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1
Blasco, Mylene. "Pour une approche syntaxique des dislocations." Journal of French Language Studies 7, no. 1 (1997): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269500003343.
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Abstract:L'enjeu de cet article est, à partir de I'observation du fonctionnement et de la distribution de données orales attestées et d'exemples écrits, de donner un statut autonome à la dislocation et de mettre à jour plusieurs cas de dislocations qui different tant par le statut syntaxique du syntagme disloqué que par l'éventail des relations référentielles qui l'unissent au pronom clitique.Nous montrons que la prise en compte de la place de l'élément disloqué (avant le verbe / après le verbe), les marques formelles que sont les prépositions, les comportements des différentes catégories grammaticales et les bomes syntaxiques révélées par les subordonnées imposent alors une répartition de la dislocation en trois grands types:le double marquage d'une fonction syntaxique conjointement effectué par le syntagme disloqué et le pronom clitique qui sont alors coréférents;les cas de dislocations ou le segment disloqué est adjoint au pronom clitique uniquement de par les différentes relations référentielles qu'il entretient avec le clitique;les cas de dislocations où l'élément disloqué est adjoint à l'ensemble de la construction verbale car il n'est ni en relation syntaxique avec le verbe, ni en relation référentielle avec le pronom clitique.
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MARTEL, KARINE, and CHRISTELLE DODANE. "Le rôle de la prosodie dans les premières constructions grammaticales: étude de cas d'un enfant français monolingue." Journal of French Language Studies 22, no. 1 (2012): 13–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269511000561.
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ABSTRACTLa prosodie, qui fait l'objet d'une acquisition précoce chez le jeune enfant, pourrait contenir des indices (pauses, intonation, accentuation) susceptibles de faciliter la mise en place des premières combinaisons de deux mots et des premières relations syntaxiques. Nous proposons d'examiner les caractéristiques prosodiques des productions de Madeleine, entre 11 et 23 mois. L'analyse acoustique de 550 productions fait apparaître que les premiers mots apparaissent vers 12 mois de façon concomitante à la réalisation accrue de proto-mots bisyllabiques, produits avec des contours montants et montants-descendants, dont la forme temporelle se rapproche de la forme adulte. Les combinaisons de mots émergent ensuite, à partir de 18 mois, caractérisées par un contour d'intonation unique et modulé qui permet d'exprimer leurs liens de dépendance.
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Bredin-Oja, Shelley L., and Marc E. Fey. "Children's Responses to Telegraphic and Grammatically Complete Prompts to Imitate." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 23, no. 1 (2014): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2013/12-0155).
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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine whether children in the early stage of combining words are more likely to respond to imitation prompts that are telegraphic than to prompts that are grammatically complete and whether they produce obligatory grammatical morphemes more reliably in response to grammatically complete imitation prompts than to telegraphic prompts.MethodFive children between 30 and 51 months of age with language delay participated in a single-case alternating treatment design with 14 sessions split between a grammatical and a telegraphic condition. Alternating orders of the 14 sessions were randomly assigned to each child. Children were given 15 prompts to imitate a semantic relation that was either grammatically complete or telegraphic.ResultsNo differences between conditions were found for the number of responses that contained a semantic relation. In contrast, 3 of the 5 children produced significantly more grammatical morphemes when presented with grammatically complete imitation prompts. Two children did not include a function word in either condition.ConclusionProviding a telegraphic prompt to imitate does not offer any advantage as an intervention technique. Children are just as likely to respond to a grammatically complete imitation prompt. Further, including function words encourages children who are developmentally ready to imitate them.
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Ushaah, Mohamed. "La langue en action: discours et énonciation." مجلة جامعة صبراتة العلمية 2, no. 2 (2018): 15–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47891/sabujhs.v2i2.85.
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La langue acquiert son caractère « social » dans la mesure où elle relie, à travers ses systèmes et ses mécanismes, toute une communauté ou une autre. Cependant, si la langue est « un produit social », le discours reste un acte propre à l’individu au cours de son utilisation de la langue. Et c’est en tant qu’« un acte individuel de volonté » que le discours constitue la mise en action de la langue par le sujet parlant en vue de communiquer sa pensée personnelle. Autrement dit, le locuteur choisit les techniques et les aptitudes verbales que lui procure la langue selon la finalité qu’il entend donner à son discours.C’est par le type même d’organisation et d’enchaînement de ses éléments, par le genre de relations et de combinaisons entre ses propositions (coordination, inférence, cause, opposition, condition, etc...) que le discours – allant de la phrase simple jusqu'au texte en passant par le paragraphe - acquiert sa valeur, sa cohérence, la finalité que le locuteur entend lui donner, en un mot, son acceptabilité par l’interlocuteur : c’est ce qu’on appelle « l’acte d' énonciation » . C’est pourquoi, de nombreux linguistes appellent à l'émergence d'une « linguistique textuelle » et , donc , à définir et à établir , à l’instar des catégories et des classes grammaticales propres à la structure phrastique , des concepts, des catégories ou des classes d’unité et d’autres types de marqueurs et des connexions logico-sémantiques qui soient spécifiques à la structure textuelle.
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Monogarova, A. G., and M. N. Latu. "LANGUAGE REPRESENTATION OF SUBJECT AND OBJECT RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE (BASED ON DEFINITIONS OF TERMS OF DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL FIELDS)." Juvenis scientia, no. 11 (2018): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32415/jscientia.2018.11.12.
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The paper presents the most common patterns of representation of subject and object relations in the definitions of terms, and identifies the ways of implementing subject relations between elements of scientific knowledge in active and passive structures that are part of the structure of applied models of organization of scientific knowledge. In addition, the article raises the question of the potential of various grammatical structures in the context of the transfer of subject and object relations. The results of the study show that system relation S can be represented by lexical and grammatical means. The lexical verbalizes of this relation are the key words of blocks of subject relations, and among the grammatical language means it is possible to distinguish the category of case.
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Dixon, R. M. W., and F. R. Palmer. "Grammatical Roles and Relations." Language 74, no. 1 (1998): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417620.
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Hudson, Richard. "Coordination and grammatical relations." Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 2 (1988): 303–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700011816.
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The most serious recent work on the theory of coordination has probably been done in terms of three theories of grammatical structure: Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG–see especially Gazdar, 1981; Gazdaret al., 1982; 1985; Saget al., 1985; Schachter & Mordechay, 1983), Categorial Grammar (CG–see especially Steedman, 1985; Dowty, 1985) and Transformational Grammar (TG–notably Williams, 1978, 1981; Neijt, 1979; van Oirsouw, 1985, 1987). Each of these approaches is different in important respects: for instance, according to whether or not they allow deletion rules, and according to the kinds of information which they allow to be encoded in syntactic features. However, behind these differences lies an important similarity: in each case the theory concerned makes two assumptions about grammatical structure in general (i.e. about all structures, including coordinate ones):I The basic syntagmatic relations in sentence-structure are part-whole relations (consituent structure) and temporal order; note that this is true whether or not syntactic structure is seen as a ‘projection’ of lexical properties, since these lexical properies are themselves defined in terms of constituent structure and temporal order.
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Hudson, Richard A. "Gapping and grammatical relations." Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 1 (1989): 57–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222670001210x.
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Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. "Grammatical Relations in Tariana." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 17, no. 2 (1994): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500003012.
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This article deals with the marking of grammatical relations in Tariana, North-Arawakan, and how this marking interrelates with topicality, definiteness and other discourse characteristics of nominal constituents. The following four case-marking systems are distinguished in Tariana: (i) a subject vs object case system, used with personal pronouns with animate reference; (ii) a case system characterized by an enclitic -nuku for marking topicalized and referential non-subjects, used with all types of nominal constituents; (iii) an ergative case-marking used with all types of nominal constituents under emphasis in A function, the ergative case marker being the same as instrumental; (iv) a system of peripheral cases – locative and instrumental, used with all types of nominal constituents, but obligatory only with pronouns. The overt case-marking in Tariana is related to such parameters as topicality, definiteness and emphasis, and consequently is dependent on the structure of discourse. I will argue that the unusual case-marking patterns in Tariana corroborate cross-linguistic generalizations on a dependency between case-marking and topical properties of NPs in languages with an opposition between marked and unmarked case forms.
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Durie, Mark. "Grammatical Relations in Acehnese." Studies in Language 11, no. 2 (1987): 365–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.11.2.05dur.
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Hudson, Richard. "Extraction and grammatical relations." Lingua 76, no. 2-3 (1988): 177–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(88)90039-3.
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Mathangwane, Joyce T., and E. Kweku Osam. "Grammatical relations in Ikalanga." Studies in African Linguistics 35, no. 2 (2006): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v35i2.107308.
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Although facts about grammatical relations in many Bantu languages have been established since the early 1970s, there are still languages in this family which have not benefited from such studies. One of these is Ikalanga, spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe. This paper examines the core grammatical relations of Ikalanga, exploring its typological status in terms of double object constructions. In prototypical ditransitive constructions, the Recipient NP has all of the properties of Direct Object, whereas the Theme NP has only some of those features. The conclusion is that Ikalanga is an intermediate language if object symmetricity is scalar. However, it is shown that in marked applicative constructions where the Benefactive is non-human and the Theme is human, there is reason to argue for 'split direct-objecthood', reflecting the impact of animacy in the assignment of direct objecthood.
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Raupova, Laylo. "Logical and Grammatical Relations in Word Categories: The Factor of Difference and Incarnation." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 4 (2020): 6828–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i4/pr2020494.
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Surridge, Marie E. "Genre grammatical et dérivation lexicale en français." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 31, no. 3 (1986): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100011749.
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Dans un article précédant (Surridge, 1985) nous avons examiné la relation entre le genre grammatical des composés en français et leur terminaison phonétique. Nous avons démontré que le genre grammatical des composés est attribué selon certaines règles relativement simples. Ces règles dépendent soit directement soit indirectement de la structure morpho-syntaxique du composé en conjonction, pour certains types de composés, avec des critères sémantiques étroitement liés à la structure du nom. La “micro-syntaxe” de la composition (nous empruntons le terme employé par Benveniste 1967:15) inclut une formule pour déterminer le genre grammatical des noms produits par ce mécanisme, formule qui est en large mesure indépendante de la terminaison phonétique du composé. Nous nous proposons maintenant d’examiner le rôle dans l’attribution du genre grammatical d’une autre “micro-syntaxe”, celle de la nominalisation suffixale, et d’un phénomène associé: la nominalisation par conversion grammaticale.
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Paul, Ileana. "Subjects: Grammatical Relations, Grammatical Functions and Functional Categories." Language and Linguistics Compass 4, no. 9 (2010): 890–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2010.00234.x.
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Yulianty Karyaningsih, Tri. "Relasi Sintaktis Antarkomponen pada Frasa Nomina Bahasa Rusia." Metahumaniora 8, no. 1 (2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/metahumaniora.v8i1.18871.
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AbstrakDalam sintaksis bahasa Rusia terdapat istilah sintaksiceskoe otnošenie ‘relasisintaktis’ yang menghubungkan komponen-komponen frasa secara leksikal dangramatikal. Ada beragam jenis relasi sintaktis dan relasi ini dapat dijumpai padafrasa dengan komponen inti nomina. Untuk itu, dalam artikel ini dibahas mengenaiberbagai macam relasi sintaktis pada frasa nomina bahasa Rusia. Metode yangdigunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan berbagai tekniklanjutan dalam penganalisisan data. Adapun sumber data berupa bahasa tulisdiambil dari korpus nasional bahasa Rusia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwarelasi sintaktis yang ada pada frasa nomina bahasa Rusia adalah relasi atributif,objektif, subjektif, adverbial, dan kompletif, didasarkan pada koneksi sintaktisantarkomponen frasa berupa koneksi konkordansi, penguasaan, dan parataksis.Relasi-relasi sintaktis tersebut dapat dibedakan secara semantis melalui maknaleksikal dan gramatikal kata-kata pembangun frasa.Kata kunci: relasi sintaktis, frasa nomina, inti frasa, pewatas, koneksi sintaktisAbstractIn Russian syntax there is the term of sintaksiceskoe otnošenie ‘syntactic relation’which connects the phrase components lexically and grammatically. There are various typesof syntactic relations and these syntactic relations can be found on noun phrases. Therefore,this article discussed about various types of syntactic relations in Russian noun phrases. Themethod used in this research is descriptive method with various techniques in analyzing data.The source of the data is written language taken from the national corpus of Russian language.The results showed that the syntactic relations in Russian noun phrases are attributive,objective, subjective, adverbial, and completive relation, based on syntactic connections ofconcordance, government, and parataxis between the phrase components. These syntacticrelations can be distinguished semantically through the lexical and grammatical meaning ofthe phrase components.Keywords: syntactic relation, noun phrase, head, modifier, syntactic connection
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Yulianty Karyaningsih, Tri. "Relasi Sintaktis Antarkomponen pada Frasa Nomina Bahasa Rusia." Metahumaniora 8, no. 1 (2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/mh.v8i1.18871.
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AbstrakDalam sintaksis bahasa Rusia terdapat istilah sintaksiceskoe otnošenie ‘relasisintaktis’ yang menghubungkan komponen-komponen frasa secara leksikal dangramatikal. Ada beragam jenis relasi sintaktis dan relasi ini dapat dijumpai padafrasa dengan komponen inti nomina. Untuk itu, dalam artikel ini dibahas mengenaiberbagai macam relasi sintaktis pada frasa nomina bahasa Rusia. Metode yangdigunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan berbagai tekniklanjutan dalam penganalisisan data. Adapun sumber data berupa bahasa tulisdiambil dari korpus nasional bahasa Rusia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwarelasi sintaktis yang ada pada frasa nomina bahasa Rusia adalah relasi atributif,objektif, subjektif, adverbial, dan kompletif, didasarkan pada koneksi sintaktisantarkomponen frasa berupa koneksi konkordansi, penguasaan, dan parataksis.Relasi-relasi sintaktis tersebut dapat dibedakan secara semantis melalui maknaleksikal dan gramatikal kata-kata pembangun frasa.Kata kunci: relasi sintaktis, frasa nomina, inti frasa, pewatas, koneksi sintaktisAbstractIn Russian syntax there is the term of sintaksiceskoe otnošenie ‘syntactic relation’which connects the phrase components lexically and grammatically. There are various typesof syntactic relations and these syntactic relations can be found on noun phrases. Therefore,this article discussed about various types of syntactic relations in Russian noun phrases. Themethod used in this research is descriptive method with various techniques in analyzing data.The source of the data is written language taken from the national corpus of Russian language.The results showed that the syntactic relations in Russian noun phrases are attributive,objective, subjective, adverbial, and completive relation, based on syntactic connections ofconcordance, government, and parataxis between the phrase components. These syntacticrelations can be distinguished semantically through the lexical and grammatical meaning ofthe phrase components.Keywords: syntactic relation, noun phrase, head, modifier, syntactic connection
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Wijana, I. Dewa Putu. "REDUPLICATION IN JAVANESE." Linguistik Indonesia 39, no. 1 (2021): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v39i1.167.
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This paper aims at describing Javanese reduplication system with focus of attention on forms, functions, and grammatical meanings. By using data extracted from Javanese text books and ones of my own creation whose grammaticalty and acceptability are previously tested with several native speakers, through distributional method with its various technical analysis, the research found that Javanese reduplication can be classified into at least four linguistic forms. Those are full reduplication, partial reduplication, sound modification reduplication, and affix-combined reduplication. Javanese reduplication can either perform inflective or derivative function in relation to its potentiality to maintain and change the word identity. Finally, with regard to the grammatical meanings, Javanese reduplication at least can express eleven grammatical meanings, i.e. plurality, diversity, continuity, intensity, attenuation, reciprocity, artificiality, collectivity, rate, astonishment and contrast. Many of these grammatical meanings are context sensitive.
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Hinzen, Wolfram. "On the Grammar of Referential Dependence." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 46, no. 1 (2016): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2016-0031.
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Abstract All forms of nominal reference, whether quantificational, definite, rigid, deictic, or personal, require that the nominals in question appear in relevant grammatical configurations. Reference is in this sense a grammatical phenomenon. It is never determined lexically or a word-world relation in a purely semantic or causal sense. Here it is further argued that the principles of the grammar of object-reference naturally extend to cases where the reference of one nominal depends on that of another, i.e. the grammar of referential dependence, without any further special grammatical relations such as ‘binding’ required. This further includes a relation of (referential) identity.
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Owens, Melanie, and Talmy Givon. "Grammatical Relations: A Functionalist Perspective." Language 76, no. 2 (2000): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417698.
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Bowern, Claire. "Grammatical Relations and Change (review)." Language 80, no. 1 (2004): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2004.0013.
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Velázquez-Castillo, Maura. "Grammatical relations in active systems." Interaction of Data, Description, and Theory in Linguistics 9, no. 2 (2003): 133–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.9.2.03vel.
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An active system is frequently analyzed as the most semantically transparent case-marking system, where the agent-patient opposition underlies case marking and/or cross-referencing patterns. It has also been claimed that transitivity and its prototypical manifestation of subject-object opposition are irrelevant for this language type. This paper examines these claims in the light of the grammatical system of Guaraní, an active language spoken in Paraguay. Based on lexical and morpho-syntactic data such as reflexivization, passivization, relativization, incorporation and external possession, the results suggest that grammatical relations are indeed semantically driven and that they do not correlate with subjects and objects. The paper clarifies the semantic underpinnings of the active-inactive distinction in this language and shows that the relevant opposition is not that of agent-patient but rather that of source-locative. The study argues for an analysis based on language-specific event typing and construal.
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Aribzhanova, Iryna. "The semantic-syntactical structure of the apposition phrase." Ukrainian Linguistics, no. 47 (2017): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/um/47(2017).52-62.
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The article is devoted to the semantic-syntactical structure of the appositive phrase in the Ukrainian language. The term “double name”is used for the demonstration of semantical parameteres of the apposition phrase. Two levels of syntactic analysis are considered: abstract-grammatical level (internal structure of the appositive word-combinations) and concrete-grammatical level (the function in sentence structure). The concrete-grammatical analysis indicates that appositional phrases in the sentence are: syntactically indivisible components that serve as a simple part of the sentence (subject, object). The conflict arises between formal analyticity and functional syntheticity. This conflict is caused by nominative features of double name (compound nouns indicates the same subject of objective reality). Therefore they can be referred to as the type of lexical (stable) word-combinations. Abstract-grammatical analysis leads to the conclusion that internal structure of the appositional phrase can express different semantic-syntactical relations between nouns: appositional relations or mutual appositional relations. The mutual appositional relations are peculiar to the majority of stylistically neutral double names. O. Peshkovskiy wrote about mutual relations between nouns. The differentiation of two relation types was done with the help of the semantic principle and predicate transformation method.
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Klienkova, I. B. "Peculiarities of Grammatical Properties in Nominal Word Combinations." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(37) (August 28, 2014): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-4-37-300-305.
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The article examines some peculiarities if grammatical properties of nominal word combinations based on the study of German-speaking Swiss press. The accumulated experience of linguists is analyzed and certain factors influencing the choice of syntactic relations in nominal word combinations with quantitative meaning are researched. It has been established that the choice of syntactic relations in such word combinations is determined by functional style, semantics and grammatical features of nouns - first or second components in a word combination. The aforementioned factors influencing the choice of syntactic relations in quantitative nominal word combinations are studied on the material of Germanspeaking Swiss press. The research revealed a number of peculiarities. First of all, German-speaking Swiss press uses such syntactic relation as genitive subordination quite often, not only on "special occasion" and unlike its use in Germany does not produce a magniloquent, pompous impression. Secondly, it has been established that the choice of syntactic relations in word combinations of the above-mentioned type of word combinations greatly depends on the semantic meaning of the noun - the first component of the word combination - and does not always coincide with the grammatical properties in nominal combinations in Germany. Thirdly, a clear dependence of syntactic relations choice is observed. Moreover, the article highlights the importance of grammatical features of the second component. These are such features as gender, number, case accompanied by noun declension. All the afore-mentioned features help to define the type of syntactic relations, which nominal quantitative word combinations may be connected by. The results of the comparisons of grammatical properties of quantitative nominal word combinations in German and Swiss press are demonstrated in a table below.
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Menacere, M. "Translating Arabic Into English: Basic Considerations in Word Order." Meta 40, no. 4 (2002): 606–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/003628ar.
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Abstract This paper attempts to discuss the potential difficulties in translating Arabic into English with regard to word order. Arabic has a richer morphology than English and this enables morphological discrimination of surface grammatical relations in a way that is usually impossible in English. As a result, Arabic word order is freer than English with Arabic in general allowing any permutation of the major constituents without loss of grammatically or change in the basic cognitive meaning of the sentence. This paper looks at whether this flexibility in Arabic word order constitutes a translating problem.
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Kockelman, Paul. "Inalienable possession as grammatical category and discourse pattern." Studies in Language 33, no. 1 (2009): 25–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.33.1.03koc.
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This essay analyzes the grammatical category of inalienable possession by examining the interaction of morphosyntatic forms, semantic features, pragmatic functions, and discourse frequencies. Using data from Q’eqchi’-Maya, it is argued that inalienable possession may be motivated relative to two dimensions: (1) whatever any person is strongly presumed to possess (identifiability); (2) whatever such personal possessions are referred to frequently (relevance). In regards to frequency, inalienable possessions are compared with possessed NPs, and possessed NPs are compared with all NPs, in regards to grammatical relation, information status, animacy rank, and semantic role. In regards to identifiability, it is argued that inalienable possessions are like deictics and prepositions in that they guide the addressee’s identification of a referent by encoding that referent’s relation to a ground; and inalienable possessions are different from deictics and prepositions in that the ground is a person and the referents are its parts or relations.
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Baltin, Mark, and Joan Bresnan. "The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations." Language 61, no. 4 (1985): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414493.
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Clark, Robin, and Alec P. Marantz. "On the Nature of Grammatical Relations." Language 62, no. 3 (1986): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415485.
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Rispoli, Matthew. "The mosaic acquisition of grammatical relations." Journal of Child Language 18, no. 3 (1991): 517–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900011235.
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ABSTRACTThe view that grammatical relations have substantial essence, designated as ‘subject’ or ‘object’ has difficulty in accounting for the variety of naturally acquirable grammatical relations. The acquisition of grammatical relations is examined from a theoretical framework, ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR, in which grammatical relations are decomposed into two separate types of structure: logical (semantic) structure and information (pragmatic) structure. The acquisition of grammatical relations from four languages is compared: (1) the definite accusative suffix and pragmatically motivated word order of Turkish; (2) Kaluli verb agreement, case and focus marking postpositions, and pragmatically motivated word order; (3) Hungarian definite and indefinite verb conjunction; and (4) Italian participial agreement and anaphoric, accusative case pronouns. Two conditions on structures are found to cause difficulty: the neutralization of a semantic or pragmatic distinction by interfering structures (e.g. Kaluli and Italian), and global case marking which forces the child to discover relevant semantic characteristics of both the actor and the undergoer (e.g. Hungarian and Kaluli). Structures that encode semantic or pragmatic distinctions independently are more easily acquired (e.g. Turkish). Piecing together discrete structures in a mosaic fashion, the child can acquire the great variety of grammatical relations that exist in human languages.
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Sun, Weiwei, Yufei Chen, Xiaojun Wan, and Meichun Liu. "Parsing Chinese Sentences with Grammatical Relations." Computational Linguistics 45, no. 1 (2019): 95–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00343.
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We report our work on building linguistic resources and data-driven parsers in the grammatical relation (GR) analysis for Mandarin Chinese. Chinese, as an analytic language, encodes grammatical information in a highly configurational rather than morphological way. Accordingly, it is possible and reasonable to represent almost all grammatical relations as bilexical dependencies. In this work, we propose to represent grammatical information using general directed dependency graphs. Both only-local and rich long-distance dependencies are explicitly represented. To create high-quality annotations, we take advantage of an existing TreeBank, namely, Chinese TreeBank (CTB), which is grounded on the Government and Binding theory. We define a set of linguistic rules to explore CTB’s implicit phrase structural information and build deep dependency graphs. The reliability of this linguistically motivated GR extraction procedure is highlighted by manual evaluation. Based on the converted corpus, data-driven, including graph- and transition-based, models are explored for Chinese GR parsing. For graph-based parsing, a new perspective, graph merging, is proposed for building flexible dependency graphs: constructing complex graphs via constructing simple subgraphs. Two key problems are discussed in this perspective: (1) how to decompose a complex graph into simple subgraphs, and (2) how to combine subgraphs into a coherent complex graph. For transition-based parsing, we introduce a neural parser based on a list-based transition system. We also discuss several other key problems, including dynamic oracle and beam search for neural transition-based parsing. Evaluation gauges how successful GR parsing for Chinese can be by applying data-driven models. The empirical analysis suggests several directions for future study.
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Clark, Robin. "On the nature of grammatical relations." Language 62, no. 3 (1986): 674–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.1986.0016.
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Winford, Donald. "Grammatical relations in a radical creole." Lingua 76, no. 2-3 (1988): 258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(88)90044-7.
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Eriksson, Olof. "»Det gör ont i hela kroppen på mig.»: Prepositionen på som possessivmarkör i nominalfraser." Språk och stil NF 28 (2018) (February 3, 2019): 22–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33063/diva-376233.
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This is a study of grammaticalization within the prepositional system of Swedish. While in general terms av is undoubtedly the most grammatically defined preposition in Swedish, the preposition på has become a primarily grammatical tool in the specific case where it serves semantically to link a part or an organ of the human body to its possessor. It is argued that used in this way the preposition på, although spatial in its lexical meaning, conveys no meaning of location but fills the function of a possessive marker. It is shown that the grammatical status of the preposition på in this construction rests essentially on the following three factors: (1) loss of the original meaning of the preposition; (2) extension of its range of application; (3) its obligatory use even when speaking of internal organs of the body. Further, the article does not support the common view of the two nominal units of the noun phrase as standing in a part–whole relation to one another, the reason being that the “whole” in question is not the possessor of the body but the body itself, expressed in the word kropp (‘body’). Evidence is given in favour of analysing the semantic connexion assigned to the preposition på not as partitive, but as strictly possessive. Finally, it is argued that the use of på in this construction applies not only to relations concerning the human body, but extends into the domain of inanimates.
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Gulö, Ingatan, and Teo Vany Rahmawelly. "An Analysis of Omission in Students’ English Writings." TEKNOSASTIK 16, no. 2 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/ts.v16i2.141.
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This paper is part of research with a larger scope covering errors students made related to subject-verb agreement. This part aims to elaborate grammatical problems faced by foreign language learners of English in relation to the omission they made in their writings. A qualitative data collection method was applied in gathering the data. The researchers collected pieces of writing from the students, read them, and analysed the omission errors found in the collected writings. As result, the most common omissions found in the data are related to verb markers. Omission of main verbs and auxiliaries also occur, creating sentences without any verbs or grammatically necessary auxiliaries. Absense of these kinds of function in Indonesian is the main reason for this grammatical problem faced by the learners. In addition, omissios of suffix -ing were also found by the researchers in the data. These findings should be able to contribute to existing works on grammatical errors and increase the success of both teaching and learning of a foreign language like English.Key Words: error, grammar, omission, writing
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Keizer, Evelien. "Idiomatic expressions and anaphoric reference in functional discourse grammar." Quaderns de Filologia - Estudis Lingüístics 23, no. 23 (2018): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/qf.23.13527.
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This paper deals with a special type of anaphoric relation that consists in a reference through/to a part of a fixed idiomatic experience. It is proved that, contrary to what is generally assumed, such references are not necessarily grammatically or stylistically marked. Instead, they are part of several productive usage patterns. With corpus data and a discursive-functional grammatical approach, I provide a theoretically-substantiated analysis of each of these patterns. This analysis shows their production and interpretation processes, accounts for their systematicity and productivity, and puts forth an explanatory proposal of the cognitive effort and communicative advantages of their use.
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Tjia, Johnny. "Grammatical relations and grammatical categories in Malay The Indonesian prefix meN- revisited." Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia 16, no. 1 (2015): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/wjhi.v16i1.368.
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Browne, Mitchell. "On the Integration of Dative Adjuncts into Event Structures in Yapa Languages." Languages 6, no. 3 (2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6030136.
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Warlpiri and Warlmanpa (Ngumpin-Yapa languages of Australia) exhibit a complex predicate construction in which a class of preverbs introduces a single argument that is not shared by the argument structure of the inflecting verb, nor is there necessarily any shared event structure. This is problematic for many theories of linking structures of complex predicates, since no arguments or events are shared between the predicative elements of the complex predicate. The same grammatical relation is instantiated by a beneficiary adjunct. In light of new research in event and argument structure, I propose a lexical rule which introduces an applicative argument to account for the beneficiary construction; and that the preverbs take another predicate as one of their arguments to account for the complex predicates. The applicative rule and the preverbs both introduce an argument of the same grammatical relation, leading to interesting interactions, given that two grammatical relations of the same type are not expected to co-occur within a single clause.
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Dixon, R. M. W., and Frans Plank. "Objects: Towards a Theory of Grammatical Relations." Language 62, no. 2 (1986): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414682.
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Lee, Song-Wook. "Cascaded Parsing Korean Sentences Using Grammatical Relations." KIPS Transactions:PartB 15B, no. 1 (2008): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3745/kipstb.2008.15-b.1.69.
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Aceto, Michael, Francis Byrne, and Donald Winford. "Focus and Grammatical Relations in Creole Languages." Language 71, no. 2 (1995): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416183.
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Hudson, Richard. "So-Called 'Double Objects' and Grammatical Relations." Language 68, no. 2 (1992): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416941.
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Jakobi, Angelika, Ali Ibrahim, and Gumma Ibrahim Gulfan. "Verbal Number and Grammatical Relations in Tagle." Faits de Langues 51, no. 1 (2020): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05101007.
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Abstract In Tagle, verbal number, as realized by singular and plural stems, has not only aspectual functions in expressing single and multiple events. Verbal number also serves as a morphosyntactic device encoding specific grammatical relations : The selection of a singular or plural stem is sensitive to the number of the intransitive subject (S) and the transitive object (P) participant. In derived ditransitive applicative constructions, the stem selection depends on the semantic roles of the two object participants. When they are assigned the roles of Beneficiary (B) and Theme (T), it is the number of the direct object T (rather than the indirect/applied object B) which selects a singular or plural stem. When assigned the roles of Experiencer (Exp) and T, however, the Exp (rather than T) interacts with verbal number. When comparing the two ditransitive objects of the Beneficiary construction, B and T, to the object P and when taking their interaction with verbal number as parameter of the comparison, one finds that T and P (rather than B) interact with verbal number. The alignment of T with P and the non-alignment of B can be identified as indirect object construction, T = P ≠ B. However, when the Exp role is assigned to the indirect/applied object and the T role to the direct object, Exp (rather than T) selects the singular or plural stem, i.e. Exp behaves like P. This alignment pattern, Exp = P ≠ T, is known as secondary-object construction.
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Gerdts, Donna B. "Surface Case and Grammatical Relations in Korean." Studies in Language 11, no. 1 (1987): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.11.1.08ger.
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Nikolaeva, Irina. "Object Agreement, Grammatical Relations, and Information Structure." Studies in Language 23, no. 2 (1999): 331–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.23.2.05nik.
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Northern Ostyak (Uralic) has optional object agreement. This paper analyzes the grammatical behavior of objects that trigger agreement and objects that do not, and demonstrates that while the former participate in certain syntactic processes, the latter are syntactically inert. The asymmetry cannot be explained with reference to semantics or argument status, as both objects bear an identical argument relationship to the predicate. Following the functional approach to language, under which the clause has three independent representational levels (syntax, semantics, and information structure), I suggest that the two objects differ in their information structure status. The object that does not trigger agreement bears the focus function, and systematically corresponds to the focus position. It is further argued that virtually all grammatical relations in Ostyak demonstrate reduced syntactic activity when they are in focus. This leads to a search for an information structure-driven motivation for certain behavioral properties.
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Hudson, Richard. "English passives, grammatical relations and default inheritance." Lingua 79, no. 1 (1989): 17–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(89)90018-1.
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Bentley, Mayrene. "The marking of grammatical relations in Swahili." Studies in African Linguistics 27, no. 2 (1998): 177–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v27i2.107381.
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This paper investigates the place of Swahili within a typological classification based on the morphological marking of grammatical relations as proposed by Nichols [1986]. Within Nichols' classification, Bantu languages are considered to be "split-marked" because the grammatical marking of a member of a clausal constituent is on the head while, in a phrase, the marking is on the dependent member. Although select clauses and phrases from Swahili support Nichols' claim, a closer examination of the data reveals an interesting variety of morphosyntactic marking in Swahili as well as in two other Bantu languages, Kikuyu and Chewa. Function words playa key role in marking genitive, instrumental, and locative relations in these languages. Function words also regularly occur as markers of object noun phrases with animate referents. Moreover, instrumental, locative, applicative, and some accusative relations in Swahili show considerable flexibility with respect to head- and non-head-marking.
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Schaefer, Ronald P. "Demarcating Emai dative constructions." Studies in African Linguistics 42, no. 1 (2013): 70–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v42i1.107275.
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This paper investigates the formal and functional character of a dative relation and two additional structural relations in Emai, an Edoid language of West Benue Congo stock (Bendor-Samuel 1989, Williamson and Blench 2000). Each relation is grammatically expressed by a common morphophoneme. Postverbal particle li/ni marks Emai dative constituents. In addition, li/ni codes a limited range of subordinate clause types within complex sentences, and within noun phrases it designates a subset of modifying constituents. To bridge the common formal marking across these structural relations, we postulate their identification of a semantic ground type (within a figure-ground complex) characterized by spatial collectivity and temporal continuity. Our overall conclusion thus pertains to the function of perspective taking in grammar and its formal marking (Talmy 2000), with special emphasis placed on the dative relation.
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Gotsoulia, Voula. "Formalization of linking information in the FrameNet lexicon." Constructions and Frames 4, no. 2 (2012): 103–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.4.2.01got.
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The paper presents a novel approach to formalization of linking information in the FrameNet lexicon and to acquisition of a principled syntax-semantics interface, suitable for generalizing over combinatorial properties (valences) of predicators. Focusing on verbs that denote ‘notions’, it adopts an entailment-based view of the concept of semantic role, proposing representations of verbal arguments based on semantically primitive, grammatically relevant properties, entailed by the meaning of predicators (lexical entailments). Such generic meaning components abstract over various semantic relations which humans tend to express systematically through language. A limited set of prototypical role-like concepts can be used for modeling the linking properties of a wide range of verbs, in a well-ordered fashion. In a preliminary study, frame-semantic representations of a set of notion verbs are mapped onto lexical entailment representations, in a portion of the FrameNet corpora. From the annotated data set, associations of semantic and grammatical categories are extracted and are formally rendered in entailment-based classes called Lexicalization Types (L-Types). L-Types are specified in terms of combinations of entailed properties, encoding distinctive predicate-argument structure patterns. A small number of L-Types is shown to readily abstract over the valence patterns of verbs classified in a variety of FrameNet frames. The latter are not systematically connected for purposes of linking. Valence generalizations in the FrameNet lexicon are acquired through appropriate frame-to-frame relations forming the frame hierarchy. L-Types can be represented as abstract, non-lexicalized frames specifying linking constraints. Mappings between L-Types and more specific frames can be encoded by means of a new frame relation modeling the syntax-semantics interface. Such a relation would simplify the current picture of the frame hierarchy by essentially decoupling purely lexical semantic information from information pertaining to linking.
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AlArfaj, Abeer. "Towards relation extraction from Arabic text: a review." International Robotics & Automation Journal 5, no. 5 (2019): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/iratj.2019.05.00195.
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Semantic relation extraction is an important component of ontologies that can support many applications e.g. text mining, question answering, and information extraction. However, extracting semantic relations between concepts is not trivial and one of the main challenges in Natural Language Processing (NLP) Field. The Arabic language has complex morphological, grammatical, and semantic aspects since it is a highly inflectional and derivational language, which makes task even more challenging. In this paper, we present a review of the state of the art for relation extraction from texts, addressing the progress and difficulties in this field. We discuss several aspects related to this task, considering the taxonomic and non-taxonomic relation extraction methods. Majority of relation extraction approaches implement a combination of statistical and linguistic techniques to extract semantic relations from text. We also give special attention to the state of the work on relation extraction from Arabic texts, which need further progress.
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Berg, Thomas. "Locating affixes on the lexicon-grammar continuum." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 2, no. 1 (2015): 150–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.2.1.08ber.
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This study seeks to determine the relative position of derivational affixes on the lexicon-grammar continuum in English. Its major claim is that the set of prefixes is rather more lexical and the set of suffixes rather more grammatical in nature. This hypothesis is supported by a battery of ten tests (nine linguistic and one psycholinguistic). All tests converge to the point where we can raise the possibility of a unified explanation. A theoretical account is offered which is grounded in both language structure and processing. It is erected on a temporal asymmetry between prefixes and suffixes and a logical (relational) asymmetry between stems and affixes. In conjunction with the immediacy-of-processing assumption, these asymmetries lead to a temporal precedence of (more) lexical over (more) grammatical material, hence the higher lexicalness of prefixes and the higher grammaticalness of suffixes. An extended focus on inflectional morphology locates inflectional suffixes at the grammatical end of the spectrum. Inflectional prefixes in languages other than English may find a place either between derivational prefixes and derivational suffixes or between derivational and inflectional suffixes.