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1
Thomsen, Knud Ladekarl. Simulation of end effects in relative permeability experiments. Forskningscenter Riso, 1987.
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2
The end of the beginning: Revelation 21-22 and the Old Testament. Lancer Books, 1985.
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3
L, Harris A., ed. The new world and the new world order: US relative decline, domestic instability in the Americas, and the end of the Cold War. Macmillan Press, 1996.
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4
B, Pai G. A collection of the catalogue, statutes, and notices relating to Indian post office till the end of 19th century. Philatelic Congress of India, 1997.
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5
Akers, Ronald L. Letters to Mom, 1946-1986: A story of one woman's efforts to aid her German relatives after the end of World War II. Ronald L. Akers, 2001.
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6
Botsford, David P. At the end of the trail: A collection of anecdotal histories relating to the district surrounding the Canadian end of the Great Sauk Trail in Anderdon, Amherstburg and Malden, Essex County, Ontario. s.n.], 1985.
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7
Kanke, Viktor. Philosophy for economists and managers. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/967341.
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The tutorial is a sequential course of philosophy. The article considers the questions of philosophy of science and the history of philosophy, ontology, epistemology, ethics and aesthetics. The course is designed taking into account the achievements of analytical philosophy, phenomenology, hermeneutics, postructuralism and other major philosophical issues of the day. Uses the theory of conceptual transduction. Special attention is paid to the relationship of philosophy to Economics and management. The course is carefully calibrated in the didactic relation. Each paragraph ends with the conclusions, and test, by a reference list.
 For students of higher educational institutions, primarily economists and managers. Of interest to a wide circle of readers.
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Hrekow, Mary. A study of the National Curriculum end of key stage 3 tests in mathematics in relation to pupils with special educational needs. University of Surrey, 1993.
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9
Hardy, Thomas Duffus, ed. Descriptive Catalogue of Materials Relating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland to the End of the Reign of Henry VII. Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139163255.
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Hardy, Thomas Duffus, ed. Descriptive Catalogue of Materials Relating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland to the End of the Reign of Henry VII. Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139163262.
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Hardy, Thomas Duffus, ed. Descriptive Catalogue of Materials Relating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland to the End of the Reign of Henry VII. Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139163279.
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Hardy, Thomas Duffus, ed. Descriptive Catalogue of Materials Relating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland to the End of the Reign of Henry VII. Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139163286.
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13
Dancy, Jonathan. Loose Ends. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805441.003.0011.
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This short chapter ties up some loose ends. It considers briefly the question how much of the picture presented in this book is available to those who take a Humean approach to practical reason. It considers very briefly the relation of the views presented earlier to those of Anscombe, Peirce, and Dewey. It considers whether, on the account here given, we should accept anything worth calling the Primacy of Practical Reason—a general view about the relation between practical reason and theoretical reason, which is not the same as the Primacy of the Practical, which is a view about the relation between certain sorts of reasons. And it asks how much should change if we allow, as I do not, that propositions can be reasons.
14
Deigh, John. Punishment and Proportionality: Part 2. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878597.003.0013.
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This essay is a companion to the preceding essay. It continues the examination in the earlier essay of the question of what justice requires of the penal law in its determination of the severity of punishment relative to the seriousness of the crime for which it is inflicted. Its chief argument is that basing the determination solely on the end of giving the offender what he or she deserves is morally problematic because it conflicts with principles of humanity that call for our taking the good of human beings as our end. By contrast, it is also argued, basing the determination on promoting public safety or preserving civil order is not similarly problematic because punishment inflicted to serve either of these ends is compatible with principles of humanity.
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Onuf, Nicholas Greenwood. Relative Virtue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879808.003.0014.
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Whether we live in a time of transition, or in a time when bourgeois prosperity is coming to an end, many of us wonder how we might best conduct ourselves. In the circumstance, Aristotle’s virtue ethics offers a great deal. Cicero reconceptualized virtue as duty, and Adam Smith demonstrated that self-control, or conscience, depends on approbation and condemnation by one’s self and others. The result is an ethical system that makes duty a function of status-position and not just office. Positional ethics makes no universal claims about conduct. Specific norms are local and contingent, although some of them will be defended as natural and widely distributed. Status-ordering is everywhere; modernist administration, technological wonders, and liberal ideology have excused us from looking for it. If the modern world collapses, no system of ethics can help. Short of collapse, positional ethics is the best we can hope for.
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Markus, Hugh, Anthony Pereira, and Geoffrey Cloud. Epidemiology and stroke risk factors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737889.003.0001.
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In this opening chapter on the epidemiology and risk factors for stroke, the ‘size of the problem’ in public health terms both in the United Kingdom and worldwide is set out. Incidence, prevalence, and mortality of stroke are discussed. Epidemiological terms and definitions as applied to stroke care are reviewed and illustrated, including absolute and relative risk reduction and numbers needed to treat. This chapter also discusses aetiological subtyping of stroke which represents a syndrome caused by multiple different underlying pathologies. It ends with a comprehensive review of the major and minor modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for stroke disease.
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Moore, Pauline. International Terrorism. Edited by Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, and John A. Cloud. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.27.
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This chapter examines international terrorism, defined as the use or threatened use of violence by a nonstate actor to arouse fear in a population with the goal of achieving a political or social outcome. The chapter begins by providing an overview of the changing role of international terrorism in U.S. national security policy, and then presents various scholarly approaches applied to understanding the causes of terrorism. The next section discusses counterterrorism strategies, focusing on the relative effectiveness of repressive versus conciliatory instruments and targeted versus indiscriminate approaches to countering terror. The chapter ends with a summary of lessons learned and recommendations for those involved in shaping U.S. counterterrorism policy.
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Moss, Sarah. Epistemic modals and probability operators. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792154.003.0003.
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This chapter defends a semantics for epistemic modals and probability operators. This semantics is probabilistic—that is, sentences containing these expressions have sets of probability spaces as their semantic values relative to a context. Existing non-truth-conditional semantic theories of epistemic modals face serious problems when it comes to interpreting nested modal constructions such as ‘it must be possible that Jones smokes’. The semantics in this chapter solves these problems, accounting for several significant features of nested epistemic vocabulary. The chapter ends by defending a probabilistic semantics for simple sentences that do not contain any epistemic vocabulary, and by using this semantics to illuminate the relationship between credence and full belief.
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Reisman, Yacov. Infertility. Edited by David John Ralph. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0099.
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Vasectomy is now well recognized worldwide as one of the safest and most effective contraceptive methods. A history should be taken and an examination should be carried out on every person requesting sterilization. Preoperative counselling should include alternative methods of contraception, complication and failure rates, and the need for postoperative semen analysis. There are no absolute contraindications to sterilization, provided that they make the request themselves, are of sound mind, and are not acting under external duress. Relative contraindications may be the absence of children, age <30 years, severe illness, no current relationship, and scrotal pain. Although various vasectomy techniques have been described, all share three essential steps: isolation of the vas deferens, delivery and interruption of the vas, and management of the vasal ends.
21
Balzacq, Thierry, and Ronald R. Krebs, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Grand Strategy. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198840299.001.0001.
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Grand Strategy is a state’s “theory of victory,” explaining how the state will utilize its diverse means to advance and achieve national ends. A clearly articulated, well-defined, and relatively stable grand strategy is supposed to allow the ship of state to steer a steady course through the roiling seas of global politics. However, the obstacles to formulating and implementing grand strategy are, by all accounts, imposing. The Oxford Handbook of Grand Strategy addresses the conceptual and historical foundations, production, evolution, and future of grand strategy from a wide range of standpoints. It seven constituent sections present and critically examine the history of grand strategy, including beyond the West; six distinct theoretical approaches to the subject; the sources of grand strategy, ranging from geography and technology to domestic politics to individual psychology and culture; the instruments of grand strategy’s implementation, from military to economic to covert action; political actors’, including non-state actors’, grand strategic choices; the debatable merits of grand strategy, relative to alternatives; and the future of grand strategy, in light of challenges ranging from political polarization to technological change to aging populations. The result is a field-defining, interdisciplinary, and comparative text that will be a key resource for years to come.
22
Ginsburg, Shai, Martin Land, and Jonathan Boyarin, eds. Jews and the Ends of Theory. Fordham University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823282005.001.0001.
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Theory has often been coded as “Jewish”—not merely because Jewish intellectuals have been central participants, but also, this book argues, because certain problematics of modern Jewishness enrich theoretical questions across the humanities. In the range of violence and agency that can attend the appellation “Jew,” Jewishness is revealed as a rhetorical and not just social fact, one tied to profound questions of power, subjectivity, identity, figuration, language, and relation that are also central to modern theory and modern politics. Understanding Jewishness in its fluidity, this book helps articulate theory's potential to mediate pessimistic and utopian impulses, experiences, and realities.
23
Burrows, George. Musical Comedy in the 1920s and 1930s. Edited by Robert Gordon and Olaf Jubin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988747.013.6.
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This chapter explores British musical comedy of the 1920s and 1930s by focusing on the original London productions of Mister Cinders (1929) and Me and My Girl (1937). These shows present similar Cinderella-type narratives, both with a male protagonist in the Cinderella role, and thereby reflect contemporary class attitudes. Such class-conscious musical comedy can be read as a genteelly British and theatrical form of the carnival culture theorized by Mikhail Bakhtin. The carnival of the shows reflects increased social interaction and class mobility engendered by the impact of modernity and offers communal revitalization for the characters and audiences relative to prevailing social class structures. Such revitalization can be seen to extend beyond the original productions and the chapter ends by considering their nostalgic revivals in the 1980s within the context of Thatcherite class politics.
24
Sargent, Thomas J. The Ends of Four Big Inflations. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158709.003.0003.
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This chapter examines several dramatic historical experiences that are consistent with the “rational expectations” view but that seem difficult to reconcile with the “momentum” model of inflation. The idea is to identify the measures that successfully brought drastic inflations under control in several European countries in the 1920s, namely: Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Poland, all of which experienced a dramatic “hyperinflation” in which, after the passage of several months, price indexes assumed astronomical proportions. The experience of Czechoslovakia is also considered. Within each of Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Germany, there occurred a dramatic change in the fiscal policy regime, which in each instance was associated with the end of a hyperinflation. Czechoslovakia deliberately adopted a relatively restrictive fiscal policy regime in order to maintain the value of its currency.
25
Craissati, Jackie, and Rob Halsey. Intervening in the community. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791874.003.0004.
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The Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) pathway strategy explicitly begins and ends with the community, and this ethos lies at the heart of the pathway approach to management. This chapter therefore focuses on the question of how best to deploy limited resources to greatest effect when facing the challenge of high levels of morbidity and offending, a large geographical area, and a changing staff group. Having reviewed the rather sparse literature on relevant and effective community treatment interventions, the authors consider the relative benefits of stand-alone treatment approaches, partnership working, and indirect support, before describing the mixed model chosen by the London Pathways Partnership. The chapter concludes with a reflection on progress and challenges four years on; unbalanced by politically driven changes midway, the service nevertheless has flourished, although partnership working requires constant attention if staff are to be supported to make a real difference.
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Belsher, Bradley E., Daniel P. Evatt, Michael C. Freed, and Charles C. Engel. Internet and Computer-Based Treatments for the Management of PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0014.
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A rapid expansion in the development of telehealth treatments has occurred during the past several decades, with a growing body of evidence supporting online therapies for behavioral health disorders. These online interventions have focused primarily on the treatment of depression, panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. More recently, and with the relative success of the previous Web-based treatments, several online treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have emerged. An overview of Internet and computer-based treatments (ICTs) for PTSD is presented, including a general discussion of computerized treatments followed by a review of specific ICTs that have been developed and tested for PTSD. Some of the critical issues surrounding ICTs are then explored, and an example of how online treatments can be incorporated into a larger care model is presented. The discussion ends with a brief description of the use of mobile health applications to augment treatment.
27
Fiske, John. Can It Be That the Cosmic Process Has No Relation to Moral Ends? Kessinger Publishing, 2005.
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28
Seville, Catherine. The Emergence and Development of Intellectual Property Law in Western Europe. Edited by Rochelle Dreyfuss and Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.12.
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This chapter surveys the emergence and development of Intellectual Property (IP) law in Continental Europe and Britain. The story begins largely in the middle ages with the grant of territorially-confined inventors’ and printers’ privileges, and traces the development of these privileges into the four main species of IP rights recognized throughout the world today. A key theme is the varied national histories that underpin the development of each IP right even within the geographical confines and relative social and political homogeneity of Western Europe, and the extent of modern IP law’s embeddedness in the industrial and cultural development of individual states. The chapter ends with an account of the emergence of a European perspective on IP, as expressed in the nineteenth-century Paris and Berne Conventions, and its development by general and IP-specific European communities, including the EU, which has established unitary patent, trademark, and design rights for its Member States.
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Karapapa, Stavroula, and Luke McDonagh. Intellectual Property Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198747697.001.0001.
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Intellectual Property Law aims to provide a comprehensive text on all aspects of this field. The first part looks at the complexities of copyright law, from authorship and first ownership to infringements and defences. It also covers moral and related rights. The second part looks exclusively at passing off. Then the text turns to trade marks. It examines the absolute grounds for refusal and the relative grounds for refusal of registration. It looks in detail at infringement and loss of registration of trade marks, and this part of the book ends with an examination of defences to trade mark infringement. The next part is about patents. After an introduction to patents the text analyses ownership and infringement of patents. The text then moves on to confidential information, in other words, trade secrets. Designs are examined after this. The final few chapters are about the exploitation and enforcement of intellectual property. The text concludes.
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Marjot, Thomas, Colleen McGregor, Tim Ambrose, Simon Travis, Aminda De Silva, and Jeremy Cobbold, eds. Best of Five MCQS for the European Specialty Examination in Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834373.001.0001.
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This question book is designed to assist in preparations for the European Specialty Examination in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (ESEGH). Completing this examination demonstrates that sufficient knowledge has been acquired to fulfil the requirements of a specialist in gastroenterology and hepatology, according to a curriculum agreed upon across Europe. This preparation book adopts the same ‘Best of Five’ question format used in the ESEGH. Furthermore, it covers the breadth of the curriculum, and its composition has been designed to exactly match the relative proportion of questions on each topic area found in the examination. Each of the 300 questions contained in the book is accompanied by an answer, a set of succinct bullet points of key ‘take-home’ messages and a short summary of the relevant background, evidence base, and up-to-date European guidelines. The book ends with a chapter of 50 questions designed to act as a mock examination for use in the final stages of preparation.
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Pennell, Sara. Material Culture in Seventeenth-Century ‘Britain’: The Matter of Domestic Consumption. Edited by Frank Trentmann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561216.013.0004.
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This article focuses on three issues: the historiographies which have made the period prior to that in which Neil McKendrick confidently told us a ‘consumer revolution’ occurred both a necessary staging post en route to revolution and a prelapsarian era in striking contrast to it; the relative absence of ‘mundane materiality’ within these accounts; and consumption as a matter of practice, rather than as an abstract phenomenon in the ‘long’ seventeenth century in Britain (c .1600–1720). In this, it follows Joan Thirsk in her important 1975 Oxford University Ford Lectures, in accepting Jacobean and Stuart Britain (or at least England) as very much concerned with production for the ends of domestic consumption, in both senses of the word ‘domestic’. Through the case studies of objects very rarely found in public museum displays thanks to their ‘everyday’ qualities, the article then argues for a re-evaluation of non-elite consumption within the domestic sphere as significant within any story we might wish to tell of changing consumption practices and material culture in Britain across the seventeenth century.
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Communities, European. Reports of the Commission Decisions Relating to Competition End 1994 1998 (End 1994 (1998).). Commission of the European, 2000.
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34
Dumbrell, William J. The End of the Beginning: Revelation 21-22 and the Old Testament (Moore Theological College Lecture Series). Baker Book House, 1986.
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35
Scott, Charlotte. The End of the Beginning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828556.003.0003.
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Developing Chapter 2’s interest in forms of obligation and authority, Chapter 3 extends its focus to the tragedies and the spaces that children occupy in relation to their parents. Providing new readings of Romeo and Juliet, Titus Andronicus, and King Lear, Chapter 3 explores the status of the child, not as a necessarily young subject, although many of Shakespeare’s children are, but in relation to early modern forms of obligation. Looking at contemporary parenting manuals, pedagogic texts, and household manuals, this chapter puts some of Shakespeare’s tragic children within the contexts of authority and supplication. Understanding the term ‘child’ as descriptive of the human’s relation to God, Chapter 3 explores the different forms that subjection takes in the tragic imagination. Attending to free will in Romeo and Juliet, infantilism in Titus, and supplication in Lear, this chapter shows the significance of the ties that bind one human to another.
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Leach, Dr Richard. Ethics and end of life issues. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199565979.003.00022.
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Fenwick, P. B. C., and Sue Brayne. Nearing the End of Life: A Guide for Relatives and Friends of the Dying. Brown Dog Books, 2018.
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38
Hari, MD, PhD, Riitta, and Aina Puce, PhD. MEG-EEG Primer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497774.001.0001.
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This book provides newcomers and more experienced researchers with the very basics of magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG)—two noninvasive methods that can inform about the neurodynamics of the human brain on a millisecond scale. These two closely related methods are addressed side by side, starting from their physical and physiological bases and then advancing to methods of data acquisition, analysis, visualization, and interpretation. Special attention is paid to careful experimentation, guiding the readers to differentiate brain signals from various biological and non-biological artifacts and to ascertain that the collected data are reliable. The strengths and weaknesses of MEG and EEG are presented relative to each other and to other available brain-imaging methods. Necessary instrumentation and laboratory set-ups, as well as potential pitfalls in data collection and analysis are discussed. Spontaneous brain rhythms and evoked responses to sensory and multisensory stimulation are covered and examined both in healthy individuals and in various brain disorders, such as epilepsy. MEG/EEG signals related to motor, cognitive, and social events are discussed as well. The integration of MEG and EEG information with other methods to assess human brain function is discussed with respect to the current state-of-the art in the field. The book ends with a look to future developments in equipment design, and experimentation, emphasizing the role of accurate temporal information for human brain function.
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Kirchin, Simon. Conceptual Relations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803430.003.0003.
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This chapter is designed to lay the foundations for the consideration of three anti-separationist strategies, in Chapters Four, Five, and Six. It lays out two models of how thin and thick concepts may relate to one another: the genus–species model and the determinable–determinate model. It argues that the genus–species model is simply separationism by another name. It argues that nonseparationists should not adopt either model because neither can accommodate ‘evaluative flexibility’, which is itself introduced and motivated. The chapter ends by suggesting a different model of conceptual relations that nonseparationists can adopt to understand the relation between thin and thick concepts.
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Steven, Finizio, and Howe Michael. Part I Commercial Arbitration in the Energy Sector, 3 Gas Supply Transactions and Disputes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0003.
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This chapter first describes the main transactions that occur in relation to the supply of natural gas after its exploration. In particular, it studies contracts relating to: the production of gas (including drilling contracts), the processing of gas, the transportation of gas (including in pipelines and as liquefied natural gas (LNG) by ship), the storage of gas, the sale of gas from producers to wholesalers, and the sale of gas from wholesalers to end users. The chapter then discusses disputes that typically arise in relation to those transactions, including transportation infrastructure disputes and storage disputes. It pays particular attention to disputes relating to long-term gas sale and purchase agreements (GSPAs), an important number of which have led to high-profile arbitration proceedings in recent years. The chapter, therefore, analyzes in detail the clauses typically contained in those agreements, and the issues that typically arise in arbitration — in particular, gas price reviews.
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Sammons, Benjamin. Device and Composition in the Greek Epic Cycle. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614843.001.0001.
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From a corpus of Greek epics known in antiquity as the “Epic Cycle,” six poems dealt with the same Trojan War mythology as the Homeric poems. Though they are now lost, these poems were much read and much discussed in ancient times, not only for their content but for their mysterious relationship with the more famous works attributed to Homer. This study shows that these lost poems belonged, compositionally, to essentially the same tradition as the Homeric poems. It demonstrates that various compositional devices well-known from the Homeric epics were also fundamental to the narrative construction of these later works. Yet while the “cyclic” poets constructed their works using the same traditional devices as Homer, they used these to different ends and with different results. The essential difference between cyclic and Homeric epics lies not in the fundamental building blocks from which they are constructed, but in the scale of these components relative to the overall construction of poems. This sheds important light on the early history of epic as a genre, since it is likely that these devices originally developed to provide large-scale structure to shorter poems and have been put to quite different use in the composition of the monumental Homeric epics. This study includes many new suggestions about the overall form of lost cyclic epics and about the meaning and context of the few surviving verse fragments.
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Gill, Terry. When Does Self-Defence End? Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0034.
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This chapter discusses issues surrounding the suspension and termination of the right of self-defence. More specifically, it examines whether the right to exercise self-defence ends once an initial attack has been dealt with, or whether the right to exercise self-defence remains operative until the threat has been neutralized. The chapter first considers the nature of self-defence and the modalities of armed attack in relation to the duration of the initial attack and possible subsequent attacks. It then looks at the principles of necessity, proportionality, and immediacy in the context of the ongoing exercise of self-defence. Finally, it assesses the implications of the UN Security Council’s collective security measures for the continued exercise of the right of self-defence.
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Irwin, Elizabeth. The End of the Histories and the End of the Atheno-Peloponnesian Wars. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803614.003.0013.
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This article argues that the end of the Histories has been designed in multiple ways to allude to the end of the Atheno-Peloponnesian wars and to offer a critique of the figure whose policies were most responsible for its outbreak and continuance, namely, Pericles. The fate of Artaÿctes, the ‘temple-robber’ who forgoes the safety of the stronghold of Sestos only to find himself caught at Aegospotami, has been designed to allude both to accusations levelled at Pericles and at the Athenians in relation to financing the war and to position on the ethics of retaliation, particularly in victory. The article’s conclusion explores the relationship between Herodotus and Thucydides in light of this late date for our Histories, and includes a coda on the story of Masistes’ wife.
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Nelson, Paul. The Millennium Development Goals and the Politics of Global Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.340.
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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), endorsed by 189 governments at the Millennium Summit, propose a concerted global effort to reduce the incidence of severe poverty and many of its most serious manifestations over a twenty-five-year period. The MDGs offer crucial insights into the politics of poverty and poverty reduction in international affairs. Their political dimensions can be analyzed in terms of agency, the nature and limits of accountability, the use and manipulation of quantitative goals for political ends, the dangerous illusion that MDG objectives can be accomplished in large part by mobilizing more development assistance, and the MDGs’ distinctly apolitical approach to the structural causes of poverty. The MDG initiative should be situated in three ongoing streams of debate and discussion: the debate over the relative priority of growth and of human development for poverty reduction; the tension between the assertion of rights and the enunciation of donor-driven goals as the political engine of poverty reduction; and the debate over the roles of markets and of state direction and regulation. While the MDGs concentrate on increasing aid flows to reduce the incidence of poverty and its manifestations, international trade and finance arrangements too often impede rapid progress. This is evident in water privatization, trade rules, and anti-retroviral medicines for HIV/AIDS patients. A way forward is to integrate the MDGs more deeply with human rights guarantees. Donors, for example, must take seriously the 2002 Draft Guidelines for the application of human rights to poverty reduction strategies.
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Nichols, Shaun. Rational Rules. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869153.001.0001.
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Moral systems, like normative systems more broadly, involve complex mental representations. Rational Rules offers an account of the acquisition of key aspects of normative systems in terms of general-purpose rational learning procedures. In particular, it offers statistical learning accounts of: (1) how people come to think that a rule is act-based, that is, the rule prohibits producing certain consequences but not allowing such consequences to occur or persist; (2) how people come to expect that a new rule will also be act-based; (3) how people come to believe a principle of liberty, according to which whatever is not expressly prohibited is permitted; and (4) how people come to think that some normative claims hold universally while others hold only relative to some group. This provides an empiricist theory of a key part of moral acquisition, since the learning procedures are domain general. It also entails that crucial parts of our moral system enjoy rational credentials since the learning procedures are forms of rational inference. There is another sense in which rules can be rational—they can be effective for achieving our ends, given our ecological settings. Rational Rules argues that at least some central components of our moral systems are indeed ecologically rational: they are good at helping us attain common goals. In addition, the book argues that a basic form of rule representation brings motivation along automatically. Thus, part of the explanation for why we follow moral rules is that we are built to follow rules quite generally.
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Esmonde Cleary, Simon. Britain at the End of Empire. Edited by Martin Millett, Louise Revell, and Alison Moore. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697731.013.007.
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Later Roman Britain is viewed in a wide context to identify which developments are expressions of wider trends and which are more insular. Four major factors are considered. First, the withdrawal of the imperial presence from northern Gaul and Germany, in particular as it affected the society and economy of these regions, which had become increasingly militarized. Second, the disintegration of the economic formations of the wider West following the removal of the imperial system, especially the economic nexus promoted by the fiscal requirements of the state. Third, the continuing vitality of ‘traditional’ urbanism derived from imperial and senatorial models, expressive of a common aristocratic culture and very visible in southern Britain. Fourth, the changes to settlement and funerary archaeology in the fifth century as expressions of social and economic restructuring. Britain is considered in relation to all these developments, to try to combat over-insular perspectives.
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Kirchman, David L. Processes in anoxic environments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0011.
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During organic material degradation in oxic environments, electrons from organic material, the electron donor, are transferred to oxygen, the electron acceptor, during aerobic respiration. Other compounds, such as nitrate, iron, sulfate, and carbon dioxide, take the place of oxygen during anaerobic respiration in anoxic environments. The order in which these compounds are used by bacteria and archaea (only a few eukaryotes are capable of anaerobic respiration) is set by thermodynamics. However, concentrations and chemical state also determine the relative importance of electron acceptors in organic carbon oxidation. Oxygen is most important in the biosphere, while sulfate dominates in marine systems, and carbon dioxide in environments with low sulfate concentrations. Nitrate respiration is important in the nitrogen cycle but not in organic material degradation because of low nitrate concentrations. Organic material is degraded and oxidized by a complex consortium of organisms, the anaerobic food chain, in which the by-products from physiological types of organisms becomes the starting material of another. The consortium consists of biopolymer hydrolysis, fermentation, hydrogen gas production, and the reduction of either sulfate or carbon dioxide. The by-product of sulfate reduction, sulfide and other reduced sulfur compounds, is oxidized back eventually to sulfate by either non-phototrophic, chemolithotrophic organisms or by phototrophic microbes. The by-product of another main form of anaerobic respiration, carbon dioxide reduction, is methane, which is produced only by specific archaea. Methane is degraded aerobically by bacteria and anaerobically by some archaea, sometimes in a consortium with sulfate-reducing bacteria. Cultivation-independent approaches focusing on 16S rRNA genes and a methane-related gene (mcrA) have been instrumental in understanding these consortia because the microbes remain uncultivated to date. The chapter ends with some discussion about the few eukaryotes able to reproduce without oxygen. In addition to their ecological roles, anaerobic protists provide clues about the evolution of primitive eukaryotes.
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Graber, Jennifer. 1882 to 1892. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190279615.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
As Americans became increasingly dissatisfied with reservations, they called for the allotment of Native lands. The process ended communal landholding and designated 160-acre plots for individuals. “Surplus” lands became eligible for sale to American settlers. Kiowas and other Native people responded with alarm. Allotment not only violated treaties, it also undermined their way of living in relation to the land and each other. As Americans clamored for allotment, the federal government also cracked down on Native cultural practices, including rites for seeking sacred power. Kiowas faced pressures to end communal dances, peyote rites, and healing practices. In this climate, Kiowas sought out new possible power sources, including the Christian God preached by missionaries. They also joined Native peoples across the West in a movement that came to be known as the Ghost Dance, envisioning a future in which their lands were restored and lost relatives and buffalo herds resurrected.
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Stroud, Catherine B., Brian A. Feinstein, Vickie Bhatia, Rachel Hershenberg, and Joanne Davila. Intimate Relationships. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.019.
Full textAbstract:
The concurrent and longitudinal association between intimate relationship dysfunction and depression is well established in both adolescents and adults. This association can be best understood as a bidirectional transactional one, such that intimate relationship dysfunction and depression reciprocally influence one another over time. This chapter reviews the existing research in this area, focusing on the main components and processes of intimate relationships (including how they start, function, and end) in relation to depression. Adolescent research has also focused on how romantic and sexual experiences relate to depression, which is also reviewed. Finally, couple therapy, particularly cognitive behavioral couple therapy, is discussed as an efficacious treatment for comorbidity and intimate relationship dysfunction-depression. Future directions for research are also suggested.
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Ostranský, Bronislav. The Jihadist Preachers of the End Times. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439237.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Focusing on apocalyptic manifestations found in ISIS propaganda, this book situates the group’s agenda in the broader framework of contemporary Muslim thought and elucidates key topics in millennial thinking within the spiritual context of modern Islamic apocalypticism. Based on the group’s primary sources as well as medieval Muslim apocalyptic literature and its modern interpretations, the book analyses the ways ISIS presents its message concerning the Last Days as a meaningful, inventive and frightening expression of collectively shared expectations relating to the supposedly approaching the End Times. Key features The first comprehensive study of ISIS primary sources, previously only discussed as part of the background to broader interpretations of the ISIS campaign Introduces and analyses the key topics of ISIS propaganda Places particular manifestations of ISIS apocalypticism in a consistent and meaningful framework Based on a coherent critical approach to the primary sources, both in Arabic and Western languages, including new media and social network sources Interpretations are interspersed with extensive quotations from ISIS sources, providing the reader with the specifics of the Jihadist approach to apocalyptic rhetoric. Includes an appendix containing an ISIS ‘apocalyptic reader’ of primary source material