Relevant bibliographies by topics / Relativ Hyra

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Relativ Hyra'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Relativ Hyra"

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MacCallum, Donna M., Luis Castillo, Kerstin Nather, Carol A. Munro, Alistair J. P. Brown, Neil A. R. Gow, and Frank C. Odds. "Property Differences among the Four Major Candida albicans Strain Clades." Eukaryotic Cell 8, no. 3 (January 16, 2009): 373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00387-08.

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ABSTRACT A selection of 43 Candida albicans isolates, chosen to represent the four major strain clades of the species and also intraclade diversity, was screened for their virulence in the murine intravenous challenge model of C. albicans infection, for a range of properties measurable in vitro that might relate to virulence, and for the numbers of midrepeat sequences in genes of the ALS and HYR families. Heterozygosity at the mating type locus and low whole-cell acid phosphatase activity and growth rate at 40°C were found to be significantly positively associated with the most virulent isolates. Acid phosphatase activity and growth in 2 M NaCl were statistically significant variables between clades by univariate analysis. Isolates in different clades also differed significantly in midrepeat sequence alleles of ALS2, ALS4, ALS6, ALS7, ALS9, HYR1, and HYR2. There was no association between the midrepeat alleles of any ALS or HYR gene and the virulence of isolates to mice. Genome-wide transcript profiles of 20 isolates (5 per clade) grown under two conditions showed considerable variation between individual isolates, but only a small number of genes showed statistically significant differential gene expression between clades. Analysis of the expression profiles by overall strain virulence revealed 18 open reading frames differing significantly between isolates of high, intermediate, and low virulence. Four of these genes encoded functions related to phosphate uptake and metabolism. This finding and the significant association between whole-cell acid phosphatase activity and virulence led us to disrupt PHO100, which encodes a predicted periplasmic acid phosphatase. The pho100Δ mutant was mildly but significantly attenuated in terms of survival curves in the mouse model. The study has extended the range of properties known to differ between C. albicans clades and suggests a possible but minor role of phosphate metabolism in the virulence of the species.
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Frick, Claudia, Heiko Steiner, Alex Mazurkiewicz, Ulf Riediger, Monika Rauthe, Thomas Reich, and Annegret Gratzki. "Central European high-resolution gridded daily data sets (HYRAS): Mean temperature and relative humidity." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2014/0560.

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Skibinski, David A. G., Paul Golby, Yung-Sheng Chang, Frank Sargent, Ralf Hoffman, R. Harper, John R. Guest, Margaret M. Attwood, Ben C. Berks, and Simon C. Andrews. "Regulation of the Hydrogenase-4 Operon of Escherichia coli by the σ54-Dependent Transcriptional Activators FhlA and HyfR." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 23 (December 1, 2002): 6642–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.23.6642-6653.2002.

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ABSTRACT The hyf locus (hyfABCDEFGHIJ-hyfR-focB) of Escherichia coli encodes a putative 10-subunit hydrogenase complex (hydrogenase-4 [Hyf]); a potential σ54-dependent transcriptional activator, HyfR (related to FhlA); and a putative formate transporter, FocB (related to FocA). In order to gain insight into the physiological role of the Hyf system, we investigated hyf expression by using a hyfA-lacZ transcriptional fusion. This work revealed that hyf is induced under fermentative conditions by formate at a low pH and in an FhlA-dependent fashion. Expression was σ54 dependent and was inhibited by HycA, the negative transcriptional regulator of the formate regulon. Thus, hyf expression resembles that of the hyc operon. Primer extension analysis identified a transcriptional start site 30 bp upstream of the hyfA structural gene, with appropriately located −24 and −12 boxes indicative of a σ54-dependent promoter. No reverse transcriptase PCR product could be detected for hyfJ-hyfR, suggesting that hyfR-focB may be independently transcribed from the rest of the hyf operon. Expression of hyf was strongly induced (∼1,000-fold) in the presence of a multicopy plasmid expressing hyfR from a heterologous promoter. This induction was dependent on low pH, anaerobiosis, and postexponential growth and was weakly enhanced by formate. The hyfR-expressing plasmid increased fdhF-lacZ transcription just twofold but did not influence the expression of hycB-lacZ. Interestingly, inactivation of the chromosomal hyfR gene had no effect on hyfA-lacZ expression. Purified HyfR was found to specifically interact with the hyf promoter/operator region. Inactivation of the hyf operon had no discernible effect on growth under the range of conditions tested. No Hyf-derived hydrogenase or formate dehydrogenase activity could be detected, and no Ni-containing protein corresponding to HyfG was observed.
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Zapletal, David, Petra Jakešová, Eliška Žáková, Vlastimil Šimek, and Eva Straková. "Growth performance, mortality and body and carcass characteristics of rabbit fatteners related to crossbreeding of Mecklenburger Schecke sires with dam line of HYLA rabbits." Czech Journal of Animal Science 65, No. 9. (September 30, 2020): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/192/2020-cjas.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of crossing Mecklenburger Schecke (MS) males with the maternal commercial line of HYLA rabbits on the growth performance, mortality and body and carcass components of fattened rabbits under intensive farming conditions. The control (C) group consisted of albino crossbred rabbits of the HYLA combination AB sires × CD dams. The tested (T) group (MS sires × HYLA CD dams) consisted of rabbit crosses between the MS sires and the same dam line as in the C group. Rabbits of both groups were raised and fattened under identical nutritional and management conditions. The crossing of MS males with the maternal line of HYLA rabbits led to the acceptable growth performance of rabbits in the T group. The higher slaughter weight of rabbits in the T group as compared to rabbits in the C group (P < 0.01) as associated with the higher weight of hot carcass and higher proportions of fore and intermediate parts of carcass (P < 0.01). On the contrary, HYLA rabbits had a higher proportion of the hind part of carcass (P < 0.001); yields of hind leg meat and musculus longissimus thoracis et lumborum were not influenced by the genotype. However, since higher mortality was found in rabbits of the T group during fattening, it is not possible to recommend the MS breed as a common sire line used under conditions of intensive farming at this moment. Regarding the rabbit sex, slaughtered females showed a higher proportion of liver and a lower dressing percentage associated with the worse carcass compactness compared to males.
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Smith, K. M., L. Gee, and H. R. Bode. "HyAlx, an aristaless-related gene, is involved in tentacle formation in hydra." Development 127, no. 22 (November 15, 2000): 4743–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.22.4743.

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Developmental gradients are known to play important roles in axial patterning in hydra. Current efforts are directed toward elucidating the molecular basis of these gradients. We report the isolation and characterization of HyAlx, an aristaless-related gene in hydra. The expression patterns of the gene in adult hydra, as well as during bud formation, head regeneration and the formation of ectopic head structures along the body column, indicate the gene plays a role in the specification of tissue for tentacle formation. The use of RNAi provides more direct evidence for this conclusion. The different patterns of HyAlx expression during head regeneration and bud formation also provide support for a recent version of a reaction-diffusion model for axial patterning in hydra.
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CARAMASCHI, ULISSES, and HELIANNE DE NIEMEYER. "The nomenclatural status of Rana gaimardii Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828, and Hyla quoyi Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828 (Anura, Hylidae)." Zootaxa 2655, no. 1 (October 25, 2010): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2655.1.5.

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The nomenclatural status of Rana gaimardii Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828, and Hyla quoyi Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828 (Anura, Hylidae) are discussed. Rana gaimardii and its combination Hyla gaimardi, a nomen oblitum under Article 23.9.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, may be removed from the synonymy of Hypsiboas boans (Linnaeus, 1758) and included in the synonymy of Hypsiboas faber (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) to improve the geographic distribution of both species. Hyla quoyi Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828, considered by Frost (2010) as incertae sedis in the Hylinae and as a nomen oblitum under the Article 23.9.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, if available would replace the well established name Hypsiboas prasinus (Burmeister, 1856); therefore, to improve the nomenclatural status of both species, Hyla quoyi must be included in the synonymy of H. prasinus as a nomen oblitum. Hypsiboas prasinus is a nomen protectum relative to Hyla quoyi, a nomen oblitum.
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Koizumi, Osamu. "Developmental neurobiology of hydra, a model animal of cnidarians." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 1678–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-134.

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Hydra belongs to the class Hydrozoa in the phylum Cnidaria. Hydra is a model animal whose cellular and developmental data are the most abundant among cnidarians. Hence, I discuss the developmental neurobiology of hydra. The hydra nerve net is a mosaic of neural subsets expressing a specific neural phenotype. The developmental dynamics of the nerve cells are unique. Neurons are produced continuously by differentiation from interstitial multipotent stem cells. These neurons are continuously displaced outwards along with epithelial cells and are sloughed off at the extremities. However, the spatial distribution of each neural subset is maintained. Mechanisms related to these phenomena, i.e., the position-dependent changes in neural phenotypes, are proposed. Nerve-net formation in hydra can be examined in various experimental systems. The conditions of nerve-net formation vary among the systems, so we can clarify the control factors at the cellular level by comparing nerve-net formation in different systems. By large-scale screening of peptide signal molecules, peptide molecules related to nerve-cell differentiation have been identified. The LPW family, composed of four members sharing common N-terminal L(or I)PW, inhibits nerve-cell differentiation in hydra. In contrast, Hym355 (FPQSFLPRG-NH3) activates nerve differentiation in hydra. LPWs are epitheliopeptides, whereas Hym355 is a neuropeptide. In the hypostome of hydra, a unique neuronal structure, the nerve ring, is observed. This structure shows the nerve association of neurites. Exceptionally, the tissue containing the nerve ring shows no tissue displacement during the tissue flow that involves the whole body. The neurons in the nerve ring show little turnover, although nerve cells in all other regions turn over continuously. These associations and quiet dynamics lead me to think that the nerve ring has features similar to those of the central nervous system in higher animals.
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DARMER, Dorothea, Frank HAUSER, Hans-Peter NOTHACKER, Thomas C. G. BOSCH, Michael WILLIAMSON, and Cornelis J. P. GRIMMELIKHUIJZEN. "Three different prohormones yield a variety of Hydra-RFamide (Arg-Phe-NH2) neuropeptides in Hydra magnipapillata." Biochemical Journal 332, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3320403.

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The freshwater polyp Hydra is the most frequently used model for the study of development in cnidarians. Recently we isolated four novel Arg-Phe-NH2 (RFamide) neuropeptides, the Hydra-RFamides I–IV, from Hydra magnipapillata. Here we describe the molecular cloning of three different preprohormones from H. magnipapillata, each of which gives rise to a variety of RFamide neuropeptides. Preprohormone A contains one copy of unprocessed Hydra-RFamide I (QWLGGRFG), II (QWFNGRFG), III/IV [(KP)HLRGRFG] and two putative neuropeptide sequences (QLMSGRFG and QLMRGRFG). Preprohormone B has the same general organization as preprohormone A, but instead of unprocessed Hydra-RFamide III/IV it contains a slightly different neuropeptide sequence [(KP)HYRGRFG]. Preprohormone C contains one copy of unprocessed Hydra-RFamide I and seven additional putative neuropeptide sequences (with the common N-terminal sequence QWF/LSGRFGL). The two Hydra-RFamide II copies (in preprohormones A and B) are preceded by Thr residues, and the single Hydra-RFamide III/IV copy (in preprohormone A) is preceded by an Asn residue, confirming that cnidarians use unconventional processing signals to generate neuropeptides from their precursor proteins. Southern blot analyses suggest that preprohormones A and B are each coded for by a single gene, whereas one or possibly two closely related genes code for preprohormone C. Northern blot analyses and in situ hybridizations show that the gene coding for preprohormone A is expressed in neurons of both the head and foot regions of Hydra, whereas the genes coding for preprohormones B and C are specifically expressed in neurons of different regions of the head. All of this shows that neuropeptide biosynthesis in the primitive metazoan Hydra is already rather complex.
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Nykolay, Alice, and Aiman Shahid. "Immortal Hydra as a Model Organism for Metal Toxicity Studies." Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/sciential.v1i2.2136.

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Toxicology is an interdisciplinary scientific field that explores the impact, epidemiology, and treatment regimens for exposure to various toxic compounds and elements. Many toxicants such as metals have not yet been comprehensively examined, and a plethora of metal-related conditions are currently untreatable. Hydra is an immortal freshwater organism that serves as an excellent model for toxicity studies due to its natural availability, anatomical simplicity, yet comparatively complex physiology. This review will examine the significance of hydra toxicity studies, outline current experimental designs, as well as summarize the most commonly tested metals. Altogether, comprehensive toxicity studies on Hydra might provide promising breakthroughs in the understanding of toxicity-related physiology, and can be applied to clinical research and practice to ultimately improve health and wellbeing of those affected by metal-related disorders.
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Schlaepfer, D. D., H. R. Bode, and H. T. Haigler. "Distinct cellular expression pattern of annexins in Hydra vulgaris." Journal of Cell Biology 118, no. 4 (August 15, 1992): 911–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.118.4.911.

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The annexins are a structurally related family of Ca2+ and phospholipid binding proteins whose function has not been clearly defined. Further investigations of annexin function may be enhanced by studying simpler organisms that express fewer annexin gene products. We previously characterized annexin XII from the freshwater cnidarian Hydra vulgaris (Schlaepfer, D. D., D. A. Fisher, M. E. Brandt, H. R. Bode, J. Jones, and H. T. Haigler. 1992. J. Biol. Chem. 267:9529-9539). In this report, we detected one other hydra annexin (40 kD) by screening hydra cell extracts with antibodies raised against peptides from highly conserved regions of known annexins. The 40-kD protein was expressed at less than 1% of annexin XII levels. These biochemical studies indicate that hydra contain a very limited number of annexin gene products. The cellular hydra annexin distribution was analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence. Using affinity-purified antibodies to annexin XII, the epithelial battery cells were stained throughout the tentacle. A lower level of annexin XII staining was detected in peduncle region epithelial cells. No other cell types showed detectable annexin XII staining. The anti-peptide antibody that specifically detected the 40-kD hydra annexin, maximally stained the cytoplasm of nematocytes. The immunofluorescent results showed that annexin XII and the 40-kD annexin were not co-expressed in the same cells. Since the hydra annexins localized to specific subsets of the total hydra cell types, it is likely that these proteins perform specialized biological roles, and not general "housekeeping" functions which are part of the essential molecular machinery of all cells.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Relativ Hyra"

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Elfving, Ralf. "Bostadsrätt eller hyresrätt – är valet lätt? : En undersökning om relativ kostnad mellan hyresrätter och fullt belånade bostadsrätter." Thesis, University of Kalmar, Baltic Business School, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-378.

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Ett boende fyller ett grundläggande behov hos individer och det är ur många perspektiv intressant att studera bostadsmarknaden. Värdering av bostadssrätter kan göras på många sätt, till exempel genom jämförelser med andra objekt. Om en bostadsrätt köpt med full belåning är billigare än em jämförbar hyresrätt, mätt i nettokostnad per månad, kan denna antas vara undervärderad, och tvärtom.

Syftet med denna uppsats är tvådelad. Dels att undersöka om bostadsrätter i Kalmar är övervärderade utifrån en jämförelse mellan månadskostnaden för simulerat fullt belånade bostadsrätter och likvärdiga hyresrätter samt att utifrån undersökningen konstruera en relativ metod att värdera bostadsrätter, i linje med det första delsyftet.

Uppsatsen är av kvantitativ art då den främst bygger på numeriska jämförelser mellan, eller baserade på olika kvantitativa mått hos bostadsrätter och hyresrätter, till exempel hyra och bostadsyta. Referenramen utgår i huvudsak från böcker i företagsekonomi och nationalekonomi och vissa kompletteringar har gjorts med källor på Internet och i intervju med individer kopplade till branschen. Studien baseras på sekundärdata inhämtad från aktörer kopplade till bostadsbranschen, och merparten av denna data är kvantitativ redan vid inhämtandet vilket eliminerar risk för subjektiv tolkning. Uppsatsens reliabilitet upplevs av författaren som god trots att den främst påverkas av instabilitet i två huvudkomponenter som identifierats: urval och förändring över tid i den insamlade datan. Likaså validiteten anses av författaren som tillräcklig trots att vissa metodval som gjorts kan påverka resultatet.

Utifrån de förutsättningar och de bostadsobjekt som uppsatsen bygger på är det i 87 % av fallen dyrare att köpa sin bostadsrätt med full belåning jämfört att hyra en jämförbar hyresrätt i Kalmar. Detta visar uppsatsen dels mätt i månadskostnad och dels i en relativ värdering. Resultaten anses vara generaliserbara för områdena som uppsatsen behandlar trots att endast 78 bostadsrätter, vilket motsvarar 1,3 % av det totala antalet, i den mån att relativt stora förändringar krävs för att resultatet ska förändras dramatiskt.

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Edman, Fanny, and Axel Persson. "Effektiv standardhöjning ur ett Malmöperspektiv." Thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170173.

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Hyressättningen i Sverige har de senaste decennierna utstått kritik för sin icke-konkreta struktur. Som svar, infördes år 2003 en ny modell för hyresprissättning av lägenheter i Malmö. Modellen fick namnet Malmömodellen och består av 180 parametrar som värderar lägenheter utifrån standard och läge. Parametervärden kombinerat med typ och yta av lägenhet definierar riktlinjen för vilken hyra fastighetsägare har rätt att debitera hyresgästen. Malmömodellen har givit en väldefinierad utgångspunkt för hyressättning men också tydliggjort var extra intäkter kan genereras genom investeringar i befintliga fastighetsbestånd - via så kallade standardhöjningar. Investeringarna värderas enligt Malmömodellen i proportion till lägenhetens storlek. Fastighetsbranschen, som kännetecknas av långsiktig förvaltning har i allmänhet inte insett modellens fulla värde. Kännedomen anses låg inom sektorn och bolagen använder förenklade prismodeller som är enklare att överse men som inte alltid är optimala för vinstmaximering. Standardhöjning kräver hyresgästens godkännande. Baserat på statistiskt data avseende tidigare erbjudande av standardhöjning har betalningsviljan i förhållande till typ och storlek på lägenhet undersökts och modellerats. Resultatet visar en högre betalningsvilja i större lägenheter vilket innebär förlorad avkastning vid en jämnt fördelad prisstrategi i fastighetsbestånd med stora lägenheter. Rapporten visar att det för varje fastighet finns en optimal prisstrategi för standardhöjning som är en kombination av Malmömodellens riktlinjer och den förenklade prismodellen. Priset bör bestå av en rörlig del proportionerlig mot den relativa hyran och en fast del. Den optimala prisstrategin beror på lägenhetsfördelning i fastigheten, betalningsvilja och investeringskostnad. Vidare kritiseras Malmömodellen för att dess transperens missgynnar nödvändiga investeringar med låg avkastning. Framförallt missgynnas socialt utsatta områden där betalningsviljan är låg. Diskussionen kretsar också kring för och nackdelar utifrån de nationalekonomiska effekter som ett reglerat pristak skapar.
Rental pricing in Sweden have endured criticism the latest decades due to its non-concrete structure. As an answer to this, in year 2003, Malmö introduced a new model for valuing rental prices for apartments. The model was named Malmömodellen and consists of 180 parameters valuing apartment standard and location. The parameter-value combined with type of apartment and size defines the guidelines for allowed pricing by landlords. The model has well defined the basis for rents but also highlighted were extra revenue can be generated through investments in existing holdings - by so called Standardhöjning. The Swedish real estate sector is characterized by longterm management and has not yet recognized the full potential in the model. Companies are applying simplified models, which are easier to overlook but not always optimal in terms of profit maximization. Investments in apartmens is conditioned by the tenants acceptence. Based on statistical data regarding earlier offering of standardhöjning, the willingness to pay in relationship to type and size of apartments has been analyzed and modelled. The result shows that the willingness to pay is higher in larger apartments which implies that revenue is being lost by applying a simplified model. The report shows that for every property there is an optimal pricing strategy which is a combination of the guidelines in Malmömodellen and a simplified model. The price should consist of a floating part proportional to the size of the apartment and a fixed part. The optimal pricing stragy depends on the distribution of apartments within the property and the investment cost. The model is further criticized due to its transparency disfavouring necessary investments with low returns. This especially penalize socially vurnable areas were the willingness to pay is low. The discussion takes into consideration the pros and cons regarding the economic effects of a regulated price cap.
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Magolan, Benjamin Lawrence. "Implementation of a non-linear eddy viscosity turbulence model into Hydra-TH for fuel related applications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103701.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 91-93).
A quadratic [kappa]-[epsilon]non-linear eddy viscosity model (NLEVM) has been implemented into Hydra-TH, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software being developed to support the nuclear reactor thermal-hydraulics modeling and simulation needs of the CASL program. This model adopts a non-linear extension of the stress-strain relationship that allows it to capture the anisotropy of flow conditions. Modeling this behavior is essential for the accurate simulation and prediction of the flow profile in fuel rod arrays, where secondary flow vortices arise and act to modify the flow profile. The quadratic model formulation in the greater context of Reynolds-Averaged Navier- Stokes (RANS) turbulence modeling is first presented. This is followed by a discussion of the key aspects of the standard and quadratic [kappa]-[epsilon] model implementations, which have been incorporated into the Hydra-TH source code to supplement the already fully-functioning RNG [kappa]-[epsilon] model. The three [kappa]-[epsilon] model variants are then applied to the 'classic' engineering test cases of flow in a square duct and a U-channel bend in order to highlight the relative merits and deficiencies of the quadratic model. Next, the quadratic model is validated on triangular and square rod fuel array test cases that are representative of the flow profile that develops in nuclear reactor subchannels. This thesis concludes with a rigorous sensitivity study of the triangular fuel rod array simulations, whereby guidelines and best practices for the quadratic model's use for nuclear fuel related applications are derived.
by Benjamin Lawrence Magolan.
S.M.
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Books on the topic "Relativ Hyra"

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W, Singleton Jon, and Manitoba. Office of the Auditor General., eds. Investigation of Hydra House Ltd. and a review of the related Department of Family Services and Housing financial accountability framework. [Winnipeg]: Office of the Auditor General, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Relativ Hyra"

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Corniello, Luigi, Andronira Burda, Adriana Trematerra, Davide Carleo, Angelo De cicco, Martina Gargiulo, Fabiana Guerriero, and Gennaro Pio Lento. "The monastic heritage in the Saronic gulf (Greece). Architectural and environmental surveys of the architecture and coastline." In Proceedings e report, 28–37. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.04.

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The research itinerary is aimed at getting to know the monastic complexes in the Saronic Gulf (Greece) with operations of an investigative nature, to which are added references on religious and environmental themes which, in relation to architecture, expose the compositional and structural beauty of the Greek coastline. The study presents the survey of some Monasteries in the Saronic Gulf in southern Greece, such as the Monastery of the Spring Fountain on the island of Poros, the Monastery of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary on the island of Hydra and the Monastery of St. Nicholas in Spetses.
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Neves, Marcelo. "Introduction." In Constitutionalism and the Paradox of Principles and Rules, 1–9. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898746.003.0001.

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This Introduction deals foremost with the inversion of Ronald Dworkin’s metaphor of the ‘Judge Hercules’. According to him, this ideal judge is related primarily to principles and has the main task of closing the legal reasoning in the ‘hard cases’. In my view principles are primarily associated with the Judge Hydra, who has the key function of opening the argumentation chain to the overcomplex societal environment of law. In turn, the Judge Hercules is linked mainly to rules and has the mission of closing the legal reasoning with a ruling of the case. My assumption is that the paradox of modern constitutional law lies in the relation of tension and complementarity between Herculean rules and Hydra-like principles. In this Introduction, I also point out the ambiguity and vagueness of the word ‘principle’ in the different social and cultural fields as well as within the legal and constitutional realm. Then, I depart in advance from different uses of this word, clarifying that the focus of my book is the relation between constitutional principles and rules in the legal and constitutional theory of the turn from the twentieth century to the twenty-first century. Finally, I present briefly the book chapters.
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Neves, Marcelo. "Final Comment." In Constitutionalism and the Paradox of Principles and Rules, 164–68. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898746.003.0006.

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The final chapter deals with the metaphor expressed in the book’s subtitle, in order to consider what type of judge is best prepared to face and overcome the paradox of the relation between principles and rules in each concrete case: Judge Hercules or Judge Hydra? The answer will ultimately be the following: neither of them, but instead Judge Iolaus. Based on this metaphor, the paradox of constitutional principles and constitutional rules is presented as a special case of the paradox of justice in terms of systems theory: the paradoxical relationship between closure and consistency of legal system and its openness and adequacy to society. Rules relate primarily to the closure and consistency of law and principles concern primarily its openness and adequacy to society. While the former are associated predominately to the formal argumentation, the latter are linked first and foremost to the substantive argumentation. In this way, the ideas of ‘a single right answer’ and of optimizing balancing are rejected head on, and the precariousness of legal rationality is affirmed.
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Neves, Marcelo. "Through the Still Dominant Models of Division Between Constitutional Principles and Rules." In Constitutionalism and the Paradox of Principles and Rules, 39–71. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898746.003.0003.

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This chapter initially examines the philosophical background of the dominant model for understanding constitutional principles and rules. Thereafter, it analyses this model, paying special attention to two of its trends that build on the works of Ronald Dworkin and Robert Alexy. Dworkin’s idea of ‘a single right answer’ for legal or constitutional questions and the Alexy’s conception of optimizing balancing are questioned. The connection between principles and the ideal judge Hercules proposed by Dworkin is objected to, and the idea that principles are related to the Hydra and the rules to Hercules is outlined. The model of proportionality developed by Alexy is also questioned. This chapter is divided into three sections: moral-philosophical background of the turn in the theory of legal principles; all-or-nothing versus dimension of weight (Ronald Dworkin); and definitive reasons versus optimization requirements (Robert Alexy).
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Pinfari, Marco. "The Abominables." In Terrorists as Monsters, 27–52. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927875.003.0002.

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This chapter explores the use of monster metaphors in framing “terrorist” actors since the French Revolution. While acknowledging that these metaphors effectively present the “terrorist” as an abject “other,” it argues that the main purpose of the use of monster imagery in framing “terrorists” is to highlight their unmanageability, which may be instrumental in securing popular backing for specific types of rule-breaking behavior in counterterrorism. It presents these arguments while reviewing examples drawn from the origins of modern terrorism in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These include the gorgon Medusa, which appears for instance in relation to Robespierre’s “Reign of Terror,” and the many-headed hydra—one of the oldest metaphors for representing unruly behavior that proves unmanageable. It then introduces another type of unmanageable monster that would become particularly popular to frame terrorists—Frankenstein’s monster—and its use in the late nineteenth century to frame Irish nationalism.
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Martin, Meredith. "The Trauma of Meter." In The Rise and Fall of Meter. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691152738.003.0006.

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This chapter shows how metrical poetry was used as an allegory for order, and examines in particular the metrical cultures of the Craiglockhart War Hospital. Reading early psychological and sociological theories by W. H. R. Rivers and Arthur Brock, it relates how treatments for shell shock included writing metrical poetry. Poems written in or inspired by time in the hospital, as well as the letters and articles published in the hospital magazine The Hydra, show how soldiers turned to writing as therapy. The chapter illustrate how poets reconfigured metrical form as an artificial yet necessary order, one to which their identities as English soldiers and subjects were bound. It recontextualizes First World War poets as the products of Edwardian and Georgian metrical culture and as sites for reinterpreting the nuances of meter's narrative in the early twentieth century. The fact that these poems occupy a middle ground between the aesthetic and the political, bridging the divide that the school system helped foster between “poetry” and “verse,” complicates the stability of each category.
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Conference papers on the topic "Relativ Hyra"

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O’Dowd, D. O., Q. Zhang, I. Usandizaga, L. He, and P. M. Ligrani. "Transonic Turbine Blade Tip Aero-Thermal Performance With Different Tip Gaps: Part II—Tip Aerodynamic Loss." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22780.

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Blade tip aerodynamic loss results from experimental and numerical investigations are presented for engine representative conditions downstream of a blade row with an exit Mach number Mexit of 1.0, and an exit Reynolds number Reexit of 1.27×106 (based on axial chord). These results are presented for three different tip gaps of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 percent relative to engine-equivalent blade span. Experimental data are obtained by traversing a specially-made and calibrated three-hole pressure probe as well as a single-hole probe one axial chord downstream of the blade within the Oxford High Speed Linear Cascade research facility. Three-dimensional RANS CFD numerical predictions are conducted using the Rolls-Royce HYDRA numerical prediction code for steady flow with the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Included are detailed distributions of stagnation pressure losses, and pitch-wise flow angle. Local total pressure data and mass-averaged total pressure loss coefficients show that the strength of the tip leakage vortex decreases as the tip gap decreases. Magnitudes of the pitch-wise flow angle increase within over-tip leakage vortices, as these vortices become stronger and the tip leakage flow increases. The most important difference between experimental and numerical results is in relation to the passage vortex signatures, which are more apparent for all three tip gap values within the numerical results. The effects of relative casing motion and tip clearance are also examined and discussed, and show that the relative casing movement has a relatively small impact on the size of the over-tip leakage vortex at the medium (1.0% of span) and large (1.5% of span) tip gaps, with more noticeable impact at the smallest tip gap (0.5% of span).
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O’Dowd, D. O., Q. Zhang, L. He, M. L. G. Oldfield, P. M. Ligrani, B. C. Y. Cheong, and I. Tibbott. "Aero-Thermal Performance of a Winglet at Engine Representative Mach and Reynolds Numbers." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22794.

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This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the aero-thermal performance of an uncooled winglet tip, under transonic conditions. Spatially-resolved heat transfer data, including winglet tip surface and near tip side walls, are obtained using the transient infrared thermography technique within the Oxford High Speed Linear Cascade test facility. CFD predictions are also conducted using the Rolls-Royce HYDRA suite. Most of the spatial heat transfer variations on the tip surface are well-captured by the CFD solver. The transonic flow pattern and its influence on heat transfer are analyzed, which shows that the turbine blade tip heat transfer is greatly influenced by the shock wave structure inside the tip gap. The effect of the casing relative motion is also numerically investigated. The CFD results indicate that the local heat transfer distribution on the tip is affected by the relative casing motion, but the tip flow choking and shock wave structure within the tip gap still exist in the aft region of the blade.
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Virdi, A. S., Q. Zhang, L. He, H. D. Li, and R. Hunsley. "Aerothermal Performance of Shroudless Turbine Blade Tips With Effects of Relative Casing Motion." In ASME 2013 Turbine Blade Tip Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/tbts2013-2021.

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Recent work has indicated qualitatively different heat transfer characteristics between a transonic blade tip and a subsonic one. High resolution experimental data can be acquired for blade tip heat transfer research using a high speed linear cascade. While recognising an important role played by the cascade tests in validating computational models at the same conditions, some questions arise in relation to the effects of relative casing motion: 1) Does the relative casing movement change the main flow physics influencing the blade tip aerothermal performance? 2) Can a cascade set up with stationary casing wall rank different designs? 3) How do the effects of the casing motion depend on tip design configurations? A combined experimental and CFD study on several high pressure blade tip configurations is conducted to address these issues. Firstly, extensive experimental tests with aerodynamic loss and heat transfer measurement in a high speed linear cascade have been carried out for a squealer tip configuration at engine representative aerodynamic conditions. A systematic validation of the CFD solver (Rolls-Royce HYDRA) is presented, which serves as a basis for the computational analyses of the effects of the relative casing motion. Two tip configurations (squealer and flat tip) at three tip gaps (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% span) are analysed. The main aerodynamic impact of the casing motion is seen to promote the passage vortex, which consequently supresses the pitchwise reach of the tip leakage vortex. Inside the tip gap, the behaviour is dominated by the extra wall friction in relation of the inertia of the bulk fluid through the gap. As such, the moving casing effect is particularly strong for the flat tip at a small tip gap. For the large and medium tip gaps, both stationary and moving casing results are shown to consistently capture the trends in overall aerothermal performances. The present results confirm that even with relative casing motion, there is still a significant portion of transonic flow over a blade tip. For both the stationary and moving casing cases, the gap dependence of the over-tip heat transfer shows opposite trends for the transonic and subsonic regions respectively. The gap dependence of the blade tip heat transfer is shown to be clearly dependent on tip geometry configurations, as the bulk flow in a squealer cavity is subsonic regardless of the tip gap size, whilst the local flow state over a flat tip is much more responsive to the change of gap size.
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Schlaps, R. C., S. Shahpar, and V. Gümmer. "Automatic Three-Dimensional Optimisation of a Modern Tandem Compressor Vane." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26762.

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In order to increase the performance of a modern gas turbine, compressors are required to provide higher pressure ratio and avoid incurring higher losses. The tandem aerofoil has the potential to achieve a higher blade loading in combination with lower losses compared to single vanes. The main reason for this is due to the fact that a new boundary layer is generated on the second blade surface and the turning can be achieved with smaller separation occurring. The lift split between the two vanes with respect to the overall turning is an important design choice. In this paper an automated three-dimensional optimisation of a highly loaded compressor stator is presented. For optimisation a novel methodology based on the Multipoint Approximation Method (MAM) is used. MAM makes use of an automatic design of experiments, response surface modelling and a trust region to represent the design space. The CFD solutions are obtained with the high-fidelity 3D Navier-Stokes solver HYDRA. In order to increase the stage performance the 3D shape of the tandem vane is modified changing both the front and rear aerofoils. Moreover the relative location of the two aerofoils is controlled modifying the axial and tangential relative positions. It is shown that the novel optimisation methodology is able to cope with a large number of design parameters and produce designs which performs better than its single vane counterpart in terms of efficiency and numerical stall margin. One of the key challenges in producing an automatic optimisation process has been the automatic generation of high-fidelity computational meshes. The multi block-structured, high-fidelity meshing tool PADRAM is enhanced to cope with the tandem blade topologies. The wakes of each aerofoil is properly resolved and the interaction and the mixing of the front aerofoil wake and the second tandem vane are adequately resolved.
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Carnie, Greg, Yibin Wang, Ning Qin, and Shahrokh Shahpar. "Design Optimisation of Casing Grooves Using the Zipper Layer Meshing Method." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45483.

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In an earlier paper by the authors [1], a buffer layer method for linking two non-matching structured meshes was introduced for computational simulation of multi-component geometries, each requiring high quality structured meshes. Based on the work, a new algorithm, named the zipper layer method [2], has been developed to link multi-block meshes for gas turbine applications. Numerical results for a turbomachinery rotor flow case are included to demonstrate the solution behaviour across the zipper layer. In the present paper, we will report our work on the optimisation of the casing groove geometries in relation to stall margin and efficiency of a transonic rotor using this new meshing methodology. Six grooves are parameterised by their independent depths and a width to gap ratio. An advanced response surface method based on Sobol Design of Experiment (DoE) and Krigging Response Surface Model (RSM) are used for the optimisation. A leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) method is used to calculate the quality of the response surface metric. The final optimized groove configuration was obtained through an optimisation cycle using the Rolls-Royce SOPHY (SOFT-PADRAM-HYDRA) software [3], which not only improves the Stall Margin (SM) of the rotor but also maintains its peak efficiency. The optimized grooves on the casing side show large variations in their depth from upstream to downstream of the rotor.
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