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Journal articles on the topic 'Relative adverb'
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1
Cohen, Ariel. "Fronted quantificational adverbs." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.35.2004.222.
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Fronting a noun phrase changes the focus structure of a sentence. Therefore, it may affect truth conditions, since some operators, in particular quantificational adverbs, are sensitive to focus. However, the position of the quantificational adverb itself, hence its informational status, is usually assumed not to have any semantic effect. In this paper I discuss a reading of some quantificational adverbs, the relative reading, which disappears if the adverb is fronted. I propose that this reading relies not only on focus, but on B-accent (fall-rise intonation) as well. A fronted Q-adverb is usually pronounced with a B-accent; since only one element can be B-accented, this means that the scope of the adverb contains no B-accented material, hence no relative readings. Thus, the effects of fronting range more widely than is usually assumed, and quantificational adverbs are a useful tool with which to investigate these effects.
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Gheorghe, Mihaela. "Free Choice-Free Relative Clauses of the Type “Indiferent + Wh-” in Romanian." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 65, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.13.
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Free Choice-Free Relative Clauses of the Type “Indiferent + Wh-” in Romanian. The hypothesis of this paper is that the inventory of the free choice items in Romanian can be extended by including, along with the indefinites and the wh- compounds with ori-, a complex structure consisting of the adverb indiferent (‘regardless’) plus a wh-item. Based on syntactic tests, the paper suggests a line of interpretation according to which two patterns of relative clauses are possible with indiferent followed by a wh-item: (i) a headed relative clause licenced by a PP (de) which is syntactically required by the adverb indiferent, and (ii) a pattern in which the preposition de is covert, and the adverb functions as a quantifier that takes scope over the relative node; the clause is adjoined to the matrix together with the adverbial. We are dealing, therefore, with a free relative endowed with the free choice semantics of the adverb. In contexts of this type, the adverb indiferent seems to act like an additive particle to the wh-items, in a semantically similar way in which the prefix ori- contributes to the meaning of the complex free choice wh-words in Romanian. This hypothesis is also supported by the fact that the group formed by indiferent + wh-items is also occurrent in constructions with the ellipsis of the VP in the relative clause, a fact that strengthens the parallelism with the free choice items available in Romanian.
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SOBIN, NICHOLAS. "The Comp-trace effect, the adverb effect and minimal CP." Journal of Linguistics 38, no. 3 (November 2002): 527–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226702001652.
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Recent work has ascribed the adverb effect, the reduction or elimination of the that-trace effect by the addition of an adverbial phrase, to an elaborated CP layer. However, additional observations about a variety of adverb effects with both positive and negative effects on acceptability, including some experimental data, suggest that (i) adverbs may undergo lexical adjunction to a complementizer and (ii) the CP layer may be contracting or folding in rather than expanding. This proposal facilitates explanation of an array of facts including the Comp-trace effect, the adverb effect and other aspects of the behavior of complementizers in relative constructions and in complement constructions.
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BOUCHAREB, Sonia. "L’EMPLOI EXCLAMATIF DE A QUEL POINT." FRANCISOLA 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/francisola.v2i2.9403.
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RÉSUMÉ. La locution adverbiale à quel point appartient à une sous-classe particulière d’adverbes appelés adverbes de quantité, tout comme l’adverbe combien, qui sert souvent à la gloser. Cette classification établie à partir du trait sémantique fondamental de degré, permet de présenter les propriétés générales communes aux adverbes de quantité mais non d’en saisir les particularités. L’objectif de ce présent travail est donc d’élaborer une description minutieuse centrée sur à quel point (emploi exclamatif) afin de saisir les spécificités syntaxiques, distributionnelles et sémantiques de ce marqueur exclamatif. Pour ce faire, nous avons procédé par induction en rassemblant un corpus attesté, en français contemporain, représentatif des différents emplois exclamatifs de à quel point. L’observation des données rassemblées nous a permis, en autres, de montrer que, bien qu’appartenant à une même classe grammaticale et sémantique (adverbe indiquant le degré), à quel point et combien ont des fonctionnements syntaxiques différents et des sens en emploi fort singuliers. Mots-clés : adverbe, conformité, degré, évaluation, intensité, quantité, seuil.ABSTRACT. It is commonly acknowledged that the adverbial locution à quel point belongs to a particular sub-class of adverbs called quantity adverbs, as the adverb combien, which serves to replace it. This classification, established from the fundamental semantic trait of degree, allows us to display its common general properties to the quantity adverbs but not to fathom its specificities. The aim of the present study is to set up a minute description centered on à quel point (in its exclamatory use) to seize the syntactic, distributional and semantic specificities relative to this marker. In order to achieve this goal, we have proceeded by induction, i.e. by gathering a certified corpus of different exclamatory uses of à quel point in contemporary French. The analysis of the gathered data has allowed us to show that, while belonging to an identical grammatical and semantic class (an adverb indicating the degree), à quel point and combien have different syntactic functioning and very particular meanings in use.Keywords: adverb, conformity, degree, evaluation, intensity, quantity, threshold.
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SEPPÄNEN, AIMO. "The Old English relative þe." English Language and Linguistics 8, no. 1 (April 21, 2004): 71–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136067430400125x.
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In current accounts the Old English relative þe is analysed in two radically different ways. The traditional view, inherited from the nineteenth-century grammarians, views the word as a relative pronoun, while the generative analysis, derived from some remarks of Jespersen on the ModE relative that, takes it to be a subordinating particle. The generativist view is based on the word's lack of morphological variation, whereas the older approach examines more generally the grammar of the word, noting that the invariable þe shares the typical nominal categories of number and case, functioning both as a singular and a plural and representing all the four cases of OE nominal elements. A further indication of the word's nominal status is its referential function, distinguishing between specific and generic reference. Against these clear facts, the lack of overt inflection is a minor idiosyncrasy, paralleled by the OE generic man/mon, whose pronominal status is widely agreed. Þe may have been a subordinating particle in origin, but by historical OE times it retained this function in relative clauses only after relative adverbs, having been reanalysed elsewhere either as a relative adverb itself, or, in its most frequent relative use, as a pronoun.
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Grochowski, Maciej. "Metatextual operators in the shape of the superlative of adverb." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 64 (2008): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi0864061g.
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It is possible to distinguish in Polish lexical units which are having the shape of the superlative of adverb. They represent classes of metatextual (cf. najnormalniej, najpewniej, najspokojniej, najwidoczniej) or metapredicative (cf. najdalej, najmniej, najwy?ej) operators. In this paper the first class of operators is considered. Syntactic features of adverbs and metatextual operators are mutually exclusive. The operators under examination have their counterparts in the shape of the positive in the classes of adverbs as well as particles. However, none of the distinguished operators has counterpart in the shape of the comparative in the class of particles. A metatextual operator - analogically to a particle - opens one position primarily on its right side, for an expression unmarked relative to the degree of complexity. Whereas a superlative of adverb opens two positions the first one for a verb and the second one for a prepositional phrase. In the paper numerous arguments are presented for confirming the hypothesis that lexical units which are having the shape of the superlative of adverb are grammatical homonyms which belong both to adverbs and to particles.
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Krsacok, Stephen J., and William F. Moroney. "Quantification of Adverb Intensifiers for Use in Ratings of Acceptability, Adequacy, and Relative Goodness." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 24 (September 2002): 1944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602402.
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Survey designers often assume the existence of an underlying linear continuum with equal intervals between anchors when they create a scale. However, this is not necessarily the case when labels, such as “somewhat acceptable,” “completely acceptable”, etc. are assigned to these intervals. This study examines numeric ratings assigned by college students to adverb intensifiers. Numeric ratings (from −5 to + 5) were collected from college males (n=54), college females (n=54) for positive and negative adverb-intensifiers of acceptability (n=50), adequacy (n=50), and relative goodness (n=41). Minimal differences were noted in mean ratings, variability, and order of the ratings assigned by males and females. Three different scale development strategies were utilized to develop 54 adverb intensifier scales with intervals of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11 descriptors for acceptability, adequacy, and relative goodness. Survey designers are invited to use these scales or the raw data to develop their own scales. Those who do so will have the advantage of using data based on a current college population.
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Hamawand, Zeki. "The notion of gradation in meaning." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 207–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.3.2.02ham.
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This paper is about gradation of meaning in English, the situation in which the degree of the quality of a word increases or decreases, caused conceptually by communicative demands and expressed lexically by other words called degree adverbs. The choice of a degree adverb reflects the speaker's viewpoint and influences the listener’s reception of the message. With reference to this phenomenon, the paper explores three fundamental tenets of Cognitive Grammar. The first is that a linguistic item forms a category of interrelated senses. On this basis, degree adverbs are argued to acquire new senses relative to context of use. The second is that the meaning of a linguistic item is best understood in terms of the domain to which it belongs. On this basis, degree adverbs are argued to form sets in which they highlight different facets. The third is that the use of a linguistic item is motivated by the particular construal imposed on a scene. On this basis, the use of a degree adverb is argued to result from the particular construal the speaker chooses to describe a situation. Degree adverbs are found to be linguistic devices used to fine-tune a stance. A change in a stance requires a change in a degree adverb.
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Petronijevic, Bozinka. "Adverbs in Contrast – Criteria for Distinguishing from Other Parts of Speech." Филолог – часопис за језик књижевност и културу 22, no. 22 (December 30, 2020): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21618/fil2022013p.
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This paper attempts at examining and determining, using the vast corpus of Serbian and German languages, whether the part of speech in question exists as such in each of these languages, as well as whether it (adverb) is a universal or specific language category. The research shows that most languages recognise the adverb as a distinctive part of speech, which implies that it is a universal category that can be defined according to the following criteria: a) morphological (adverbs have no flexions, but they undergo comparison with regard to the relative subclass) and syntactic (conditioned by verbs as nucleus, assuming in most cases the function of adverbials as verb complements; b) rare attributive function before nouns and adverbs themselves; c) differences between specific languages, German and Serbian included, are a result of their respective word formation systems. In this particular case, each of the two languages recognises relatively few simple words (simplizia); on the other hand, the explicit (suffixational) derivation is largely productive in Serbian, whereas there is a completely opposite situation in German concerning this issue (although the process is recorded in the latter as well); and, finally, adverb derivatives in Serbian correspond, as a rule, to adjectives and prepositional phrases functioning as adverbials in German.
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Tribushinina, Elena. "Piecemeal acquisition of boundedness." Cognitive and Empirical Pragmatics 25 (December 5, 2011): 80–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.25.05tri.
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Recent semantic studies show that adjectives differ in terms of the scalar structures associated with them, which has implications for patterns of degree modification. For example, relative adjectives in Dutch are associated with unbounded (open) scales and are, therefore, incompatible with maximizing adverbs (e.g. #helemaal groot ‘completely big’, #helemaal klein ‘completely small’). This paper tests the hypothesis that children acquire the relevant distinctions in the domain of boundedness in a piecemeal fashion by storing ready-made modifier-adjective pairings from the input and later generalizing over them. The results of the longitudinal corpus study of four degree adverbs in the spontaneous speech of nine children acquiring Netherlandic Dutch are consistent with the idea that language learners start by reproducing target-like modifier-adjective combinations stored as prefabs from the input. Once a critical mass of such adverb-adjective pairings has been stored, children make generalizations over the stored instances and proceed to productive use. This phase is marked by over-generalization errors that are attested, on average, six months after the emergence of a degree adverb. Most of the over-generalization errors involved combining a degree adverb with an adjective of an incompatible scalar structure. It is concluded that the acquisition of boundedness has a more protracted time course than has been hitherto assumed on the basis of comprehension experiments.
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Afros, Elena. "Exeter Book Riddle 6, Lines 7–8." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 80, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340206.
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Abstract One of the very few ‘rules’ that operate (almost) without exceptions in Old English prose and poetry is that in se-relatives, se is preceded by the preposition that governs it. In the entire Old English corpus, Mitchell (1985: §2244) finds only one counterexample in the Exeter Book Riddle 6, lines 7–8. In this relative clause, the preposition on governing the demonstrative þa that functions as both antecedent and relative is postposed. The present article suggests grouping the preposition on (7b) with the adverb feorran ‘far’ (8a) that immediately follows it and analysing the main verb of the relative clause as transitive. As a result, the relative clause follows the ‘rule’: the preposition on is no longer postposed, and the pronoun þa, which functions as a direct object in the principal and relative clauses, is assigned accusative by the main verbs of both clauses.
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Lim, An-King, and 林安 慶. "On Sino-Turkic, a First Glance (北俗初探)." Journal of Language Contact 9, no. 3 (July 27, 2016): 436–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00903002.
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When Turkic-speaking Tabghatch conquered China in 386 ce and ruled her for nearly 200 years, they, being minority rulers, elected to take up Chinese writing system and language as the official means of communication with its subject population. They also ended up adopting the writing system to script the Turkic language for their Turkic population resulting into a Xianbei National Language (xnl). This work describes 7 cases of Turkic-rooted Sinitic functional expressions, all featuring the word 的 [d-], supported with historical citations in Chinese documents, believed to be cultural continua of the xnl: 1) The constative preterite -dI, -dXŋ → the constative 的 [də], 底 [di], 端 [duan] 2) The nominalizer -dOk+ in free relative clause → Sinitc 的 [də], 底 [di], 得 [də] in free relative clause 3) The nominalizer -dOk+ in bound relative clause → Sinitic 底 [di], 的 [də] in bound relative clause 4) The adverb of manner suffix +tI/+dI → the adverb of manner suffixes 地 [di], 底 [di], 的 [də] 5) The locative-ablative case suffixes +dA/+tA → the locative suffixes 底 [di], 頭 [tou], 的 [də] 6) The perfect participle -dOk → the perfect participles 得 [də], 的 [di] 7) The completive perfect formative ïd- → the completive perfect formatives 得 [də], 的 [di]
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Tomioka, Satoshi. "Japanese embedded questions are nominal: Evidence from quantificational variability effect." Journal of Japanese Linguistics 36, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 121–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jjl-2019-2020.
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AbstractThe exhaustivity of an embedded interrogative sentence can be altered by the presence of an adverb in the matrix clause. This phenomenon, known as Quantificational Variability Effect (QVE), manifests itself in a peculiar way in Japanese. A QVE-inducing adverb can take the form of a numeral classifier that agrees with the embedded Wh-phrase. While a QVE-inducing numeral classifier appears to be associated with an embedded wh-phrase, it is not clear how such an association can be established. I argue that Japanese embedded questions are implicitly nominalized in the fashion similar to the internally-headed relative clause construction, and that the nominalized embedded questions are treated as concealed questions. The proposed analysis gives a very simple account for the puzzling QVE construction, as the floated quantifier structure with a concealed-question-denoting NP is commonplace. The paper examines a variety of phenomena, such as doubly headed relative clause structure and selectional restrictions on QVE, which support the nominal structure of Japanese embedded questions.
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Lim, So‑jeong. "The grammaticalization of "Hao" and its correlations with other usages: Focused on auxiliary verb, conjunction, relative adverb uses." Journal of Chinese Studies 85 (August 30, 2018): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.36493/jcs.85.4.
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Ziegeler, Debra. "Changes in the functions of already in Singapore English." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 35, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 293–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00062.zie.
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Abstract The use of the adverb already in Colloquial Singapore English has long been known as one of the most readily recognizable features defining the contact dialect, marking aspectual nuances such as anterior, completive, inchoative and inceptive functions, as noted by Bao (2005, 2015). Recent observations note that the uses of already as an inchoative marker (distinguishing the adverb as an iamitive) are more frequently found than completive uses across a small, synchronic sample of speakers (Teo 2019). It is perhaps less often recognized, though, that the aspectual use of already co-exists with the variable marking for past tense in Singlish (Ho & Platt 1993), and that both the aspectual adverb and the past tense may be seen to co-occur in the same construction. The frequency of already in its various functions is examined across two corpora, and the relative frequency of completive vs. non-completive functions is quantified diachronically. It is hypothesized that, rather than grammaticalizing onwards to become a past tense marker, as is predictable for some Portuguese creole iamitives (ya ‘already’) (Clements 2006), already is becoming increasingly restricted in its functional range in today’s Singlish, and that its perfect and completive functions may be at a stage of selective renovation by the use of the past tense in Standard Singapore English.
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Lefeuvre, Florence. "La proposition introduite par comme quoi." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 26, no. 2 (July 30, 2004): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.26.2.07lef.
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Summary The aim of this paper is to explain how the group comme quoi works. The subordinate clause with comme quoi differs from a relative clause, a completive clause or an integrative clause. Considering its use in indirect speech (verb + comme quoi/nominal group + comme quoi), it seems that this group introduces an indirect interrogative (percontative), with quoi as interrogative (percontative) pronoun and comme as an integrative adverb concerning enunciation. Nevertheless, we show the differences between the clause with comme quoi and the percontative clause. Actually, being first an interrogative group about the manner (in the seventeenth century), it became a word introducing an indirect speech with an enunciative meaning.
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Herrero Ruiz de Loizaga, Francisco Javier. "El conector ilativo-consecutivo onde en el español medieval = The illative-consecutive connector onde in Medieval Spanish." Estudios Humanísticos. Filología, no. 40 (December 19, 2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/ehf.v0i40.5477.
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<p><em>Onde</em> como conector ilativo-consecutivo continúa el empleo desarrollado por UNDE en el latín tardío y medieval, y se halla preferentemente en textos o fragmentos expositivo-argumentativos, en buena medida como consecuencia de una imitación culta de estos usos latinos. A pesar de su intensidad de empleo durante la Edad Media, su preferencia por determinados contextos en los que tiende a especializarse y la progresiva desaparición de <em>onde</em> como adverbio relativo e interrogativo y su consideración de vulgarismo en este empleo a partir del siglo XVI determinarán la desaparición de este conector, ya desusado en el español clásico.</p><p>Onde as consecutive connector continues the use developed by UNDE in Late and Medieval Latin, and<br />it is found mainly in expositive-argumentative texts or fragments, largely as a consequence of learned<br />imitation of these Latin uses. Despite its intense use during the Middle Ages, its preference for certain<br />contexts in which it tends to specialize and the progressive disappearance of onde as relative and interrogative adverb and its consideration of vulgarism in this adverbial use from the sixteenth century on<br />will determine the disappearance of this connector, already obsolete in classical Spanish.<br /><br /></p>
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Washington, Jonathan North, and Francis Morton Tyers. "Delineating Turkic non-finite verb forms by syntactic function." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 4, no. 1 (October 7, 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v4i1.4587.
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In this paper, we argue against the primary categories of non-finite verb used in the Turkology literature: “participle” (причастие ‹pričastije›) and “converb” (деепричастие ‹dejepričastije›). We argue that both of these terms conflate several discrete phenomena, and that they furthermore are not coherent as umbrella terms for these phenomena. Based on detailed study of the non-finite verb morphology and syntax of a wide range of Turkic languages (presented here are Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Tuvan, and Sakha), we instead propose delineation of these categories according to their morphological and syntactic properties. Specifically, we propose that more accurate categories are verbal noun, verbal adjective, verbal adverb, and infinitive. This approach has far-reaching implications to the study of syntactic phenomena in Turkic languages, including phenomena ranging from relative clauses to clause chaining.
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Nurhasanah Purba and Mulyadi. "Subordinate Clauses Used in Anak Boru Sanina in Simalungun Wedding Ceremony." Lakhomi Journal Scientific Journal of Culture 1, no. 1 (December 3, 2020): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/lakhomi.v1i1.340.
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The aims of this study is to find out subordinative clause in Anak boru sanina utterances in simakungun wedding ceremony. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. The result shows that the study is found only adverbial clause while noun clause and relative clause are do not found. The kind of adverbial clause that found are 13 clauses containing of purpose, 9 clauses are containing of manner, 4 clause are containing of causes, 2 clauses are containing of effect, and 2 clauses are containing of condition. The discussion shows that adverbial clause most appear in Anak Boru Sanina utterances in Simalungun wedding ceremony because in this position Anak Boru Sanina as the leader of wedding ceremony so all the utterances containing of adverb clause and the most is purpose to carry out the role of Simalungun culture.
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Johnston, Trevor, Donovan Cresdee, Adam Schembri, and Bencie Woll. "finishvariation and grammaticalization in a signed language: How far down this well-trodden pathway is Auslan (Australian Sign Language)?" Language Variation and Change 27, no. 1 (February 20, 2015): 117–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394514000209.
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AbstractLanguage variation is often symptomatic of ongoing historical change, including grammaticalization. Signed languages lack detailed historical records and a written literature, so tracking grammaticalization in these languages is problematic. Grammaticalization can, however, also be observed synchronically through the comparison of data on variant word forms and multiword constructions in particular contexts and in different dialects and registers. In this paper, we report an investigation of language change and variation in Auslan (Australian Sign Language). Signs glossed asfinishwere tagged for function (e.g., verb, noun, adverb, auxiliary, conjunction), variation in production (number of hands used, duration, mouthing), position relative to the main verb (pre- or postmodifying), and event types of the clauses in which they appear (states, activities, achievements, accomplishments). The data suggest ongoing grammaticalization may be part of the explanation of the variation—variants correlate with different uses in different linguistic contexts, rather than social and individual factors.
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VAN DULM, ONDENE. "English–Afrikaans intrasentential code switching: Testing a feature checking account." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 12, no. 2 (April 2009): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909004039.
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The work presented here aims to account for the structure of intrasentential code switching between English and Afrikaans within the framework of feature checking theory, a theory associated with minimalist syntax. Six constructions in which verb position differs between English and Afrikaans were analysed in terms of differences in the strength of particular features associated with functional categories, and the ability of verbs of either language to check these features. Predictions for the well-formedness of code-switched constructions were informed by data elicited from thirty fluently bilingual participants by means of relative judgements of visually-presented code-switched sentences and auditorily-presented code-switched utterances, and a sentence construction task. Findings indicated straightforward support for the predictions for adverb, focalisation, and topicalisation constructions, but less support for embedded that and wh clauses and yes-no questions. Alternative explanations for the latter results are proposed. The work suggests that the same mechanisms and devices proposed to account for monolingual data can also account for code-switching data.
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Altshuler, Daniel Gordon. "Toward a more fine-grained theory of temporal adverbials." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 21 (September 3, 2011): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v21i0.2622.
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In this paper I propose that a core property of adverbial meaning is the ability (or the lack thereof) of an adverbial to introduce a new time discourse referent. The core data comes from 'that same day' in narrative discourse. I argue that unlike other previously studied temporal adverbials—which introduce a new time discourse referent and relate it to the speech time or a previously mentioned time—'that same' retrieves two salient times from the input context, i.e. it is "twice-anaphoric", without introducing one of its own. Moreover, I argue that the adverb 'currently' is like 'that same day' in not introducing a new time discourse referent; it constrains the temporal location of a described eventuality relative to a salient time previously introduced into the discourse context. The analysis that I propose is implemented within Compositional Discourse Representation Theory. It illustrates how adverbial meaning can be integrated within a more general theory of temporal interpretation.
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Broekhuis, Hans. "A typology of clause structure." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2010 10 (December 31, 2010): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.10.01bro.
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Current generative grammar predicts a larger set of transitive structures than the six types normally mentioned in the typological handbooks (SVO, SOV, VSO, etc). The main cause of this discrepancy is that, whereas generative grammar investigates the hierarchical positions of the verb and its arguments, most typological research is concerned with their relative surface order. In order to bring together these two lines of research, we have to translate the predictions of generative grammar into a more sophisticated typology in linear terms that can be taken as the point of departure for future typological research. This programmatic article is written in the hope that the generative grammar may help typologists to find certain so far unknown typological differences between languages, and that typologists, in turn, may help generative grammar by providing the relevant typological data that are needed to evaluate the competing theoretical proposals and to improve the most successful ones. Keywords: word order typology, phrase structure theory, verb movement, adverb placement.
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Akmal, Saiful, Muhammad Nur Akbar Rasyid, Yuliar Masna, and Cut Natasha Soraya. "EFL LEARNERS' DIFFICULTIES IN THE STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION SECTION OF TOEFL TEST IN AN INDONESIAN UNIVERSITY." Englisia: Journal of language, education, and humanities 7, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ej.v7i2.6472.
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This study examined the English for Foreign Language (EFL) learners' difficult topics in the structure and written expression section of the TOEFL Prediction Test, and reasons why they consider that these topics were difficult. The mixed-method research design was used in this study. Fifteen participants were selected through purposive sampling mechanism from the seventh-semester students of Department of English Language Education, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry who have participated in the TOEFL Prediction Test to identify the difficult topics they encountered. Then, the semi-structured interviews were conducted to six underachieving student's participants with the most recorded errors made in the test to know the reasons behind their difficulties. Findings indicated that students encountered difficulties mostly when dealing with determiners, conjunctions, adjective clauses, apposition phrases, and reduced clauses in the structure section. Meanwhile, adverb connectors, subject-verb agreement, and clause of concession, relative clause, and quantifier are the difficulties they encountered in the written expression section of the test. Thus, the findings also revealed several factors identified as the reasons behind those difficulties, namely lack of practice, grammar incompetence, vocabulary shortage, time management, and low self-confidence. Given the significant impact of this study, we suggested that the lectures and English departments should address these difficulties. It is crucial that the focus of the courses related to grammar and EFL proficiency tests be incorporated into the syllabus.
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Meir, Irit. "A Perfect Marker in Israeli Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (December 22, 1999): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.2.1.04mei.
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In this paper I argue for the existence of an aspectual marker in Israeli Sign Language (ISL) denoting perfect constructions. This marker is the sign glossed as ALREADY. Though this sign often occurs in past time contexts, I argue that it is a perfect-aspect marker and not a past tense marker. This claim is supported by the following observations: (a) ALREADY can co-occur with past, present and future time adverbials; (b) its core meaning is to relate a resultant state to a prior event; (c) it occurs much more in dialogues than in narrative contexts. Further examination of the properties and functions of ALREADY in the language reveals that it shares many properties with perfect constructions in other languages. In addition, it is shown that the co-occurrence of ALREADY with various time adverbials, as well as with the durational aspectual modulation, gives rise to a rich aspectual system in the language. This aspectual system is compared to similar systems in other languages. The ISL system turns out to be very different from that of Hebrew on the one hand, while showing significant similarities to that of ASL. However, there are also some differences between ISL and ASL aspectual markers, which might be due to the relative youth of ISL, and to the different source for the aspectual marker: a verbin the case of ASL, and an adverb in ISL.
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Efransyah, Efransyah. "ANALYZING THEMATIC STRUCTURE IN INDONESIAN FOLKTALES IN ENGLISH VERSION: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR (SFG)." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 1, no. 2 (October 22, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v1i2.p85-94.
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This research is entitled “Analyzing Thematic Structure in Indonesian Folktales in English Version: A Systemic Functional Grammar Study (SFG)”. The objectives of this study are analyzing and describing the themes, their elements and thematic progressions of Indonesian Folktales in English Version. The collected data, in this research, were taken from the book entitled “Indonesian Folktales” published in 1981 by Pustaka Media Publisher. One data, Princess Sumur Bandung which consists of 50 paragraphs and 221 clauses was chosen to be analyzed based on the theory of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) of Gerot and Wignell (1994). The method and technique used in this study are a descriptive qualitative method. The results of this research reveal that (1) there are two kinds of theme-rheme patterns are found; they are simple theme-rheme patterns and multiple theme-rheme patterns. In details, the simple theme-rheme patterns contain constant theme-rheme pattern, linear theme-theme rheme pattern, and derived theme-rheme pattern, while multiple ones contain a combination of constant and linear theme, a combination of linear and derived theme, and a combination of constant, linear and derived theme-rheme pattern. Besides, the combination of constant and linear theme-rheme pattern are the most frequently distributed. While the elements of themes which found are textual, interpersonal and ideational elements. Textual elements cover continuative, structural conjunction, wh-relative and conjunctive adjunct. Interpersonal elements cover modal adjunct, vocative, wh-interrogative and finite verbal operator. Ideational elements cover nominal group, noun, adverbial group, prepositional phrase, process, complement, group complex and adverb.
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Cook, Eung-Do. "Athapaskan: a Structural Overview." section II 38, no. 1 (September 30, 2002): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/002365ar.
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Abstract In this structural overview, I will focus on the morphology with a brief discussion of phonology and syntax for the reason that Athapaskan, as a "polysynthetic" language, has a very complex morphological structure of the verb. In terms of the number of segments, Athapaskan is one of the richest in the inventory of the consonants, which include three series of obstruents (plain, aspirated, and glottalized). Particularly rich is the inventory of affricates, which include, for most Athapaskan languages, three sets (dental, lateral, and palatal). The major lexical categories include verbs, nouns, and postpositions. Minor categories include deictic-demonstratives, numerals, locatives, adverbials, etc. Nouns and postpositions are morphologically identical in that they inflect with the same set of personal prefixes, marking a possessor for nouns and object for postpositions. But nouns and postpositions are different syntactically because only nouns function as a subject or direct object, whereas postpositions play other syntactic functions often incorporated into the verb. The verb morphology is characterized by a complex prefix structure as well as stem variation marking not only tense /aspect I mode, but also such other features as number and what are known to be the characteristics of the so-called 'classificatory' verbs. Athapaskan verbs are known for more or less a dozen prefix positions, although not all of these positions are filled for a particular verb. The classificatory verb system, which includes half a dozen or more alternating stems, is the most interesting and intriguing morphosemantic characteristic of the Athapaskan language, which would be particularly interesting to interpreters and translators. The syntactic structures involving the third and fourth person pronominal prefixes have been the most lively theoretical issue. Athapaskan is a verb-final language and a verb alone often represents a sentence. Typically the subject noun phrase and verb phrase are the first and last constituents of the sentence where other constituents, e.g. adverb, a postpositional phrase (indirect object) and direct object noun phrase occur between these two constituents. Relative clause and direct I indirect discourse are the best known noun phrase and verb phrase complementations, whereas topicalization and extraposition are the two best known movement rules in Athapaskan.
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Yudijanto, Tsaniatilwadai Anugrah. "Penggunaan Adverbia Ichiou Dalam Novel Seri Reikan Kentei Dan Kiokuya Dilihat Dari Sudut Pandang “Partisipan”." Janaru Saja : Jurnal Program Studi Sastra Jepang 8, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/js.v8i1.1742.
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Abstract: The purpose of this research is to find out the use of the ichiou adverb in the speech situations from participants with sociolinguistic approach. The method used in this research is descriptive method with qualitative analysis. Data sources are novels and questionnaires. The data collection of this study is choosing a sentence containing the ichiou adverb from six novels. Furthermore, these sentences were used as multiple-choice questionnaire containing the frequency of using ichiou adverb in some situations. As for some conclusions from the results of this research depend on the speech situation, social relations greatly influenced the use of the ichiou adverb only used for family, relatives or close friends. Keywords: Ichiou adverb, sociolinguistics, participant
Abstrak: Tujuan dalam penelitian ini yakni untuk mengetahui penggunaan adverbia ichiou dalam beberapa situasi percakapan ditinjau dari penggunanya dengan pendekatan sosiolinguistik. Metode yang digunakan merupakan metode analisis kualitatif. Sumber data yang digunakan berasal dari novel dan angket , sedangkan data dikumpulkan berdasarkan percakapan yang terdapat dalam novel seri Reikan Kentei dan Kiokuya. Beberapa hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa hubungan sosial memengaruhi penggunaan adverbia ichiou dalam suatu percakapan.
Kata kunci: adverbia ichiou, sosiolinguistik, partisipan
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Moser, Marvin. "Antihypertensive medications: relative effectiveness and adverse reactions." Journal of Hypertension 8, Supplement 2 (June 1990): S9—S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-199006002-00003.
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Killie, Kristin. "On the development and use of appearance/attribute adverbs in English." Diachronica 24, no. 2 (December 21, 2007): 327–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.24.2.05kil.
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It is commonly claimed that in English adjectives denoting colour and other physical properties, referred to here as ‘appearance/attribute’ adjectives, do not give rise to adverbs. This alleged constraint has been related to the fact that the adjectives in question are stative. In this paper I present data which show that appearance/attribute adjectives do give rise to adverbs. To be sure, such ‘appearance/attribute adverbs’ are infrequent and ‘literary’, but they began to be used to some extent in the 19th century, and their frequency has increased considerably during the last two centuries. In fact, in contexts where both adjectives and adverbs are allowed, i.e. in collocation with verbs that do not subcategorize for an adjective or adverb, adverbs have become more frequent than adjectives. This paper discusses what brought about this change, arguing that the crucial mechanism is analogy, and that conditioning factors are the argument structure of the relevant adverbs, the dynamicity of the collocating verb, positional distribution, creativity, and the existence of the same adverb forms with metaphorical meanings. I also argue that the development of appearance/attribute adverbs must be seen in relation to the so called ‘adverbialization process’ which has been sweeping the English language for at least a millennium.
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Molinier, Christian. "Ainsi." Adverbes et compléments adverbiaux / Adverbs and adverbial complements 36, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.36.2.09mol.
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This article studies the adverb ainsi in its twin functions of manner adverb modifying a given verb, and of sentence adverb — here a connective. This dual functioning is characteristic of a number of adverbs, and as with them, all the characteristic properties of each of these types are verified. In both cases, the basic meaning of ainsi is that of ‘conformity’ — conformity of a manner of doing or being with another manner of doing or being, and conformity of the content of an utterance with a previously evoked state of affairs. For each of these two uses, we study the particular order of words, on occasion in relation to their character, and show that manner adverb ainsi is unique within its category in setting itself apart from other adverbial form types allowing “subject inversion”.
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Chircu, Adrian. "Le redoublement syntaxique des adverbes relatifs-interrogatifs et indéfinis (temps, manière et quantité) par les adverbes d’altérité correspondants en roumain actuel." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 65, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.04.
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The Syntactic Doubling of Relative-interrogative and Indefinite (Temporal, Modal and Quantitative Adverbials) through Corresponding Alterity Adverbials in Present-day Romanian. This study represents a continuation of a previous study (Chircu 2020b); it discusses the distribution of (temporal, modal and quantitative) alterity adverbials which syntactically double semantically equivalent relative-interrogative and indefinite adverbials. The alterity adverbials strengthen the meaning of the relative-interrogative and indefinite adverbials and offer alternative solutions of fulfilling the action expressed by the verb or, in the case of modal adverbials, of satisfying the constraints of a ternary relation. In the identified contexts, it can be observed that the alterity adverbial is used both anaphorically and cataphorically, depending of the choice of the speakers. For this analysis, the author has extracted data from the present-day language (the CoRoLa corpus and Google).
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Keppel, Kenneth G., and Jeffrey N. Pearcy. "Measuring Relative Disparities in Terms of Adverse Events." Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 11, no. 6 (November 2005): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00124784-200511000-00002.
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Judžentytė, Gintarė. "Review of semantic research of adverbs of place in Lithuanian." Lietuvių kalba, no. 7 (December 20, 2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2013.22686.
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Semantic investigations of adverbs of place in Lithuanian started in 1653, when in the first grammar of the Lithuanian language Danielius Kleinas offered a classification of adverbs of place that consisted of four semantic groups: 1) In Loco; 2) De Loco; 3) Per Locum; 4) Ad Locum. This semantic division remained unchanged for over two centuries, i.e. 17th – 18th century.The comparative-historical method that was introduced in the 19th century influenced Lithuanian linguistics and, as a result, such figures as A. Šleicheris, the author of the first theoretical Lithuanian language grammar and F. Kuršaitis, another author of an important grammar volume focused more on the origin of adverbs (of place) rather than their semantics.The 20th century in Lithuanian linguistics had still retained some reverberations of the 19th century, the author of the first standard Lithuanian grammar J. Jablonskis still pays more attention to the origin of adverbs of place and not its meanings.The most significant semantic research of adverbs of place in this century is considered to be K. Ulvydas’ analysis in the academic “grammar of the Lithuanian language” as it was the first one to provide a comprehensive description of what an adverb is in general as well as a definition of an adverb of place. In comparison to other grammars written earlier, this work provides the most extensive semantic classification of adverbs of place; in addition, it provides a detailed account of the meanings of adverbs of place, the overlaps of those meanings, etc.
Along with grammars of Lithuanian, adverbs of place were extensively investigated in other scholarly works. The most important of them is B. Forsman’s monograph “Das baltische Adverb” which, in comparison to other works devoted to Lithuanian adverbs of place, provides a detailed analysis and description of the semantics of adverbs of place in Lithuanian:
1. B. Forssman was the first one to apply the notion of space in the investigation of Lithuanian adverbs of place;
he was the first one to research Lithuanian adverbs of place by naming an object in relation to which the place/location is described;
he was the first one to include the notion of deixis into the history of semantic research of Lithuanian adverbs of place;
he was the first one to distinguish the meanings of Lithuanian adverbs of place according to the manner of localisation and division of space.
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Smith, Heather J., and Yuen J. Huo. "Relative Deprivation." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1, no. 1 (October 2014): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732214550165.
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Discussions of the impact of growing inequality have focused on objective indicators. Focusing on what individuals have or do not have can be misleading without understanding how they subjectively interpret the availability of resources. Relative deprivation (RD) occurs when individuals compare themselves with better-off others and conclude that they do not deserve their disadvantage. These upward comparisons, whether imposed or chosen, can damage people’s emotions, behavior, and even mental and physical health. How people respond to RD depends on whether they (a) experience the disadvantage directed toward them as a unique individual or as a member of a group (e.g., ethnic category, occupation), (b) feel anger or another emotion (e.g., sadness), and (c) view the system (e.g., workplace, nation) as open to change. Mobility interventions (e.g., housing and school vouchers) may have unexpected adverse consequences that direct improvements to the local infrastructure and community do not. Costs of RD (including physical illness) increase if people cannot address perceived inequities effectively. RD explains why simply enumerating resources and opportunities does not fully explain how relative disadvantage produces outcomes ranging from social protest to illness. Insights from psychological science that show how individuals respond to social inequities can inform policies for building communities and improving well-being.
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Hieronim, Deborah E., Emanuel Kanal, and Dennis P. Swanson. "Dosage of gadoteridol and adverse reactions relative to gadopentetate." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 52, no. 22 (November 1, 1995): 2556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/52.22.2556.
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Peace, Karl E. "Design, Monitoring, and Analysis Issues Relative to Adverse Events." Drug Information Journal 21, no. 1 (January 1987): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286158702100105.
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Lehmann, Christian. "Complex spatial prepositions from Latin to Castilian." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 54, no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 93–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.00017.leh.
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Abstract From among the various processes that form prepositions in the history from Latin to Castilian, the investigation concentrates on the formation of prepositional adverbs like Spanish delante (de) ‘in front (of)’. There are two mechanisms for their formation: (a) An adverb or a preposition is preceded by a superordinate simple local preposition which initially specifies a local relation, but ends up as a reinforcing expansion of its base; and (b) an adverb is converted into a preposition by a following functional preposition which serves as a relationalizer. In case #a, the syntactic structure is often destroyed by univerbation, and the resulting reinforced preposition is lexicalized. In case #b, the alternation between adverb and relationalized preposition is regular and bidirectional, so that the combination of adverb and relationalizer is normally not univerbated. The exception desde is given some attention. As a result, the formation of prepositions of this structure is, at the outset, not a matter of word formation, and such complex prepositions are therefore not compound prepositions, but instead lexicalized univerbations.
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Koça, Suela, and Vasilika Pojani. "RELATIVE CLAUSES FROM ENGLISH TO ALBANIAN." CBU International Conference Proceedings 4 (September 22, 2016): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.784.
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This paper aims to describe the use of relative clauses in English and Albanian by comparing different clause types. Some theoretical issues addressed in this article include the definition of relative clauses, the relativized elements, and the use of relative pronouns and adverbs in both languages. Distinctions and similarities are identified by analyzing the way in which these clauses are translated from English into Albanian. The theoretical part is illustrated by examples extracted from “Animal Farm” by George Orwell and “Pride and Prejudice” by Jane Austin, and their translated versions in Albanian, “Ferma e Kafshëve” and “Krenari dhe Paragjykime”.
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Medvedieva, Liudmyla. "On the opposite directions of semantic motivation in adjective / adverb derivational pairs in russian." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 22 (2020): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-22-203-213.
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The paper analyses semantic relationships in adjective / adverb (ending in –о) derivational pairs in the Modern Russian language in terms of the direction of their motivation. The adverbial element in the derivational pairs is represented by adverbs describing the manner of an action. Derivational pairs such as острый – остро, быстрый – быстро refer to syntactic derivation and include words with the same lexical meaning. Thus, the direction of semantic motivation is irrelevant in this case, and adverbs are seen as derivatives on the basis of their formal compoundness. This approach prevents differentiation of derivational pairs in which the nature of semantic relationships between elements in the pair differ. However, the differentiation is possible if 1) the meanings of the related adjectives and adverbs are seen as close, but not the same; 2) in word comparison, the criterion of conformity / non-conformity of their lexical semantics with the categorial meaning of the part of speech is applied. This criterion, which is well-established in the pairs of ‘бежать – бег, острый – острота’ type in connection with the notion of folded proposition and which underlies the differentiation of isosemic and non-isosemic subclasses of nouns, is not easily extrapolated to the derivational pairs where both words have the categorial meaning of a modifier. Even so, correlating the lexical meanings of adjectives with modifying an object and the lexical meanings of adverbs with modifying an action reveals derivational pairs with opposite directions of semantic motivation. Forming adverbs from adjectives is a common direction in the pairs where the adjective describes an innate feature of the object, e.g. the shape, size, colour, etc., and the adverb describes the action not by its own characteristics, but by relating to the relevant feature of the object: острый нож → остро наточить нож meaning ‘так, что нож острый’. Forming adjectives from adverbs is a normal direction in the pairs where the adverb gives a characteristic of the action, e.g. speed or other peculiarities of the action unfolding in time, while the adjective renders a feature of an abstract action: быстро бежать → быстрый бег, meaning ‘такой, который происходит быстро’. Diachronically, derivational and semantic motivation is generated from the feature of a concrete object: быстрый конь → быстро бежит → быстрый бег, but in Modern Russian, the latter is primary, while быстрый конь comes secondary and is motivated by the meaning of the adverb. The indirect proof that in some pairs the adjective is the base, while in others it is the adverb can be given by the correlation of frequency scores of elements in the derivational pairs, i.e. in the derivational pairs of ‘острый → остро, крупный → крупно’ type, adjectives are more frequent, and in the derivational pairs of ‘быстро → быстрый, внезапно → внезапный’ type, adverbs show higher frequency. The analysis shows the need for further research of the semantic aspect of word-formation relationships between words with the categorial meaning of a modifier.
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Van Canegem-Ardijns, Ingrid, and William Van Belle. "Pronominal Adverbs Containing Adpositions of Direction in Dutch." Adpositions of Movement 18 (December 31, 2004): 115–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.18.07van.
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In Dutch, adpositional arguments and adjuncts which are semantically close to the verb easily form pronominal adverbs made up of an adverb like er ‘there’ or daar ‘there’ and an adposition (e.g., erin [there.in], daarop [there.on]). Such a semantically close relation typically exists between the verb and objects or adjuncts of direction and place: direction and place narrowly delimit the type of action or situation described by the verb. Moreover, even though there is a wide range of adpositions that can follow the verb to express direction or place, the choice of the adposition is dependent on the verb meaning. This justifies the easiness with which objects and adjuncts of direction and place pronominalize. Pronominal adverbs corresponding to objects of direction and place differ, however, from those corresponding to adjuncts of direction and place, in that the former are more likely to occur as separate forms. The explanatory motivation, it is shown in this paper, is that the adposition (i.e., the second part) of a pronominal adverb of an object of direction or place needs to immediately precede the verbal end group, in accordance with the inherence principle.
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Diesel, G. "Adverse event reports relating to Augmentin." Veterinary Record 176, no. 23 (June 4, 2015): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.h3001.
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Diesel, Gillian, and Giles Davis. "Adverse events relating to dispensing errors." Veterinary Record 177, no. 14 (October 8, 2015): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.h4299.
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Kozlowska, Kasia, Kenneth Nunn, and Pennelope Cousens. "Adverse Experiences in Psychiatric Training. Part 2." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 31, no. 5 (October 1997): 641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679709062676.
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Objective: To examine the perceptions of New South Wales (NSW) psychiatric trainees in relation to their training, the adverse events they experienced and the role and quality of the consultant registrar relationship. Method: A self-report questionnaire was developed to probe trainee perceptions of the consultant-trainee relationship and adverse events during training in all those who had completed at least 1 year of training in psychiatry (n = 138) in NSW, as well as all consultants who had completed their training in the last 5 years (n = 95). All subjects were asked to rate the frequency and relative impact of 20 adverse experiences with the opportunity to proffer adversities not listed. They were also asked to rate their experience of their consultants in relation to the adversity. Results: The results from The Training Impact Study exploring adverse events experienced by NSW trainees are presented. Assault by a patient and suicide of a patient are identified as the most stressfull adversities of training in psychiatry. However, more general concerns such as educational and emotional neglect by upervisors, observing consultant maltreatment of patients, exam failure and conflict between consultants were also identified and discussed. Conclusions: The high response rate of both trainees and consultants gives these results a level of representative validity. Recommendations in relation to future training and research are put forward. Specific training in the management of potentially assaultive patients and facilitating trainee recovery from assault or threat of assault should be a priority of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. Support and education in relation to patient suicide is also important. Training and recognition of teachers within the College should be encouraged.
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Xian, Zhanglin, Jinkun Chen, and Peiqiu Yu. "Relative relation matrix-based approaches for updating approximations in multigranulation rough sets." Filomat 34, no. 7 (2020): 2253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil2007253x.
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Multigranulation rough set (MGRS) theory has attracted much attention. However, with the advent of big data era, the attribute values may often change dynamically, which leads to high computational complexity when handling large and complex data. How to effectively obtain useful knowledge from the dynamic information system becomes an important issue in MGRS. Motivated by this requirement, in this paper, we propose relative relation matrix approaches for computing approximations in MGRS and updating them dynamically. A simplified relative relation matrix is used to calculate approximations in MGRS, it is showed that the space and time complexities are no more than that of the original method. Furthermore, relative relation matrix-based approaches for updating approximations in MGRS while refining or coarsening attribute values are proposed. Several incremental algorithms for updating approximations in MGRS are designed. Finally, experiments are conducted to evaluate the efficiency and validity of the proposed methods.
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Philip, Joseph, RaviS Sarkar, and Amardeep Pathak. "Adverse events associated with apheresis procedures: Incidence and relative frequency." Asian Journal of Transfusion Science 7, no. 1 (2013): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-6247.106730.
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Sujatha, P., KSreenivasa Murthy, and KruthikaS Margam. "Adverse events associated with apheresis procedures: incidence and relative frequency." MRIMS Journal of Health Sciences 4, no. 4 (2016): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-7006.302279.
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White, Lydia. "Adverb placement in second language acquisition: some effects of positive and negative evidence in the classroom." Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 7, no. 2 (June 1991): 133–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839100700205.
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This paper focuses on a parametric difference between French and English, namely the issue of whether or not the language allows verb movement. The lack of verb-raising in English causes a potential learnability problem for francophones, as far as English adverb placement is concerned. In particular, an adverb in English is not allowed to interrupt a verb and its direct object, in contrast to French. It is argued in this paper that form-focused classroom instruction, including negative evidence, is more effective in helping L2 learners to arrive at the appropriate properties of English than positive input alone. An experimental study on the effectiveness of teaching adverb placement was conducted with I 1 and 12 year-old francophone learners of English. One group (n = 82) was explicitly instructed on adverb placement, and another on ques tion formation (n = 56). Subjects were tested on a variety of tasks relating to adverb placement; they were pretested, and post-tested twice, immediately after the instructional period, and again five weeks later. Some of the subjects were followed up a year after the original testing. Results show significant differences between the two groups: only the group that received positive and negative evidence that was specifically oriented towards adverb placement came to know that adverbs may not interrupt the verb and object. The results from the follow up, however, suggest that this knowledge is not retained in the long-term.
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Farrar, William T., and Alan H. Kawamoto. "The Return of “Visiting Relatives”: Pragmatic Effects in Sentence Processing." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 46, no. 3 (August 1993): 463–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749308401057.
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Two experiments were performed to investigate the role of syntactic and pragmatic cues on the disambiguation of noun phrases of the form VERB+ing NOUN+s, like visiting relatives, that can be interpreted as either singular or plural noun phrases. Both experiments used a self-paced reading task in which reading times were measured for two words, a verb and an adverb, immediately following the potentially ambiguous noun phrase. The interpretation of the noun phrase as singular or plural was biased by pragmatic cues in the first experiment and by syntactic cues in the second experiment. In both experiments, subjects were faster to read the adverb following the verb when the interpretation biased by the cues agreed in number with the verb that immediately followed the target noun phrase than when it did not agree with the verb. These results suggest that pragmatic cues, like syntactic cues, can be utilized rapidly in sentence processing.
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ZGHAL, HATEM. "LA RELATION CHEZ AVICENNE." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 16, no. 2 (August 10, 2006): 237–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423906000324.
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This study consists in a commentary on some passages from Avicenna, which deal with the category of the relative. The commentary points out the promotion of the relative to the role of an exclusive determining factor. An attempt is made here to show how Avicenna tries to detach the relative accident from its subject, in order to transform it into the exclusive determining factor of a pure thingness. The relative determination of this thingness must be able to receive specifications, which may extend as far as the infimae species. These specifications are obtained by the consideration of the other attributes of the subject of the relative attribution, which are henceforth no more than the “modes of advent” of the relation.