Academic literature on the topic 'Relative adverb'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Relative adverb.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Relative adverb"
1
Cohen, Ariel. "Fronted quantificational adverbs." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.35.2004.222.
Full textAbstract:
Fronting a noun phrase changes the focus structure of a sentence. Therefore, it may affect truth conditions, since some operators, in particular quantificational adverbs, are sensitive to focus. However, the position of the quantificational adverb itself, hence its informational status, is usually assumed not to have any semantic effect. In this paper I discuss a reading of some quantificational adverbs, the relative reading, which disappears if the adverb is fronted. I propose that this reading relies not only on focus, but on B-accent (fall-rise intonation) as well. A fronted Q-adverb is usually pronounced with a B-accent; since only one element can be B-accented, this means that the scope of the adverb contains no B-accented material, hence no relative readings. Thus, the effects of fronting range more widely than is usually assumed, and quantificational adverbs are a useful tool with which to investigate these effects.
2
Gheorghe, Mihaela. "Free Choice-Free Relative Clauses of the Type “Indiferent + Wh-” in Romanian." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 65, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.13.
Full textAbstract:
Free Choice-Free Relative Clauses of the Type “Indiferent + Wh-” in Romanian. The hypothesis of this paper is that the inventory of the free choice items in Romanian can be extended by including, along with the indefinites and the wh- compounds with ori-, a complex structure consisting of the adverb indiferent (‘regardless’) plus a wh-item. Based on syntactic tests, the paper suggests a line of interpretation according to which two patterns of relative clauses are possible with indiferent followed by a wh-item: (i) a headed relative clause licenced by a PP (de) which is syntactically required by the adverb indiferent, and (ii) a pattern in which the preposition de is covert, and the adverb functions as a quantifier that takes scope over the relative node; the clause is adjoined to the matrix together with the adverbial. We are dealing, therefore, with a free relative endowed with the free choice semantics of the adverb. In contexts of this type, the adverb indiferent seems to act like an additive particle to the wh-items, in a semantically similar way in which the prefix ori- contributes to the meaning of the complex free choice wh-words in Romanian. This hypothesis is also supported by the fact that the group formed by indiferent + wh-items is also occurrent in constructions with the ellipsis of the VP in the relative clause, a fact that strengthens the parallelism with the free choice items available in Romanian.
3
SOBIN, NICHOLAS. "The Comp-trace effect, the adverb effect and minimal CP." Journal of Linguistics 38, no. 3 (November 2002): 527–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226702001652.
Full textAbstract:
Recent work has ascribed the adverb effect, the reduction or elimination of the that-trace effect by the addition of an adverbial phrase, to an elaborated CP layer. However, additional observations about a variety of adverb effects with both positive and negative effects on acceptability, including some experimental data, suggest that (i) adverbs may undergo lexical adjunction to a complementizer and (ii) the CP layer may be contracting or folding in rather than expanding. This proposal facilitates explanation of an array of facts including the Comp-trace effect, the adverb effect and other aspects of the behavior of complementizers in relative constructions and in complement constructions.
4
BOUCHAREB, Sonia. "L’EMPLOI EXCLAMATIF DE A QUEL POINT." FRANCISOLA 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/francisola.v2i2.9403.
Full textAbstract:
RÉSUMÉ. La locution adverbiale à quel point appartient à une sous-classe particulière d’adverbes appelés adverbes de quantité, tout comme l’adverbe combien, qui sert souvent à la gloser. Cette classification établie à partir du trait sémantique fondamental de degré, permet de présenter les propriétés générales communes aux adverbes de quantité mais non d’en saisir les particularités. L’objectif de ce présent travail est donc d’élaborer une description minutieuse centrée sur à quel point (emploi exclamatif) afin de saisir les spécificités syntaxiques, distributionnelles et sémantiques de ce marqueur exclamatif. Pour ce faire, nous avons procédé par induction en rassemblant un corpus attesté, en français contemporain, représentatif des différents emplois exclamatifs de à quel point. L’observation des données rassemblées nous a permis, en autres, de montrer que, bien qu’appartenant à une même classe grammaticale et sémantique (adverbe indiquant le degré), à quel point et combien ont des fonctionnements syntaxiques différents et des sens en emploi fort singuliers. Mots-clés : adverbe, conformité, degré, évaluation, intensité, quantité, seuil.ABSTRACT. It is commonly acknowledged that the adverbial locution à quel point belongs to a particular sub-class of adverbs called quantity adverbs, as the adverb combien, which serves to replace it. This classification, established from the fundamental semantic trait of degree, allows us to display its common general properties to the quantity adverbs but not to fathom its specificities. The aim of the present study is to set up a minute description centered on à quel point (in its exclamatory use) to seize the syntactic, distributional and semantic specificities relative to this marker. In order to achieve this goal, we have proceeded by induction, i.e. by gathering a certified corpus of different exclamatory uses of à quel point in contemporary French. The analysis of the gathered data has allowed us to show that, while belonging to an identical grammatical and semantic class (an adverb indicating the degree), à quel point and combien have different syntactic functioning and very particular meanings in use.Keywords: adverb, conformity, degree, evaluation, intensity, quantity, threshold.
5
SEPPÄNEN, AIMO. "The Old English relative þe." English Language and Linguistics 8, no. 1 (April 21, 2004): 71–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136067430400125x.
Full textAbstract:
In current accounts the Old English relative þe is analysed in two radically different ways. The traditional view, inherited from the nineteenth-century grammarians, views the word as a relative pronoun, while the generative analysis, derived from some remarks of Jespersen on the ModE relative that, takes it to be a subordinating particle. The generativist view is based on the word's lack of morphological variation, whereas the older approach examines more generally the grammar of the word, noting that the invariable þe shares the typical nominal categories of number and case, functioning both as a singular and a plural and representing all the four cases of OE nominal elements. A further indication of the word's nominal status is its referential function, distinguishing between specific and generic reference. Against these clear facts, the lack of overt inflection is a minor idiosyncrasy, paralleled by the OE generic man/mon, whose pronominal status is widely agreed. Þe may have been a subordinating particle in origin, but by historical OE times it retained this function in relative clauses only after relative adverbs, having been reanalysed elsewhere either as a relative adverb itself, or, in its most frequent relative use, as a pronoun.
6
Grochowski, Maciej. "Metatextual operators in the shape of the superlative of adverb." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 64 (2008): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi0864061g.
Full textAbstract:
It is possible to distinguish in Polish lexical units which are having the shape of the superlative of adverb. They represent classes of metatextual (cf. najnormalniej, najpewniej, najspokojniej, najwidoczniej) or metapredicative (cf. najdalej, najmniej, najwy?ej) operators. In this paper the first class of operators is considered. Syntactic features of adverbs and metatextual operators are mutually exclusive. The operators under examination have their counterparts in the shape of the positive in the classes of adverbs as well as particles. However, none of the distinguished operators has counterpart in the shape of the comparative in the class of particles. A metatextual operator - analogically to a particle - opens one position primarily on its right side, for an expression unmarked relative to the degree of complexity. Whereas a superlative of adverb opens two positions the first one for a verb and the second one for a prepositional phrase. In the paper numerous arguments are presented for confirming the hypothesis that lexical units which are having the shape of the superlative of adverb are grammatical homonyms which belong both to adverbs and to particles.
7
Krsacok, Stephen J., and William F. Moroney. "Quantification of Adverb Intensifiers for Use in Ratings of Acceptability, Adequacy, and Relative Goodness." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 24 (September 2002): 1944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602402.
Full textAbstract:
Survey designers often assume the existence of an underlying linear continuum with equal intervals between anchors when they create a scale. However, this is not necessarily the case when labels, such as “somewhat acceptable,” “completely acceptable”, etc. are assigned to these intervals. This study examines numeric ratings assigned by college students to adverb intensifiers. Numeric ratings (from −5 to + 5) were collected from college males (n=54), college females (n=54) for positive and negative adverb-intensifiers of acceptability (n=50), adequacy (n=50), and relative goodness (n=41). Minimal differences were noted in mean ratings, variability, and order of the ratings assigned by males and females. Three different scale development strategies were utilized to develop 54 adverb intensifier scales with intervals of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11 descriptors for acceptability, adequacy, and relative goodness. Survey designers are invited to use these scales or the raw data to develop their own scales. Those who do so will have the advantage of using data based on a current college population.
8
Hamawand, Zeki. "The notion of gradation in meaning." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 207–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.3.2.02ham.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is about gradation of meaning in English, the situation in which the degree of the quality of a word increases or decreases, caused conceptually by communicative demands and expressed lexically by other words called degree adverbs. The choice of a degree adverb reflects the speaker's viewpoint and influences the listener’s reception of the message. With reference to this phenomenon, the paper explores three fundamental tenets of Cognitive Grammar. The first is that a linguistic item forms a category of interrelated senses. On this basis, degree adverbs are argued to acquire new senses relative to context of use. The second is that the meaning of a linguistic item is best understood in terms of the domain to which it belongs. On this basis, degree adverbs are argued to form sets in which they highlight different facets. The third is that the use of a linguistic item is motivated by the particular construal imposed on a scene. On this basis, the use of a degree adverb is argued to result from the particular construal the speaker chooses to describe a situation. Degree adverbs are found to be linguistic devices used to fine-tune a stance. A change in a stance requires a change in a degree adverb.
9
Petronijevic, Bozinka. "Adverbs in Contrast – Criteria for Distinguishing from Other Parts of Speech." Филолог – часопис за језик књижевност и културу 22, no. 22 (December 30, 2020): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21618/fil2022013p.
Full textAbstract:
This paper attempts at examining and determining, using the vast corpus of Serbian and German languages, whether the part of speech in question exists as such in each of these languages, as well as whether it (adverb) is a universal or specific language category. The research shows that most languages recognise the adverb as a distinctive part of speech, which implies that it is a universal category that can be defined according to the following criteria: a) morphological (adverbs have no flexions, but they undergo comparison with regard to the relative subclass) and syntactic (conditioned by verbs as nucleus, assuming in most cases the function of adverbials as verb complements; b) rare attributive function before nouns and adverbs themselves; c) differences between specific languages, German and Serbian included, are a result of their respective word formation systems. In this particular case, each of the two languages recognises relatively few simple words (simplizia); on the other hand, the explicit (suffixational) derivation is largely productive in Serbian, whereas there is a completely opposite situation in German concerning this issue (although the process is recorded in the latter as well); and, finally, adverb derivatives in Serbian correspond, as a rule, to adjectives and prepositional phrases functioning as adverbials in German.
10
Tribushinina, Elena. "Piecemeal acquisition of boundedness." Cognitive and Empirical Pragmatics 25 (December 5, 2011): 80–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.25.05tri.
Full textAbstract:
Recent semantic studies show that adjectives differ in terms of the scalar structures associated with them, which has implications for patterns of degree modification. For example, relative adjectives in Dutch are associated with unbounded (open) scales and are, therefore, incompatible with maximizing adverbs (e.g. #helemaal groot ‘completely big’, #helemaal klein ‘completely small’). This paper tests the hypothesis that children acquire the relevant distinctions in the domain of boundedness in a piecemeal fashion by storing ready-made modifier-adjective pairings from the input and later generalizing over them. The results of the longitudinal corpus study of four degree adverbs in the spontaneous speech of nine children acquiring Netherlandic Dutch are consistent with the idea that language learners start by reproducing target-like modifier-adjective combinations stored as prefabs from the input. Once a critical mass of such adverb-adjective pairings has been stored, children make generalizations over the stored instances and proceed to productive use. This phase is marked by over-generalization errors that are attested, on average, six months after the emergence of a degree adverb. Most of the over-generalization errors involved combining a degree adverb with an adjective of an incompatible scalar structure. It is concluded that the acquisition of boundedness has a more protracted time course than has been hitherto assumed on the basis of comprehension experiments.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Relative adverb"
1
ZAMBI, GABRIELA FARLEY MEIRELES. "ADVERB FORMATION: A STUDY ON THE RELATION BETWEEN ADVERBIAL ADJECTIVES AND X-MENTE ADVERBS IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=16786@1.
Full textAbstract:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROO trabalho investiga a relação entre as formações adverbiais no português do Brasil, buscando identificar em que medida as características morfológicas e sintáticas dos adjetivos adverbializados influem no fato de estes apresentarem, em um mesmo contexto sintático, construções X-mente correspondentes. Examinam-se inicialmente as controvérsias relativas à conceituação/classificação do advérbio, a relação entre classe e função, os processos pelos quais são formados os advérbios em português e o tratamento dado as formas X-mente e aos adjetivos adverbializados na abordagem tradicional. Em seguida, observam-se estudos de orientação funcionalista e de base gerativista, nos quais se constatam divergências significativas no que concerne ao modo como é analisado o fenômeno da adverbialização de adjetivos. Opta-se por considerá-lo como resultante do processo de conversão morfológica, pois entende-se que apesar de adjetivos e advérbios pertencerem a categorias lexicais distintas, existe entre elas uma relação. Analisam-se ocorrências de adjetivos adverbializados extraídas de um corpus organizado para o estudo, visando a verificar se estes admitem a contraparte em - mente. Constata-se que dentre os fatores que influem na possibilidade de um adjetivo adverbial poder apresentar (ou não) um advérbio em - mente correspondente, encontram-se as características morfológicas da base e o grau de informalidade do ato de fala. Por fim, conclui-se que a maior parte dos adjetivos adverbializados apresentam uma forma X-mente equivalente, sem que haja alteração semântica.
This work investigates the relation between different abverbial constructions in Brazilian Portuguese, in order to establish the extent to which syntactic and morphological characteristics of adverbialized adjectives are connected to the potential interchangeability between these constructions and X-mente adverbs in the same syntactic context. We examine first the controversies regarding the conceptualization and classification of adverbs. Then we discuss the relation between class and function, after which we approach the processes of adverb formation in Brazilian Portuguese and the way X-mente forms and adverbial adjectives are described in the traditional literature on the subject. Some functional and generative oriented studies are then presented, in which significant discrepancies are found in the way adverbial adjectives are analyzed. In this study, we consider adverbial adjectives to result from a morphological conversion process because, even though adjectives and adverbs are different lexical categories, they are related to each other. The adverbial adjectives used in the analysis were extracted from a corpus specially formed for this study. The results show that the morphological characteristics of the base word and the degree of informality in the speech act are connected to the potential for having both constructions in Portuguese. Our results also lead to the conclusion that adverbial adjectives normally have an X-mente counterpart with no semantic change.
2
Tjerkstra, Françoise Adriana. "Principles of the relation between local adverb, verb and sentence particle in Hittite /." Groningen : Styx, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39079178f.
Full text
3
Hinterwimmer, Stefan. "Q-adverbs as selective binders the quantificational variability of free relatives and definite DPs." Berlin New York, NY Mouton de Gruyter, 2006. http://d-nb.info/988967308/04.
Full text
4
Hinterwimmer, Stefan. "Q-adverbs as selective binders : the quantificational variability of free relatives and definite DPs /." Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb414407827.
Full text
5
Schiff, Jeannie. "THE CONTEXTUAL IMPACT OF INCOME INEQUALITY ON SOCIAL CAPITAL AND ADVERSE SOCIAL OUTCOMES." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3659.
Full textAbstract:
An interdisciplinary approach to policy and governance recognizes that many social welfare problems are interrelated, and policy-makers have long recognized a need to address the root causes of these problems. There is much evidence that income inequality is one of these root causes but research suggesting the effect of income inequality is mediated by social capital has complicated the relationship, as have theories of causality that take different approaches. This study takes an ecological approach to these issues to test the relationship between income inequality, social capital and selected adverse outcomes proposed by the relative income hypothesis. The relative income hypothesis posits that the impact of income inequality on adverse outcomes is mediated by social capital. The study used a retrospective cross-sectional design to analyze county-level data for the year 2000 with a structural equation model composed of three constructs: income inequality, modeled by four common measures; a social capital construct based on a model developed by Rupasingha, Goetz and Freshwater (2006); and an adverse outcomes construct designed as a parsimonious measure of social outcomes in four public affairs disciplinary areas. The test of the path presumed by the relative income hypothesis revealed both a direct effect of income inequality and indirect effect of inequality through social capital. However, the direct effect of income inequality on outcomes was significantly larger than the indirect effect, indicating the relationship is moderated, rather than mediated, by social capital. Since the impact of social capital on the selected adverse outcomes was relatively small, and the final model failed to achieve statistical significance, the relative income hypothesis that income inequality exerts its primary effect on outcomes through social capital was rejected.Ph.D.
Other
Health and Public Affairs
Public Affairs PhD
6
Liu, Chuang. "Exposure to ambient air pollution and noise in relation to adverse health effect in children." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-173416.
Full textAbstract:
Adverse health impacts of ambient air pollution and noise have been reported previously. However, many published studies were in adults or aged population, little attention has been paid to children and in particular to noise and the potential combined effect with air pollution. In addition, we considered health parameters, which are underinvestigated so far. In our study, we explored associations between ambient air pollution and noise with blood pressure (BP), and exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) in school-aged children, using data from two German birth cohorts.
Noise levels within a 50m buffer around each participant’s home address were assessed using geographic information system. Exposure estimates of annual average concentrations of air pollution for each participant’s residence were calculated using a land use regression model. Short-term concentrations of air pollution were collected from background monitoring sites. Information on BP and eNO was collected during a physical examination at the 10-year follow-up of the cohorts.
We studied the health impacts of ambient air pollution and noise in children from three different aspects. The association between traffic noise and BP was explored in 605 children, and the results showed that higher minimum levels of weighted day-evening-night noise and nighttime noise around the home residence may increase a child’s BP. Based on this finding, we conducted a second analysis to figure out the combined associations between air pollution and noise with BP, and found that ambient air pollution was not consistently associated with BP with adjustment for noise. Furthermore, the effects of ambient air pollution on eNO were explored within 1985 children, and we observed a significant positive association between short-term, but not long-term, air pollution with childhood eNO.
In conclusion, our study provided more epidemiological evidence on the adverse health impacts of ambient air pollution and noise in school-aged children, and highlighted the confounding association between ambient air pollution and noise. More studies are needed to better assess the combined health effects of ambient air pollution and noise in children.Frühere Studien haben über die gesundheitsschädigende Wirkung von Luftschadstoffen und Lärm berichtet. Allerdings betrachteten viele bislang publizierte Studien Erwachsene oder die ältere Bevölkerung. Kinder und im Speziellen die gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen von Lärm, sowie die gemeinsame Wirkung von Luftschadstoffen und Lärm wurden hingegen bislang nur wenig untersucht. Das ist ein Ziel der vorliegenden Promotionsschrift. Zusätzlich haben wir Gesundheitsgrößen betrachtet, die bisher wenig erforscht wurden. In unserer Studie haben wir die Assoziationen zwischen Luftschadstoffen und Lärmbelastung und Blutdruck und exhaliertem Stickstoffmonoxid (eNO) bei Kindern im Schulalter untersucht. Wir konnten dabei auf Daten von zwei großen deutschen Geburtskohorten zurückgreifen. Die Lärmbelastung innerhalb eines Umkreises von 50m um die Wohnadresse jedes Studienteilnehmers wurde anhand von Lärmpegelkarten im Geographischen Informationssystem modelliert. Schätzungen der mittleren jährlichen Konzentration von Luftschadstoffen an der jeweiligen Wohnadresse wurden anhand von „land use regression“ Modellen berechnet. Kurzzeit-Konzentrationen von Luftschadstoffen wurden mit Hilfe von Hintergrund Monitoring Stationen gesammelt. Informationen zu Blutdruck und eNO wurden während einer körperlichen Untersuchung beim Follow-up der Kohorten im Alter von 10 Jahren gemessen. Wir haben die Auswirkungen von Luftschadstoffexposition und Lärmbelastung auf die Gesundheit von Kindern unter drei verschiedenen Aspekten betrachtet. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Verkehrslärm und Blutdruck wurde bei 605 Kindern untersucht und die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass ein höherer Mindestpegel des gewichteten Tag-Abend-Nacht Lärmes und des Lärmes während der Nachtzeit um die Wohnung den Blutdruck der Kinder erhöhen könnte. Auf Grund dieser Erkenntnis haben wir eine zweite Auswertung durchgeführt um den gemeinsamen Zusammenhang zwischen Luftschadstoffbelastung und Lärm mit Blutdruck zu untersuchen und haben festgestellt, dass die Luftschadstoffexposition nach einer Adjustierung für Lärm nicht konsistent mit Blutdruck assoziiert war. Darüber hinaus wurden die Auswirkungen der Luftverschmutzung auf das eNO bei 1985 Kindern untersucht. Dabei wurde ein signifikanter, positiver Zusammenhang zwischen Kurzzeit-, jedoch nicht zwischen Langzeitexposition mit Luftschadstoffen und eNO beobachtet. Zusammenfassend lässt sich festhalten, dass unsere Studie weitere epidemiologische Erkenntnisse über die negativen gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen von Luftverschmutzung und Lärm bei Schulkindern geliefert hat. Insbesondere wird damit betont, dass Luftschadstoffe und Lärm wechselseitige Störgrößen in Assoziationen darstellen können. Allerdings sind weitere Studien notwendig, um gesundheitliche Auswirkungen von Luftschadstoffen auf die Knochenumsatzrate bei Kindern abschließend beurteilen zu können.
7
Chamberlain, Kristin R. "Adverse Childhood Experiences in Relation to Psychological Capital, Mental Health, and Well-being in College Students." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1583920904840024.
Full text
8
Groot, Maria Hendrika de. "Bereaved by suicide family-based cognitive-behavior therapy to prevent adverse health consequences among first-degree relatives and spouses /." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2008. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/.
Full text
9
Johansson-Manoury, Elisabet. "Le marqueur so en anglais contemporain : ses emplois en relation avec un élément verbal." Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN1403.
Full textAbstract:
Le marqueur SO est le signe d’une opération anaphorique. C’est de cette hypothèse de base que part ce travail, avec un but précis : montrer la mise en œuvre de cette opération lorsque SO est en relation avec un élément verbal. L’opération anaphorique marquée par SO est d’un type particulier : SO effectue une anaphore à un niveau notionnel, c’est-à-dire purement qualitatif. A partir d’un antécédent, SO opère ainsi une déconstruction de la notion véhiculée par celui-ci. Cette déconstruction permet la reconstruction de la notion par rapport à un point de vue subjectif. La notion anaphorisée par SO constitue un apport pour l’élément verbal qui en est le support. L’apport véhiculé par SO a pour effet de délimiter notionnellement le verbe. Il s’ensuit que SO en relation avec un élément verbal est le plus souvent doté d’un statut adverbial.
10
Scheible, Silke. "Computational treatment of superlatives." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4153.
Full textAbstract:
The use of gradable adjectives and adverbs represents an important means of expressing comparison in English. The grammatical forms of comparatives and superlatives are used to express explicit orderings between objects with respect to the degree to which they possess some gradable property. While comparatives are commonly used to compare two entities (e.g., “The blue whale is larger than an African elephant”), superlatives such as “The blue whale is the largest mammal” are used to express a comparison between a target entity (here, the blue whale) and its comparison set (the set of mammals), with the target ranked higher or lower on a scale of comparison than members of the comparison set. Superlatives thus highlight the uniqueness of the target with respect to its comparison set. Although superlatives are frequently found in natural language, with the exception of recent work by (Bos and Nissim, 2006) and (Jindal and Liu, 2006b), they have not yet been investigated within a computational framework. And within the framework of theoretical linguistics, studies of superlatives have mainly focused on semantic properties that may only rarely occur in natural language (Szabolsci (1986), Heim (1999)). My PhD research aims to pave the way for a comprehensive computational treatment of superlatives. The initial question I am addressing is that of automatically extracting useful information about the target entity, its comparison set and their relationship from superlative constructions. One of the central claims of the thesis is that no unified computational treatment of superlatives is possible because of their great semantic complexity and the variety of syntactic structures in which they occur. I propose a classification of superlative surface forms, and initially focus on so-called “ISA superlatives”, which make explicit the IS-A relation that holds between target and comparison set. They are suitable for a computational approach because both their target and comparison set are usually explicitly realised in the text. I also aim to show that the findings of this thesis are of potential benefit for NLP applications such as Question Answering, Natural Language Generation, Ontology Learning, and Sentiment Analysis/Opinion Mining. In particular, I investigate the use of the “Superlative Relation Extractor“ implemented in this project in the area of Sentiment Analysis/Opinion Mining, and claim that a superlative analysis of the sort presented in this thesis, when applied to product evaluations and recommendations, can provide just the kind of information that Opinion Mining aims to identify.
Books on the topic "Relative adverb"
1
Agency, Medical Devices. Reporting adverse incidents relating to medical devices. London: MDA, 1999.
Find full text
2
Tjerkstra, F. A. Principles of the relation between local adverb, verb, and sentence particle in Hittite. Groningen: Styx, 1999.
Find full text
3
Q-adverbs as selective binders: The quantificational variability of free relatives and definite DPs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008.
Find full text
4
Kordić, Snježana. Relativna rečenica. Zagreb, Croatia: Hrvatsko filološko društvo, 1995.
Find full text
5
Brendsel, Daniel Joseph. An interpretive lexicon of New Testament Greek: Analysis of prepositions, adverbs, particles, relative pronouns, and conjunctions. Grand Rapids, MI, USA: Zondervan, 2014.
Find full text
6
Lumbwe, Chitalu. Adverse relation: Women and the labour force in Zambia in the 1990s. [Lusaka: s.n., 1991.
Find full text
7
The big bang and relative immortality: Seminal essays on the creation of the universe and the advent of biological immortality. New York: Algora Pub., 2008.
Find full text
8
Identification of research needs relating to potential biological or adverse health effects of wireless communication devices. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2008.
Find full text
10
McCallion, Mary Margaret. The relation between equipment and staff development: A case study centred on the advent of a microcomputerin a primary school. [s.l: The Author], 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Relative adverb"
1
Perini, Mário Alberto. "Adverbs and Their Relatives." In Function and Class in Linguistic Description, 257–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78173-6_12.
Full text
2
Ruday, Sean. "Re-Envisioning Writing With Relative Pronouns and Relative Adverbs." In The Elementary School Grammar Toolkit, 71–84. 2nd edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Eye on Education, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003004950-9.
Full text
3
Taylan, Eser Erguvanlı. "On the relation between temporal/aspectual adverbs and the verb form in Turkish." In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 97–128. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.44.05tay.
Full text
4
Ratner, Carl. "The Dialectical Relation Between Cooperation and Capitalism: Cooperation Before, During, and After the Advent of Capitalism." In International and Cultural Psychology, 39–57. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5825-8_3.
Full text
5
Pollet, Charlotte-V. "Reading Algorithms in Sanskrit: How to Relate Rule of Three, Choice of Unknown, and Linear Equation?" In Computations and Computing Devices in Mathematics Education Before the Advent of Electronic Calculators, 115–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73396-8_6.
Full text
6
Tomforde, Maren, and Eyal Ben-Ari. "Anthropology of the Military." In Handbook of Military Sciences, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_82-1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe anthropology of militaries in industrial countries is a relatively young discipline, which has seen significant growth since the end of the Cold War and the advent of the “new wars.” The chapter focuses on the anthropological analysis of social and cultural concerns related to (and derived from) the armed forces, war, and the provision for national security. It charts the main clusters of issues anthropologists are engaged with and explains the unique contribution of this discipline through the following themes: militarization, fieldwork, military organization and units, gender, military families, veterans, and medical anthropology. This chapter concludes with a discussion of anthropology’s contribution to military education.
7
"JANE AND THE RELATIVE ADVERB." In The Book of Jane, 1–2. University of Iowa Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvz0hb12.3.
Full text
8
"II. Relative temporal adverbs." In Child Language, 15–22. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110882292-004.
Full text
9
"RELATIVE PRONOUNS. ADVERBS. إݨ AND ITS “SISTERS”." In Introduction to Modern Arabic, 55–59. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvckq7kh.20.
Full text
10
Chester, Verity, Neil James, Ian Rogers, Jackie Grace, and Regi Alexander. "Family Experiences of Psychiatric Services for their Relative with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities." In Oxford Textbook of the Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability, 265–74. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198794585.003.0025.
Full textAbstract:
Accessing treatment for a relative with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities requiring assessment or treatment from services can be extremely difficult for families and carers. Adverse past experiences can significantly affect the development of trust and relationships with present services and professionals. Listening and acknowledging families’ past and present concerns, alongside providing transparent information and reassurance about their relatives’ care, provides a foundation for starting positive relationships. Families are valuable in helping clinicians understand their patients fully and this helps the recovery process. Services have a duty to work collaboratively with patients’ families, in order to improve treatment outcomes including quality of life. Occasionally, there may be concerns in relation to the patient being the victim of familial financial, emotional, physical, and/or sexual abuse. In such instances, safeguarding processes must be followed.
Conference papers on the topic "Relative adverb"
1
Khullar, Payal, Konigari Rachna, Mukul Hase, and Manish Shrivastava. "Automatic Question Generation using Relative Pronouns and Adverbs." In Proceedings of ACL 2018, Student Research Workshop. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-3022.
Full text
2
Lin, Chen-Li, Zi-Qiang Lin, Syu-Siang Wang, Yu Tsao, and Jeih-Weih Hung. "Exponentiated magnitude spectrogram-based relative-to-maximum masking for speech enhancement in adverse environments." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan (ICCE-Taiwan). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-taiwan49838.2020.9258262.
Full text
3
Smith, Barton L., Kristen V. Mortensen, and Spencer Wendel. "Oscillating Flow in Adverse Pressure Gradients." In ASME 2005 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2005-77458.
Full textAbstract:
Separating oscillating flow in an internal adverse pressure gradient geometry is studied experimentally. Phase-locked PIV measurements and simultaneous pressure measurements reveal that during the accelerating portion of the cycle, the flow remains attached in spite of a very large adverse pressure gradient. During the decelerating portion of the cycle, the flow is more prone to separation. The duration and extent of the separation depend strongly on the oscillation displacement amplitude relative to the cross-stream dimension. In some cases, the flow separates but reattaches as the separated shear layer is accelerated temporally. The time-varying pressure measurements are used to determine the resultant minor losses for the flow in each direction. These are found to be an increasing function of displacement amplitude and independent of the Reynolds number.
4
Gladysheva, Mariya V. "SEMANTIC FEATURES OF RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH ADVERBS OF INSIGNIFICANCE." In Люди речисты - 2021. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/978-5-907216-49-5-2021-3-11.
Full textAbstract:
The paper offers the results of experimental research into semantics of Russian adverbs nemnogo, neskolko, slegka, otchasti and English adverbs somewhat, a little, slightly, partly. Despite their rich syntactic potential and functional polyvalence, Russian adverbs are still relatively under-researched.The author relies on a complex research procedure based on hypothesisdeduction method (with semantic experiment as its integral part), corpus-based experiment and the analysis of search engine results. The preliminary stage of the research into the meaning of the adverbs consists in gathering information on their distribution, valence characteristics and all possible contexts. The author has studied about 2 500 examples and contexts. The results of this preliminary analysis enable to frame a hypothesis on the meaning of the linguistic units in question. Then the author proceeds to the experimental verification of the proposed hypotheses supported by Russian corpus-based experiment and the analysis of Google search results. The research findings result in stricter semantic descriptions of the adverbs in question.
5
Yanko, T. E. "RUSSIAN ADVERB DAVNO ‚LONG AGO, FOR A LONG TIME‘ REVISITED FROM A CORPUS PERSPECTIVE." In International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies "Dialogue". Russian State University for the Humanities, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2020-19-773-783.
Full textAbstract:
During the last twenty years, the Russian adverb davno ‘long ago, for a long time’ was widely discussed in literature. It was recognized that the unique parameter of davno is its inability to be the theme of a sentence. Moreover, if davno functions in the context of aspectual forms relating to the past it can only be the rheme. In the context of the aspectual verbal forms relating to the past but preserving the connection with the moment of speech, davno can be either the rheme proper, or a component of the rheme. A classic example of an aspectual verb form referring to the past is the general factual meaning of the imperfective aspect. At present, the spoken data corpora can shed light on the communicative structure analysis, since the prosodic structure of the sound speech provides a straightforward access to the communicative structure. Novel parameters of davno are as follows. 1) Whereas davno is traditionally recognized as a word of rhematic polarity it can nevertheless function as a component of the theme in the context of attributive clauses and constructions (Davno soglasovannyj visit dolzhen byl sostojatjsja v aprele ‘A visit planned long ago would take place in April’). 2) The general factual meaning of the imperfective aspect, contrary to what was assumed before, is not an absolute prerequisite for davno to function as the rheme. The spoken corpus showed that in the context of negation and in the context of the verbs of speech, the general factual allows for davno to function as a component of the rheme but not the rheme proper (Ja davno tebja ne videl ‘I have not been seeing you for a long time’; My davno govorili, chto nasha zadacha — eto borjba s terrorismom ‘We have been insisting for a long time that our main goal is the struggle against terrorism’). 3) A specific type of questions with the initial davno (as well as with other adverbs with the meaning of a considerable quantity like chasto ‘often’, mnogo ‘much’, and daleko ‘far away’) is singled out. Such questions cannot be unambiguously classified either as yes-no-questions or as wh-questions (I davno vy zdesj stoite? ‘And how long are you staying here?’). A description of unique prosody of such questions is given. 4) In the context of discourse continuity, davno acquires the rising prosody which is in fact uncharacteristic of a word, which is unable be the theme (Xotel eto sdelat’ davno, no teperj sdelaju tochno ‘I wished to do it long ago, but now I will do it for sure’). The rising tone is accounted for by the meaning of continuity, which has the same prosody as the theme. 5) In constructions kogda-to davno ‘once upon a time’, ochenj davno ‘very long ago’, davno-davno ‘very long ago’, davnymdavno ‘very long ago’, dovoljno davno ‘quite long ago’, ne tak davno ‘not so long ago’ davno loses its rhematic polarity. The parameters of davno are exemplified by spoken fragments taken from the Multimodal corpus of the Russian National corpus, and the minor working collection of the Russian speech recordings specifically set up for this investigation. The software program Praat was used in the process of analyzing the sound data.
6
Elkhoury, Michel. "An Improved Wall-Distance-Free Version of the Baldwin-Barth Turbulence Model." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-55080.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a modified version of the Baldwin-Barth (BB) turbulence model. This modification accounts for the asymptotic boundary value of the pseudo eddy viscosity as the wall is approached. The BB Model tends to respond strongly to an adverse pressure gradient, in the sense that it always predicts a large decrease in skin friction relative to the measured values. Hence, in the present work, the importance of the modifications for improving the skin friction prediction of flows with adverse pressure gradient is addressed. All of the implemented modifications are free of wall functions and coordinate independent, which renders the model advantageous relative to other wall dependent models. The results are compared with both the original BB and the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) models. The accuracy of these and the present model is assessed against experimental data for transonic flows over NACA-0012 and RAE 2822 airfoils. In general, good agreement with experiments is indicated.
7
Emanuel, H. M., M. Harting, A. Ebanks, D. J. Martinez, T. S. Harris, V. S. Gupta, J. M. Stark, et al. "Pulmonary Complications and Adverse Outcomes in Relation to Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) Size Defect Among CDH Survivors." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a4688.
Full text
8
O’Donnell, Dave, Nicole Karlen, and Carl Kettermann. "Performance Implications of High Energy Density Welding of Corrosion Resistant Alloy Heat Exchanger Tubing." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25165.
Full textAbstract:
The advent of Laser Beam Welding (LBW) has had a significant impact on resultant metallurgical performance of stainless steel welded heat exchanger tubing. While productivity enhancements are well recognized the metallurgical benefits are not. The low total heat input combined with the very high energy density results in ultra-fast quenching of molten metal, super-cooling past normal primary ferrite solidification in common 304/304L and 316/316L grades directly to austenite resulting in weldments with no retained delta ferrite and some inherent corrosion advantages. The same low total heat input and high energy density generates dramatically smaller dendrite spacing making subsequent homogenization by the combined efforts of cold work and solution annealing dramatically more effective. It should be recognized that this paper deals with issues relating to tube production where welds are autogenous or made without filler metal addition and are subsequently cold worked and solution annealed. Resulting benefits of laser welding include a seamless metallographic appearance, and improved field performance. The benefits and limitations of these enhancements are explored relative to other common stainless steel grades, as are alloy characteristics affecting performance.
9
Bellocq, Pablo, Inaki Garmendia, and Vishal Sethi. "Preliminary Design Assessments of Pusher Geared Counter-Rotating Open Rotors: Part II — Impact of Low Pressure System Design on Mission Fuel Burn, Certification Noise and Emissions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43816.
Full textAbstract:
In this 2-part publication, the impact of the main low pressure system parameters of a counter rotating Geared Open Rotor (GOR) on mission fuel burn, certification noise and emissions is presented for a 160 PAX medium haul class aircraft. Due to their high propulsive efficiency, GORs have the potential to significantly reduce fuel consumption and emissions relative to conventional high bypass ratio turbofans. However, this novel engine architecture presents many design and operational challenges both at engine and aircraft level. The assessment of the impact of the main low pressure preliminary design parameters of GORs on mission fuel burn, certification noise and emissions is necessary at preliminary design stages in order to identify optimum design regions. These assessments may also aid the development process when compromises need to be performed as a consequence of design, operational or regulatory constraints. Part I of this two-part publication describes the main low pressure (LP) system design choices for a GOR as well as the preliminary design philosophy and simulation framework developed for the assessments. Part II presents the assessment studies. A fixed reference aircraft and mission were used to evaluate the different GOR engine designs. The results are presented in the form of 1-D or 2-D plots in which one or two design parameters are varied at the same time. The changes in mission fuel burn, certification noise and emissions are expressed as differences relative to a baseline design, due to the fact that preliminary design tools were used for the assessments. The main conclusions of the study are: • Increasing spacing between the propellers (from 0.65 to 1.3m) reduces noise significantly (∼6 EPNdB for each certification point) with a relatively small fuel burn penalty (∼0.3–0.5%) • Relative to unclipped designs, 20% clipped CRPs reduce flyover noise by at least 2.5 EPNdB and approach noise by at least 4.5 EPNdB. The corresponding fuel burn penalty is ∼2%. • Sideline and flyover noise can be reduced by increasing the diameter of the CRP and appropriately controlling CRP rotational speeds. Approach noise can be reduced by either reducing the diameters or the rotational speeds of the propellers. • Regardless of clipping, reducing the rotational speed of the rear propeller relative to the forward propeller reduces noise and, to a certain limit, also mission fuel burn. Further reductions in rotational speed would have an adverse effect on fuel burn. • For given rotational speeds of the propellers, the torque ratio of the gearbox is fixed within ±3%.
10
Shainee, Mohamed, Judson Decew, Bernt J. Leira, Harald Ellingsen, and Arne Fredheim. "Self-Submersible SPM Cage Simulation in Regular Waves With Oblique Currents." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10418.
Full textAbstract:
Meeting the gap between food demand and availability is of grave concern, and open ocean or offshore mariculture is identified as a promising solution for reducing this gap. In a series of studies performed by the authors, an offshore cage design concept (i.e., a self-submersible single point mooring (SPM) cage concept) was developed and analyzed in regular waves with a following current. The results of previous studies are promising, but further analysis is needed to determine whether the cage system can perform effectively in oblique waves and currents. Hence, the current study extended numerical simulations to include waves and currents running in oblique directions and also analyzed the cage system in a following and adverse current. The results of the simulations indicate that in oblique waves and currents, and even in adverse currents (relative to the direction of wave propagation), the self-submersible SPM cage system shows good submergence characteristics such that it can be effectively used in an offshore environment.
Reports on the topic "Relative adverb"
1
Gidengil, Courtney, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Margaret Maglione, Sydne J. Newberry, Peggy Chen, Kelsey O’Hollaren, Nabeel Qureshi, et al. Safety of Vaccines Used for Routine Immunization in the United States: An Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer244.
Full textAbstract:
Objective. To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the safety of vaccines recommended for routine immunization in the United States, updating the 2014 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) report on the topic. Data sources. We searched MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus through November 9, 2020, building on the prior 2014 report; reviewed existing reviews, trial registries, and supplemental material submitted to AHRQ; and consulted with experts. Review methods. This report addressed three Key Questions (KQs) on the safety of vaccines currently in use in the United States and included in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) recommended immunization schedules for adults (KQ1), children and adolescents (KQ2), and pregnant women (KQ3). The systematic review was supported by a Technical Expert Panel that identified key adverse events of particular concern. Two reviewers independently screened publications; data were extracted by an experienced subject matter expert. Studies of vaccines that used a comparator and reported the presence or absence of adverse events were eligible. We documented observed rates and assessed the relative risks for key adverse events. We assessed the strength of evidence (SoE) across the existing findings from the prior 2014 report and the new evidence from this update. The systematic review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020180089). Results. A large body of evidence is available to evaluate adverse events following vaccination. Of 56,608 reviewed citations, 189 studies met inclusion criteria for this update, adding to data in the prior 2014 report, for a total of 338 included studies reported in 518 publications. Regarding vaccines recommended for adults (KQ1), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence in this update, including for newer vaccines such as recombinant influenza vaccine, adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine, and recombinant adjuvanted zoster vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted a signal for anaphylaxis for hepatitis B vaccines in adults with yeast allergy and for tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for children and adolescents (KQ2), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence, including for newer vaccines such as 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine and meningococcal B vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted signals for rare adverse events—such as anaphylaxis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and febrile seizures—with some childhood vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for pregnant women (KQ3), we found no evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE among either pregnant women or their infants following administration of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines during pregnancy. Conclusion. Across this large body of research, we found no new evidence of increased risk since the prior 2014 report for key adverse events following administration of vaccines that are routinely recommended. Signals from the prior report remain unchanged for rare adverse events, which include anaphylaxis in adults and children, and febrile seizures and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. There is no evidence of increased risk of adverse events for vaccines currently recommended in pregnant women. There remains insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about some rare potential adverse events.
2
Braithwait, Samuel, Ricardo Rozemberg, and Jesica De Angelis. CARICOM Report: Progress and Challenges of The Integration Agenda. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002912.
Full textAbstract:
The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) was established in 1973 as a customs union and nowadays consists of 15 member countries. CARICOM includes member and non-members of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), an economic union with free movement of people and goods, a single currency, and a common central bank. This report is the third in a series of INTAL publications on regional integration on the CaribbeanREPORT Community and covers the period 2005 to 2020. After a brief background to the CARICOM integration project and a look at the economy and international trade, this report focuses on the main issues and developments relating to the deepening of integration within CARICOM and crucial relationships with external partners. The final section concludes with an assessment of the short-term adverse impacts of the pandemic and summarizes a set of recommendations to tackle the main issues.
3
Viswanathan, Meera, Jennifer Cook Middleton, Alison Stuebe, Nancy Berkman, Alison N. Goulding, Skyler McLaurin-Jiang, Andrea B. Dotson, et al. Maternal, Fetal, and Child Outcomes of Mental Health Treatments in Women: A Systematic Review of Perinatal Pharmacologic Interventions. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer236.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Untreated maternal mental health disorders can have devastating sequelae for the mother and child. For women who are currently or planning to become pregnant or are breastfeeding, a critical question is whether the benefits of treating psychiatric illness with pharmacologic interventions outweigh the harms for mother and child. Methods. We conducted a systematic review to assess the benefits and harms of pharmacologic interventions compared with placebo, no treatment, or other pharmacologic interventions for pregnant and postpartum women with mental health disorders. We searched four databases and other sources for evidence available from inception through June 5, 2020 and surveilled the literature through March 2, 2021; dually screened the results; and analyzed eligible studies. We included studies of pregnant, postpartum, or reproductive-age women with a new or preexisting diagnosis of a mental health disorder treated with pharmacotherapy; we excluded psychotherapy. Eligible comparators included women with the disorder but no pharmacotherapy or women who discontinued the pharmacotherapy before pregnancy. Results. A total of 164 studies (168 articles) met eligibility criteria. Brexanolone for depression onset in the third trimester or in the postpartum period probably improves depressive symptoms at 30 days (least square mean difference in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, -2.6; p=0.02; N=209) when compared with placebo. Sertraline for postpartum depression may improve response (calculated relative risk [RR], 2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95 to 5.24; N=36), remission (calculated RR, 2.51; 95% CI, 0.94 to 6.70; N=36), and depressive symptoms (p-values ranging from 0.01 to 0.05) when compared with placebo. Discontinuing use of mood stabilizers during pregnancy may increase recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.2; N=89) and reduce time to recurrence of mood disorders (2 vs. 28 weeks, AHR, 12.1; 95% CI, 1.6 to 91; N=26) for bipolar disorder when compared with continued use. Brexanolone for depression onset in the third trimester or in the postpartum period may increase the risk of sedation or somnolence, leading to dose interruption or reduction when compared with placebo (5% vs. 0%). More than 95 percent of studies reporting on harms were observational in design and unable to fully account for confounding. These studies suggested some associations between benzodiazepine exposure before conception and ectopic pregnancy; between specific antidepressants during pregnancy and adverse maternal outcomes such as postpartum hemorrhage, preeclampsia, and spontaneous abortion, and child outcomes such as respiratory issues, low Apgar scores, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, depression in children, and autism spectrum disorder; between quetiapine or olanzapine and gestational diabetes; and between benzodiazepine and neonatal intensive care admissions. Causality cannot be inferred from these studies. We found insufficient evidence on benefits and harms from comparative effectiveness studies, with one exception: one study suggested a higher risk of overall congenital anomalies (adjusted RR [ARR], 1.85; 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.78; N=2,608) and cardiac anomalies (ARR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.17 to 4.34; N=2,608) for lithium compared with lamotrigine during first- trimester exposure. Conclusions. Few studies have been conducted in pregnant and postpartum women on the benefits of pharmacotherapy; many studies report on harms but are of low quality. The limited evidence available is consistent with some benefit, and some studies suggested increased adverse events. However, because these studies could not rule out underlying disease severity as the cause of the association, the causal link between the exposure and adverse events is unclear. Patients and clinicians need to make an informed, collaborative decision on treatment choices.
4
Garsa, Adam, Julie K. Jang, Sangita Baxi, Christine Chen, Olamigoke Akinniranye, Owen Hall, Jody Larkin, Aneesa Motala, Sydne Newberry, and Susanne Hempel. Radiation Therapy for Brain Metasases. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer242.
Full textAbstract:
Objective. This evidence report synthesizes the available evidence on radiation therapy for brain metastases. Data sources. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL®, clinicaltrials.gov, and published guidelines in July 2020; assessed independently submitted data; consulted with experts; and contacted authors. Review methods. The protocol was informed by Key Informants. The systematic review was supported by a Technical Expert Panel and is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020168260). Two reviewers independently screened citations; data were abstracted by one reviewer and checked by an experienced reviewer. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and large observational studies (for safety assessments), evaluating whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone or in combination, as initial or postoperative treatment, with or without systemic therapy for adults with brain metastases due to non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, or melanoma. Results. In total, 97 studies, reported in 190 publications, were identified, but the number of analyses was limited due to different intervention and comparator combinations as well as insufficient reporting of outcome data. Risk of bias varied; 25 trials were terminated early, predominantly due to poor accrual. Most studies evaluated WBRT, alone or in combination with SRS, as initial treatment; 10 RCTs reported on post-surgical interventions. The combination treatment SRS plus WBRT compared to SRS alone or WBRT alone showed no statistically significant difference in overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 1.73; 4 RCTs; low strength of evidence [SoE]) or death due to brain metastases (relative risk [RR], 0.93; CI, 0.48 to 1.81; 3 RCTs; low SoE). Radiation therapy after surgery did not improve overall survival compared with surgery alone (HR, 0.98; CI, 0.76 to 1.26; 5 RCTs; moderate SoE). Data for quality of life, functional status, and cognitive effects were insufficient to determine effects of WBRT, SRS, or post-surgical interventions. We did not find systematic differences across interventions in serious adverse events radiation necrosis, fatigue, or seizures (all low or moderate SoE). WBRT plus systemic therapy (RR, 1.44; CI, 1.03 to 2.00; 14 studies; moderate SoE) was associated with increased risks for vomiting compared to WBRT alone. Conclusion. Despite the substantial research literature on radiation therapy, comparative effectiveness information is limited. There is a need for more data on patient-relevant outcomes such as quality of life, functional status, and cognitive effects.
5
Aalto, Juha, and Ari Venäläinen, eds. Climate change and forest management affect forest fire risk in Fennoscandia. Finnish Meteorological Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361355.
Full textAbstract:
Forest and wildland fires are a natural part of ecosystems worldwide, but large fires in particular can cause societal, economic and ecological disruption. Fires are an important source of greenhouse gases and black carbon that can further amplify and accelerate climate change. In recent years, large forest fires in Sweden demonstrate that the issue should also be considered in other parts of Fennoscandia. This final report of the project “Forest fires in Fennoscandia under changing climate and forest cover (IBA ForestFires)” funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, synthesises current knowledge of the occurrence, monitoring, modelling and suppression of forest fires in Fennoscandia. The report also focuses on elaborating the role of forest fires as a source of black carbon (BC) emissions over the Arctic and discussing the importance of international collaboration in tackling forest fires. The report explains the factors regulating fire ignition, spread and intensity in Fennoscandian conditions. It highlights that the climate in Fennoscandia is characterised by large inter-annual variability, which is reflected in forest fire risk. Here, the majority of forest fires are caused by human activities such as careless handling of fire and ignitions related to forest harvesting. In addition to weather and climate, fuel characteristics in forests influence fire ignition, intensity and spread. In the report, long-term fire statistics are presented for Finland, Sweden and the Republic of Karelia. The statistics indicate that the amount of annually burnt forest has decreased in Fennoscandia. However, with the exception of recent large fires in Sweden, during the past 25 years the annually burnt area and number of fires have been fairly stable, which is mainly due to effective fire mitigation. Land surface models were used to investigate how climate change and forest management can influence forest fires in the future. The simulations were conducted using different regional climate models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Simulations, extending to 2100, indicate that forest fire risk is likely to increase over the coming decades. The report also highlights that globally, forest fires are a significant source of BC in the Arctic, having adverse health effects and further amplifying climate warming. However, simulations made using an atmospheric dispersion model indicate that the impact of forest fires in Fennoscandia on the environment and air quality is relatively minor and highly seasonal. Efficient forest fire mitigation requires the development of forest fire detection tools including satellites and drones, high spatial resolution modelling of fire risk and fire spreading that account for detailed terrain and weather information. Moreover, increasing the general preparedness and operational efficiency of firefighting is highly important. Forest fires are a large challenge requiring multidisciplinary research and close cooperation between the various administrative operators, e.g. rescue services, weather services, forest organisations and forest owners is required at both the national and international level.
6
Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.
Full textAbstract:
From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor
7
Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2020.
Full textAbstract:
The Colombian financial system has not suffered major structural disruptions during these months of deep economic contraction and has continued to carry out its basic functions as usual, thus facilitating the economy's response to extreme conditions. This is the result of the soundness of financial institutions at the beginning of the crisis, which was reflected in high liquidity and capital adequacy indicators as well as in the timely response of various authorities. Banco de la República lowered its policy interest rates 250 points to 1.75%, the lowest level since the creation of the new independent bank in 1991, and provided ample temporary and permanent liquidity in both pesos and foreign currency. The Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia, in turn, adopted prudential measures to facilitate changes in the conditions for loans in effect and temporary rules for rating and loan-loss provisions. Finally, the national government expanded the transfers as well as the guaranteed credit programs for the economy. The supply of real credit (i.e. discounting inflation) in the economy is 4% higher today than it was 12 months ago with especially marked growth in the housing (5.6%) and commercial (4.7%) loan portfolios (2.3% in consumer and -0.1% in microloans), but there have been significant changes over time. During the first few months of the quarantine, firms increased their demands for liquidity sharply while consumers reduced theirs. Since then, the growth of credit to firms has tended to slow down, while consumer and housing credit has grown. The financial system has responded satisfactorily to the changes in the respective demands of each group or sector and loans may grow at high rates in 2021 if GDP grows at rates close to 4.6% as the technical staff at the Bank expects; but the forecasts are highly uncertain. After the strict quarantine implemented by authorities in Colombia, the turmoil seen in March and early April, which was evident in the sudden reddening of macroeconomic variables on the risk heatmap in Graph A,[1] and the drop in crude oil and coal prices (note the high volatility registered in market risk for the region on Graph A) the local financial markets stabilized relatively quickly. Banco de la República’s credible and sustained policy response played a decisive role in this stabilization in terms of liquidity provision through a sharp expansion of repo operations (and changes in amounts, terms, counterparties, and eligible instruments), the purchases of public and private debt, and the reduction in bank reserve requirements. In this respect, there is now abundant aggregate liquidity and significant improvements in the liquidity position of investment funds. In this context, the main vulnerability factor for financial stability in the short term is still the high degree of uncertainty surrounding loan quality. First, the future trajectory of the number of people infected and deceased by the virus and the possible need for additional health measures is uncertain. For that reason, there is also uncertainty about the path for economic recovery in the short and medium term. Second, the degree to which the current shock will be reflected in loan quality once the risk materializes in banks’ financial statements is uncertain. For the time being, the credit risk heatmap (Graph B) indicates that non-performing and risky loans have not shown major deterioration, but past experience indicates that periods of sharp economic slowdown eventually tend to coincide with rises in non-performing loans: the calculations included in this report suggest that the impact of the recession on credit quality could be significant in the short term. This is particularly worrying since the profitability of credit establishments has been declining in recent months, and this could affect their ability to provide credit to the real sector of the economy. In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to this vulnerability, this Report presents several stress tests that evaluate the resilience of the liquidity and capital adequacy of credit institutions and investment funds in the event of a hypothetical scenario that seeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The results suggest that even though there could be strong impacts on the credit institutions’ volume of credit and profitability under such scenarios, aggregate indicators of total and core capital adequacy will probably remain at levels that are above the regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. At the same time, the exercises highlight the high capacity of the system's liquidity to face adverse scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system's security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth operation of the payment systems. Juan José Echavarría Governor