Journal articles: 'Relative ends'

1

Kropholler, P. H., and M. A. Roller. "Relative ends and duality groups." Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 61, no. 2 (1989): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4049(89)90014-5.

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Kar, Aditi, та Graham A. Niblo. "Relative ends, ℓ2-invariants and property (T)". Journal of Algebra 333, № 1 (2011): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalgebra.2011.02.030.

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3

Jiang, Yongle. "Continuous cocycle superrigidity for coinduced actions and relative ends." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 147, no. 1 (2018): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/proc/14260.

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Kawamura, Michihiko, and Shigeo Segawa. "P-harmonic dimensions on ends." Nagoya Mathematical Journal 132 (December 1993): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0027763000004670.

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Consider an end Ω in the sense of Heins (cf. Heins [3]): Ω is a relatively non-compact subregion of an open Riemann surface such that the relative boundary ∂Ω consists of finitely many analytic Jordan closed curves, there exist no non-constant bounded harmonic functions with vanishing boundary values on ∂Ω and Ω has a single ideal boundary component. A density P = P(z)dxdy (z = x + iy) is a 2-form on Ω∩∂Ω with nonnegative locally Holder continuous coefficient P(z).

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Koch, Arthur L. "The relative rotation of the ends of Bacillus subtilis during growth." Archives of Microbiology 153, no. 6 (1990): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00245266.

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Shang, Ce, Scott R. Weaver, Justin S. White, et al. "E-cigarette Product Preferences among Adult Smokers: A Discrete Choice Experiment." Tobacco Regulatory Science 6, no. 1 (2020): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.6.1.7.

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Objectives: In this study, we used a discrete choice experiment (DCE) conducted August-October 2017 to examine electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) product preferences in a national sample of adult smokers (N = 1154) who were also using ENDS or had not ruled out future use. Methods: The DCE evaluated 5 ENDS attributes: relative harm; effectiveness for helping smokers quit; nicotine strength; flavor; and price. We asked participants to choose among their own cigarettes, 2 ENDS products whose attributes varied across tasks, or none. We analyzed ENDS preferences using multinomial, nested, and mixed logit regressions. Results: Smokers preferred ENDS that are less harmful than cigarettes, are effective in helping smokers quit, are lower priced, and are not menthol-flavored. The marginal willingness to pay for an ENDS product was $8.40 when less harmful than cigarettes, $4.13 when of unknown effectiveness in helping quitting ($13.90 when effective), and $3.37 when ENDS are not menthol-flavored. Furthermore, the overall flavor preference is driven by tobacco smokers, not by menthol cigarette smokers who do prefer menthol-flavored ENDS. Conclusions: Policies that affect perceptions of ENDS effectiveness in promoting cessation and their relative harm may alter smokers' ENDS preferences. Regulating flavors and price also may influence adult smokers' ENDS preference.

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Nyman, Amy L., Scott R. Weaver, Jidong Huang, Paul Slovic, David L. Ashley, and Michael P. Eriksen. "US Adult Smokers’ Perceived Risk of Fire or Explosion-Related Injury Caused by Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems." Public Health Reports 134, no. 6 (2019): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919878433.

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Objectives: Publicity on incidents of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) exploding or catching fire may influence smokers’ risk perceptions and decisions about using ENDS for quitting smoking. We examined combustible cigarette smokers’ perceptions of the possibility of injury from exploding ENDS and the relationship of those perceptions to ENDS use, perceived risk relative to smoking, and perceived costs and benefits of ENDS use. Methods: We used data from the 2017 Tobacco Products and Risk Perceptions Survey of a national probability sample of US adults, conducted online in August and September 2017. The analytic sample consisted of 1181 current combustible cigarette smokers aware of ENDS. Results: Among combustible cigarette smokers aware of ENDS, a medium/high perceived risk of injury from exploding ENDS was associated with lower odds of current ENDS use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-0.86; P = .01), perceiving ENDS to be at least as harmful as cigarettes (aOR = 3.22; 95% CI, 2.11-4.93; P < .001), and feeling that the negatives of ENDS use outweighed the positives (aOR = 3.50; 95% CI, 2.00-6.14; P < .001). Conclusions: Product standards, improved product labeling, and education about how to properly use, charge, and store ENDS can help protect consumers from injury. Communication efforts should seek to fully inform combustible cigarette smokers about both the absolute health risks of ENDS, including risk of explosions, and their relative risks compared with those of cigarette smoking.

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Drotár, Atila, Pavol Zubko, Alicia Mašlejová, et al. "Defects of Steel Sheets Joined by Laser Welding." Defect and Diffusion Forum 405 (November 2020): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.405.240.

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Introduction of new technologies demands a new access to quality evaluation of products. Joining of steel sheets with laser butt welding requires increased demand on precision of welded sheet ends alignment as well as condition of cutting edge. Moreover, increased requirements are placed on purity of environment, flatness of strips, gases, etc. The paper deals with evaluation of quality of laser butt welds of steel sheets and description of defects which could occur on welds from the metallographic point of view. The influence of relative displacement of welded strips ends alignment, different relative sheet thickness alignment, welding gap size and quality of sheet shear edge on quality of weld will be described. The most significant effect on quality of weld joints and their final mechanical properties has relative position of strip ends and geometry of cutting edge.

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Wang, Lai, Haitao Chen, Jitao Zhong, et al. "Study on the Bond-Slip Performance of CFSSTs Based on Push-Out Tests." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2959827.

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To study the interfacial bond-slip performance of concrete-filled square steel tubes (CFSSTs), taking the core concrete strength, slenderness ratio, and width-to-thickness ratio as the influencing factors; 9 specimens were designed with 3 factors and 3 levels for the orthogonal test method. In addition, different from the above 9 specimens, one specimen without rust removal was designed for the purpose of comparison. Based on the bond stress distribution and deformation coordination relationships between the specimens during the push-out tests, a theoretical formula for calculating the relative slip of a CFSST was deduced. The results show that with the increase of load, the relative slip at the loading ends was earlier than that at the free ends of the specimens; the interfacial bond failure and relative slip gradually developed from the two ends towards the centre of the specimens; the increase of the bond stress in the middle part was faster than that at the ends of the specimens. The order of these factors from main to secondary is the presence of rust in the inner wall of the square steel tube, the slenderness ratio, the core concrete strength, and the width-to-thickness ratio.

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10

Barker, Michael. "The Argumentative Significance of Relative Purposiveness." International Philosophical Quarterly 58, no. 2 (2018): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ipq2018327105.

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In the Critique of the Teleological Power of Judgment Kant argues that organisms have inner purposiveness. He introduces inner purposiveness in contrast to relative purposiveness. I examine Kant’s discussion of relative purposiveness in §63. I then argue that Kant establishes three theses in §63 that he subsequently modifies in §64 and further refines in §65. In my view, his discussion of relative purposiveness serves a broader purpose than just to present a contrast from which to consider inner purposiveness. The discussion of relative purposiveness establishes a framework for a sustained thread of argument from §63 through §65, culminating in Kant’s often discussed claim that we must judge organisms to be natural ends. My interpretation exposes a more significant argumentative role for relative purposiveness than is typically recognized.

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Briganti, Michael, Olivia A. Wackowski, Cristine D. Delnevo, et al. "Content Analysis of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Publications in Core Clinical Journals from 2012 to 2018." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (2020): 2201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072201.

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There is no consensus if electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) should be used to reduce harm among the smoking population. Physicians, who represent a trusted source of health communication, are exposed to a range of often conflicting ENDS information and this information may be relayed to patients looking to quit smoking. Previous studies have examined ENDS content of various sources of media but there is a lack of knowledge about ENDS content in medical journals. We analyzed 421 ENDS publications printed between 2012 and 2018 from PubMed’s Core Clinical Journal list. Publications were analyzed based on publication type, journal type, study design, geographic focus, theme, terminology, outcomes, and positive/negative statements. The number of ENDS publications grew since 2012, and peaked in 2015. Across all years, negative statements about ENDS outnumbered positive statements, though this difference decreased over time. Over time, negative statements about “toxins and carcinogens” were made less frequently, while negative statements about “gateway effects” and “youth appeal” became more prevalent. UK journals had fewer negative statements relative to US journals. Only 12.6% of publications included guidance for healthcare professionals about ENDS. As published ENDS topics change over time, physicians’ communications with patients may be impacted.

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Naylor, G. R. S., D. G. Phillips, C. J. Veitch, M. Dolling, and D. J. Marland. "Fabric-Evoked Prickle in Worsted Spun Single Jersey Fabrics Part I: The Role of Fiber End Diameter Characteristics." Textile Research Journal 67, no. 4 (1997): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759706700408.

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Fabric-evoked prickle is studied in a range of worsted spun single jersey knitted wool fabrics made from wools with different fiber diameter characteristics. Relative prickle sensation in these fabrics can be predicted from the density of coarse fiber ends per unit area of fabric, with the percentage of fiber ends greater than 32 μm in diameter being the key factor. Naturally occurring variations in the percentages of coarse fiber ends at a given mean fiber diameter found in individual fleeces can lead to significant differences in fabric-evoked prickle.

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Evans, Abigail T., Katherine C. Henderson, Anna Geier, et al. "What Motivates Smokers to Switch to ENDS? A Qualitative Study of Perceptions and Use." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (2020): 8865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238865.

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Switching completely from cigarettes to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) may reduce health risks for addicted smokers. This paper provides information about perceptions and other factors that may influence smokers’ ENDS use and substitution for cigarettes. We conducted 12 online focus groups (N = 61) among smokers who had never tried using ENDS (Never Users, N = 11), currently used both cigarettes and ENDS (Dual Users, N = 21), used but discontinued ENDS (Rejectors, N = 14), and switched completely to ENDS use (Switchers, N = 15). Thematic analysis was used to interpret the transcripts. Participants described initial interest in trying ENDS in hopes of quitting smoking and because of convenience (i.e., due to rules, regulations, or social norms). Risk perceptions and higher prices relative to cigarettes were reported as disadvantages of ENDS that discouraged initiation. Dual Users and Rejectors reported product problems (e.g., products breaking) and dissatisfaction (i.e., inability to satisfy cravings for cigarettes) as factors that lowered their substitutability for cigarettes or led to discontinuing ENDS use. Switchers indicated that satisfaction, lack of product problems, and perceived safety facilitated successfully switching from cigarette smoking to exclusive ENDS use. However, Switchers reported trying many products before they found ones that satisfied their needs. We recommend that policymakers consider the potential impact of tobacco control policies on smokers’ motivation and ability to switch completely from cigarettes to ENDS.

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Enns, Peter K. "Relative Policy Support and Coincidental Representation." Perspectives on Politics 13, no. 4 (2015): 1053–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592715002315.

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The finding that the preferences of middle-income Americans are ignored when they diverge from the preferences of the rich is one of the most widely accepted and influential conclusions in political science research today. I offer a cautionary note regarding this conclusion. I demonstrate that even on those issues for which the preferences of the wealthy and those in the middle diverge, policy ends up about where we would expect if policymakers represented the middle class and ignored the affluent. This result emerges because even when middle- and high-income groups express different levels of support for a policy (i.e., a preference gap exists), the policies that receive the most (least) support among the middle typically receive the most (least) support among the affluent (i.e., relative policy support is often equivalent). As a result, the opportunity of unequal representation of the “average citizen” is much less than previously thought. The analysis also shows, however, that substantial opportunity exists for unequal representation of strong partisan preferences. Together, these results reinforce the importance of party identification for understanding policy outcomes and who gets represented.

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15

Hurst, Samantha, and Mike Conway. "Exploring Physician Attitudes Regarding Electronic Documentation of E-cigarette Use: A Qualitative Study." Tobacco Use Insights 11 (January 1, 2018): 1179173X1878287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179173x18782879.

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Background: In this article, we present qualitative work designed to explore physicians’ attitudes toward and knowledge of electronic cigarettes (or Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems—ENDS), particularly focusing on personal attitudes held by physicians regarding ENDS use, physician beliefs regarding the relative safety of ENDS, attitudes regarding the efficacy of ENDS as a smoking cessation tool, and how physicians’ document ENDS use in the electronic health record (EHR). Methods: We completed a total of 17 semistructured qualitative interviews with physicians in 4 different outpatient clinic locations. Clinics were selected with the goal of reaching patient panels across a diversity of socioeconomic and local geographic locations. Results: The findings from our qualitative analysis suggest that physicians feel uninformed about the long-term health risks of ENDS and believe that they lack the critical medical knowledge required for discussing ENDS with their patients who smoke. Although physician responses did not endorse the view that ENDS use is a safer alternative to combustible tobacco use, approximately one-third of our physician sample did not hold strong objections to ENDS usage. Physicians placed varying degrees of importance on the issue of ENDS documentation practices. Discussion: Three overarching themes were revealed from our analysis. These themes included (1) physicians’ attitudes regarding the use of ENDS for smoking cessation, (2) physicians’ guidance and advisement to patients in the use of ENDS for smoking cessation, and (3) current practices of clinical documentation of ENDS use in an EHR. Our qualitative results indicate that physicians in our study rarely screen patients for ENDS use, even for those patients who are both documented smokers and recipients of physician-led tobacco cessation counseling. However, most physicians agreed that the prospect of creating a structured data field specifically for the documentation of ENDS use within the EHR would result in the likelihood of increased screening and documentation of ENDS use patterns.

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Liu, T. J., B. J. Levine, A. I. Skoultchi, and W. F. Marzluff. "The efficiency of 3'-end formation contributes to the relative levels of different histone mRNAs." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 8 (1989): 3499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.8.3499.

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Sequences at both the 5' and 3' ends of mouse histone genes contribute to the expression of individual genes. The 3' sequences required for high expression of the mouse H2a-614 gene are the same as the sequences required for 3'-end formation. When these sequences were substituted for the 3' end of the poorly expressed H2a-291 gene, expression of the H2a-291 gene was increased fivefold. A 65-nucleotide fragment containing the H2a-614 3' processing signal increased expression of the H2a-291 gene when it was placed in the proper orientation downstream of the H2a-291 3' end. The only mRNAs that accumulated from this gene ended at the H2a-291 3' end, which suggests that the transcript is sequentially processed. In an in vitro processing system, the different histone 3' ends showed different processing efficiencies, which correlated with their expression in cells. These results suggest that the efficiency of processing is important in determining the steady-state levels of individual mouse histone mRNAs.

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Liu, T. J., B. J. Levine, A. I. Skoultchi, and W. F. Marzluff. "The efficiency of 3'-end formation contributes to the relative levels of different histone mRNAs." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 8 (1989): 3499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.8.3499-3508.1989.

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Sequences at both the 5' and 3' ends of mouse histone genes contribute to the expression of individual genes. The 3' sequences required for high expression of the mouse H2a-614 gene are the same as the sequences required for 3'-end formation. When these sequences were substituted for the 3' end of the poorly expressed H2a-291 gene, expression of the H2a-291 gene was increased fivefold. A 65-nucleotide fragment containing the H2a-614 3' processing signal increased expression of the H2a-291 gene when it was placed in the proper orientation downstream of the H2a-291 3' end. The only mRNAs that accumulated from this gene ended at the H2a-291 3' end, which suggests that the transcript is sequentially processed. In an in vitro processing system, the different histone 3' ends showed different processing efficiencies, which correlated with their expression in cells. These results suggest that the efficiency of processing is important in determining the steady-state levels of individual mouse histone mRNAs.

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Kopecký, Pavel, Kamil Staněk, Michal Bureš, Jan Richter, Pavla Ryparová, and Jan Tywoniak. "Experimental investigations of wooden beam ends in masonry with interior insulation: Measured data in real-scale experimental walls exposed to semi-continental climatic conditions." Journal of Building Physics 43, no. 3 (2019): 147–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259119867461.

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This article deals with the hygrothermal performance of wooden beam ends embedded in brick masonry walls. The real-scale experiment involving three interior insulation systems with different water vapor resistances and different treatments of joist pockets was monitored for three consecutive years. The moisture load of test walls was controlled during the experiment. First, humidity of indoor air was increased in the cold season (2016–2017). Then, an artificial short-time intensive rain event brought liquid water onto the external surface of the test walls in July 2017. Despite relatively mild external climatic loads, relative humidity was unsatisfactorily high in unsealed joist pockets. Vapor and airtight sealing of the joist pockets improved the microclimate of the wooden beam ends. However, even in this case, relative humidity approached critical values for the onset of mold growth. The artificial rain load applied on the experimental walls noticeably worsened the hygrothermal conditions in the joist pockets. Relative humidity in the joist pockets further increased to a level where massive mold growth could be expected. Visual inspection of the wooden beam ends during reconstruction of the experiment, however, revealed only a small spot of mold on a single beam located in an unsealed joist pocket. Mold growth on samples of organic thermal insulation material was found by microscopic investigations. Molds were localized in small separated colonies. These in situ and laboratory investigations do not confirm the calculated values of mold growth index. In conclusion, sealing of wooden beam ends improved their hygrothermal performance in the experiment.

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Chang, X. B., and J. H. Wilson. "Modification of DNA ends can decrease end joining relative to homologous recombination in mammalian cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 84, no. 14 (1987): 4959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.14.4959.

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Zhang, Lan, Jian Su, Qiuyu Chen, Qiming Wang, and Guan Xu. "Reproduction method of the relative position and posture of vehicle ends on the test bench." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 8, no. 9 (2016): 168781401667162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814016671621.

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Caruso, Massimo, Rosalia Emma, Sonja Rust, et al. "Screening of different cytotoxicity methods for the assessment of ENDS toxicity relative to tobacco cigarettes." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 125 (October 2021): 105018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105018.

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Cassimeris, L., H. McNeill, and S. H. Zigmond. "Chemoattractant-stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes contain two populations of actin filaments that differ in their spatial distributions and relative stabilities." Journal of Cell Biology 110, no. 4 (1990): 1067–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.110.4.1067.

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Chemoattractants stimulate actin polymerization in lamellipodia of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. We find that removal of chemoattractant results in rapid (within 10 s at 37 degrees C) and selective depolymerization of the F-actin located in lamellipodia. Addition of 10 microM cytochalasin B, in the presence of chemoattractant, also resulted in rapid and selective depolymerization of lamellar F-actin. The elevated F-actin level induced by chemoattractant rapidly returns to the level present in unstimulated cells after (a) a 10-fold decrease in chemoattractant concentration; (b) the addition of 10 microM cytochalasin B; or (c) cooling to 4 degrees C. The F-actin levels of unstimulated cells are only slightly affected by these treatments. Based on the similar effects of cytochalasin addition and chemoattractant dilution, it is likely that both treatments result in actin depolymerization from the pointed ends of filaments. Based on our results we propose that chemoattractant-stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes contain two distinct populations of actin filaments. The actin filaments within the lamellipodia are highly labile and in the continued presence of chemoattractant these filaments are rapidly turning over, continually polymerizing at their plus (barbed) ends, and depolymerizing at their minus ends. In contrast, the cortical F-actin filaments of both stimulated and unstimulated cells are differentially stable.

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Yan, Beizhan, Dimitri Zagorevski, Vesna Ilievski, et al. "Identification of newly formed toxic chemicals in E-cigarette aerosols with Orbitrap mass spectrometry and implications on E-cigarette control." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 27, no. 2-4 (2021): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14690667211040207.

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The increasing use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is of concern due to multiple emerging adverse health effects. Most analyses of the harmful chemicals of ENDS have targeted metals or carbonyls generated by thermal decomposition of carrier liquids such as propylene glycol. However, new complex compounds not routinely identified and with unknown health consequences could be formed. ENDS aerosol samples were collected by the direct aerosol droplet deposition method. Untargeted analysis was performed using Orbitrap mass spectrometry with high mass accuracy. We identified more than 30 “features” in the aerosol characterized by pairs of the mass-to-charge ratio “ m/ z” of the compound and the retention time. We identified several compounds containing nicotine and propylene glycol (NIC-PG), whose abundance relative to nicotine increased along with vaping power used. On the basis of the prediction by the Environmental Protection Agency Toxicity Estimation Software Tool, these compounds exert developmental toxicity. In addition, a nitrogen-containing compound, likely tributylamine (a known lung irritant), was identified based on the molecular weight. This compound has not been previously identified in ENDS e-liquids and aerosols. ENDS produce not only small toxic compounds such as aldehydes, but also large complex toxic compounds such as NIC-PG. Predicted development toxicity for NIC-PG is concerning for fetal development in pregnant women who use ENDS, children exposed to secondhand or thirdhand ENDS aerosols, and teenage ENDS users whose brains are still developing. The strong positive association between NIC-PG levels and ENDS power output supports regulating high-powered ENDS.

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Wissmann, Rasmus, Changhua Zhan, Kenneth D'Amica, Shivaani Prakash, and Yingying Xu. "Modeling the Population Health Impact of ENDS in the U.S." American Journal of Health Behavior 45, no. 3 (2021): 588–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.45.3.12.

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Objectives: Our objective was to improve understanding of the population health impact of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) availability in the US via computational modeling. Methods: We present an agent-based population health model (PHM) that simulates annual smoking, ENDS use, and associated mortality for individual agents representing the US population, both adults and youth, between 2000 and 2100. Model transitions were derived from key population surveys and a large longitudinal study of JUUL purchasers. The mortality impact of ENDS is modeled as excess risk relative to smoking. Outcomes are compared between a cigarettes-only Base Case and a Modified Case where ENDS are introduced in 2010. Model validation demonstrates that the PHM simulates population-level behavior and outcomes realistically. Results: The availability of ENDS in the US is projected to reduce smoking and prevent 2.5 million premature deaths by 2100 in the Modified Case. Sensitivity analyses show that a significant population health benefit occurs under all plausible scenarios. Conclusions: Our results suggest the availability of ENDS is likely to result in a significant health benefit to the US population as a whole, after accounting for both beneficial and harmful uses.

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Nøhr Brünner, Rikke. "Making ends meet in financial scarcity in old age." International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 13, no. 1 (2018): 35–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.18391.

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The purpose of this paper is to explore qualitatively how older people (aged 69–85 years) living in relative poverty experience their daily life and how they make ends meet (N = 16). The empirical analysis shows that despite deprivations, the interviewees are mostly satisfied, and in order to analytically understand this satisfaction I draw on three individual and structural aspects: (1) The Danish welfare state ensures the interviewees’ basic ontological safety. (2) As the interviewees lived in financial scarcity during other phases of their lives, they are familiar with being thrifty, and they have a practical sense of making ends meet. (3) Although none of the interviewees had saved up for their retirement, some had saved up social capital, which enables them to modify or take a break from financial scarcity. Thus, although the interviewees’ financial capabilities are similar, their actual daily lives are very different from each other.

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de Lange, T., L. Shiue, R. M. Myers, et al. "Structure and variability of human chromosome ends." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 2 (1990): 518–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.2.518.

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Mammalian telomeres are thought to be composed of a tandem array of TTAGGG repeats. To further define the type and arrangement of sequences at the ends of human chromosomes, we developed a direct cloning strategy for telomere-associated DNA. The method involves a telomere enrichment procedure based on the relative lack of restriction endonuclease cutting sites near the ends of human chromosomes. Nineteen (TTAGGG)n-bearing plasmids were isolated, two of which contain additional human sequences proximal to the telomeric repeats. These telomere-flanking sequences detect BAL 31-sensitive loci and thus are located close to chromosome ends. One of the flanking regions is part of a subtelomeric repeat that is present at 10 to 25% of the chromosome ends in the human genome. This sequence is not conserved in rodent DNA and therefore should be a helpful tool for physical characterization of human chromosomes in human-rodent hybrid cell lines; some of the chromosomes that may be analyzed in this manner have been identified, i.e., 7, 16, 17, and 21. The minimal size of the subtelomeric repeat is 4 kilobases (kb); it shows a high frequency of restriction fragment length polymorphisms and undergoes extensive de novo methylation in somatic cells. Distal to the subtelomeric repeat, the chromosomes terminate in a long region (up to 14 kb) that may be entirely composed of TTAGGG repeats. This terminal segment is unusually variable. Although sperm telomeres are 10 to 14 kb long, telomeres in somatic cells are several kilobase pairs shorter and very heterogeneous in length. Additional telomere reduction occurs in primary tumors, indicating that somatic telomeres are unstable and may continuously lose sequences from their termini.

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de Lange, T., L. Shiue, R. M. Myers, et al. "Structure and variability of human chromosome ends." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 2 (1990): 518–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.2.518-527.1990.

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Mammalian telomeres are thought to be composed of a tandem array of TTAGGG repeats. To further define the type and arrangement of sequences at the ends of human chromosomes, we developed a direct cloning strategy for telomere-associated DNA. The method involves a telomere enrichment procedure based on the relative lack of restriction endonuclease cutting sites near the ends of human chromosomes. Nineteen (TTAGGG)n-bearing plasmids were isolated, two of which contain additional human sequences proximal to the telomeric repeats. These telomere-flanking sequences detect BAL 31-sensitive loci and thus are located close to chromosome ends. One of the flanking regions is part of a subtelomeric repeat that is present at 10 to 25% of the chromosome ends in the human genome. This sequence is not conserved in rodent DNA and therefore should be a helpful tool for physical characterization of human chromosomes in human-rodent hybrid cell lines; some of the chromosomes that may be analyzed in this manner have been identified, i.e., 7, 16, 17, and 21. The minimal size of the subtelomeric repeat is 4 kilobases (kb); it shows a high frequency of restriction fragment length polymorphisms and undergoes extensive de novo methylation in somatic cells. Distal to the subtelomeric repeat, the chromosomes terminate in a long region (up to 14 kb) that may be entirely composed of TTAGGG repeats. This terminal segment is unusually variable. Although sperm telomeres are 10 to 14 kb long, telomeres in somatic cells are several kilobase pairs shorter and very heterogeneous in length. Additional telomere reduction occurs in primary tumors, indicating that somatic telomeres are unstable and may continuously lose sequences from their termini.

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Tsou, A. P., C. Lai, P. Danielson, D. J. Noonan, and J. G. Sutcliffe. "Structural characterization of a heterogeneous family of rat brain mRNAs." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 3 (1986): 768–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.3.768.

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A large heterogeneous family of RNAs derived from a single rat gene contains members that differ from each other at one or more of three positions. Their 5' ends are nested and transcription can begin at 22 or more sites covering 265 nucleotides. Many of the 5' ends are detectable only in brain RNAs, and even 5' ends common with other tissues appear with different absolute and relative abundances in brain RNA. The central portions of the RNAs are of two forms, differing only by the presence or absence of 17 nucleotides; these forms are probably produced by alternative splicing. Polyadenylation occurs at either of two sites. This complicated family of 88 RNAs encodes two novel putative proteins that differ at their C termini.

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Tsou, A. P., C. Lai, P. Danielson, D. J. Noonan, and J. G. Sutcliffe. "Structural characterization of a heterogeneous family of rat brain mRNAs." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 3 (1986): 768–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.3.768-778.1986.

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A large heterogeneous family of RNAs derived from a single rat gene contains members that differ from each other at one or more of three positions. Their 5' ends are nested and transcription can begin at 22 or more sites covering 265 nucleotides. Many of the 5' ends are detectable only in brain RNAs, and even 5' ends common with other tissues appear with different absolute and relative abundances in brain RNA. The central portions of the RNAs are of two forms, differing only by the presence or absence of 17 nucleotides; these forms are probably produced by alternative splicing. Polyadenylation occurs at either of two sites. This complicated family of 88 RNAs encodes two novel putative proteins that differ at their C termini.

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Newman, George E., Adam Shniderman, Daylian M. Cain, and Kyle Sevel. "Do the Ends Justify the Means? The Relative Focus on Overhead Versus Outcomes in Charitable Fundraising." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 48, no. 1 (2018): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764018794903.

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Prospective donors are often sensitive to the amount of overhead in charitable fundraising. The present studies examine how differences in one’s personal commitment to a cause moderate the relative focus on overhead versus outcomes in charitable fundraising. Three experiments find that donors who are more committed to the cause are, in fact, accepting of higher levels of overhead. Experiment 1 demonstrates that people are willing to accept a higher level of overhead for causes that are more (vs. less) important to them. Experiment 2 provides process evidence by showing that perceptions of cause importance generally influence how people evaluate the intentions behind charitable fundraising versus its outcomes. Experiment 3 directly manipulates cause importance and demonstrates a downstream effect on actual donations. Together, these studies suggest a more general framework whereby differences in personal commitment change the relative focus on the intentions behind pro-social behavior versus the outcomes achieved.

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Fischer, Robert S., Kimberly L. Fritz-Six, and Velia M. Fowler. "Pointed-end capping by tropomodulin3 negatively regulates endothelial cell motility." Journal of Cell Biology 161, no. 2 (2003): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200209057.

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Actin filament pointed-end dynamics are thought to play a critical role in cell motility, yet regulation of this process remains poorly understood. We describe here a previously uncharacterized tropomodulin (Tmod) isoform, Tmod3, which is widely expressed in human tissues and is present in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). Tmod3 is present in sufficient quantity to cap pointed ends of actin filaments, localizes to actin filament structures in HMEC-1 cells, and appears enriched in leading edge ruffles and lamellipodia. Transient overexpression of GFP–Tmod3 leads to a depolarized cell morphology and decreased cell motility. A fivefold increase in Tmod3 results in an equivalent decrease in free pointed ends in the cells. Unexpectedly, a decrease in the relative amounts of F-actin, free barbed ends, and actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex in lamellipodia are also observed. Conversely, decreased expression of Tmod3 by RNA interference leads to faster average cell migration, along with increases in free pointed and barbed ends in lamellipodial actin filaments. These data collectively demonstrate that capping of actin filament pointed ends by Tmod3 inhibits cell migration and reveal a novel control mechanism for regulation of actin filaments in lamellipodia.

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Vorobjev, I. A., V. I. Rodionov, I. V. Maly, and G. G. Borisy. "Contribution of plus and minus end pathways to microtubule turnover." Journal of Cell Science 112, no. 14 (1999): 2277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.112.14.2277.

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Turnover is important for the maintenance and remodeling of the cytoskeleton during the processes of cell morphogenesis, mitosis and motility. Microtubule (MT) turnover is thought to occur by dynamic instability, growth and shortening at distal (plus) ends. Recent observation of MT release from the centrosome and depolymerization from proximal (minus) ends indicates the existence of a minus end pathway. To evaluate the relative contributions of plus and minus end pathways to turnover, we analyzed MT dynamics in a model system, the fish melanophore, a large non-motile cell with a regular radial array of long MTs. MT ends were tracked in digital fluorescence time-lapse sequences and life histories of individual MTs were analyzed using random walk theory generalized to the case of diffusion with drift. Analysis of plus end dynamics gave an apparent diffusion coefficient of D=7.5 microm2/minute. The random walk model predicts that the half-time for turnover driven solely by plus end dynamics will depend strongly on position in the cell. Based on the experimentally determined value of D, turnover of MTs near the center of a typical melanophore of radius 70 microm was calculated to require over 5 hours, a paradoxically long time. To examine MT behavior deep in the cytoplasm, we developed a novel, sequential subtraction mode of image analysis. This analysis revealed a subpopulation of MTs which shortened from their minus ends, presumably after constitutive release from the centrosome. Given the relative slowness of plus end dynamics to turn over the root of a long MT, the turnover of MTs near the cell center is determined primarily by the minus-end pathway. MTs released from the centrosome become replaced by newly nucleated ones. The relative contributions of plus and minus end pathways was estimated from the diffusion coefficient, D, for the plus end, the length distribution of MTs, t he frequency of free minus ends, and the rate of minus-end shortening. We conclude that, in large animal cells with a centrosomally focussed array of MTs, turnover occurs by a combination of plus and minus end pathways, the plus end dominating at the cell periphery and the minus end dominating near the cell center.

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NEGRÃO, Esmeralda Vailati. "WH-extractions and relative clauses in Brazilian Portuguese." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 16, spe (2000): 141–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-44502000000300006.

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This paper aims to describe and explain WH-extraction patterns out of island contexts in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), by means of the principles established by Generative Theory. I claim that BP uses a strategy for the extraction of subjects which involves a special case of Agreement. Extractions out of relative islands are possible when the extracted WH-phrase ends up in the specifier position of the higher CP and from there it behaves as the subject of the predication. The subject-predicate relationship established under agreement makes Comp a proper governor for traces in subject position under its scope. The analysis proposed makes a distinction between two processes of relative clause formation. One in which que is an operator that transforms sentences into predicates and sits in the Comp position of a CP whose specifier can be occupied by a QP functioning as the subject of the predication. The other, in which que is a WH-word, traditionally treated as a pronoun, occupying the specifier position of a QP and introducing relative clauses as we know them.

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34

King, W. W. "Displacement-Limited Buckling of an Optical Fiber." Journal of Electronic Packaging 115, no. 1 (1993): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2909300.

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Buckling of an optical fiber within a confining connector housing is analyzed under the restriction that the transverse deflection profile be shallow. Fibers with pinned ends and with clamped ends are treated. The three stages of buckling are discussed: sufficiently small transverse displacements that contact is not made with the housing wall; point contact with the wall; and finite-length contact with the wall. Explicit expressions for responses as functions of relative longitudinal displacement of ends are obtained for the first and third stages. For the second stage, longitudinal displacement and maximum fiber curvature are expressed in terms of buckling load. Except for a portion of the point-contact stage, contact with a confining wall causes more severe stresses in the fiber than would otherwise be the case.

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35

Ricketts, Martin. "The Subsidy as a Purely Normative Concept." Journal of Public Policy 5, no. 3 (1985): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00003184.

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ABSTRACTAlthough the term ‘subsidy’ is commonly used in the context of social, industrial, and trade policy, there is no general agreement concerning its precise definition. This paper argues that current usage of the term ‘subsidy’ does not permit us to isolate a distinct policy instrument. Instead, subsidies exist when the tax system fails to accord with specified ‘norms’. Thus, the subsidy turns out to be a normative concept and is defined relative to desired ends. Explicit acceptance of the normative character of subsidies might clarify policy disputes by distinguishing between disagreements over ends, and disagreements about technical relationships.

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36

Webster, John. "What Makes Theology Theological?" Journal of Analytic Theology 3 (May 3, 2015): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12978/jat.2015-3.091413220417.

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An understanding of the nature of theology comprises an account of its object, its cognitive principles, its ends and its practitioners. The object of theology is two-fold: principally God the Holy Trinity, and derivatively all things in relation to God. God is considered first absolutely, then relatively; all other things are treated relative to God, under the aspect of creatureliness. The objective cognitive principle of theology is God’s infinite knowledge, of which God communicates a fitting share to creatures; the subjective cognitive principle of theology is the regenerate human intellect. The ends of theology are scientific (acquiring the knowledge of the matter which is proper to creatures), contemplative (rapt attention to God the cause of all things) and practical (regulation of the enactment of human life). The practitioners of theology are regenerate persons in the church whose creaturely intellect is instructed by God and all of whose works are accompanied by the practices of religion.

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Chan, Amanda Y., Maryse Bailly, Noureddine Zebda, Jeffrey E. Segall, and John S. Condeelis. "Role of Cofilin in Epidermal Growth Factor–Stimulated Actin Polymerization and Lamellipod Protrusion." Journal of Cell Biology 148, no. 3 (2000): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.148.3.531.

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Stimulation of metastatic MTLn3 cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) causes a rapid and transient increase in actin nucleation activity resulting from the appearance of free barbed ends at the extreme leading edge of extending lamellipods. To investigate the role of cofilin in EGF-stimulated actin polymerization and lamellipod extension in MTLn3 cells, we examined in detail the temporal and spatial distribution of cofilin relative to free barbed ends and characterized the actin dynamics by measuring the changes in the number of actin filaments. EGF stimulation triggers a transient increase in cofilin in the leading edge near the membrane, which is precisely cotemporal with the appearance of free barbed ends there. A deoxyribonuclease I binding assay shows that the number of filaments per cell increases by 1.5-fold after EGF stimulation. Detection of pointed ends in situ using deoxyribonuclease I binding demonstrates that this increase in the number of pointed ends is confined to the leading edge compartment, and does not occur within stress fibers or in the general cytoplasm. Using a light microscope severing assay, cofilin's severing activity was observed directly in cell extracts and shown to be activated after stimulation of the cells with EGF. Microinjection of function-blocking antibodies against cofilin inhibits the appearance of free barbed ends at the leading edge and lamellipod protrusion after EGF stimulation. These results support a model in which EGF stimulation recruits cofilin to the leading edge where its severing activity is activated, leading to the generation of short actin filaments with free barbed ends that participate in the nucleation of actin polymerization.

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Zheng, Hui, Xiu-Bao Chang, and John H. Wilson. "Primary cells and established cell lines join DNA ends with the same efficiency relative to homologous recombination." Plasmid 22, no. 2 (1989): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-619x(89)90019-x.

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Aristoff, Jeffrey M., and Howard A. Stone. "The aerodynamics of jumping rope." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468, no. 2139 (2011): 720–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2011.0389.

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We consider the influence of aerodynamic forces on the shape of a whirling filament that is held at both ends, i.e. a jump rope. At high Reynolds numbers, the rope curls out of the plane and towards the axis of rotation—a feature we demonstrate via experiment. We derive a pair of coupled nonlinear differential equations that characterize the steady-state shape of the rope, and the resulting eigenvalue problem is solved numerically. The solution depends on two dimensionless groups: the ratio between the length of the rope and the distance between its ends, and the relative magnitude of the aerodynamic to centrifugal forces. As the latter ratio is progressively increased, the tension in the rope and the out-of-plane deflection increases, until eventually the rope reaches a limiting shape. Finally, we show that the airflow-induced shape change leads to a relative reduction in drag and has implications for successful skipping.

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40

Gillespie, Michael Allen. "The Question of the Examined Life." Review of Politics 80, no. 2 (2018): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670517001279.

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AbstractThis essay calls into question Zuckert's claim in Postmodern Platos that Strauss provides the best contemporary defense of the superiority of the philosophic life against the claims of Nietzsche and Heidegger that it leads to nihilism and despair. For her, Strauss persuasively draws on Plato, read through Alfarabi and Maimonides, to defend this view by showing that the philosopher understands the true ends of human life as a whole which is part of the whole, and thus provides a vision of the noblest, best, and most beautiful. I argue that this claim is implausible, that Strauss's Platonic vision of the ends of human life is obscure, and that even if correct, it does not offer an answer to the question of the relative value of these heterogenous ends, and thus does not demonstrate that the philosophic life is more worth living than any other form of life.

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Sun, Chun Xiang, Marco A. O. Magalhães, and Michael Glogauer. "Rac1 and Rac2 differentially regulate actin free barbed end formation downstream of the fMLP receptor." Journal of Cell Biology 179, no. 2 (2007): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200705122.

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Actin assembly at the leading edge of migrating cells depends on the availability of high-affinity free barbed ends (FBE) that drive actin filament elongation and subsequent membrane protrusion. We investigated the specific mechanisms through which the Rac1 and Rac2 small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) generate free barbed ends in neutrophils. Using neutrophils lacking either Rac1 or Rac2 and a neutrophil permeabilization model that maintains receptor signaling to the actin cytoskeleton, we assessed the mechanisms through which these two small GTPases mediate FBE generation downstream of the formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine receptor. We demonstrate here that uncapping of existing barbed ends is mediated through Rac1, whereas cofilin- and ARP2/3-mediated FBE generation are regulated through Rac2. This unique combination of experimental tools has allowed us to identify the relative roles of uncapping (15%), cofilin severing (10%), and ARP2/3 de novo nucleation (75%) in FBE generation and the respective roles played by Rac1 and Rac2 in mediating actin dynamics.

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Vanhoutteghem, Lies, Britt Haker Høegh, and Thor Hansen. "Measurements behind Internal Insulation on Solid Masonry Walls with Different Orientations and Degrees of Repair in a Danish Multi-story Building." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017201008.

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Internal insulation is used in many heritage buildings to ensure a better indoor environment and reduce energy use. This article describes measurement results from installing an internal insulation system in a Danish multi-story building. The internal insulation system consists of a fully glued vapour tight insulated plasterboard. To reduce the risk for wood decay and mould growth at the wooden beam ends in the floor construction, a 100-200 mm uninsulated gap was left above and below the floor construction. Measurements include the effect of orientation, degree of façade repair and influence of indoor moisture content. Results show in general acceptable hygrothermal conditions behind the insulation system. However, a gradual increase in relative humidity at sun-exposed walls was registered due to ‘summer condensation’. The degree of surface repair also showed an influence on relative humidity levels during this period. At the uninsulated gap above the floor, a higher moisture content indoor resulted in a higher relative humidity, though without exceeding the threshold for mould growth. However, a large temperature range was registered. The influence of the uninsulated gap on reducing the risk of wood decay and mould growth at the beam ends could therefore not unambiguously be confirmed.

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Naylor, G. R. S., and D. G. Phillips. "Fabric-Evoked Prickle in Worsted Spun Single Jersey Fabrics Part II: The Role of Fiber Length, Yarn Count, and Fabric Cover Factor." Textile Research Journal 67, no. 5 (1997): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759706700508.

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Fabric-evoked prickle is studied in a range of jersey knitted wool fabrics made from worsted spun yarn. The existing predictive model of relative prickliness based on earlier studies of wools with diameter characteristics is extended and can quantitatively account for changes in mean fiber length, yarn count, and fabric cover factor. For all these variables, relative prickle sensation can be predicted from the density of coarse fiber ends per unit area of fabric. It is thus possible to compare the relative importance of these variables. Within the commercial range, the mean fiber diameter of a wool remains the most important factor affecting fabric-evoked prickle.

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Sque, Magi. "Researching the Bereaved: an investigator’s experience." Nursing Ethics 7, no. 1 (2000): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973300000700105.

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The issues discussed in this article concern the process of interviewing the bereaved relatives of organ donors, the personal impact, and the potentially painful nature of such research. Narrative interviews were carried out with 24 donor relatives. The relatively small number of donating families and their anonymity mean that little is understood about the experience of having a relative in a critical care situation that ends in donation. The purpose of this study was to develop a theory that explained the organ donation process for relatives of ‘major organ’ donors. A central concern of implementing the investigation was the possible threat it posed to the participants and myself. The sensitive nature of the research made access to relatives difficult. Undoubtedly, my nursing background and personal attributes had an impact on interactions with participants and the pursuance of the research agenda.

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Siwek, Brigitte, Suzanne Bricteux-Grégoire, Véronique Bailly, and Walter G. Verly. "The relative importance ofEscherichia coliexonuclease III and endonuclease IV for the hydrolysis of 3′-phosphoglycolate ends in polydeoxynucleotides." Nucleic Acids Research 16, no. 11 (1988): 5031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/16.11.5031.

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Martínez-García, Esteban, Juana María Navarro-Lloréns, and Antonio Tormo. "Identification of an Unknown Promoter, OUTIIp, within the IS10R Element." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 6 (2003): 2046–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.6.2046-2050.2003.

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ABSTRACT A novel promoter in IS10R (OUTIIp) has been found in one of its ends in an inverted position relative to promoter pOUT. OUTIIp shows characteristics similar to those of rpoS-dependent promoters such as a gearbox expression pattern. It is under catabolite repression and positively regulated by ppGpp or conditioned media. This opens new challenges in IS10R transposition.

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Joglekar, Mugdha V., Sarang N. Satoor, Wilson K. M. Wong, Feifei Cheng, Ronald C. W. Ma, and Anandwardhan A. Hardikar. "An Optimised Step-by-Step Protocol for Measuring Relative Telomere Length." Methods and Protocols 3, no. 2 (2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps3020027.

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Telomeres represent the nucleotide repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes and are essential for chromosome stability. They can shorten at each round of DNA replication mainly because of incomplete DNA synthesis of the lagging strand. Reduced relative telomere length is associated with aging and a range of disease states. Different methods such as terminal restriction fragment analysis, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization are available to measure telomere length; however, the qPCR-based method is commonly used for large population-based studies. There are multiple variations across qPCR-based methods, including the choice of the single-copy gene, primer sequences, reagents, and data analysis methods in the different reported studies so far. Here, we provide a detailed step-by-step protocol that we have optimized and successfully tested in the hands of other users. This protocol will help researchers interested in measuring relative telomere lengths in cells or across larger clinical cohort/study samples to determine associations of telomere length with health and disease.

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Fučík, Vladimír, Vladimír Chaloupecký, Jaroslav Beran та Jiří Jonák. "Sequencing Strategy for a Protein-Linked Genome: Spontaneous Reversions of Ochre Triplet in the Phage ϕ29 Gene 17". Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 62, № 7 (1997): 1136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19971136.

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A direct method using T7 gene 6 exonuclease to prepare single-stranded templates was adapted for the sequencing of the phage ϕ29 genome carrying a covalently linked terminal protein at the 5' ends of both DNA chains. The terminal protein was found to block completely the action of the exonuclease. The treatment of the phage DNA by proteinase K did not restore the accessibility of the 5' ends to the exonuclease to the full extent but only partially. The digestion of proteinase K-treated terminal fragments of the genome by 5' exonuclease could proceed now from both 5' ends, however, at different rates. The delay of exonucleolytic digestion apparently due to residual amino acid(s) was calculated to be about 800 nucleotides. The relative rates of exonucleolytic splitting of both chains were of decisive significance for the choice of suitable primers for the sequencing of desired regions. In all Sus+ revertants sequenced by the described method the TAA(ochre) codon in the gene 17 was found changed either to the original CAA(Gln) or to TAT(Tyr) with the same frequencies.

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Fuller, Steve. "The Trial of Socrates That Never Ends: An Introduction to the Socrates Tenured Symposium." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 48, no. 1 (2017): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393117740824.

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This introduction to the Socrates Tenured symposium reflects on the history of philosophy’s institutionalization as a specialized academic discipline, noting its relative recency in the English-speaking world. Despite occasionally paying lip service to its German idealist origins, philosophy in the United States is best understood as an extension of the Neo-Kantian world-view which came to dominate German academic life after Hegel’s death. Socrates Tenured aims to buck this trend toward philosophy’s academic specialization by a strategy that bears interesting comparison with the anti-professionalism of Robert Maynard Hutchins at the University of Chicago.

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Denley, Peter. "Models, Sources and Users: Historical Database Design in the 1990s." History and Computing 6, no. 1 (1994): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hac.1994.6.1.33.

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This article considers the fundamental differences between two emergent approaches to historical database work, the ‘model-oriented’ , traditional, results-driven, relational database approach, which is quite clearly what the majority of historians want, need and will continue to adopt, and the ‚source oriented’, ‚database as edition’ way exemplified by Kteioi. These approaches are seen as legitimate alternatives belonging to different approaches to historical research. Their relative strengths and weaknesses are discussed, including the issues ofsuitability to particular types ofresearch, functionality, userfriendliness, relative learningcurves andresults. The article ends by assessing future prospects, particularly as exemplified by current 'user-oriented' software development in the Netherlands.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Relative ends'

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