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1
Brasnett, Jonathan. "Controlling Beliefs and Global Perceptions: Religion in Chinese Foreign Policy." International Studies 58, no. 1 (January 2021): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020881720981513.
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Since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has sought to control every aspect of religion in Chinese society. Recently, the CCP has increasingly leveraged religious institutions to disseminate a positive narrative of its religious policies in an effort to preserve or enhance its relations with countries that identify with those religions. This has enabled Beijing to avoid criticism and even increase international support despite widely reported violations of religious freedom in China. This article expands the concept of religious diplomacy to explain the PRC’s dynamic use of soft power, censorship and coercion in its international relations. Drawing on the examples of Buddhism, Christianity and Islam, this paper explores the CCP’s efforts to mobilize its religious institutions in order to (a) promote China’s unique religious culture, (b) strengthen domestic control through foreign relations and (c) preserve foreign relations by controlling international perceptions.
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Masduqi, Anis. "HUBUNGAN ANTARAGAMA DALAM BIDANG PENDIDIKAN, PERKAWINAN, PENGUBURAN JENAZAH, DAN UPACARA HARI-HARI BESAR KEAGAMAAN." Al-Riwayah: Jurnal Kependidikan 9, no. 2 (September 30, 2017): 297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.32489/al-riwayah.144.
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Interfaith relation is an important issue in the education field. Perhaps, it is because education plays a crucial role in the transfer of the science of religion and theology custody. Then religious education became a central issue in the arena of interreligious relations. Education will determine the style of interfaith relations in a plural society. Legislation on religious education thus should be criticized. The plurality of religion becomes a source of instability and disintegration seems to make the government tried to cope with any vulnerability harmony. Finally, the government issued regulations related to this issue. One of them is the Minister of Religious Affairs Decree Number 84 Year 1996 regarding Implementation Guidelines for Vulnerability Reduction Religious Harmony of Life. The operational guidelines vulnerability religious harmony is intended as a guide to the work of the officials and leaders of organizational units within the Ministry of Religious Affairs (now the Ministry of Religious Affairs) to take measures and coordinate in preventing insecurity in the field of religious harmony. Under these regulations, the causes of insecurity interreligious harmony, among others: the establishment of places of worship, evangelism, foreign aid, interfaith marriage, religious festivities, blasphemy, activity streams splinter and aspects of the non-religious influence, such as population density, the gap socioeconomic, implementation of education, ideological and regional political infiltration and international scale, which entered Indonesia through religious activities. This article examines these issues in the context of Indonesia.
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Masduqi, Anis. "HUBUNGAN ANTARAGAMA DALAM BIDANG PENDIDIKAN, PERKAWINAN, PENGUBURAN JENAZAH, DAN UPACARA HARI-HARI BESAR KEAGAMAAN." Al-Riwayah: Jurnal Kependidikan 9, no. 2 (September 30, 2017): 323–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32489/al-riwayah.171.
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Interfaith relation is an important issue in the education field. Perhaps, it is because education plays a crucial role in the transfer of the science of religion and theology custody. Then religious education became a central issue in the arena of interreligious relations. Education will determine the style of interfaith relations in a plural society. Legislation on religious education thus should be criticized. The plurality of religion becomes a source of instability and disintegration seems to make the government tried to cope with any vulnerability harmony. Finally, the government issued regulations related to this issue. One of them is the Minister of Religious Affairs Decree Number 84 Year 1996 regarding Implementation Guidelines for Vulnerability Reduction Religious Harmony of Life. The operational guidelines vulnerability religious harmony is intended as a guide to the work of the officials and leaders of organizational units within the Ministry of Religious Affairs (now the Ministry of Religious Affairs) to take measures and coordinate in preventing insecurity in the field of religious harmony. Under these regulations, the causes of insecurity interreligious harmony, among others: the establishment of places of worship, evangelism, foreign aid, interfaith marriage, religious festivities, blasphemy, activity streams splinter and aspects of the non-religious influence, such as population density, the gap socio-economic, implementation of education, ideological and regional political infiltration and international scale, which entered Indonesia through religious activities. This article examines these issues in the context of Indonesia.
4
Efimova, L. M. "Russian-Indonesian Relations in the 21 Century." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(37) (August 28, 2014): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-4-37-73-81.
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In XXI century a new faze has begun in Russian-lndonesian relations which are based on pragmatism and supremacy of nations interests of both sides. Cooperation in the political, military, trade, investment, social and cultural spheres is strengthening, cooperation on international and regional arenas is widening. In relations with Indonesia, as well as with other Southeast Asian states Russia's main purpose is stability based on the principles of equality, mutual respect and benefit according to the international law. Indonesia's foreign policy maintains its free and active character. Russian-lndonesian relations in the 21 century are marked with intensive political dialogue. Political ties are developing steadily. Mutual presidential visits has become regular. Close cooperation has been established between state institutions on various levels. The most successful cooperation is developing in scientific, technological and military spheres. Thie cooperation is especially important for Indonesia in order to diminish its dependence on the West in these aspects. Relations in trade and economic spheres are not very intensive, but are stable and have a positive dynamics. Indonesia was always a good trade partner for Russia. Direct business con tacts are now developing between the two countries and this fact in very significant for the future economic cooperation. Nowadays Russian regions have begun to establish direct ties with Indonesian regions. Humanitarian sphere constitute an important aspect of Russian-lndonesian relations. Cooperation in education is going on successfully. A new phenomenon represents friendly contacts between religious leaders of both countries. In general mutually beneficial and fruitful cooperation between Russia and Indonesia is steadily progressing and opening brilliant perspectives.
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Ngo, Le Van. "FROM ETHNOLOGY TO ANTHROPOLOGY APPROACH FROM RESEARCH METHODS." Science and Technology Development Journal 14, no. 1 (March 30, 2011): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v14i1.1889.
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In recent years, higher education in Vietnam has undergone a lot of changes in such various aspects as the formation of multidisciplinary, multi-field universities; of training forms etc. Especially, a lot of majors originating from advanced capitalist countries have been developed into training courses in Vietnamese universities, e.g. politics, international relations, religious studies, anthropology etc. The formation of institutions offering training courses on anthropology has broken the traditional structure of the organizing of training courses in the fields of ethnology and history in Vietnam higher education institutions. The paper does not aim at discussing the similarities nor differences between Ethnology and Anthropology, but focuses on the necessities to transform from Ethnology to Anthropology in every aspect from objectives, approach to methods, objects, research scope etc.
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Oksamityna, Kseniya. "Progressing Fragmentation of Political Science." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2009): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.15.1.4.
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While state has traditionally been the sole (or at least primary) unit of analysis in International Relations, scholars are increasingly recognizing non-state entities, such as interstate organizations, multinational companies, terrorist cells, religious institutions, non-governmental organizations, epistemic communities, and transnational advocacy networks as actors in international politics. A natural question arises: is International Relations, as a discipline, capable of conceptualizing and explicating complex webs of relations among a myriad of actors, or is mapping a new field of enquiry required? Transnational Studies, offered at various degree levels at several universities, positions itself as a sub-filed within Humanities, mainly preoccupied with historical, social, cultural and linguistic aspects of cross-border interactions. Global Studies seems to reconcile International Relations and Transnational Studies. However, Global Studies, as a discipline, is only in the making; its emergence is surrounded by healthy skepticism.
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Gatseliuk, Vitalii, Lesia Strelbitska, Oleh Herasymchuk, Andriy Pavlyshyn, and Valeriia Khrystiuk. "The influence of religion on the norms of criminal law and process: an international-comparative study." Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no. 42 (July 30, 2021): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.42.06.21.
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Criminal law and process play a significant role in regulating public relations. It is expedient to study it in terms of the influence of religion in different legal systems, as religious norms are the broader regulators of public life. The study of the religious aspect of the formation and functioning of criminal law and criminal procedure relations in different countries is an open question that needs further consideration, as well as prospects for the development of legal institutions based on religious influence. The purpose of the research is to analyze and reflect the impact of religion on the rules of criminal law and process in a comparative international context. The subject of the research is religion and criminal law and process as interdependent phenomena, international comparative study of the influence of religion on the formation of criminal law and process. As a result of the study the mutual influence of law and religion was revealed, the influence of religion on the norms of criminal law and process in different countries was analyzed, it was determined that the religious legal system is most permeated by religious norms in comparison with the legal systems of European countries.
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Egger, Clara. "L’Union européenne est-elle une source de coopération inter-organisationnelle ?" Études internationales 44, no. 1 (April 15, 2013): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1015120ar.
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Résumé Cette étude s’intéresse à la coopération inter-organisationnelle, un aspect délaissé de la recherche en relations internationales. L’analyse du cas de la politique humanitaire européenne met en lumière les facteurs, les dynamiques et les effets de la coopération au sein d’un réseau d’ong, et entre ce réseau et les institutions européennes. La construction de liens entre différentes théories permet de distinguer trois phases dans la vie des réseaux. Si les ong se rassemblent pour être reconnues comme des partenaires crédibles par les organisations intergouvernementales, les réseaux formés se caractérisent par une structure complexe de délégation visant à répondre aux intérêts des membres et de l’institution ciblée. La flexibilité supposée des réseaux ne les protège toutefois pas des pathologies dont souffrent les organisations internationales (faible adaptabilité, résistance au changement…).
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Istomin, I. "Religious Groups and Their Influence on Interstate Relations (The Case of U.S.-Israel Relations)." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(34) (February 28, 2014): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-1-34-184-191.
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The impact of interest groups on foreign policy of the state up until today has not received substantial attention in the theory of international relations. In particular, activities of the entities shaped by the common religious affiliation of their members lack assessment in the academic literature. Meanwhile, their mobilization in the recent decades became significant aspect of political life both in developing and developed countries. The activity of religious groups in the United States forced deep transformation of the national political landscape, as they desire to affect not only internal debate, but external policies as well. Among other issues attention of such social and political bodies is also focused on the situation in the middle East. Their proactive standing facilitated advancement of the partnership between the United States and Israel, including growth of American diplomatic and military aid to Tel-Aviv. The supporters of such policy include not only small, but well organized Jewish community, but also representatives of the conservative Evangelical Protestants, which constitute the most numerous religious group in the U.S. Despite the fact that leaders of both group often use theological reasons to justify their support for Israel, the real motivation of the most regular members is primarily humanitarian and pragmatic. The diversity of the Pro-Israeli groups promotes bipartisan support of cooperation between the two countries, and enabled creation of both Democratic and Republican lobby on this issue. However the growing criticism of the current policy of Tel-Aviv on behalf of some of the adherents of American-Israeli cooperation leads to the erosion of impact of these groups.
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Bellin, Eva. "Faith in Politics. New Trends in the Study of Religion and Politics." World Politics 60, no. 2 (January 2008): 315–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.0.0007.
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Studies of religion and politics have begun to force their way into the mainstream of the discipline thanks to their increasing methodological sophistication and theoretical ambition in addition to the push of real-world events. In comparative politics, puzzle-driven structured comparison has yielded new insights into the rationality of religious behavior, the weight of path dependence in shaping religious values, and the play of socioeconomic factors in shaping religion's vitality. In international relations, recognition of the importance of religious identities and values in the play of international affairs has spelled an advance over realist caricatures that long discounted ideas as epiphenomenal and focused on the quest for wealth and power as the sole driver of international politics. But notable lacunae remain. The comparative subfield still needs to reckon with the noninstrumental aspect of religious behavior, the power of religion as an independent variable, and the differential appeal, persuasiveness, and political salience of religious ideas over time. The IR subfield must move beyond “paradigm wars” focused on whether religion matters in international politics in favor of more empirically grounded, structured comparison to illuminate when and why religion matters in international affairs.
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Rudakov, A. M. "Realization of other convictions by convicted minors: organizational and legal aspects." Institute Bulletin: Crime, Punishment, Correction 13, no. 1 (May 13, 2019): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2076-4162-2019-13-1-110-115.
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In the article the author actualizes the problem of narrow interpretation of the realization of the freedom of conscience and freedom of religion. The Federal Law “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations”, Penal Code of the RF regulates the implementation of exclusively religious beliefs. Other convictions (political, philosophical, ideological) are mentioned in legal acts regulating various spheres of social relations, but without a single legal mechanism remain declarative. The author analyzes two directions of realization of freedom of conscience and freedom of religion by convicted minors: religious and non-religious and justifies the need to enshrine in the penal legislation an expanded interpretation of freedom of conscience and freedom of religion, the possibility of restricting them, providing for a system of protective norms; as well as political information and ideological education of minor convicts. As part of the study an interdisciplinary study of the conceptual apparatus and legal thesaurus of public relations on the implementation of freedom of conscience and freedom of religion by convicted minors serving a sentence of imprisonment was conducted, the essence of the legal terms used was investigated, aspects of the legislative technique, international standards for the treatment of convicts were investigated; there are formulated proposals to improve the legal and organizational framework for the implementation of freedom of conscience and religion of minor convicts.
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M, Bhimraj. "The ‘Caste’ as ‘Discrimination Based on Work and Descent’ in International Law: Convincing or Compromising?" International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 27, no. 4 (September 25, 2020): 796–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02704005.
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The difficulty in categorising caste discrimination into standard categories of human rights violations has forced Dalit activists into comparing caste discrimination with racial discrimination – a highly condemned practice in international law. This strategy materialised through the word ‘descent’ in Article 1 of the icerd. Currently, caste discrimination has become important on the human rights agenda under the guise of ‘discrimination based on work and descent’ (dwd), and by extension, ‘racial discrimination’. The main theme of this article is to address the capability of the dwd mechanism to comprehensively capture the intricacies of caste discrimination. Upon analysis, it was found that dwd dilutes the religious aspect of the caste system. Hence, this article advocates a caste-specific Convention, which focuses on both religious and secular aspects of the caste system. This won’t happen soon; therefore, caste should be maintained as a unique form of dwd in the meantime.
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Khudoyarov, Anvar. "MECHANISMS FOR INCREASING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE RELIGIOUS TOURISM MARKET IN UZBEKISTAN." INNOVATIONS IN ECONOMY 11, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9491-2020-11-8.
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This article describes how the Republic of Uzbekistan establishes and develops relations with international organizations and foreign countries in the field of tourism, increases the flow of tourists to our country, creates all conditions for tourists, improves the quality and culture of services, and also provides the tourism industry. The organizational and economic aspects of tourism regulation by the cluster management method are considered
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Jones, Meirav, and Yossi Shain. "Modern sovereignty and the non-Christian, or Westphalia’s Jewish State." Review of International Studies 43, no. 5 (June 6, 2017): 918–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210517000195.
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AbstractThis article participates in efforts by IR theorists to clarify aspects of modern sovereignty – an idea currently in rupture and being rethought – by returning to its founding ‘Westphalian moment’. While recent work has reconnected modern sovereignty to religion, considering Westphalia as a religious settlement and Christian concerns persisting in the groundwork of IR, our work looks beyond Christian concerns and asks how Westphalian sovereignty addressed non-Christians. We trace a yet-untapped discussion of the Jews – presented as a paradigmatic religious ‘other’ – among architects of Westphalian sovereignty from Bodin through Grotius, Hobbes, Harrington, and Spinoza. We demonstrate that foundational theorists of modern sovereignty considered religious diversity a political problem. Some cited essential sameness, minimising difference between Jews and Christians. Others considered the possibility of Jewish sovereignty long before this idea is usually considered to have entered modern consciousness. While the discussion of Jewish sovereignty among architects of modern sovereignty may seem to justify a Jewish state in a world of Westphalian states, it also emphasises Westphalia’s territorialising of religious difference. This aspect of the Westphalian framework is surely inadequate today, when territorialising religious difference is neither normative nor likely possible.
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Babiy, Mykhailo. "Freedom of religion: problems of practical implementation." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 1 (March 31, 1996): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/1996.1.16.
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This problem, which was actual in the theoretical and practical aspects, became the subject of an interested discussion of an international scientific conference on issues of state-church relations, which took place on December 4-5, 1995 in Kyiv based on the Department of Religious Studies at the Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
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L.A., Maslova, Rebkalo M. M., and Zakharchenko К.O. "Actual problems of ensuring international guarantees of religious freedom and the constitutional right to freedom of religion in Ukraine." Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Law 2020, no. 3 (December 18, 2020): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjlaw.2020.03.007.
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The basic international guarantees of religious freedom are examined in the article, which are declared in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention for the Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. A systematic analysis is done of the compliance of the Constitution of Ukraine and relevant national legislation with universal international acts in terms of ensuring the rights of believers and religious communities. Current problems are generalized in the religious sphere of modern Ukrainian society, which characterized by destructive processes around the unification process of Ukrainian Orthodoxy, interfaith conflicts and violations of religious freedom in the occupied territories. The conclusions and recommendations are analyzed of the UN and the OSCE on the growth of acts of violence, inaction of law enforcement agencies and the adoption of legislation that negatively affected the fundamental freedoms of citizens in Ukraine in the religious sphere. The specifics of the administrative influence of the state in the religious sphere are revealed, the limits of such influence are revealed, which are connected with practical aspects of religious activity, religious relations, creation and functioning of religious organizations, as well as another part of the sphere of religion, which is outside the scope of such influence by the state. Given the multi-ethnicity and poly-confessional Ukrainian society, approaches are outlined to improving the state policy of Ukraine are outlined in the religion sphere in accordance with European principles of worldview tolerance, tolerance of other people’s beliefs and other values and EU neutrality in the religion. In the conditions of aggravation of confessional relations in Ukraine and for the purpose of ordering of religious space, it is proposed to introduce into public administration practice a conceptual model of public administration in the sphere of ensuring religious security. Key words human rights; international humanitarian standards; freedom of thought and religion; religious conflicts.
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LeGrand, Catherine, and Stéphanie Roesler. "L’axe missionnaire catholique entre le Québec et l’Amérique latine. Une exploration préliminaire." Globe 12, no. 1 (February 9, 2011): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1000769ar.
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À partir des années 1930, la rencontre des missionnaires catholiques avec l’Amérique et les Caraïbes a suscité un changement au Québec et en Amérique latine. Cet article étudie l’une des branches du catholicisme progressiste, née de l’expérience des missionnaires québécois en Amérique latine, qui engendra la formation d’organismes de développement et de solidarité ainsi que des programmes de stages en Amérique latine pour les étudiants québécois. Parallèlement, par le biais de l’Action catholique spécialisée et l’organisation de coopératives dans le Sud, les religieux et religieuses québécois contribuèrent à la pratique des communautés chrétiennes de base en Amérique latine et aux mouvements sociaux participatifs. Dans les années 1970, une autre forme de catholicisme au Québec, le Renouveau charismatique, vit naître des descendants aux Caraïbes et au Mexique. L’examen des activités internationales de l’Église catholique québécoise offre un nouvel éclairage sur les dimensions sociale, culturelle et conceptuelle des relations entre le Canada et l’Amérique latine et sur le rôle de l’Église catholique au Québec avant et après la Révolution tranquille.
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Галушка, Александр. "Church-State Relations in Slovakia in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century (Legal Aspect)." Theological Herald, no. 1(36) (March 15, 2020): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/2500-1450-2020-36-1-135-153.
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В статье рассматриваются особенности взаимоотношений государства и религиозных организаций в словакии с 1939 г. по настоящее время. Целью исследования стал всесторонний анализ государственных инициатив, регламентирующих церковногосударственные отношения. кроме отношений государства и православной Церкви, в исследовательскую оптику автора попадает широкая палитра религиозной жизни страны в означенный период. наблюдения автора подкрепляются анализом малодоступных отечественным исследователям словацких источников: государственных законов, статистических данных и результатов переписи населения. в работе показано, что диалог государства и церкви в значительной мере определялся политической ситуацией в стране (независимая словакия под контролем нацистской германии, словакия в составе социалистической чехословакии, независимое государство после Бархатной революции 1989 г.), и прежде всего на уровне законодательства. Этим объясняется предпринятая автором периодизация церковно-государственных отношений в словакии. подобная периодизация, в свою очередь, определила и структуру работы. The article discusses the features of relations between the state and religious organizations in Slovakia in the second half of the twentieth century. The focus is on state initiatives (laws, agreements) regulating the nature of church-state relations. Changes in the political situation in the country (independent Slovakia under the control of Nazi Germany, Slovakia as part of socialist Czechoslovakia, an independent state after the Velvet Revolution of 1989) signifi determined the dialogue between the state and the church - and, above all, at the level of legislation. This explains the periodization of church-state relations in Slovakia undertaken by the author. Such a periodization in turn determined the structure of work. So, talking about the life of religious organizations during the Second World War, the author dwells on the unrealized possibility of concluding a Concordat of Slovakia with the Holy See. In the next period, the Czechoslovak, it was shown how the state tried to use the church to its advantage, either by restricting freedoms or by allowing certain indulgences. In today’s Slovakia, church-state relations are built on the dialogue between two equal partners, and their character is determined, on the one hand, by domestic laws, and on the other, by international treaties (agreements) and domestic treaties and agreements with registered churches and religious organizations. Not limited to only the relations of the state and the Orthodox Church, the author’s research optics recreates wide panorama of religious life in the country. A special place in the work is given to the relationship of the Slovak government with the Vatican, since historically the Roman Catholic Church has occupied and continues to occupy a leading position in the life of the state. The author’s observations are supported by a wide quotation of Slovak sources inaccessible to domestic researchers: state laws, statistical data and population census results.
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Makangali, Bauyrjan, Sagynysh Amirbekova, Marvan Khamitova, and Erkin Baydarov. "RELIGIOUS ASPECTS OF THE SYRIAN CRISIS ON SOCIAL MEDIA." Central Asia and The Caucasus 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.20.1.10.
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Leustean, Lucian. "Towards an integrative theory of religion and politics." Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 17, no. 4 (2005): 364–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006805774550965.
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AbstractIn the social sciences, debate on the relationship between religion and politics is mainly the subject of analysis in the sociology of religion and the theory of international relations. While each of these fields promotes different approaches to study their interdependency. The individual's perception of religion and politics is neglected by current research. The faithful, who participates in religious ceremonies, listening and behaving according to specific religious teachings, actively engaging in the liturgical life of the institutional form of his religion, has a specific way of understanding the relationship between religion and politics. I argue that this aspect is under-researched and misrepresented in the literature of sociology and international relations. However, a more complex analysis is offered by the study of nationalism, and especially by its ethnosymbolic approach, which includes at the micro and macro societal level the presence of myths and symbols as part of the individual's and the nation's life. An integrative theory analysing the connection between religion and politics takes into account the role of myths and symbols from the perspectives of both individuals and ethnic communities.
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Wallace, James C. "A Religious War? The Cold War and Religion." Journal of Cold War Studies 15, no. 3 (July 2013): 162–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00374.
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Until recently, scholars of the Cold War had devoted little attention to the role of religion in the East-West standoff—its impact on events, institutions, and strategies. In recent years, however, this lacuna has begun to be filled by a burgeoning literature on different aspects of religion and the Cold War. The outpouring of scholarship has given a much more nuanced picture of how religion influenced U.S. foreign policy after 1945 both domestically and internationally. This article evaluates four recent books about the topic, distilling from them some of the key questions to be answered about the religious dimension of the Cold War.
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Bradley, Joseph M. "Political, Religious and Cultural Identities: The Undercurrents of Scottish Football." Politics 17, no. 1 (February 1997): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.00030.
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Despite recognition that religion plays an important role in Scottish and that Scotland has long been different from England in matters involving religion, there remains a dearth of relevant research on this subject For example, only in recent years, with the works of Mitchell (1992) and Curtice and Seawright (1995), has there been a qualified look at least at one aspect of this relationship, the association between religion and politics This paper will bring both of these subjects together by considering the religious and political undercurrents that for many people have come to characterise Scottish football. A characterisation that is particularly evident in the case of the two major clubs in Scotland: Glasgow Rangers and Celtic
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Begalinova, Kalimash, Madina Ashilov, and Alibek Begalinov. "RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM IN KAZAKHSTAN: THREATS OF SPREADING AND MEANS OF OPPOSITION." Central Asia and The Caucasus 21, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.20.4.12.
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Today, regional integration and globalization have added new dimensions to the problems of violence, religious extremism and terrorism that attract a lot of attention in the academic community of many counties. A polyconfessional and polyethnic state, Kazakhstan, where various trends of world religions are inevitably present, is especially aware of the problem of religious extremism. In these conditions, interconfessional relations as a guarantor of internal and external stability in our republic is one of its most important problems. This article presents the aspects related to the religious environment and threats of religious extremism in Kazakhstan and outlines feasible solutions.
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Mihailovs, Ivans Jānis. "RELATIONS BETWEEN STATE AND RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN LEGAL ACTS." Via Latgalica, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2009.2.1606.
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Religion is one of the most important social regulators influencing the relations in the society and the choice (action) of an individual in the concrete situation, sacralize definite behaviour and standards, or quite vice versa – disavow them (sin), regulate the relations among people and the relations between human and the highest power (God), in separate cases allowing to overcome legal and ethical dilemmas, to act or refrain from action. Each religion exists in a definite community (society), therefore, the religious norms affect the life of community members and thus also the state, culture, and rights. Nowadays the impact of rights on religion, religious organizations as communities of believing persons, their organization, administration and activity is impossible to deny. This study is an attempt to offer a review on the regulation of the relations betweens state and religious organizations in international and European legal acts. Analysis of the legal aspects of the relations between state and religious organizations allow the conclusion that the freedom of religion has a fundamental basis which today determines the relations/attitude of the state with/to religion and religious organizations. The principle of freedom of religion as an integral part of human rights is respected and implemented in states where the church is fully or partly separated (segregated) from the state as well as in states where there is state church. This principle has been acknowledged also by the European Union and the European Council leaving the implementation details to the Member States themselves. The principle of freedom of religion comprises two principal aspects: person’s individual choice to not/belong to some religion and to not/participate in religious activities, and state’s responsibility is to respect, within the framework of the law, the freedom of activities of religious organizations. Implementation of the principle of freedom of religion is burdened by manifold interpretation of the notions “religion” and “belief”; by the necessity to consider this principle commensurate with other human rights and freedoms; by the vagueness of the limits of this principle. In this context, the practice of the European Court of Human Rights is essential, in interpreting correspondingly the principle of freedom of religion provided for in Article 9 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, particularizing the understanding of this principle in the relations between the state and religious organizations. Present-day practice, at least in the public sphere, facilitate a tolerant attitude and observance of the specific character of religious belonging in various social relations (work, contacts with state administration, military service) etc. Nevertheless, disregarding several implementation problems of the principle of freedom of religion, equality should be observed in the relations between the state and religious organizations, establishing precise limits of cooperation and supervision, which is a precondition for the existence of a legal secular state.
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Al-Majd, Ahmad Kamal Abou. "Approaches to reforming contemporary religious discourse†." Contemporary Arab Affairs 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 172–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2013.783183.
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This article attempts to attenuate the exaggerated polarization in contemporary religious discourse in Egyptian society emanating from two flawed positions: a wrong conception of ‘applying Shari'a‘; and a wrong intention whereby deliberate cultural exclusion is practised to eradicate any religious orientation. The main subject of this article are manifestations of deviation of this discourse from the orientation of the original frame of reference of religion: (1) The call for Islam through scaring and intimidation; (2) the tendency to be tough on people, thus increasing obligatory duties and decreasing what is permissible; (3) inattention to the objectives of Shari'a and focusing on its literal aspect; (4) inattention to priorities; (5) belittling the role of the mind in Islamic conceptualization; (6) immersion in the past; and (7) Muslims' relationship with others. Nevertheless, rationalizing ‘religious discourse’ and working out a kind of consensus seems to be of utmost importance.
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Nysanbayeva, Aliya. "SOCIAL ASPECTS OF YOUTH RELIGIOUS CULTURE AS A FACTOR OF SOCIAL STABILITY IN KAZAKHSTAN AND RUSSIA: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Central Asia and The Caucasus 21, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.20.4.13.
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As of this time, the religious behavior of young people, the specifics of their religious practices and their general attitude to religion have not been adequately studied. The same fully applies to the influence of youth religious culture on the religious environment. Meanwhile, a better understanding of the religiosity level among young people and its specific features would have produced a more balanced and more adequate religious policy and helped preserve interconfessional harmony and stability in the post-Soviet space. In the course of our studies we defined the level of religiosity by the extent to which the sacral duties (i.e., fasting, praying, pilgrimage to holy places and voluntary offerings) were observed. The attitude of the younger generation to religious extremism was also examined. We based our research on the results of public opinion polls among the young people in the cities of Turkestan (Kazakhstan) and Nizhnekamsk (Tatarstan, Russian Federation). It turned out that the level of religiosity (as per the above parameters) among the young people of Tatarstan was lower by almost two times than that in Kazakhstan, yet the type of their religious culture does not negatively affect religious stability. The high and ever-growing level of religiosity among all population groups (younger generation included) is present in the southern regions of Kazakhstan (the Turkestan Region being no exception), which are seen as a zone of high risk of religious extremism. The results of recent studies, however, confirmed that current social instability is not rooted in youth radicalism: the level and nature of religious activity in this population group are not a threat to religious stability in the region. Indeed, the majority of the respondents in the Turkestan Region had no personal experience of dealing with radical religious extremists; a smaller part (a third) of the respondents believes that the threat is real. In Tatarstan, on the other hand, the share of respondents who are aware of the threat of religious extremist activity and fear it is nearly 40%; the share of those who admit that religious extremists are present among the republic’s younger generation is even higher (81%). While the majority of the respondents assessed the religious situation in Tatarstan as fairly stable, 40% remained convinced that religious extremists may destabilize the religious environment in the region. Since the level of religiosity among the polled young people in Tatarstan is nearly half the size of that in Kazakhstan, it can be defined as a zone of low youth religious activity. The level of religiosity in Turkestan makes it a zone of average religious activity. Comparative analysis of the religiosity level among the younger generation helped us identify certain factors that negatively affect interconfessional stability in Kazakhstan and Russia and suggest an efficient religious policy.
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De Witte, Pieter. "'The Apostolicity of the Church' in Light of the Lutheran-Roman Catholic Consensus on Justification." Ecclesiology 7, no. 3 (2011): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174553111x585662.
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AbstractThe fourth phase of the international Lutheran-Roman Catholic dialogue resulted in a final report, The Apostolicity of the Church (AC), which was published in 2006. The convergences described in this document are best understood in light of the earlier stages in the Lutheran-Roman Catholic dialogue, especially in relation to the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (JDDJ). AC seems to move beyond the 'differentiated consensus' of the JDDJ as it aims at some form of 'differentiated participation' of Lutheran and Roman Catholic ministers in the same apostolic ministry. A careful study of the way the topic of apostolic succession is dealt with in AC shows that a central aspect of the Roman Catholic concept of apostolic succession remains somewhat invisible in the document. This aspect can be made explicit in terms of the relation between faith and institution. The fact that this issue remains unaddressed may hinder the very attempt to determine the content of the proposed 'differentiated participation'.
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Poshka, Agim. "Language and Hate Speech Aspects in the Public Sphere Case Study: Republic of Macedonia." SEEU Review 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/seeur-2018-0009.
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Abstract The issue of hate speech is widely present in the Balkan Peninsula and although it has a serious impact in inter-ethnic and inter-religious relations, it has never been addressed properly by the academia or the judicial systems. This paper aims to outline the main principles that define hate speech from the linguistic and legal perspective. Throughout the paper several international cases of hate speech are cited along with the measures that western European countries take in order to minimize the level of stereotypes and public discrimination. In the second part, the paper brings examples from degrading hate speech cases coming from public figures in Macedonia. In addition, a few comparative cases from the international practice have been cited in order to perceive if an egalitarian society is possible in Macedonia from the aspect of language usage without the hatred constituents by aiming to develop an acceptable public discourse for all.
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Qaisar, A. Jan. "Agricultural Technology Depicted in Mughal Paintings." Itinerario 16, no. 2 (July 1992): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300022130.
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Most of the historians of medieval India have been interested in the political, administrative and economic aspect of the period, while some have exhibited fondness for religious and cultural history, albeit in a limited sense. Of late, new sectors of study have been explored: for example, the development of technology during the medieval period.
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Bercovitch, Jacob, and Ayse Kadayifci-Orellana. "Religion and Mediation: The Role of Faith-Based Actors in International Conflict Resolution." International Negotiation 14, no. 1 (2009): 175–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180609x406562.
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AbstractReligion has often been thought of as playing a crucial role in generating conflicts, particularly internal ones. While it may often be a source of conflict, its role in the overall peace process has all too often been overlooked. In this paper we emphasize the importance of religion and religious actors in the process of mediation. We examine the general conditions that facilitate mediation in international relations and assess how much these hold true in the case of faith-based mediation. We find that aspects such as legitimacy and leverage have a major impact on the success or failure of mediation. We examine how these factors manifest themselves in the case of religious mediators, and we show that legitimacy and leverage are still crucial to successful mediation but have a very different meaning and content in the case of religious actors. We explore the consequences of these differences and explain how religious mediation may work best in tandem with the more traditional forms of mediation.
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Towadi, Mellisa, Nur Mohamad Kasim, Rumawi Rumawi, and Siti Asifa Tahir. "An Indication of China's Policy towards Uighurs and its Implications by International Law Aspects." Jambura Law Review 3, no. 1 (December 14, 2020): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v3i1.7730.
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This article examines the Chinese government's policy towards Uighurs for the purpose of outlining and explaining indications of the policy that have implications on the legal aspects of this international law. This study was researched using normative juridical methods with expansive analysis based on logical-normative approaches. The results of the analysis show that broadly the policies China implements against the Uighur population are indicated to acts of discrimination. China's main interest is sovereignty, so of course, China will not allow the release of any territory from China. While the implications in the context of International Law as to uphold the guarantee of civil and political rights, liberal and democratic principles or independence, and individual freedom in relation to the state. The points of conflict identified, especially concerning the reach of equality of rights between ethnic Uighurs and other ethnicities in China, the prohibition of inhumane punishment and degrading dignity, and religious freedom.
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Lahire, Bernard. "Specificity and independence of the literary game." Nationalities Papers 40, no. 3 (May 2012): 411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2012.674017.
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In developing his theory of the “literary field,” Pierre Bourdieu essentially had in mind the case of France from the second half of the nineteenth century, the use of which as a case undoubtedly contributed to his marginalizing numerous aspects of the national microcosm. Among its unstated and unrecognized particular qualities, France is mono-national (rather than multinational) and monolingual (rather than multilingual), and occupies the dominant position in the international Francophone world (much as Germany is at the heart of the German-speaking world). A state, a nation, a language, a territory, a literature — all of these make one unit and prevent one from considering situations more complex or tangled, such as those of many minority literatures. These allow the tackling of issues — among others, problems of their “autonomy” in relation to realities outside of literature such as the political, religious, linguistic, and economic. Rather than imposing constraints on a research agenda, the study of minority literatures allows one to shed light on the complex and contradictory relations between the political (the national, the communal, and sometimes the state), the market, and the literary game.
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Metushaj, Mirela. "Albania, a Stabilizing Factor in the Western Balkans Region Favored by Its Geostrategic Position." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2018-0047.
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Abstract Albania, a stabilizing factor in the region favored by its geostrategic position. Albania, being a small country in the world geography, but also in the regional one, has played a determining role in several historical moments after ’90 for its membership in the NATO, and after the membership in this organization it has played a role in guaranteeing stability and peace in the Western Balkans, and therefore in the international arena. It is a known fact that Western Balkans had and still has many ethnic, cultural and religious conflicts and has experienced various challenges which provoked the stability of the countries which, after a difficult time after the dissolution of former Yugoslavia, have been able to be independent and internationally recognized countries, aiming to become members of the NATO and EU, and for this reason they have been little prone to develop conflicts between them. Albania has proved to be always in favor of dialogue and stability in the relations between the states, with the main purpose of achieving the major aim for the Western Balkans to become a complete member in European and international organizations, as this would influence the vital and political improvement not only in some countries of the Balkans, but in the Balkans as a whole, especially in the economic aspect. What is the role of the geostrategic position of Albania in the region and elsewhere from the stability viewpoint?
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Agostinis, Giovanni, Karen A. Grépin, Adam Kamradt-Scott, Kelley Lee, Summer Marion, Catherine Z. Worsnop, Ioannis Papagaryfallou, et al. "FORUM: COVID-19 and IR Scholarship: One Profession, Many Voices." International Studies Review 23, no. 2 (March 8, 2021): 302–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isr/viab004.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has affected virtually every aspect of life, for individuals, communities, nations, regions, and the international system. In this forum, scholars from around the world with diverse areas of expertise consider the contributions of international relations (IR) scholarship in our understanding of the politics and governance challenges surrounding the pandemic. The seven essays that follow together examine how our current state of knowledge speaks to the theme of ISA 2020: “Multiple Identities and Scholarship in a Global IR: One Profession, Many Voices.” Each essay features a research area and body of scholarship that both informs our understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic and reflects on how the pandemic challenges us to push our scholarship and intellectual community further. Together, these essays highlight the diversity of our discipline of IR and how its many voices may bring us together in one conversation. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha afectado prácticamente a todos los aspectos de la vida para las personas, las comunidades, las naciones, las regiones y el sistema internacional. En este foro, los académicos de todo el mundo con diversas áreas de experiencia consideran las contribuciones de los estudios de las relaciones internacionales (International Relations, IR) a nuestro entendimiento de la política y los desafíos de gobierno que rodean a la pandemia. Los siete ensayos a continuación analizan en conjunto cómo nuestro estado de conocimiento actual aborda el tema de la Asociación de Estudios Internacionales (International Studies Association, ISA) de 2020: “Múltiples identidades y estudios en una IR global: una profesión, muchas voces.” Cada ensayo presenta un área de investigación y un cuerpo de estudios que conforman nuestro entendimiento de la pandemia de COVID-19 y también reflexionan sobre cómo esta nos desafía a impulsar aún más a nuestra comunidad académica e intelectual. En conjunto, estos ensayos destacan la diversidad de nuestra disciplina de relaciones internacionales y cómo sus numerosas voces pueden juntarnos en una conversación. La pandémie de COVID 2019 a affecté pratiquement tous les aspects de la vie, que ce soit les individus, les communautés, les nations, les régions ou le système international. Dans cette tribune, des chercheurs du monde entier spécialisés dans divers domaines d'expertise réfléchissent aux contributions des recherches en relations internationales à notre compréhension des défis politiques et de gouvernance entourant la pandémie. Les sept essais ainsi réunis examinent la manière dont l’état actuel de nos connaissances aborde le thème de la convention 2020 de l'Association d’études internationales : « Identités et recherches multiples dans des relations internationales globales : une profession, de nombreuses voix ». Chaque essai présente un domaine de recherche et un corpus d’études qui éclaire notre compréhension de la pandémie de COVID 2019 tout en amenant une réflexion sur la façon dont la pandémie nous remet en question et nous pousse à aller plus loin dans nos recherches et notre communauté intellectuelle. Ensemble, ces essais mettent en évidence la diversité de notre discipline des relations internationales et la manière dont ses nombreuses voix peuvent nous réunir dans un débat.
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YAKOVLEV, A. I. "Civilizational Dimension of World Politics: Problems and Opportunities." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 11, no. 4 (October 16, 2018): 6–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2018-11-4-6-29.
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The article considers the civilizational dimension of world politics. In the conditions of the transitional era, the crisis of the Western industrial model of development, the demographic transition and the change in the technological order, the deep foundations of societies that belong to this or that civilization remain important. Religious and cultural factors began to exert a more marked influence on international political and economic processes in both East and West. Examples of this can be seen not only in the countries of the Arab East, but also in Western Europe. The transformation of the world system today is determined by the parameters of globalization and regionalization: on the one hand, the desire of Western countries led by the US to maintain its dominant position in the world, and on the other, the growing importance of nonWestern countries (BRICS, SCO, etc.). An important aspect of the ongoing confrontation is the civilizational differences, in particular, the religious and secular worldview. This circumstance does not make the “clash of civilizations” inevitable, but encourages them to cooperate and more adequately take into account the cultural and civilizational factor in international relations.
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Yishai, Yael. "Israel and the Politics of Jewish Identity: The Secular Religious Impasse By Asher Cohen and Bernard Susser. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. 167p. $36.00. The Politics of Religion and the Religion of Politics: Looking at Israel By Ira Sharkansky. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2000. 161p. $40.00." American Political Science Review 96, no. 1 (March 2002): 232–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402284336.
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Religion has played a prominent role in Israel's history. The country was founded in 1948 with a declaration of being a Jewish state, not only a state for the Jews. This definition has been the source of two thorny problems. The first involves the relations between state and religion, the second the relationship between two communities, namely, the secular majority and the religious minority. The two books under review tackle these problems in a fascinating manner. They complement each other by presenting different aspects of the intricate religious issue in Israel. They also contradict each other by offering conflicting conclusions based on historical and contemporary analysis.
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Ishin, Andrey V. "To the problem of modern church dissidence on Ukraine: geopolitical aspect." Post-Soviet Issues 6, no. 2 (August 8, 2019): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2019-6-2-213-220.
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The problem of church dissidence on Ukraine in focus of geopolitical processes is examined in the article. An author marks that confessional constituent of the armed capture of statepower with subsequent escalation of the armed opposition on the southeast of Ukraine — resultof introduction carefully thought out and long-term strategem of geopolitics of the West. Thusfragmentation of space of the Russian world, non-admission of political, economic and cultural co-operation of east slavs people, etnokonfessional «cleaning» of Ukrainian space with thesubsequent converting of Ukraine into a colonial-buffer area between the West and Russia, area,which will be frankly hostile the Russian world and will be controlled euro-atlantic structurescomes forward a primary objective. In a fight against canonical Orthodoxy on Ukraine the geopolitical opponents of the Russian world are involve the followings mechanisms: unprecedentedpolitical pressure, to the repression in regard to the adherents of Moscow Patriarchy, creation ofatmosphere of fear and religious intolerance; numerous destructions of orthodox temples duringa punitive operation on a southeast, power captures by the extremists of orthodox cult buildingswestering, in a center and on east of Ukraine; forcing at direct support of government of Ukraineof processes on creation of independent «pomestnoy church» with uttery nationalistic ideology;attempts of incorporation in the number of orthodox svyaschennosluzhiteley of Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchy of supporters of conception of religious championship ofKiev and historical seniority of the Ukrainian people in relation to Russian. An author comes tothe conclusion, that presently on Ukraine and on the whole in an international association thepeople of healthy will, representatives of all traditional confessions in defence of sound titles andfreedoms of believers, must unite.
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Rieffer-Flanagan, Barbara Ann. "Statism, Tolerance and Religious Freedom in Egypt." Muslim World Journal of Human Rights 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mwjhr-2015-0013.
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AbstractWhile much optimism about the future was expressed at the time of the Egyptian revolution in January 2011, little progress has been made on human rights including the protection of the fundamental right of freedom of religion and belief. In fact some argued that the situation in Egypt is worse today. This paper examines why many individuals (Copts, Atheists, Shiites, etc…) are unable to freely express their beliefs or practice their religion in Egypt. Some have argued that the denial of freedom of religion and belief is due to statism. But analysis of freedom of religion and belief that focus only on statism capture one aspect of the denial of this human right in Egypt. They neglect the intolerance in society that allows non-state actors to contribute to the difficult environment of FoRB in Egypt. This essay attempts to explore both the role that statism plays concerning the denial of FoRB, as well as how social hostilities contribute to an intolerant climate. This has important policy implications for future progress on this issue. Without more attention to attitudes and dispositions, Egypt will only make limited progress in the future.
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Minakova, Irina, Tatyana Bukreeva, Olga Solodukhina, and Artyom Golovin. "The USA, Russia and China as a Center of Influence in Global Economy." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 09009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219209009.
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Research background. Due to the significant role that the United States, Russia and China play in the world political and economic processes, US-Russia-China relations can be recognized as the most important interstate relations in the world, setting the direction for the transformation of the international system. Nowadays, the study of these trilateral relations is a relevant scientific task. The authors, on a systematic basis, have investigated the aspects of interaction between the USA, Russia and China in the modern economy, which opened the way for solving the key issues of international relations. The authors have published several papers on this issue in Russia and abroad, including publications in Scopus and Web of Science indexed journals. Purpose of the article is to analyse the US-Russia-China relations and to determine the directions of their development in the context of globalization of the world economy. Methods. To analyse the interests, a systematic method was used that allows considering the interests of the United States, China and Russia as an holistic, complex mechanism with elements constantly interacting with each other. Findings & Value added. Despite geographical, linguistic, religious, and other distinctions, the United States, China, and Russia have a lot in common. There were historical periods of active and positive cooperation between these three major superpowers. In our opinion, in spite of the current contradictions between the parties, Russia, China and the United States have a mutual concern in harmonizing trilateral interests. However, the existed contradictions are not insoluble.
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Petrechenko, S. A. "Women’s election right in Ukraine in the aspect of protecting their political rights." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 63 (August 9, 2021): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.63.14.
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Democratic societies must enable men and women to participate equally in all spheres of life, including politics, in particular at the highest levels of socially important decision-making. For almost 30 years of Ukraine’s independence, issues of gender equality have still not been resolved. The Constitution of Ukraine guarantees equality in rights and responsibilities regardless of race, color, age, property status, place of residence, religious, political, ideological be¬liefs, ethnic and social origin, language and other characteristics. Ukrainian legislation guarantees equality between men and women. Equality of rights in politics regardless of gender is defined at the international level by the Univer¬sal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimi¬nation, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and the Convention on the Political Rights of Women. Today, gender equality is one of the fundamental areas of legislative and political activity in the modern world. The goals set by our state to ensure gender equality are to overcome the limitations of their rights and opportunities for self-realization in the private and public spheres, both at the legislative level and in real life. In order to find possible solutions to this problem, the article illustrates the main international and regional regu¬lations governing gender equality in Ukraine, analyzes the state of equality in relation to future women politicians de facto, formed possible measures to influence to ensure the observance of women’s political rights, protection of their violated rights, preventive measures and increase the influx of women into politics in Ukraine. Monitoring of existing programs for the protection of women’s suffrage has become the subject of this work, as well as an assessment of the current state of this reality in our country. The focus was on the relationship between policy officials and women who are being expelled, violated their rights, disregarded gender equality and improperly enforced electoral quotas.
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Macuka, Jekaterina. "THE MODEL OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE STATE AND RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA." Via Latgalica, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2009.2.1608.
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Models of relations between the state and religious organizations and the basic principles of their implementation are analyzed with the aim to determine which model of relations is being realized in the Republic of Latvia as well as to establish whether a model of relations, secured by a normative act, corresponds to the one implemented in practice. Within this work, the method of analysis has been used when considering the models of relations between the state and religious organizations, as well as the comparative method in the comparison of application of the basic principles of these models in the Republic of Latvia. The relations between the State and religious organizations are examined from the administratively legal and constitutionally legal aspect. The normative acts of the Republic of Latvia are discussed, as well as their mutual interaction and the collisions having sprung up between them. Laws and regulations of the Republic of Latvia are evaluated in connection with the norms of other European Union Member States, which regulate the relations between the state and religious organizations, and their experience. Evaluating the practice of other countries and the implemented models of relations between the state and religious organizations monographs and scientific papers by the scientists of the respective countries have been used. The content of international legal norms regulating freedom of religion have been analyzed as well as the requirements of the normative acts of the Republic of Latvia and their interaction. As grounds for conclusions, rulings by the court are chosen in cases where the application of legal norms is adjudicated concerning the realization of the right to the freedom of religion. Three fundamental principles are pointed out in the research basing on which the relations between the state and religious organizations are formed: association between the state and religious organizations, cooperation between the state and religious organizations and segregation between the state and religious organizations. Basing on the abovementioned principles, all models of relations between the state and religious organizations are formed. The model being implemented in a state can be determined by the regulation of the activity of religious organizations ensured with normative acts, by the range of rights of religious organizations, by peculiar features of preconditions, by the range of privileges, and by the burden of responsibilities imposed on religious organizations. To a large extent, the model of relations between the state and religious organizations depends on state traditions, historical development, distribution and impact of the definite religion within the state territory. The principle of unity between the state and religious organizations indicate the unity between them, institutions of religious organizations are identified as state institutions. Implementation of the abovementioned principle can manifest as an absolute unity between the state and church when state laws are based on definite religious norms and, in case of collisions, the principles of religious doctrine are applied. Or, within the abovementioned principle, two models of relations can be distinguished: a model of religious state and a model of state religion (church). The principle of cooperation between the state and religious organizations provides for separation of the state and religious organizations, they are functioning as autonomous subjects, religious organizations form their own structure and define their inner administration, the state on its part does not interfere in the inner affairs of religious organizations. Nevertheless, the state and religious organizations cooperate in order to achieve definite aims. Such a model of cooperation can be called the model of cooperation. In countries where the principle of separation of the state and religious organizations is in force and the model of segregation is functioning, the autonomy of religious organizations and the state are strictly separated. Each of these subjects is functioning in its own sphere, in parallel to one another. Religious organizations are not vested the rights to perform the functions of the state, and they do not receive financial support. Registration of a religious organization is the starting point where the activities of the state and of religious organizations come into contact. Registration of a religious organization is a basis for the model of relations between the state and religious organizations to be implemented in the given country. In the Republic of Latvia, the process of registration of religious organizations is regulated by the Law on Religious Organizations which provides for the order of registration of religious organizations as well as the legal status of the religious organizations to be registered; registration has a multi-stage structure. Initially, a congregation is registered as reregistrable, but later it acquires a regular status and after uniting the congregations can form a religious union (church). Religious unions (churches) have the right to establish dioceses and institutions. The next step in the mentioned chain includes religious organizations whose relations with the Republic of Latvia can be regulated by special laws. The State has established special relations with Evangelical Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Old Believer, Methodist, Baptist, Seventh-day Adventist and Moses faith (Judaist) denominations. These denominations have a peculiar status in the Republic of Latvia, the range of their rights differs from the rights of other congregations. Relations between the religious unions (churches) of these denominations and the State are regulated by special laws that define their rights and status. The Latvian Constitution (Satversme) contains a reference to the model of relations between the Republic of Latvia and religious organizations providing that the State is separated from the church. Evaluation of the features of a model of separation and its application to the relations between the Republic of Latvia and religious organizations allows to determine whether the implemented model is a model of separation or whether the relations between the State and religious organizations realized in practice belong to quite another model. The requirement for autonomy of religious organizations and the State can be regarded as satisfied, since the demand for non-interference by the State in the inner activities of religious organizations (except for the cases of violating laws) is included in the Law on Religious Organizations. Separation of religious organizations from the public rights sector presently is not being implemented. In state schools there are religious instruction lessons, religious organizations carry out religious activity in medical institutions and prisons, a service of chaplains has been established whose activity is funded from the state budget. Equality of the forms of activity of religious organizations is not guaranteed, since there exists a multi-stage registration system. A state function of performing marriage ceremonies is delegated to religious organizations. Thus, state functions are delegated to religious organizations. Besides the religious organizations are offered direct and indirect financial support which manifests in allotting tax relief as well as allocating direct grants from the state budget. The model having been established in the Republic of Latvia is a model of cooperation between the State and religious organizations. In the Constitution no state religion is provided but also no segregation of the State and religious organizations is realized. The State acknowledges the autonomy of religious organizations, however, the religious organizations receive financial support, definite functions are delegated to them, and religious organizations are operating in the public sector. Satversme lacks provisions that would truly provide that no state church exists in Latvia, but at the same time definite procedures and operations are being delegated to the church as stated by the law. The idea of amending the Satversme of the Republic of Latvia ought to be considered that would contain the provision about the model of cooperation between the State and religious organizations being realized in practice.
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CARLSON, MATTHEW, and OLA LISTHAUG. "Public Opinion on the Role of Religion in Political Leadership: A Multi-level Analysis of Sixty-three Countries." Japanese Journal of Political Science 7, no. 3 (October 26, 2006): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109906002350.
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Are there significant variations across major religious faiths about the proper political roles of religion? Using recent World Values/European Values data from 63 countries we study the attitudes of mass publics on two separate aspects of this question. First, should religious beliefs be used as a criterion for selecting political leaders (dimension I)? Second, should religious leaders use their position for political influence (dimension II)? For dimension I we find that Muslims are somewhat more likely than followers of other faiths and denominations to say that religious beliefs are important in selecting leaders. The remaining results of our investigation somewhat weaken or modify this result. On dimension II we find that Muslims do not stand out as comparatively favorable towards the view that religious leaders shall use their position for political influence. Finally, we find a negative, albeit weak and somewhat irregular effect of education on attitudes towards a close link between religion and political leadership (dimension I). However, this effect holds up equally well for Muslims as for other denominations, suggesting that Muslims are not immune to the effects of secularization.
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Voynalovych, Viktor. "MODERN RELIGIOUS SPACE OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CHALLENGES." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 27 (2020): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2020.27.7.
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The article focuses on the main trends in the revival of religion in the modern world, its active presence in global politics and international relations. It is substantiated that the religious revival at the turn of 1980-1990 in Ukraine, sharp Orthodox-Greek-Catholic and inter-Orthodox conflicts were the result of significant distortions of its institutional and confessional space caused by the party-Soviet religious policy. Special and specific signs of "return of religion" in Ukraine in the context of global religious changes, in particular, the dynamism, complexity and to this day the incompleteness of this process. The content and essential characteristics of the mutual influences of socio-cultural transformations and dynamics of changes in the religious complex of modern Ukraine, the influence of events related to the Revolution of Dignity and the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war in the East of the country are analyzed. Peculiarities of life and social positioning of the main actors of the Ukrainian religious landscape, in particular, institutions of the Orthodox complex, UGCC, Protestant denominations, Islamic community, new religious movements are revealed. A number of difficult challenges facing the newly formed Orthodox Church of Ukraine are substantiated - ensuring internal unity, minimizing conflicts, creating their own landmark projects, finding a dialogical model of church reconciliation to overcome the religious frontier of the division of Ukrainian society. The dynamics of public ideas, clear ambivalence and controversy of public consciousness in the religious aspect - from the traditionally high level of trust in religion and the church, to a steady decline in assessments of their importance in the lives of citizens and socio-political processes. Conclusions and proposals on the intensification of the state policy of nationalcivil consolidation and active involvement of religion and religious organizations in this process have been formulated.
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Mansori, Shaheen, Meysam Safari, and Zarina Mizam Mohd Ismail. "An analysis of the religious, social factors and income’s influence on the decision making in Islamic microfinance schemes." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 2 (January 2, 2020): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-03-2016-0035.
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Purpose Islamic microfinance schemes are designed and developed with the primary intention of poverty alleviation and fulfillment of the Islamic law requirements. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of religiosity, religious leader’s endorsement, social influence and income on the intention to apply for Islamic microfinance among Muslims in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on a public survey to collect primary data from various states in Malaysia. Then, structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the data set. Findings The results of SEM indicate significant roles for religiosity and religious leader’s endorsement as religion-based factors on intention to apply for microfinance products. Moreover, social influence (peer-pressure) is influential on the financial decision-making process. The authors also examined the moderation effect of gender on these relations and found that females, in comparison to males, tend to be more influenced by religious leader’s endorsement and social influence. On the other hand, male with higher religiosity tend to favour Islamic microfinance products more than females. Originality/value Findings of this study are new in many aspects, most importantly as it sheds light into the role of religiosity and religious leader’s endorsement on the decision-making process in microfinancing services.
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Ostrovskaya, Elena. "Internet Mediatization of Confession in the Orthodox Social Networking Sight vk.com." Logos et Praxis, no. 3 (December 2018): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2018.3.6.
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The mediatization of social reality, which confidently declared itself in the early 2000s, is clearly presented as a new digital dimension of religion. Religions of the historical heritage of Russia actively master modern media and digital space of the Internet, create their own media environment of religious network interactions and events, discourses concerning society. The mediatizationof religions has the effect of changing the communicative profile of religions, promoting their topics in a broad public discussion on a par with the political and economic agenda. Modern sociological analysis of religion as an integral part of society now involves the search for answers to the question about the correlation of offline measurements of religious interactions, organizations and communications with their online presentations. One of the actual directions of sociological research of the digital space of religious interaction and discourses was the concept of mediatization of religion, developed by the joint efforts of scientists of the international team "Scandinavian research network". In line with this concept, the author refers to the study of the communicative aspect of the confession of the Orthodox faithful in its offline-online dimensions. As a basic and minimal unit of religious participation, confession as an interaction presents aspects of affiliation, religious-worldview and activity involvement. Central to the consideration in this article is the problem of studying the formats of confession representation in a variety of communicative themes of the digital environment of Orthodox parishes. The study in its full volume was carried out in several stages in 2017– 2018 years. For two years the author has been conducting an offline structured observation of confession in the Orthodox churches of Ekaterinburg, processing and analysis of the results; consequently we carried out operationalization of observation units in relation to online communication confession, collected, processed and analyzedthe data. In 2018, the author undertook a study of media communication network vk.com communities of Ekaterinburg parishes, applying structured observation and qualitative content analysis. Using a continuous, multistage, quota sampling, the author has explored digital landscapes, and key communication subjects digital communication 22 vk.com communities of the parishes of Ekaterinburg. The results of our study are presented in detail and analyzed in the article.
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Shibib, Khalid. "Reforming Arab Reason." Contemporary Arab Affairs 11, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2018): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/caa.2018.00001b.
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As a humanitarian worker who was professionally involved for decades in crisis- and war-shaken countries, the author strove to understand the political, socioeconomic, and cultural factors contributing to conflicts. This contextualization, with a focus on Arab countries, confirmed what other thinkers found: the majority of political, economic, social, cultural, religious, and finally humanitarian crises in the Arab world are man-made and can be attributed to both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Central to the latter appears to be a shared cultural construct that can be termed “Arab reason.” This essay tries to present information on various aspects of the crisis; to understand why reform efforts come so late and why are they are more difficult for Arabs than for other Muslims. It continues by looking at the knowledge systems that govern Arab reason and their evolution, including the decisive role of the religious knowledge system. From there, it proposes some reform ideas including a renewed legal reasoning process with the goal of a future-oriented, knowledge-based, and inclusive Arab Islamic vision. A pragmatic way forward could be an additional unifying eighth legal school (madhhab/madhāhib) to counter sectarian conflicts and violence. This essay is built on a targeted literature search and is not a comprehensive review of the growing literature generated by distinguished thinkers on various aspects of Arab Islamic identity.
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Brage Camazano, Joaquín. "La no renovación de contrato a los profesores de religión en las escuelas públicas por falta de idoneidad canónica : autonomía de las Iglesias y aconfesionalidad del Estado vs. derechos fundamentales del trabajador : comentario a las SSTC 38/2007 y 128/2007)." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 20 (July 1, 2007): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.20.2007.6775.
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In this work, the author comments critically a recent case-law of the Constitutional Court about the cases in that the Administration doesn’t renew the yearly contract to a teacher of Catholic religion in public schools because the Bishop didn’t nominate him for that academic year because he failed to consider him a suitable teacher of religion, in part even on the basis of aspects related to his private life. In the Decision 38 of 2007, the Constitutional Court analyzes in abstract the compatibility with the Constitution of the Concordat which allows that «non renewall» of contract and it considers that this is in accordance with the Constitution but the Court lays down the demands that derive of the fundamental rights of the teacher and which should be kept in mind by the judges when enforcing this regulation to the concrete cases. In the Decision 128/2007, the Courth itself reviews a first concrete case of application of this doctrine. The Court gives great deference to the religious opinion of the Bishop when the «non renewal» is based on religious motivations in order to respect the collective freedom of religion.
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Khatib, Hakim. "Impact of perceptual biases on cultural perception towards the ‘other’: the case of Egypt versus the European Union." Contemporary Arab Affairs 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 505–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2015.1079979.
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The empirical literature has focused on political, socio-economic and even religious indicators when attempting to understand the rise of Islamic factions in Egypt, thereby minimizing the role of cultural aspects in driving mobilization and contestation processes in the Arab World. With this issue in mind, this paper focuses on the alteration of cultural perception of the public through the capitalization of perceptual biases. The contribution of European Union policies in the region has served as useful material for the Islamic rhetoric of the ‘Salafi Call’ and the Muslim Brotherhood in creating a European Union-sceptical culture to contest and mobilize for the elections in 2012 in Egypt. Based on the sixth edition of Jerald Greenberg and Robert Baron's Behavior in Organizations (London, 1997), perceptual biases of stereotyping, which may distort the image of the target collective, and comparative examples of Islamic rhetoric from the period covering the Egyptian elections will be analyzed to demonstrate how Islamic factions took advantage of these perceptual biases to disparage the ‘West’ in the region and, at the same time, to gain more sympathy, support and legitimacy from the Egyptian people. Whilst there is a significant knowledge gap about Europe in the Arab world, clouded by generalization and stereotyping, the European Union likewise lacks accurate and up-to-date information about religious movements. Religious elites constitute a significant player in altering cultural perception in the Arab region. Pragmatism of politically active religious factions increases their impact on perception of the ‘Self’ and the ‘Other’.
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Henne, Peter S. "The two swords." Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 6 (October 19, 2012): 753–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343312456225.
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Since the end of the Cold War, a global religious resurgence has transformed many aspects of world politics, including transnational activism, human rights, and terrorism. Yet, scholars still debate whether a generalizable influence of religion on interstate disputes exists. Despite significant progress in the study of religion and world politics, then, the fundamental question remains: under what conditions does the post-Cold War era’s religious resurgence influence interstate disputes? This article points to the significance of institutional religion–state connections and ideological distance between disputants to account for the varied significance of religion in interstate conflicts. Religion influences conflict behavior when there are close ties between religion and the state and when a religious state is in a dispute with a secular state, creating ideological distance between the combatants. In such instances, the dispute is more likely to involve the use of force. The article tests this theory through a quantitative analysis of interstate disputes, using a Heckman probit model for the effects of religion–state connections on dispute severity. The tests reveal that while religious–secular dyads do not experience greater risks of conflict compared to other dyads, conflicts involving religious–secular dyads are more severe than those including other dyads, even when numerous competing explanations are accounted for. The article contributes to the study of religion and politics by highlighting the political factors that increase religious effects on international relations; it also contributes to the broader study of interstate crises by demonstrating the means through which ideas can affect interstate disputes.
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Kalin, Ibrahim. "God, Life and Cosmos." American Journal of Islam and Society 17, no. 3 (October 1, 2000): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v17i3.2058.
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The international Islamabad conference titled God, Life and Cosmos:Theistic Perspectives was held in Islamabad, November 6-9, 2000.Sponsored and organized by the Center for Theology and Natural Sciences(CTNS), Berkeley, United States, Islamic Research Institute (IRI),Islamabad, Pakistan, and International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT),Islamabad, Pakistan, the conference drew over fifty scholars from the fieldsof natural sciences and religious studies. A number of interesting paperswere presented on various aspects of the relation between religion and science,and each paper was critically evaluated and responded to by a respondent.The conference commenced with the introductory remarks of MuzaffarIqbal (National Library, Alberta, Canada) and then the keynote speechwhich was delivered by William Chittick, the renowned scholar of Islamicintellectual history and Ibn Arabi. Chittick’s keynote address titled“Modem Science and the Eclipse of Tawhid” focused on the sharp contrastbetween the Islamic concept of tuwhid (Divine unity) and the secularworldview of modem science. Drawing on the traditional distinctionbetween the transmitted (naqli) and intellectual (uqli) sciences, Chittickemphasized the importance of intellectual sciences in confronting the challengesof the modem world. As respondent to Chittick‘s keynote paper,Hasan al-Shafi’i (President of the International Islamic University,Islamabad, Pakistan) further elaborated on the points raised by the keynotespeaker. The f i t day of the conference closed with a wonderful presentationabout Pakistan and its history by the son and daughter of MuzaffarIqbal, the indefitagiable convener of the conference.The papers presented at the conference touched upon nearly all of themajor aspects of the religion-science relationship: the rise of modem physicalsciences and the responses of the Islamic as well as Christian worlds,philosophy of science, modem cosmology, theory of evolution and itsmeaning for the religious worldview, history of Islamic sciences and its ...