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Journal articles on the topic 'Relative costs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

BAMJI, A. N., and SHEILA WOODCOCK. "Relative Costs of Antirheumatic Drugs." Rheumatology 28, no. 6 (1989): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/28.6.546.

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2

Harrison, Bruce R., and Raymond J. Godefroid. "Relative costs of granisetron and ondansetron." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 51, no. 17 (1994): 2196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/51.17.2196.

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3

Cole, Lawrence W., and Michael J. Hall. "Relative Costs of Various Concrete Pavement Features." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1574, no. 1 (1997): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1574-13.

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The design and construction of portland cement concrete pavement involves the selection, specification, and construction of a number of concrete pavement features. Concrete pavement features can significantly affect pavement construction costs. In this study, the relative effect on pavement construction cost of several concrete pavement features was investigated, including concrete pavement thickness, foundation, shoulders, cross-section thickness variation (trapezoidal section), joint spacing, transverse joint load transfer, and transverse joint sealant. Careful consideration and study should

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4

Reagan, Patricia, and Rene M. Stulz. "Contracting Costs, Inflation, and Relative Price Variability." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 25, no. 3 (1993): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2077726.

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5

del Río, David, Ramón López-Higes, and MaríaTeresa Martín-Aragoneses. "Canonical word order and interference-based integration costs during sentence comprehension: The case of Spanish subject- and object-relative clauses." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 65, no. 11 (2012): 2108–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.674951.

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Object-relative clauses are generally harder to process than subject-relative clauses. Increased processing costs for object-relatives have been attributed either to working memory demands for the establishment of long-distance dependencies or to difficulties processing unexpected, noncanonical structures. The current study uses self-paced reading to contrast the impact of both kinds of factors in Spanish object-relative clauses, manipulating the interposition of the subject of the relative clause between object and verb. In addition, object-relatives were unambiguously marked at their onset w

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6

FERRIS, J. STEPHEN, and DANIEL J. SHAW. "MEASUREMENT COSTS, RELATIVE EVALUATION AND MANDATORY EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS." Australian Economic Papers 27, no. 51 (1988): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.1988.tb00682.x.

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7

Saadi, Fadl H., Nathan S. Lewis, and Eric W. McFarland. "Relative costs of transporting electrical and chemical energy." Energy & Environmental Science 11, no. 3 (2018): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee01987d.

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8

Střeleček, F., and P. Kollar. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of intensification costs." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 9 (2012): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5344-agricecon.

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The article concerns an evaluation of intensification costs in an agricultural enterprise. Intensification cost dynamics are evaluated in comparison with the in-kind production volume. Using unit cost, unit intensification cost, unit non-intensification cost, unit intensification differential cost, and unit differential cost as indicators, the effectiveness of intensification costs is assessed. The effectiveness is expressed through absolute and relative changes in costs and in the economic results. The said changes include production expansion effect, relative change in costs and economic res

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9

Corbae, Dean. "Comment on Contracting Costs, Inflation, and Relative Price Variability." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 25, no. 3 (1993): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2077727.

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10

Haubric, Joseph G. "Comment on Contracting Costs, Inflation, and Relative Price Variability." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 25, no. 3 (1993): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2077728.

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11

Gordon, Elizabeth Robson, Nathalie Butt, Hanna Rosner‐Katz, Allison D. Binley, and Joseph R. Bennett. "Relative costs of conserving threatened species across taxonomic groups." Conservation Biology 34, no. 1 (2019): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13382.

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12

Atkeson, Andrew, and Ariel Burstein. "Pricing-to-Market, Trade Costs, and International Relative Prices." American Economic Review 98, no. 5 (2008): 1998–2031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.5.1998.

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International relative prices across industrialized countries show large and systematic deviations from relative purchasing power parity. We embed a model of imperfect competition and variable markups in a quantitative model of international trade. We find that when our model is parameterized to match salient features of the data on international trade and market structure in the United States, it can reproduce deviations from relative purchasing power parity similar to those observed in the data because firms choose to price-to-market. We then examine how pricing-to-market depends on the pres

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13

Hartl, R. F., P. M. Kort, G. Feichtinger, and F. Wirl. "Multiple Equilibria and Thresholds Due to Relative Investment Costs." Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 123, no. 1 (2004): 49–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jota.0000043991.06755.af.

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14

Saadi, Fadl H., Nathan S. Lewis, and Eric W. McFarland. "Correction: Relative costs of transporting electrical and chemical energy." Energy & Environmental Science 11, no. 3 (2018): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ee90006j.

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15

Gopinath, Gita, Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, Chang-Tai Hsieh, and Nicholas Li. "International Prices, Costs, and Markup Differences." American Economic Review 101, no. 6 (2011): 2450–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.6.2450.

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Relative cross-border retail prices, in a common currency, comove closely with the nominal exchange rate. Using product-level prices and wholesale costs from a grocery chain operating in the United States and Canada, we decompose this variation into relative costs and markup components. The high correlation of nominal and real exchange rates is driven mainly by changes in relative costs. National borders segment markets. Retail prices respond to changes in costs in neighboring stores within the same country but not across the border. Prices have a median discontinuous change of 24 percent at t

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16

Swidan, Hassan, and Rico Merkert. "The relative effect of operational hedging on airline operating costs." Transport Policy 80 (August 2019): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.05.001.

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17

Latimer, Eric A., and Edmund R. Becker. "Incorporating Practice Costs Into the Resource-Based Relative Value Scale." Medical Care 30, Supplement 1 (1992): NS50—NS60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199211001-00005.

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18

Goitein, M., and M. Jermann. "The Relative Costs of Proton and X-ray Radiation Therapy." Clinical Oncology 15, no. 1 (2003): S37—S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/clon.2002.0174.

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19

Tamrazyan, Ashot G., and Anatoly V. Alekseytsev. "Optimal structures design: accounting of costs and relative accidents risk." Vestnik MGSU, no. 7 (July 2019): 819–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2019.7.819-830.

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Introduction: the article considers the formulation and solution of the problem of optimizing structures. It takes into account the ratio of the cost of manufacturing the object and the risks of material losses in emergencies related to the rapid removal of supports. The choice of the local damage scenario is justified. The assessment of risks arising from emergencies is a significant problem. The solution to it can primarily increase the safety of load-bearing building structures. Materials and methods: the two-step computational procedure is used, which includes an evolutionary search

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20

May, Gary J., Larry W. Van Tassell, James W. Waggoner, and Michael A. Smith. "Relative Costs and Feeding Strategies Associated with Winter/Spring Calving." Journal of Range Management 52, no. 6 (1999): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003624.

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21

Zhao, Beiqun, Christopher P. Childers, Ron D. Hays, et al. "Surgeon Awareness of the Relative Costs of Common Surgical Instruments." JAMA Surgery 154, no. 9 (2019): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.1746.

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22

Brennan, J. P., and J. Evans. "Measuring the relative economic costs of legume and fertiliser nitrogen." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 3 (2001): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00070.

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In assessing the economics of nitrogen in a farming system, there is a need to assess the full economic costs and benefits of each potential source of nitrogen. In this paper, the basis for measuring and comparing the full economic costs of fertiliser and legume nitrogen is explored. The relative costs of different forms of nitrogen for the South-West Slopes of New South Wales are examined, to identify the least-cost forms of nitrogen. The results indicate that legume nitrogen can be cheaper or more costly than fertiliser nitrogen, depending on the legume used and that different outcomes can b

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23

Olsson, Karin H., Charlotta Kvarnemo, and Ola Svensson. "Relative costs of courtship behaviours in nest-building sand gobies." Animal Behaviour 77, no. 2 (2009): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.10.021.

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24

Geloso, Vincent, and Peter Lindert. "Relative costs of living, for richer and poorer, 1688–1914." Cliometrica 14, no. 3 (2020): 417–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11698-019-00197-8.

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25

Ceglowski, Janet, and Stephen S. Golub. "Does China Still Have a Labor Cost Advantage?" Global Economy Journal 12, no. 3 (2012): 1850270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1524-5861.1874.

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In recent years wages in China have been rising and the yuan has appreciated, potentially eroding China’s cost advantage in manufactures. This paper explores the evolution of China’s relative unit labor costs in manufacturing over 1998-2009. Between 1998 and 2003 China’s unit labor costs fell, but since 2003 they have increased both absolutely and relative to US unit labor costs. Much of the rise in China’s relative unit labor costs can be traced to a real appreciation of the yuan against the dollar. Despite the recent rise, China’s unit labor costs remain low relative to those in most other c

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26

Salisbury, Christine, and Arthur Chambers. "Instructional Costs of Inclusive Schooling." Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 19, no. 3 (1994): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154079699401900309.

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Relatively little is known about the relative costs of inclusion, particularly as they compare to more prevalent self-contained and/or segregated out-of-district placement options. This investigation was conducted to report longitudinal cost data associated with one district's evolution toward more inclusive schooling practices. Results of archival data analysis revealed: (a) that District costs were significantly less on an annual basis relative to comparable costs for out-of-district services; (b) a significant increase in the number of students with severe disabilities over the 5-year perio

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27

McLeod, Phillip W., and Michael W. Maher. "Analyzing Newspaper Costs in Predation Lawsuits." Newspaper Research Journal 19, no. 4 (1998): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073953299801900406.

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28

Froy, Hannah, Craig A. Walling, Josephine M. Pemberton, Tim H. Clutton-Brock, and Loeske E. B. Kruuk. "Relative costs of offspring sex and offspring survival in a polygynous mammal." Biology Letters 12, no. 9 (2016): 20160417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0417.

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Costs of reproduction are expected to be ubiquitous in wild animal populations and understanding the drivers of variation in these costs is an important aspect of life-history evolution theory. We use a 43 year dataset from a wild population of red deer to examine the relative importance of two factors that influence the costs of reproduction to mothers, and to test whether these costs vary with changing ecological conditions. Like previous studies, our analyses indicate fitness costs of lactation: mothers whose calves survived the summer subsequently showed lower survival and fecundity than t

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29

Li, Nan. "TRANSACTION COSTS, NONFUNDAMENTAL UNCERTAINTY, AND THE EXCHANGE RATE DISCONNECT." Macroeconomic Dynamics 18, no. 8 (2013): 1751–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100513000151.

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Exchange rates display excessive volatility and are disconnected from macroeconomic fundamentals. This paper presents a two-country general equilibrium model in which nonfundamental uncertainty (“sunspots”) in part drives stochastic fluctuations in the exchange rate in a class of rational expectation equilibria. In the model, a combination of financial frictions—incomplete asset markets and a proportional transaction cost associated with trading foreign-currency-denominated bonds—breaks the tight link between exchange rates and fundamentals. Moreover, the model generates a negative Backus–Smit

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30

Gerber, Nina, Hanna Kokko, Dieter Ebert, and Isobel Booksmythe. "Daphnia invest in sexual reproduction when its relative costs are reduced." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1871 (2018): 20172176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2176.

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The timing of sex in facultatively sexual organisms is critical to fitness, due to the differing demographic consequences of sexual versus asexual reproduction. In addition to the costs of sex itself, an association of sex with the production of dormant life stages also influences the optimal use of sex, especially in environments where resting eggs are essential to survive unfavourable conditions. Here we document population dynamics and the occurrence of sexual reproduction in natural populations of Daphnia magna across their growing season. The frequency of sexually reproducing females and

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31

Laforest, Laurent, Pierre Ernst, Guilhem Pietri, et al. "Asthma-Related Costs Relative to Severity and Control in General Practice." Pediatric Asthma, Allergy & Immunology 18, no. 1 (2005): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pai.2005.18.36.

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32

Clague, Christopher. "Relative Efficiency, Self-Containment, and Comparative Costs of Less Developed Countries." Economic Development and Cultural Change 39, no. 3 (1991): 507–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/451888.

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33

Durden, Garey, and Patricia Gaynor. "Relative changes in gender and race-based earnings costs, 1970-1995." Applied Economics Letters 7, no. 6 (2000): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135048500351357.

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34

Abrahams, J. "Relative uniformity of sources and the comparison of optimal code costs." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 39, no. 5 (1993): 1695–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.259659.

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35

Chang, C. Edward, Thomas M. Krueger, and H. Doug Witte. "Relative Importance of Sustainability Measures and Costs in Mutual Fund Selection." Journal of Wealth Management 23, no. 1 (2020): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jwm.2020.1.103.

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36

Murphy, Patrice L., and Theodore K. Courtney. "Low back pain disability: Relative costs by antecedent and industry group." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 37, no. 5 (2000): 558–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(200005)37:5<558::aid-ajim12>3.0.co;2-7.

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37

Powell, Christopher. "Some trends in relative costs of building types: description and interpretation." Construction Management and Economics 4, no. 3 (1986): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446198600000016.

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38

Scheil, Juliane. "Effects of absolute and relative practice on n−2 repetition costs." Acta Psychologica 164 (February 2016): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.12.011.

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39

Le, Thai-Ha, and Binh Tran-Nam. "Relative costs and FDI: Why did Vietnam forge so far ahead?" Economic Analysis and Policy 59 (September 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2018.02.004.

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40

Smith, Heather J., and Yuen J. Huo. "Relative Deprivation." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1, no. 1 (2014): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732214550165.

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Discussions of the impact of growing inequality have focused on objective indicators. Focusing on what individuals have or do not have can be misleading without understanding how they subjectively interpret the availability of resources. Relative deprivation (RD) occurs when individuals compare themselves with better-off others and conclude that they do not deserve their disadvantage. These upward comparisons, whether imposed or chosen, can damage people’s emotions, behavior, and even mental and physical health. How people respond to RD depends on whether they (a) experience the disadvantage d

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41

Finlayson, Greg, Diane Watson, and Philip Jacobs. "The Relative Cost of Inpatient Care in Manitoba's Largest Hospitals." Healthcare Management Forum 15, no. 4_suppl (2002): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)60182-2.

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Comparative information from 1991/92 to 1997/98 regarding an indicator of the relative financial performance of teaching, urban community and major rural hospitals in Manitoba is presented. Results suggest that the acuity and complexity of patients in teaching and urban community hospitals was similar in 1997/98, and that teaching facilities had higher inpatient care costs in all time periods, even after accounting for differences in case-mix, physician remuneration, capital expenditures and the direct costs of teaching programs.

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42

HUH, IN, and INKOO LEE. "MEASURING TRADE COSTS FROM RELATIVE PRICES: THE ROLE OF LOCATION AND GOODS CHARACTERISTICS." Singapore Economic Review 59, no. 05 (2014): 1450041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590814500416.

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This paper estimates the trade costs from international relative prices, and studies the economic determinants of implied trade costs. We find that the magnitude of trade costs depends on the characteristics of both the type of good and set of locations under examination. In particular, it is found that higher non-traded input share and trade barriers, and lower tradability of goods lead to a larger trade cost, as does a lower proximity of geographic distance between locations.

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43

Punt, André E., Anthony D. M. Smith, David C. Smith, Geoffrey N. Tuck, and Neil L. Klaer. "Selecting relative abundance proxies for BMSY and BMEY." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 3 (2013): 469–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst162.

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Abstract The objectives for many commercial fisheries include maximizing either yield or profit. Clearly specified management targets are a key element of effective fisheries management. Biomass targets are often specified for major commercial fisheries that are managed using quantitative stock assessments where biomass is calculated and tracked over time. BMSY, the biomass corresponding to Maximum Sustainable Yield, is often used as a target when maximizing yield is important, while BMEY is the biomass target to maximize profit. There are difficulties in estimating both quantities accurately,

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44

O'Mahony, Mary. "International Differences in Manufacturing Unit Labour Costs." National Institute Economic Review 154 (November 1995): 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019515400106.

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This article presents measures o f competitiveness in manufacturing comparing Britain to Germany, France and the United States. Data from the National Accounts and the Census of Production are combined to derive new estimates of relative unit labour costs for a number of manufacturing industries. The results show that British manufacturing had a competitive advantage over Germany and France in 1993. This arose primarily from the devaluation of Sterling and followed a period, from 1989 to 1992, when unit labour costs in British manufacturing were generally close to those in Germany and France.

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45

Thota, Sweta Chaturvedi, and Ritwik Kinra. "Internet and prevalence of relative thinking." Journal of Consumer Marketing 36, no. 5 (2019): 600–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-07-2018-2743.

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Purpose Research demonstrates that individuals display relative thinking – the tendency to consider relative savings rather than just absolute savings in their decisions to search for a deal or purchase an item. This paper aims to review empirical and analytical literature on relative thinking, perceived search costs and price savings to propose and test a conceptual model of relative thinking. Design/methodology/approach Through two studies, the paper tests whether individuals display relative thinking when shopping across stores vs online and how they perceive search and time spent in pursui

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46

Kondrat’ev, V. "World Manufacturing: Global Shifts in Competitive Costs." World Economy and International Relations, no. 7 (2015): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-7-5-15.

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For almost three decades a traditional conception of the world has driven corporate manufacturing investment and sourcing division. Latina America, Eastern Europe and most of Asia have been viewed as low-cost regions. The USA, Western Europe and Japan have been viewed as economies with too high costs. But now such a view appears to become more and more obsolete. Years of steady changes in wages, productivity, energy costs, national currencies’ values and other factors are quietly but dramatically redrawing the map of global manufacturing cost competitiveness. In some cases the shifts in relati

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47

Macario, Alex, Terry S. Vitez, Brian Dunn, and Tom McDonald. "Where Are the Costs in Perioperative Care?: Analysis of Hospital Costs and Charges for Inpatient Surgical Care." Anesthesiology 83, no. 6 (1995): 1138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199512000-00002.

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Abstract Background Many health-care institutions are emphasizing cost reduction programs as a primary tool for managing profitability. The goal of this study was to elucidate the proportion of anesthesia costs relative to perioperative costs as determined by charges and actual costs.

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48

Letendre, Marc-André, and Joel Wagner. "AGENCY COSTS, RISK SHOCKS, AND INTERNATIONAL CYCLES." Macroeconomic Dynamics 22, no. 5 (2017): 1134–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100516000614.

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We add agency costs into a two-country, two-good international business-cycle model. In our model, changes in the relative price of investment arise endogenously. Despite the fact that technology shocks are uncorrelated across countries, the relative price of investment is positively correlated across countries in our model, much as it is in detrended U.S./Euro-area data. We also find that financial frictions tend to increase the volatility of the terms of trade and the international correlations of consumption, hours worked, output, and investment. We then compare this model to an alternative

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49

Sripada, Chandra Sekhar, and Jason Stanley. "EMPIRICAL TESTS OF INTEREST-RELATIVE INVARIANTISM." Episteme 9, no. 1 (2012): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2011.2.

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AbstractAccording to Interest-Relative Invariantism, whether an agent knows that p, or possesses other sorts of epistemic properties or relations, is in part determined by the practical costs of being wrong about p. Recent studies in experimental philosophy have tested the claims of IRI. After critically discussing prior studies, we present the results of our own experiments that provide strong support for IRI. We discuss our results in light of complementary findings by other theorists, and address the challenge posed by a leading intellectualist alternative to our view.

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50

Hart, Robert A., and Robin J. Ruffell. "Labour costs and employment policy." National Institute Economic Review 165 (July 1998): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019816500112.

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Under the Government's New Deal proposals to help create jobs for the young unemployed, employers are offered marginal employment subsidies. Such interventions involve relative changes in the firm's fixed and variable labour costs. In turn, cost changes have implications for both employment and hours of work. This study examines possible strengths and weaknesses of employment policies that are designed to price young unemployed into jobs by reducing related labour costs. It focuses on one such intervention, the major restructuring of employers' National Insurance Contributions (NICs) in the 19

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