurship by providing a chance for potential entrepreneurs to start-up their own venture, and by determining general goals, which will affect both people and local institutions.
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Podriez, Yuliya. "Transformation the world construction after the Second World War and places in its USA and USSR (1945 – 1946)." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 7 (2019): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2019.07.84-91.
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The article is devoted to studing the trunsformation (changes) in the world after the Second World War, as well as the role and the place in it of two powerful states – the USA and the USSR. The article is devoted to the study of the question of the universe after the Second World War, as well as the role and the place in it of two powerful states – the USA and the USSR. In the article, the author emphasizes the objective and subjective circumstances that transformed Soviet-American relations since 1945. At the same time, it is emphasized that relations are complicated by the emergence of a new factor – atomic. Consideration of Soviet-USA relations is proposed through the lens of attempting to establish USA-USSR cooperation in the economic sphere, the development of nuclear weapons, and a technological approach in strategic arms. Much attention is paid to the meeting of the Big Three, which took place in Potsdam. In particular, on the one hand, the focus is on the direct procedure for concluding peace treaties and establishing diplomatic relations with Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania and Finland; on the other, the distribution of spheres of influence across Germany, based on the relevant protocol. In general, the author attempted to prove that the Berlin Conference made it possible to find mutually agreed solutions and to reach compromises, despite the escalation.
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Velev, D., and P. Zlateva. "INFORMATION SYSTEM FRAMEWORK FOR INTEGRATED RISK ASSESSMENT FROM NATURAL DISASTERS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W4 (March 6, 2018): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w4-535-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In recent years around the world, and in particular in Bulgaria, there is a reported increase in the number and intensity of disasters caused by natural phenomena. An increase is observed in the adverse effects of disasters on social relations, economic growth and sustainable development of the country. The purpose of the paper is to propose a general framework of information system for integrated risk assessment from natural disasters with the help of modern information and communication technologies. Innovative and classical techniques (quantitative and qualitative approaches, deterministic and stochastic methods, intelligent methods as fuzzy logic and neural networks, etc.) are applied in the overall process of the risk assessment (IEC/ISO 31010:2009): risk identification (identification of single and multiple natural disasters), risk analysis (determination of the disaster probability/intensity; interdependence of multiple disasters; exposure; object vulnerabilities; social, ecological and economical consequences) and risk evaluation. The information system is designed on the principle of modules which implement interaction with geographical information system (GIS) and heterogeneous databases containing information about the monitored objects and potential natural disasters in Bulgaria. The information system will use cloud computing and online network for exchange of heterogeneous databases and expertise for the risks from natural disasters. The proposed information system could successfully assist all stakeholders about risk assessment of the monitored objects before, during or after the occurrence of natural disasters. This system could be considered as a unified platform for interdisciplinary research concerning natural disasters.</p>
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Atanasova, Elka, Milena Pavlova, Emanuela Moutafova, Todorka Kostadinova, and Wim Groot. "Patient payments and the empirical analysis of consumer demand for hospital services: An application for Bulgaria." Society and Economy 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 313–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/socec.34.2012.2.8.
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Ignatov, Augustin. "Regional Development Discrepancies in the Eastern European Union Analysed through the Prism of Growth Determinants." Global Economy Journal 18, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 20180078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2018-0078.
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The twenty-first century is characterised by major shifts in the global economic paradigms. Europe constantly diminishes its importance in the world slowly drifting towards the secondary roles in determining the progress of human civilisation. The European Union as the main integrational structure on the continent is set to offer Europe a global perspective and consolidate the member countries’ common influence in international relations. Several enlargement waves were undertaken comprising countries of different economic development level. The main mechanism of the European Union in enhancing the economic cohesion among the member states is the Regional policy. The largest portion of financing is allocated towards enhancing the economic potential of least developed EU regions. Considering this fact, the present research is set to analyse the inter-regional development discrepancies in the Eastern European countries i. e. Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania and Bulgaria in the context of raising global competition and to identify the key economic growth determinants of the nations. The results underline that there is a strong necessity to empower the prerogatives of the EU to increase its ability to decide the issues related to discrepancies reduction, infrastructure investments and improvement of the regional business opportunities.
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Groza, Mihai-Octavian. "Review of the Volume ”Poveștile hărților. Istorie și geopolitică în țări ale uniunii europene” [The Stories of the Maps. History and Geopolitics in European Union Countries], Author: Cristian Sandache, Lumen Publishing House, 2016." Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty: Political Sciences & European Studies 6, no. 2 (2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumenpses/6.2/26.
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„Poveștile hărților. Istorie și geopolitică în țări ale Uniunii Europene” [The stories of the maps. History and geopolitics in European Union countries], published by Lumen Publishing House from Iași, Romania, in 2016, was born from the desire of the author, the historian Cristian Sandache, to offer the general public a set of essays, meant to clarify some issues related to the historical and geopolitical developments that have been experienced, at least over the last century, by some of the states that make up the European Union today. Having as a central point the map of each analyzed state and the changes it has undergone over time, but also the relations between the different states of Europe, the volume presents the "story", "destiny", but also "hopes/future" of Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, Greece, Italy, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, France, Spain and Romania, stories that we will try to underline through the lines below.
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Gusev, N. S. "The Fate of General Radko Dimitriev and His Memory in Context of Russian-Bulgarian Relations of the Late 19th – Early 20th centuries." MGIMO Review of International Relations 12, no. 6 (January 1, 2020): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-6-69-7-27.
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This article examines the biography of the Bulgarian-born General Radko Dimitriev (1859–1918), who was convinced that the good of his homeland was inextricably linked with Russia and depended on good relations with it. For this good, he went to the overthrow of the monarch, but a decade later due to changes in the vector of Bulgarian policy was able to return home and become a hero. In 1913–1914, R. Dimitriev served as Bulgaria's envoy to Russia and tried to change the negative image of his country. With the outbreak of World War I, he joined the Russian army, and a year later in Bulgaria he was declared a deserter and a traitor. In 1918 he was executed by the Bolsheviks in Pyatigorsk, and in a few decades he became practically a symbol of friendship between the Bulgarian and Russian peoples, which led to retouching the circumstances of his death. The article traces the actions of the General and his motivation. Despite his Bulgarian origin, in 1914 he became nearly the main hero of the war in the Russian public space. The reasons for its popularity were not only in the im-portance of his victories, but also in the fact that R. Dimitriev was called the incarnation of A. V. Suvorov and M. D. Skobelev. The article shows what values, embodiments of which were these popular warlords, were characteristic this Bulgarian general. This is a personal part in the fighting, the care of soldiers, democracy in communication. Modern Russian military also has moved to a new paradigm of command, which, however, worked against their popularity among the soldiers. And at the same time, values of the commander of Suvorov's or Skobelev's types were insolvent in the conditions of revolutionary commotion, and R. Dimitriev lost control of the parts entrusted to it. Because of their gener-osity and love for Russia, he refused to take part in the Civil war that decided his death.The author declares absence of conflict of interest.
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Dimitrova, Antoaneta, and Aron Buzogány. "Post-Accession Policy-Making in Bulgaria and Romania: Can Non-state Actors Use EU Rules to Promote Better Governance?" JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 52, no. 1 (October 24, 2013): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12084.
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Lyubenov, Gesho, Oleksandr Zyma, Hanna Brusiltseva, Nadiya Dekhtyar, and Nataliia Pohuda. "The comparative analysis of challenges to the national education systems in Bulgaria and Ukraine (on the example of the tourism and IT sectors)." SHS Web of Conferences 104 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110401005.
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The article offers an overview of the global trends in education that have emerged during the 2020 economic recession; provides a retrospective analysis of the change in economic formations during the 1990s, which still influences the business environment and national education systems in post-socialist countries; analyses the structure of tourism flows in Bulgaria and Ukraine in the recent pre-crisis period; distinguishes the changes between local tourism markets in both countries and consequent demands to HEIs, training the workforce for domestic and international companies; outlines the IT services market in Bulgaria and Ukraine from the side of employment generating; points out the discrepancy between the requests to developers of IT solutions at the local level and the orders of transboundary corporations, which are the largest employers today for the economies in transition; presents the grouping of national economies by innovation performance according to the Global Innovation Index report; classifies non-material industries on the basis of potential for increasing added value and duplicating the product; indicates the restrictions of recreational capacity for the tourism infrastructure; highlights the disparity in clustering the world countries by absolute and relative Travel & Tourism impact to GDP; substantiates the need for interdisciplinary approach in composing the curricula for specialities of the related industries; emphasises the existence of thresholds in the process of increasing the professional competence level. The relevance is grounded by the ultimate changes within the current structure of the global economy, as the sphere of higher education is quite significant in the international trade in services; the general paradigm of the theory of international economic relations is being modified now towards the refusal from the resources’ inexhaustibility postulate; thus the research novelty consists in the implementation of supporting programmes and strategies in the field of higher education under the consideration of these trends.
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Šehović, Emir, Martin Zieger, Lemana Spahić, Damir Marjanović, and Serkan Dogan. "A glance of genetic relations in the Balkan populations utilizing network analysis based on in silico assigned Y-DNA haplogroups." Anthropological Review 81, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 252–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anre-2018-0021.
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Abstract The aim of this study is to provide an insight into Balkan populations’ genetic relations utilizing in silico analysis of Y-STR haplotypes and performing haplogroup predictions together with network analysis of the same haplotypes for visualization of the relations between chosen haplotypes and Balkan populations in general. The population dataset used in this study was obtained using 23, 17, 12, 9 and 7 Y-STR loci for 13 populations. The 13 populations include: Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Greece, Romany (Hungary), Hungary, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Kosovo, Romania and Bulgaria. The overall dataset contains a total of 2179 samples with 1878 different haplotypes. I2a was detected as the major haplogroup in four out of thirteen analysed Balkan populations. The four populations (B&H, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia) which had I2a as the most prevalent haplogroup were all from the former Yugoslavian republic. The remaining two major populations from former Yugoslavia, Macedonia and Slovenia, had E1b1b and R1a haplogroups as the most prevalent, respectively. The populations with E1b1b haplogroup as the most prevalent one are Macedonian, Romanian, as well as Albanian populations from Kosovo and Albania. The I2a haplogroup cluster is more compact when compared to E1b1b and R1b haplogroup clusters, indicating a larger degree of homogeneity within the haplotypes that belong to the I2a haplogroup. Our study demonstrates that a combination of haplogroup prediction and network analysis represents an effective approach to utilize publicly available Y-STR datasets for population genetics.
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Qilin, Fu. "Six theoretical paradigms of Eastern European Marxist aesthetics." Thesis Eleven 159, no. 1 (July 24, 2020): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513620945543.
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The conceptual and methodological contributions of Marxist aesthetics from Eastern European countries like Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and East Germany were productive and significant despite various hurdles faced concerning institutionalization, legitimization and differing theoretical abuses. In its mode of inquiry and discursive practices, Eastern European Marxist aesthetics is both similar and dissimilar to its Western, Soviet, Russian and Chinese counterparts. The specificity here is the function of a unique geographical and socio-historical context, as well as interaction with other contemporary paradigms of thought. The innovative impulses of Eastern European Marxist aesthetics affected six scholarly domains: aesthetics of praxis, theory of realism, critique of modernity, semiotics, theory of genre and cultural theory. This paper provides a general survey of the intellectual achievements of Eastern European Marxist aesthetics across these six domains and will show how this theoretical tradition has influenced the modern history of ideas.
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Baltadzhiev, Ivan G., and Pavel I. Pavlov. "Clinical Investigations. T-Lymphocyte Subset Absolute Counts in the Peripheral Blood of Mediterranean Spotted Fever Patients: Relations to Disease Severity / Абсолютное Количество Субпопуляций Т-Лимфоцитов В Перифери- Ческой Крови Пациентов Со Средиземноморской Пятнистой Лихо- Радкой: Установление Связи С Тяжестью Заболевания." Folia Medica 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/folmed-2015-0026.
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AbstractINTRODUCTION: Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) in Bulgaria is caused by Rickettsia conorii conorii. Aim: This study aims at investigating the absolute counts of T-lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of patients with MSF in order to establish relationships with disease severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The absolute counts of T-lymphocyte subsets were tested in the blood of 62 patients in the acute stage of MSF. They were assigned into three age and sex matched groups, based on the severity of disease - with mild, moderate or severe forms. Controls were 32 age and sex matched healthy individuals. The diagnosis was confirmed by an immunofluorescence assay. Immunophenotyping was performed using Epics XL-MCL Coulter, USA flow-cytometer. RESULTS: The absolute counts of immune competent (CD3+) cells, as well as the counts of helper/inducer (CD3+CD4+) and suppressor/ cytotoxic (CD3+CD8+) T-cell subsets decreased in parallel with disease severity. Naïve (CD4+CD45RA+) and activated memory (CD4+CD45RO+) T-cell subsets were reduced, particularly in severe MSF. Taken as a whole, the counts of activated (CD3+HLA-DR+) and that of presenting accessory (CD28+) or stimulatory (CD38+) molecules Т-cell subsets was increased, but in the first two subsets the trend from mild to severe forms of the disease was descending. CONCLUSION: Reduced T-lymphocyte subset counts are likely related to trans-migration into perivascular inflammatory foci. The increased number of T-lymphocytes bearing activation molecules reflects a mobilization of the cell-mediated immune response. An important issue of this study is the possible prognostic value of T-cell subsets counting, predicting the evolution of a clinical condition to clinical forms, according to the disease severity.
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Kostadinova, Petia. "Media in the New Democracies of Post-Communist Eastern Europe." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 29, no. 2 (May 2015): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325415577863.
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Growing up in Bulgaria during the “transition” years, as a then fifteen-year old, I spent the summer of 1990 queuing up at the neighborhood newsstand waiting for the daily delivery of freshly printed newspapers. Shortages of goods, including food and gasoline, caused long lines in front of many stores, but the crowd waiting at the kiosk was eager to read about the latest political developments, and especially popular were the newspapers published by the newly established opposition parties. While there was no scarcity of political news via television and radio, there was always something special about the print media, much of which, including entertainment weeklies, were such a novelty. Twenty or so years later, I spent another summer among newspapers, in the archives of the National Library in Sofia, poring through the pages and—with no digitization of archives—collecting photographs of news articles published before each of the national legislative elections since 1990. Much has changed in the media environment since then, yet the study of media in post-communist societies and especially its relations to voters, parties, and politics in general is still in its infancy.
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Andreev, Yanislav. "FEATURES OF ACCOUNTING FOR FINANCING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, Suppl.1 (2019): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.062.
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Market transformations and developments over the last decade in the Bulgarian economy have mainly affected the financing system for the agrarian sector. The formation and development of financial and credit relations in rural areas has revived the processes of credit cooperation between farmers. The market environment sets out the general rules for the production and exchange of goods and services: it depends on the costing framework and the choice of how they are organized. In essence, agri-industry producers act primarily as consumers of financial and credit institutions, which on the one hand attract temporary free funds to shareholders and other financial institutions; on the other hand, they meet the different financial needs of the members of the farmers with these funds raised. The study of the theoretical and practical features of reporting to farmers in the agrarian sector shows that this is a little studied area. It is mainly in almost complete isolation from the realities of the market economy, which puts new tasks for financial co-operation. The inadequacy of accounting in the agrarian sector is becoming more obvious with the entry of Bulgaria into the European Union and the common agricultural policy.
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Romanenko, Sergei. "STUDYING THE HISTORY OF THE BALKANS / SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE: RESEARCH TASKS AND PROBLEM FORMULATION." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 2 (2021): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2021.02.01.
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The new issue of the journal «Current Problems of Europe» opens with the problem-oriented article, dedicated to the analysis of the state of the Balkans / South-Eastern Europe region and its development in 2000-2020. The author gives a systemic description of the processes taking place in the intra-national and international intra-regional political, social and economic development of the countries of the region, and the problems generated by them. The changes are associated with a difficult transition phase, experienced by the states of the region, for the most part belonging to the post-socialist world (Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Kosovo and Albania). The exceptions are Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, however, these three states are also going through a difficult period in their history, associated with new problems both in interstate relations within this triangle, and in relations with NATO and the EU, as well as with Russia. The article discusses the specifics of translating the terms «people» and «national» into Russian, as well as the toponym Kosovo (Serb.) / Kosova (Alb.), and ethnonyms «Bošnjak» and «bosanac». The first part of the issue contains articles devoted to general problems of regional studies: the relationship between the terms Eastern Europe, Central Europe, South-Eastern Europe, Balkans, Western Balkans; comparative and political science subjects; the role of the European Union and China in the development of the region; the relationship of national Serbian, post-Yugoslavian and European culture and intellectual heritage as well. The second part of the issue examines the relations of the Balkan states with the states of Central and Eastern Europe (Czech Republic, Romania, Belarus), as well as the specifics of their development in the post-socialist period. Thus, there is the possibility of a multilateral - historical, political and cultural, as well as comparative analysis of the development of this complex region, which is of great importance for international relations worldwide.
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Dzhambov, Angel M., Boris G. Tilov, Desislava R. Makakova, and Donka D. Dimitrova. "Psychometric Properties and Contribution to Mental Health of the Bulgarian version of the 4-Factor Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire." Folia Medica 61, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/folmed.61.e47726.
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Background: The Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire (RTSQ) is a multifaceted measure of general trait rumination. However, there is no instrument for measuring rumination in Bulgarian, which limits progress in the field. Aim: We aimed to validate the RTSQ in Bulgarian and examine its psychometric properties and contribution to several mental health outcomes. Materials and methods: We sampled 529 undergraduate students (18 – 35 years; 33.6% male; 80.9% Bulgarian) from the Medical University in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. They completed a questionnaire asking about rumination (RTSQ), mental health, and sociodemographic information. The RTSQ was first translated to Bulgarian. Its internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the 4-factor RTSQ, and multi-group CFA examined its measurement invariance. Structural equation modelling was used to test the relations between the RTSQ factors, depression, anxiety, and resilience to stress. Results: The RTSQ had acceptable internal consistency (α ≥ 0.8) and its 4-factor model had good fit to the data. In addition, its measurement invariance was supported across languages and cultures of administration. We observed differential associations with depression, anxiety, and resilience, with some of the RTSQ factors emerging as maladaptive (problem-focused thoughts and repetitive thoughts), while others as neutral (anticipatory thoughts) or potentially supportive of resilience (counterfactual thinking). Conclusion: The RTSQ was successfully validated in Bulgarian and represents a reliable measure of trait rumination. It could be useful in gaining further insight into strategies adopted by individuals to cope with stressors and could help develop interventions supporting healthy coping styles. These findings should be replicated in other non-clinical/clinical populations.
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Kuklin, O. V., R. F. Pustoviit, and M. Y. Kryvoruchko. "The European Integration Challenges of Ukraine." Business Inform 10, no. 513 (2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-10-14-21.
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The article is concerned with an analysis of Ukraine’s European integration challenges, which are considered from the position of the effectiveness of foreign trade, as well as in light of the institutional challenges of the European integration course. According to the results of research, both the dynamics and the structure of Ukraine’s foreign trade relations with the EU Member States, the CIS and Asia countries are analyzed. It is defined that the focus on the European Union market prevented domestic exporters from reaching the pre-crisis levels of 2013. The resource nature of the national exports to the EU is underlined. The high level of interdependence in the sphere of foreign trade relations with former partners of Ukraine in the CIS – the Russian Federation and Belarus, especially in the field of imports of fuel and energy resources, and export of nuclear reactors, boilers, machines, railway locomotives, products of inorganic chemistry, is emphasized. It is determined that Ukraine’s implementation of the Ukraine-EU Association Agreement is at a low level of 43%. The authors characterize the main tendencies in Europe as to the quality of life of the population on the basis of two indicators - the proportion of households that barely make ends meet (Bulgaria, Greece, Croatia, Cyprus, Portugal, Romania), and have unsatisfactory living conditions (Cyprus, Latvia, Hungary, Portugal, Slovenia) - the values of which are much higher compared to the average level in the EU. The general conclusion on the ambiguity of the issue of the effectiveness of the national economy’s orientedness toward the market of the European Union has been drawn. The need to take into account the multi-vector nature of the modern globalized world in the process of researching the impact of European integration on the economic development of Ukraine is reasoned.
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Marinow, Кirił. "Patrząc na przemoc. Postawa, odczucia i bezsilność człowieka wobec okropności wojny w świetle retoryki okresu średniobizantyńskiego." Vox Patrum 69 (December 16, 2018): 449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.3269.
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The second and third decade of the 10th century was marked by an armed conflict between the East Roman Empire and Bulgaria. A conflict, which nearly brought about the downfall of Byzantium, was caused by ambitious plans of Symeon I (893-927), the Bulgarian ruler who desired to impose his supremacy upon the empire and gain new territories on the Balkan Peninsula at its cost. Only his death let the Byzantines take a breath and conclude a peace treaty with his son and follower, Peter I (927-969). Theodore Daphnopates (890/900 - after 961), the alleged author of a rhetoric work On the Treaty with the Bulgarians, praising the freshly concluded peace (in 927), reminded the atrocities of war. He also built up the image of a suffering human who had become a witness to the violence inflicted to the soil, temples and villages, as well as and first of all to humans during war operations. And although that image was in many aspects a cliché of the Byzantine literature through multiplying the images of suffering, present in other similar works, it referred to the deeply inrooted pattern of such feelings, based on the experience of many generations of Byzantines themselves and of the humankind in general. So, despite being a customary topos it reflected the possible or perhaps actual human experience of meeting with violence. In my presentation I will present and characterize the attitudes and emotions which accompanied the Byzantine author he had experienced (or at least said he had), being a witness and hearing the relations of atrocities of a fratricidal war.
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Malakhovskyi, Yurii, and Ali Kanso. "CURRENT STATE AND TRENDS OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY OF SOCIAL CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE." Three Seas Economic Journal 1, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2020-4-11.
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The purpose of the publication is to summarize the practice of quantitative assessment of the current state and trends in the change of social capital of national economy (SCNE) of Ukraine on the basis of the use of the index system, which comprehensively take into account numerous aspects of its functioning as a basic factor in ensuring stable competitiveness of the national economy (NE), high level of human development, key conditions for prosperity and well-being of all segments of the population. The results of the benchmarking of indices and analysis of the actual level of SCNE are based on data about the factors of current level of the national economy’s formation for individual countries in the process of ensuring in the strategic perspective the UN Sustainable Development Goals – Measuring Social Capital (SC) for Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). For SCNE of Ukraine is inherent in the simultaneous deep commitment of the domestic community to the values of survival (at the level of Russia, Moldova, Romania, Albania, Bulgaria) in combination with a high level of confession of secular rational values (at the level of Lithuania, South Korea, the Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark). Based on the above data, Ukraine has a low level of direct interpersonal social trust (the level of distrust/caution in relations practically exceeds it three times) combined with a low level of trust in political institutions. The necessary information for the assessment of the environment and the general level of development of SCNE of Ukraine is contained in the already mentioned international indices, which in their aggregate comprehensively characterize the subject of our research.
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Papadopoulos, G. A., G. Diakogianni, A. Fokaefs, and B. Ranguelov. "Tsunami hazard in the Black Sea and the Azov Sea: a new tsunami catalogue." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 3 (March 25, 2011): 945–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-945-2011.
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Abstract. Data on tsunamis occurring in the Black Sea and the Azov Sea from antiquity up to the present were updated, critically evaluated and compiled in the standard format developed since the 90's for the New European Tsunami Catalogue. Twenty nine events were examined but three of them, supposedly occurring in 557 AD, 815 AD and 1341 or 1343, were very likely falsely reported. Most of the remaining 26 events were generated in Crimea, offshore Bulgaria as well as offshore North Anatolia. For each of the 26 events examined, 22 events were classified as reliable ones receiving a score of 3 or 4 on a 4-grade reliability scale. Most of them were caused by earthquakes, such as the key event 544/545 of offshore Varna, but a few others were attributed either to aseismic earth slumps or to unknown causes. The tsunami intensity was estimated using the traditional 6-grade scale and the new 12-grade scale introduced by Papadopoulos and Imamura (2001). From 544/545 up to now, only two reliable events of high intensity K ≥ 7 have been reported, which very roughly indicates that the mean repeat time is ∼ 750 years. Five reliable tsunamis of moderate intensity 4 ≤ K < 7 have been observed from 1650 up to the present, which implies a recurrence of 72 years on the average. Although these calculations were based on a very small statistical sample of tsunami events, the repeat times found are consistent with the theoretical expectations from size-frequency relations. However, in the Black Sea there is no evidence of tsunamis of very high intensity (K ∼ 10) such as the AD 365, 1303 and 1956 ones associated with large earthquakes occurring along the Hellenic arc and trench, Greece, or the 1908 one in Messina strait, Italy. This observation, along with the relatively low tsunami frequency, indicates that the tsunami hazard in the Black Sea is low to moderate but not negligible. The tsunami hazard in the Azov Sea is very low because of the very low seismicity but also because of the shallow water prevailing there. In fact, only three possible tsunami events have been reported in the Azov Sea.
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Poór, József, Allen D. Engle, Ildikó Éva Kovács, Michael J. Morley, Kinga Kerekes, Agnes Slavic, Nemanja Berber, et al. "Multinationals and the evolving contours of their human management practices in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union." Employee Relations: The International Journal 42, no. 3 (March 8, 2020): 582–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-01-2019-0082.
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PurposeWe explore the effects of three organizational variables (country of origin of the multinational company (MNC), the timing of entry into the European Union and the mode of establishment of the MNC subsidiary unit) on the human resource management (HRM) practices being pursued by subsidiaries of large MNCs operating in selected countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Former Soviet Union. Furthermore, we examine whether the degree of autonomy afforded to the subsidiary over its preferred HR recipes is related to overall local unit performance.Design/methodology/approachWe profile the HRM practices of 379 foreign owned subsidiaries located in Bulgaria, Croatia, The Czech Republic, Kazakhstan, Poland, Hungary, Russia, Romania, Serbia and Slovakia. Using descriptive statistics, we present the general characteristics of the sample and we then use bivariate statistical analysis to test our hypotheses relating to the impact of different organizational factors on the HR practice mix implemented in the MNC subsidiaries covered in our survey.FindingsWe find a significant correlation between the annual training budget, the importance of knowledge flow from headquarters (HQs) to the subsidiary and the perceived criticality of training and development and whether the subsidiary is a greenfield site or an acquisition. A correlation was also found between the national timing of EU membership (older members, newer and then candidate countries and non-EU members) and three HR practice variables: the use of expatriates, external service providers and employee relations practices.Research limitations/implicationsOur research calls attention to the issue of balancing the efficiencies of standardization with the local preferences and traditions of customization which results in more successful MNC control and ultimately higher levels of performance. It also calls attention to the challenges in pursuing research of this nature over time in the CEE region, especially given the dynamic nature of the MNC mix in each of the countries.Practical implicationsOur findings serve to reduce the information gap on foreign-owned companies in CEE and the Former Soviet Union.Originality/valueDespite some 30 years of transition, there remains a paucity of empirical research on the HR practices of MNCs across a number of countries in the CEE region. For a decade and a half, the CEEIRT group[1] has been systematically gathering empirical evidence. The combination of the breadth (10 countries) and depth (numerous items related to MNC subsidiary relationships with corporate HQs and patterns of HR practices and roles) characterizing the ongoing research effort of the CEEIRT collaboration serves as a mechanism for augmenting the empirical base on HRM in the region.
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Derzhaliuk, M. "The Treaty of Trianon as a Source of Instability in the Central-Eastern Europe (Part 2)." Problems of World History, no. 13 (March 18, 2021): 53–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-3.
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The article notes that the Trianon Peace Treaty of June 4, 1920 between the Entente countries and Hungary, as a result of the First World War, turned out to be, like all the other six treaties of the Versailles system, mostly unfair. Forcibly the territory of Hungary decreased by 2/3, the population decreased 2,7 times, a third of the Hungarian ethnic group became part of neighboring states.
It is noted that during 1920-2020. In Hungary, there were no powerful political forces of various trends and trends that would recognize the Trianon Peace Treaty as just. At the same time, the ruling political elites of the neighboring states of Hungary considered and still consider the conditions of the Trianon fair. Such opposite assessments of the consequences of Versailles engendered antagonism, making it impossible to reach a compromise between the countries of Central-Eastern Europe.
Attention is drawn to the fact that during the domination in Europe of the coalition of countries led by Germany of the Versailles Peace Treaty, including the Trianon, were dismantled, a new order was introduced, in which opponents of Versailles – Germany, Italy, Japan, the USSR, Hungary, Bulgaria. played an active role
It is noted that the winners of the World War ІІ restored the borders of the countries of Germany’s allies in Europe, in accordance with their own geopolitical interests, which corresponded by 70% to the borders established by the Entente after the World War І. The Trianon borders were restored over Hungary by the Paris Peace Treaty of February 10, 1947. The USSR, Great Britain, France and the United States acted from a hegemonic position, were guided by the right of the winner and in many respects imposed on the defeated countries the conditions of the Versailles system were discredited, did not draw proper conclusions and did not build international relations on principles close to justice, but preserved the complicated territorial contradictions of the past with the corresponding treaties.
It is indicated that the threat of assimilation and disappearance of foreign Hungarians is one of the main reasons for the revitalization of modern Hungary. Measures to overcome the syndrome of the dismemberment of the Hungarian nation in Central-Eastern Europe have been going on for centuries with little results; The rate of decline in the number of Hungarians in neighboring states over the past century is the highest, so Budapest believes that there is no time to delay the introduction of autonomy for foreign Hungarians, because in the next 25 years the very need for it will disappear through their disappearance.
It is emphasized that the level of ensuring the rights of the Hungarian minority in Transcarpathia especially affects the relationship of Hungary with Ukraine. The improvement of relations between Hungary and Ukraine has minimal chances, since the positions of the parties on the procedure for the application of educational and language laws in Transcarpathia do not coincide.
Taking into account the decisive activity of Hungary and the Hungarian foreign communities in 2020 (the century of the signing of the Trianon Peace Treaty on June 4, 1920), it is concluded that this problem will not lose its relevance, but will significantly increase.
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Derzhaliuk, M. "The Treaty of Trianon as a Source of Instability in the Central-Eastern Europe (Part 3)." Problems of World History, no. 14 (June 10, 2021): 26–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-14-2.
Full textAbstract:
The article notes that the Trianon Peace Treaty of June 4, 1920 between the Entente countries and Hungary, as a result of the First World War, turned out to be, like all the other six treaties of the Versailles system, mostly unfair. Forcibly the territory of Hungary decreased by 2/3, the population decreased 2,7 times, a third of the Hungarian ethnic group became part of neighboring states.
It is noted that during 1920-2020. In Hungary, there were no powerful political forces of various trends and trends that would recognize the Trianon Peace Treaty as just. At the same time, the ruling political elites of the neighboring states of Hungary considered and still consider the conditions of the Trianon fair. Such opposite assessments of the consequences of Versailles engendered antagonism, making it impossible to reach a compromise between the countries of Central-Eastern Europe.
Attention is drawn to the fact that during the domination in Europe of the coalition of countries led by Germany of the Versailles Peace Treaty, including the Trianon, were dismantled, a new order was introduced, in which opponents of Versailles – Germany, Italy, Japan, the USSR, Hungary, Bulgaria. played an active role.
It is noted that the winners of the World War ІІ restored the borders of the countries of Germany’s allies in Europe, in accordance with their own geopolitical interests, which corresponded by 70% to the borders established by the Entente after the World War І. The Trianon borders were restored over Hungary by the Paris Peace Treaty of February 10, 1947. The USSR, Great Britain, France and the United States acted from a hegemonic position, were guided by the right of the winner and in many respects imposed on the defeated countries the conditions of the Versailles system were discredited, did not draw proper conclusions and did not build international relations on principles close to justice, but preserved the complicated territorial contradictions of the past with the corresponding treaties.
It is indicated that the threat of assimilation and disappearance of foreign Hungarians is one of the main reasons for the revitalization of modern Hungary. Measures to overcome the syndrome of the dismemberment of the Hungarian nation in Central-Eastern Europe have been going on for centuries with little results; The rate of decline in the number of Hungarians in neighboring states over the past century is the highest, so Budapest believes that there is no time to delay the introduction of autonomy for foreign Hungarians, because in the next 25 years the very need for it will disappear through their disappearance.
It is emphasized that the level of ensuring the rights of the Hungarian minority in Transcarpathia especially affects the relationship of Hungary with Ukraine. The improvement of relations between Hungary and Ukraine has minimal chances, since the positions of the parties on the procedure for the application of educational and language laws in Transcarpathia do not coincide.
Taking into account the decisive activity of Hungary and the Hungarian foreign communities in 2020 (the century of the signing of the Trianon Peace Treaty on June 4, 1920), it is concluded that this problem will not lose its relevance, but will significantly increase.
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SHPYK, Igor. "PERIODIZATION OF SOUTH-EAST SLAVIC RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL INTERACTION IN THE MIDDLE AGES: OVERVIEW OF MAIN APPROACHES." Problems of slavonic studies, no. 68 (2019): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sls.2019.68.3073.
Full textAbstract:
Background:The deepening of knowledge about the religious and cultural links between the southern and eastern Slavs during the Middle Ages requires deep scientific reflection, comprehensive understanding of all the best practices, especially from the point of view of modern methodological approaches. It has been done a lot at the level of narrow specializations, codicology, philology, paleography, art criticism, but in general, the significant changes have not happened in summarizing the results of these various studies, which makes it impossible to create a clearer picture of the process as a whole, in motion and variety of manifestations. An important step in this direction should be the development of general periodization, which would take into considerationthe key phenomena not only of literary and literary life, but also of all other spheres of these relations. An important step in this direction should be the development of general periodization, which would take into consideration the key phenomena not only of book and literary life, but also of all other spheres of these relations. Purpose: Taking into account the vastness of the research topic, it is worth noting that the author does not aim to deeply and comprehensively analyze all the works that in one way or another determine the chronology of the main stages of medieval religious and cultural relations between the Orthodox Slavs. Many of these publications, moreover, express their views on the temporal markers of the process in question, which largely coincide with already established periodization (sometimes partially modified by binding to the turning points of the history of the Balkan countries, or Rus, or taking into consideration specific features of the interaction process itself). Therefore, the object of our consideration was only those works that were most important for the development, supplementation, concretization or change of the periodization of the Southeastern Slavic relations in the Middle Ages as a whole or in some of its stages; as well as those that contain important considerations and remarks regarding the dating of the underlying phenomena of the process. Results: The problem of the periodization of South-East Slavic religious-cultural interaction during the Middle Ages remains actual and needs special and priority attention. The criteria and, in general, the schemes of chronological systematization of the material, developed by previous generations of scientists, are largely outdated and contain conflicting and incompatible points. Their productive revision is possible only if a comprehensive comparison and generalization of the results of the study of all major points of contact between the religious and cultural life of Rus and the South Slavic countries. In addition, in this context, time periods are particularly noticeable, such as the second half of the IX–X c., the second half of the XI – the end of the XII c.,the second half of the XIII–the first half of the XIV c., the second half of the XV – the beginning of the XVI c. of which we have too little information, so they seem to be partly lost, fall out of general narratives. Accordingly, a more thorough study of them is potentially able to adjust and refine the stages of this complex and time-consuming process. And, importantly, when it comes to Rus, especially during the late Middle Ages, it is also very important to take into account the local features of its development, in accordance with the borders of the states (Moscow State, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish Kingdom) that existed in its territory as well as the jurisdictional boundaries of the divided Kyiv Metropolitanate. Keywords: periodization schemes, religious and cultural relations, the Middle Ages, the southern and eastern Slavs, Rus, Bulgaria, Serbia.
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Fileva – Ruseva, Krasimira Georgieva. "SANCTITY OF CHRISTMAS AND OPTIMISM OF NEW YEAR REFLECTED IN AN ELECTRONIC TEXTBOOK ON MUSIC." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 31, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 1811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij31061811g.
Full textAbstract:
The celebration of Christmas over the centuries has involved many folk and even regional traditions that are passed away, rejected and gradually forgotten by the modern man. Now more and more the main meaning of the feast the intimate reverence for the newborn God, sacrificing himself for all of us and for his mother, the Virgin Mary has been shifted from buying and receiving interesting, impressive, spectacular Christmas gifts, from arranging a lavish dining table, from a rich Christmas revel. On the other hand sending the old and welcoming the new year is traditionally associated with the anticipation of something new and good, positive change, happiness, prosperity, fulfillment of dreams. Increasingly, these personal, intimate expectations are shifting from care, where will we welcome the New Year, what will we wear to make a stronger impression, what will we eat in the festive evening. Christmas is a religious holiday specific to the Christian faith, while New Year is celebrated in the cultures where there is a chronology. Christmas has a certain date, and the New Year for Different Cultures begins in a different season. More by this glimpse is clear, first, that the two holidays differ essentially, and second, that the commercialization of our lifestyle and thinking largely unified and increasingly unifies those, essentially many different holidays. In order to limit the manifestations of negative trends that shift the main emphasis of the holidays, making them occasions to demonstrate our own success in society, it is important to to further influence the on educating adolescents. When looking for an impact to overcome already rooted in the minds of youth attitudes, it is necessary to select tools that are modenn, that evoke confidence, that are likable, attractive to young people. Spending more and more time in front of the computer screen communicating through their phones, teenagers are increasingly accustomed to trusting the electronic way of communicating as well as searching and finding the necessary information electronically. In sync with these attitudes is the new educational tool electronic textbook. True to the notion that luxuriance, spectacularity, self assertion and egotism are unrelated and should not disturb one of the two brightest Christian feasts Christmas, I set as the aim of this study highlighting by placed in the electronic textbook tasks of the different nature of the two large following in rapid succession holidays, i.e. of the gracious intimacy, modesty and kindness of Christmas, and the glamorous splendor and catcing optimism of the New Year. In this study I review the electronic music textbook for the fourth grade of the general education school in Bulgaria of Publishing House "Prosveta". The two holidays are reflected with: 2 presentations organized as team tasks. Since teamwork contributes to creating relations of mutual assistance, to neglecting of individualistic attitudes for the sake of the success of the common cause, this kind of organization is in line with the objectives of the study. 2 photo galleries designed to support the impressionsaccumulated by the presentations with additional brightly sighted visual information. As one gets the main part of the information with which he operates, visually, the acquaintance with the exhibited photographs further enhances the impact of student presentations.