Relevant bibliographies by topics / Relative population

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Relative population'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Relative population"

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Moore, Nicholas, Sinem Ezgi Gulmez, Patrick Blin, Régis Lassalle, Jeremy Jove, Hélène Théophile, Bernard Bégaud, Dominique Larrey, and Jacques Bénichou. "Relative Risks from Case-Population Data." Epidemiology 24, no. 6 (November 2013): 935–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3182a77882.

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Tompkins, Robert L. "Human population variability in relative dental development." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 99, no. 1 (January 1996): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199601)99:1<79::aid-ajpa5>3.0.co;2-v.

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Popov, P. P. "Cluster groups, population structure, and relative localization of spruce populations in Eastern Europe." Russian Journal of Ecology 46, no. 2 (March 2015): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1067413615010130.

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Riley, David G., G. M. Angelella, and R. M. McPherson. "Pine pollen dehiscence relative to thrips population dynamics." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 138, no. 3 (January 31, 2011): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01095.x.

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McCarthy, Michael A., Sandy J. Andelman, and Hugh P. Possingham. "Reliability of Relative Predictions in Population Viability Analysis." Conservation Biology 17, no. 4 (August 2003): 982–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01570.x.

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Godet, Laurent, Vincent Devictor, and Frédéric Jiguet. "Estimating relative population size included within protected areas." Biodiversity and Conservation 16, no. 9 (May 20, 2006): 2587–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9020-2.

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Perrin, N., A. Korichi, C. Bourgeois, F. Azaiez, J. Duprat, F. Ibrahim, D. Hojman, F. Le Blanc, D. G. Popescu, and H. Sergolle. "Relative population of oblate and prolate structures in189Au." Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei 347, no. 2 (June 1993): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01284673.

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Gerber, Nina, Hanna Kokko, Dieter Ebert, and Isobel Booksmythe. "Daphnia invest in sexual reproduction when its relative costs are reduced." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1871 (January 17, 2018): 20172176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2176.

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The timing of sex in facultatively sexual organisms is critical to fitness, due to the differing demographic consequences of sexual versus asexual reproduction. In addition to the costs of sex itself, an association of sex with the production of dormant life stages also influences the optimal use of sex, especially in environments where resting eggs are essential to survive unfavourable conditions. Here we document population dynamics and the occurrence of sexual reproduction in natural populations of Daphnia magna across their growing season. The frequency of sexually reproducing females and males increased with population density and with decreasing asexual clutch sizes. The frequency of sexually reproducing females additionally increased as population growth rates decreased. Consistent with population dynamic models showing that the opportunity cost of sexual reproduction (foregoing contribution to current population growth) diminishes as populations approach carrying capacity, we found that investment in sexual reproduction was highest when asexual population growth was low or negative. Our results support the idea that the timing of sex is linked with periods when the relative cost of sex is reduced due to low potential asexual growth at high population densities. Thus, a combination of ecological and demographic factors affect the optimal timing of sexual reproduction, allowing D. magna to balance the necessity of sex against its costs.
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Willoughby, Janna R., and Mark R. Christie. "Captive Ancestry Upwardly Biases Estimates of Relative Reproductive Success." Journal of Heredity 108, no. 5 (May 12, 2017): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esx046.

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Abstract Supplementation programs, which release captive-born individuals into the wild, are commonly used to demographically bolster declining populations. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs, the reproductive success of captive-born individuals released into the wild is often compared to the reproductive success of wild-born individuals in the recipient population (relative reproductive success, RRS). However, if there are heritable reductions in fitness associated with captive breeding, gene flow from captive-born individuals into the wild population can reduce the fitness of the wild population. Here, we show that when captive ancestry in the wild population reduces mean population fitness, estimates of RRS are upwardly biased, meaning that the relative fitness of captive-born individuals is over-estimated. Furthermore, the magnitude of this bias increases with the length of time that a supplementation program has been releasing captive-born individuals. This phenomenon has long-term conservation impacts since management decisions regarding the design of a supplementation program and the number of individuals to release can be based, at least in part, on RRS estimates. Therefore, we urge caution in the interpretation of relative fitness measures when the captive ancestry of the wild population cannot be precisely measured.
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Dalazen, Giliardi, Catarine Markus, and Aldo Merotto Jr. "Differential Expression of Genes Associated With Degradation Enhancement of Imazethapyr in Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 9 (August 13, 2018): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n9p389.

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The understanding of mechanism of herbicide resistance in weeds is essential for adequate or innovative weed management practices. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the expression of genes related to degradation enhancement of imazethapyr in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L. Beauv.). One susceptible (SUSSP01) and two populations previouslly identified as resistant to imazethapyr (ARRGR01 and PALMS01) were used. Gene expression of CYP and GST, the translation initiating factor eIF4B, and ALS genes were evaluated after imazethapyr spraying. A reference gene stability analysis was carried out, wherein the genes 18S and actin showed to be more stable in response to the population and herbicide treatment. The gene expression analysis was performed by qRT-PCR. There was no difference in the relative expression of the ALS gene. The CYP81A6 and GSTF1 genes showed higher relative expression in the resistant populations. The CYP81A6 gene had expression 9.61 and 8.44 higher in the resistant populations ARRGR01 and PALMS01, respectively, in comparison with the untreated susceptible population. The expression of this gene was induced by spraying the herbicide imazethapyr. The GSTF1 gene showed higher relative expression in PALMS01 population, reaching 12.30 times higher in plants treated with imazethapyr in relation to untreated susceptible population. The expression of eIF4B gene in the resistant populations treated with imazethapyr was about six times higher than observed in susceptible population. The high relative expression of CYP81A6 and GSTF1 genes indicate the importance of degradation enhancement for the resistance of barnyargrass to imazethapyr.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Relative population"

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Thomas, Joaquin Teruji. "Topics in population ethics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fa2a09aa-e784-4126-bd4a-0487d3653add.

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This thesis consists of several independent papers in population ethics. I begin in Chapter 1 by critiquing some well-known 'impossibility theorems', which purport to show there can be no intuitively satisfactory population axiology. I identify axiological vagueness as a promising way to escape or at least mitigate the effects of these theorems. In particular, in Chapter 2, I argue that certain of the impossibility theorems have little more dialectical force than sorites arguments do. From these negative arguments I move to positive ones. In Chapter 3, I justify the use of a 'veil of ignorance', starting from three more basic normative principles. This leads to positive arguments for various kinds of utilitarianism - the best such arguments I know. But in general the implications of the veil depend on how one answers what I call 'the risky existential question': what is the value to an individual of a chance of non-existence? I chart out the main options, and raise some puzzles for non-comparativism, the view that life is incomparable to non-existence. Finally, in Chapter 4, I consider the consequences for population ethics of the idea that what is normatively relevant is not personal identity, but a degreed relation of psychological connectedness. In particular, I pursue a strategy based in population ethics for understanding the controversial 'time-relative interests' account of the badness of death.
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Walker, Matthew. "The relative roles of resources and natural enemies in determining insect abundance." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342226.

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Stanley, Zachary. "RELATIVE COMPETITIVE ABILITIES, INTERSEXUAL OVERYIELDING, AND POPULATION SEX RATIO CHANGES IN A BRYOPHYTE." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_etds/60.

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Unequal sex ratios are widespread in dioecious plants and understanding their cause is important to understanding fundamental aspects of their population dynamics, and yet what causes biased sex ratios in plants is still poorly understood. Competition experiments have been used in plants to predict the outcome of species interactions, but they have rarely been used to help explain sex ratio bias. This study used a response surface competition design to measure the relative competitive abilities of the sexes of the bryophyte Marchantia inflexa (a thallus liverwort of Marchantiaceae) to predict the outcome of competition before the onset of sexual reproductive structures. In bryophytes, dioecy and sex ratio bias is especially common, making them effective organisms for studying sex ratio bias. Given the frequency of female bias in bryophytes, the hypothesis was that females will show a higher competitive ability relative to males. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions at several densities and proportions over the course of seven months. As individuals grew and formed clumps, identities were tracked, and growth measurements were made using photographs and computer imaging software. Both sexes grew on average 41% more with the opposite sex relative to their single-sex cultures. A model predicting future sex ratios showed coexistence between the sexes and predicted a male biased sex ratio of 3.2 males to 1 female. A trade-off was observed for males where single-sex cultures contained more asexual structures than mixed-sex cultures and the reverse for growth rate. Higher levels of asexual reproduction in males in single-sex cultures might be selected for to increase male dispersal for a higher probability of encountering females. This pattern was not found for females. The overyielding results suggest an interaction effect may exist due to niche differentiation between the sexes. In addition, the results suggest that in some dioecious plants a change in sex ratio can occur before differences in their allocation to sexual reproduction.
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Singh, Narinder. "Genetic diversity of wheat wild relative, Aegilops tauschii, for wheat improvement." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38259.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Genetics Interdepartmental Program
Jesse A. Poland
Wheat is perhaps the most important component in human diet introduced since the conception of modern agriculture, which provides about 20% of the daily protein and calorie intake to billions of people. Adaptable to wide range of climates, wheat is grown worldwide, lending it the potential to mitigate the imminent risk of food security for future population of 9.5 billion people. For developing improved crop varieties in the future, genetic diversity is a key factor in plant breeding. Constraints in wheat evolution and artificial selection practices have resulted in erosion of this ingredient in elite germplasm. However, wheat wild relatives, such as Ae. tauschii, D-genome donor of wheat, are a storehouse for unexploited genetic diversity that can be used for improving wheat for disease and insect resistance, yield, quality, and tolerance to abiotic stresses. More than 1700 genebanks around the world hold over 7 million accessions of these wild relatives. These genebanks are expensive to maintain, therefore, efficient curation is necessary. We developed and implemented a protocol to identify duplicate accessions using genomic tools. Implementing this approach with three genebanks, we identified over 50% duplicated accessions across genebanks. There are over a million Triticeae accessions held collectively, and it is likely as more number of genebanks are tested, there will be decreasing number of unique accessions. Selecting and utilizing the wild genetic diversity is no easy task. Historically, breeders and geneticists have chosen the accessions primarily based on associated phenotypic data. Unless focusing on a targeted trait, this practice is imperfect in capturing the genetic diversity with some other limitations, such as confounding phenotypic data with the testing environment. Utilizing next-generation sequencing methods, we selected a MiniCore consisting of only 40 accessions out of 574 capturing more than 95% of the allelic diversity. This MiniCore will facilitate the use of genetic diversity present in Ae. tauschii for wheat improvement including resistance to leaf rust, stem rust, Hessian fly, and tolerance to abiotic stresses. Hessian fly is an important insect pest of wheat worldwide. Out of 34 known resistance genes, only six have been mapped on the D sub-genome. With swift HF evolution, we need to rapidly map and deploy the resistance genes. Some of the undefeated HF resistance genes, such as H26 and H32, were introgressed from Ae. tauschii. In this study, we mapped three previously known genes, and a new gene from Ae. tauschii accession KU2147. Genes were mapped on chromosomes 6B, 3D, and 6D. Further, identification and cloning of resistance genes will enhance our understanding about its function and mode of action. In conclusion, wild wheat relatives are genetically diverse species, and utilizing the novel genetic diversity in Ae. tauschii will be fruitful for wheat improvement in the wake of climate change to ensure future food security to expected 2 billion newcomers by 2050.
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Horswill, Catharine. "The relative importance of opposing drivers in determining population change in macaroni penguins Eudyptes chrysolophus." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5979/.

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It is widely recognised that both nutrient-driven processes acting from the “bottom-up” and predator-driven processes acting from the “top-down” are important drivers of population change. However, studies that examine how these joint forces influence the population dynamics of oceanic species are lacking. In the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic ecosystem, human-mediated changes have driven biological change at both ends of the food chain; rapid regional warming at the bottom and heavy exploitation of apex predator populations at the top. Consequently, many populations of marine predators have rapidly changed in size over the last 50-years. Unravelling the effects of bottom-up and top-down forcing on these open ocean ecosystems, has thus been highlighted as an immediate priority for polar scientists. The overall aims of this study were to use demographic, environmental and diet data to unravel the processes that contributed to a population of macaroni penguins at South Georgia declining rapidly between 1985 and 2012. I use mark–recapture modelling to examine the survival rates of macaroni penguins. Over 10 years, birds were marked with subcutaneous electronic transponder tags and re-encountered using an automated gateway system fitted at the entrance to the colony. These findings were combined with a 28-year time series of population counts and productivity measurements in an age-structured state-space population model to disentangle the processes underlying the observed population decline. Finally, I combined stable isotope analysis and tracking data to investigate the individual strategies macaroni penguins might employ to mitigate the effects of density-dependence during the breeding season. Macaroni penguins at South Georgia declined at 6% per year between 1985 and 2000, stabilising thereafter. This study indicates that the population declined in response to recruitment rates being lower than adult mortality. This trend was potentially accelerated by three large mortality events that were possibly associated with top-down predation pressure from giant petrels. Survival rates were low and variable during the fledging year, increasing to much higher levels from age 1 onwards. Year-to-year variability in demographic rates was induced by a combination of individual quality, top-down predation pressure and bottom-up environmental forces. The relative importance of these covariates on survival rates was age-specific, whereby predation pressure had a considerably greater effect during the fledgling year compared with birds older than 1-year. The population trajectory stabilised after 2000 in response to an increase in survival, as well as density-dependent feedbacks upon productivity. In order to minimise the effects of density-dependence during the breeding season and optimise daily energy expenditure, macaroni penguins appeared to make distinct dietary choices that remained highly consistent from year-to-year. Individually specialised foraging strategies occurred in response to seasonal variations in foraging range, conspecific density and prey availability at the foraging sites. The future stability of this population will depend on the carrying capacity of the environment supporting productivity rates at their present level, and the population size and breeding success of giant petrels not increasing so that adult survival rates can remain stable. More broadly, this study highlights the importance of considering multiple causal effects across different life-stages when examining the demography of seabirds, and demonstrates the additional insights that can be gained by using models with increased precision.
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PEREIRA, Dayane Lucia Francisco. "Biologia populacional de Uca victoriana no manguezal de Itacuru??/Coroa Grande, Ba?a de Sepetiba, RJ." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1801.

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Uca victoriana von Hagen, 1987 is a crab belonging to the family Ocypodidae typical from intertidal zones, characterized by a strong sexual dimorphism. This current study was elaborate in order to evaluate the information about biology of the population, more specifically about population structure, spatial distribution, and reproductive aspects of U. victoriana from mangrove of Itacuru?? / Coroa Grande located in Sepetiba Bay, RJ. Three transects were established with three areas on the right bank of the Draga river, and each area containing 10 m long and 2.25 m wide. Crabs were collected monthly during the period of November 2010 to October 2011. The animals were collected using a quadrat of 30 x 30 cm, performing three random replicates in each plot. In laboratory, the animals were separated by sex and it were taken biometric measurements such as carapace width, carapace length, abdomen width, height of the larger chelipod, length of the larger chelipod and length of the gonopod. Sediment samples were collected in three transects to determine the granulometric composition. It was collected a total of 529 individuals in the study period, of which 89 were males, 97 females non-ovigerous, 16 ovigerous females and 327 juveniles. In the population structure the frequency distribution of males and females was unimodal. The average size of the female LC was 5,64 ? 1,73 mm and 4,97 ? 1,53 mm for males. The analysis of size comparison between sexes showed that females are significantly larger (U = 23741.5, p <0.001) than males. The overall sex ratio of population was 1,94:1, predominantly males. In spatial distribution, there was a greater abundance of animals in the area 2, where the predominance of juveniles, ovigerous females and non-ovigerous females was not superior to other transects. The average size of the ovigerous females was 6.67 ? 0.60 mm, ranging from 5.38 to 7.70 mm. Mean fecundity was 424 ? 186 eggs, with a range from 211 to 886 eggs. The average size of the eggs was 0.292 ? 0.011 mm, with a width 0.27 to 0.30 mm. Recruitment occurred in April. The morphological maturity of females was estimated for the size 5.0 mm and 5.9 mm for males. It follows that the U. victoriana population from mangrove studied, showed to be stable, showing juveniles during all of the months. The distribution of U. victoriana was not influenced by temperature or granulometric, suggesting that other factors, for example, the abundance of trees or biologic factors could influence their distribution in the mangrove. The fecundity found in this population correlates with the females size, as occurs in most brachyuran. The reproductive period was seasonal, with higher frequency of ovigerous females in the months of September and October.
A esp?cie Uca victoriana von Hagen, 1987 ? um caranguejo pertencente ? fam?lia Ocypodidae, t?pico de zonas entremar?s, caracterizado por um forte dimorfismo sexual. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo obter informa??es sobre a biologia populacional, mais especificamente em rela??o ? estrutura populacional, distribui??o espacial e aspectos reprodutivos de U. victoriana do manguezal de Itacuru??/Coroa Grande localizado na Ba?a de Sepetiba, RJ. Foi estabelecido um transecto com tr?s ?reas na margem direita do rio da Draga, onde cada ?rea tinha 10 m de comprimento por 2,25 m de largura. Os caranguejos foram coletados mensalmente durante o per?odo de novembro de 2010 a outubro de 2011. Os animais foram coletados utilizando-se um quadrat de 30 x 30 cm, realizando-se tr?s r?plicas aleat?rias em cada parcela. No laborat?rio os animais foram separados por sexo e tomadas as medidas biom?tricas, como a largura da carapa?a, comprimento total, largura do abdome, comprimento do maior quel?podo, altura do maior quel?podo e comprimento do gonop?dio. Amostras do sedimento foram coletadas nas tr?s ?reas para determinar a composi??o granulom?trica. Foi coletado um total de 529 indiv?duos no per?odo de estudo, dos quais 89 eram machos, 97 f?meas n?o ov?geras, 16 f?meas ov?geras e 327 juvenis. Quanto ? estrutura populacional, a distribui??o de frequ?ncia em machos e f?meas foi unimodal. O tamanho m?dio da LC dos machos foi de 4,97 ? 1,53 mm e das f?meas de 5,64 ? 1,73 mm. A an?lise de compara??o do tamanho entre os sexos demonstrou que as f?meas s?o significativamente maiores (U= 23741,5; p< 0,001) em rela??o aos machos. A propor??o sexual da popula??o foi de 1,94:1 (M:F), com predomin?ncia de machos. Na distribui??o espacial, houve maior abund?ncia de animais na ?rea 2, onde a predomin?ncia de juvenis, f?meas ov?geras e f?meas n?o ov?geras foi superior em rela??o ?s outras ?reas. O tamanho m?dio das f?meas ov?geras foi de 6,67 ? 0,60 mm, variando de 5,38 a 7,70 mm. A fecundidade m?dia foi de 424 ? 186 ovos, com uma amplitude de 211 a 886 ovos. O tamanho m?dio dos ovos foi de 0,292 ? 0,011 mm, com uma amplitude de 0,27 a 0,30 mm. O pico de recrutamento ocorreu no m?s de abril. A maturidade morfol?gica das f?meas foi estimada para o tamanho de 5,0 mm e dos machos de 5,9 mm de LC. Conclui-se, que a popula??o de U. victoriana do manguezal estudado demonstrou ser est?vel, apresentando juvenis durante todos os meses. A distribui??o de U. victoriana n?o foi influenciada pela temperatura e granulometria, sugerindo que outros fatores como a abund?ncia de ?rvores ou fatores bi?ticos podem estar influenciando sua distribui??o neste manguezal. A fecundidade encontrada nesta popula??o se correlaciona com o tamanho das f?meas, como ocorre na maioria dos braqui?ros. O per?odo reprodutivo foi sazonal, com maior frequ?ncia de f?meas ov?geras nos meses de setembro e outubro.
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Lefrançois, Jérémie. "L'efficacité relative des traitements des cauchemars et des perturbations de sommeil auprès d'une population de victimes d'abus sexuel." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31452.

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L’abus sexuel est une atteinte à l’intégrité physique et psychique d’une personne. De ce trauma, plusieurs conséquences biopsychosociales viennent affecter les diverses sphères de vie de la victime. Les victimes d’agression sexuelle (VAS) sont 7 fois plus à risque de développer un État de stress posttraumatique (ÉSPT)1 qu’une personne sans antécédent d’abus sexuel. Des symptômes posttraumatiques diurnes surviennent et placent la VAS notamment dans un état d’alerte omniprésent, accompagné de pensées intrusives, d’états dissociatifs possibles et de comportements d’évitement. Bien qu’ils soient moins étudiés que ceux vécus durant le jour, les symptômes posttraumatiques nocturnes (e.g. cauchemars récurrents, insomnie) maintiendraient la VAS dans l’ÉSPT et persisteraient au-delà des traitements usuels. Les cauchemars récurrents seraient même liés à un plus haut risque de danger suicidaire. En effet, les VAS seraient plus à risque d’en souffrir (77%) que d’autres types de populations posttraumatiques, entres autres, étant donné que le trauma sexuel survient fréquemment en soirée ou au moment du coucher. En ce sens, plusieurs traitements destinés directement aux symptômes posttraumatiques nocturnes ont vu le jour depuis les trois dernières décennies. Ainsi, ce mémoire doctoral prend la forme d’une recension systématique ayant pour but de documenter l’efficacité des traitements adressés aux cauchemars et aux perturbations de sommeil chez les VAS. Celle-ci inclut une sélection d’études exhaustive et diversifiée ainsi que l’évaluation de la qualité méthodologique des 22 études primaires qui la composent. La codification et l’extraction de données ont été réalisées par trois codificateurs indépendants (kappa= 0,93). Chaque étude primaire recensée a également fait l’objet d’une évaluation systématique de leur qualité méthodologique. Enfin, une fois les données primaires recueillies, des tableaux synthèses ont été effectués, analysés et interprétés en ressortant les informations pertinentes (caractéristiques des échantillons cliniques, caractéristiques méthodologiques, caractéristiques inhérentes aux traitements recensés) autant pour la recherche que pour la pratique clinique.
Sexual abuse is a tremendous threat to both physical and psychological integrity of human beings. This prevalent trauma induces several biopsychosocial consequences that affect the various life domains of the victim. Sexual assault victims (SAV) are seven times more at risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than someone without a history of sexual abuse. Daytime posttraumatic symptoms arise, and SAV find themselves in a state of hypervigilance, accompanied by intrusive thoughts, potential dissociative states and avoidance behaviors. Although less studied than those experienced during the day, nighttime posttraumatic symptoms (e.g. recurring nightmares, insomnia) would maintain the SAV in PTSD and persist beyond the usual treatments targeting PTSD. Recurring nightmares are even linked to a higher risk of suicidality. Given that sexual trauma often occurs in the evening or at bedtime, SAV are more likely to suffer (77%) from nighttime symptoms than other posttraumatic populations. Several treatments addressing directly nighttime posttraumatic symptoms have emerged over the past three decades. The aim of the present project is to systematically review the effectiveness of these treatments targeting nighttime symptoms (nightmares and sleep disturbances) in SAV suffering from PTSD. This review includes an exhaustive and diversified selection of studies as well as an assessment of the methodological quality of the 22 primary studies that comprise it. Coding and data extraction were performed by three independent judges (kappa = 0.93). Once primary data were gathered, summary tables were rendered, analyzed and interpreted to highlight relevant information on clinical samples, methodological designs and interventions, for both research and clinical practice. Despite the heterogeneity within and between the primary studies, imagery rehearsal therapy (psychological intervention) and prazosin (pharmacological intervention) appear to be the most recurrent and proven effective interventions to treat nighttime PTSD symptoms (such as a significant reduction of nightmares and insomnia symptoms) and to noticeably increase the sleep quality and overall quality of life in SAV. This systematic review highlights the need for further study of the subject, and more importantly the use of complex methodological designs (e.g. larger and more representative clinical samples of SAV, more RCTs, more valid and objective sleep measures). Future research should include quantitative data analysis (as is the case with meta-analysis) for a better understanding of the effectiveness of these treatments and interventions.
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King, Cheryl S. "An Assessment of Sea Turtle Relative Abundance, Distribution, Habitat, and Population Characteristics Within the Kaho'olawe Island Reserve, Hawai'i." NSUWorks, 2007. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/113.

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e sea turtle population utilizing habitats within the Kaho‘olawe Island Reserve (KIR) has gone practically unstudied. This baseline assessment (2002-2005) used a combination of aerial and in-water research methodologies designed in conjunction with recording all incidental sightings and opportunistic reports. In addition, cultural insight, previous studies, literature, and other references were reviewed totaling 708 sightings that provided the subsequent information on the occurrence of turtles within the reserve. Overall, the different research assessment techniques produced similar results, suggesting the validity of the observations. All techniques had their separate merits and played significant roles due to the restrictions imposed on operations within a former military bombing range and the ongoing research activities of the Kaho‘olawe Island Reserve Commission (KIRC) Ocean Resources Management Program. The most superior methodology was the aerial survey for island-wide relative abundances and distributions, but in-water surveys were valuable in assessing turtle population characteristics, especially the fibropapilloma rate and site fidelity. Coastal surveys were done to search for signs of nesting or basking, but none were documented. This study found turtles most commonly swimming individually in clear, shallow water (1-6m depth) coral reef habitats 5-20m from shore. Besides one female hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), all were greens (Chelonia mydas) with no evidence of fibropapillomatosis. Immature turtles predominated and were fairly evenly distributed with some areas of higher density around Kaho‘olawe, namely in the Kākā, Hakioawa and Kealaikahiki regions. Using photo-identification techniques, the strongest example of site fidelity was one particular turtle being resighted three times in the same location, with an 815-day interval between the first and last sighting. It was most common to find the turtles swimming as opposed to resting or foraging. The twenty foraging observations that were made occurred primarily in the Hakioawa and Kākā regions (depth mean=6m, SD=3.8m, range 1-11m). All were seen foraging on turf algae, as the abundance of macroalgae within the KIR was limited. General turtle reactions to our presence were quantified roughly. With humans in the water the majority of the turtles kept a safe distance while exhibiting a slow departure from humans; unless approached closer (by free-diving) which typically caused them to flee. Near equal percentages exhibited flight responses versus toleration of our presence. Only one turtle displayed flipper swiping. During aerial surveys, our helicopter flew at ~31m which did not appear to alter turtle behavior as much as expected. As was the case of turtle reactions to our vessel Hākilo, disturbance was difficult to quantify unambiguously. Some turtles dove abruptly and others appeared to be unaffected by our presence, likely due to other variables unknown to us. Abundance estimates were negatively biased due to availability biases (submerged turtles) and our detection limitations of naturally camouflaged, highly alert animals. Twenty-nine standardized aerial surveys averaged 7.2 turtles (SD=3.4, range 1-14, n=209) per ~60-minute circumnavigation survey yielding a mean density of 0.153 turtles per km (0.248/mile). Nineteen north coast surveys averaged 2.3 turtles (SD=1.76, range 0-6, n=43) per ~20 minute survey, resulting in a mean density of 0.131 turtles per km (0.209/mile). Sixty-seven nearly island-wide snorkel transects yielded a 1.31 turtles/hr mean (transect SD=1.8, range 0-8, n=82). Although effort varied widely, it was most common to incidentally witness one turtle at the surface per (~5-hour) day while different research activities within the reserve were conducted (1.29/day mean, SD=1.26, range 0-6, n=76 field days, n=98 turtles). Exploratory analyses of correction factors for submerged turtles during aerial surveys and the collation of all sightings and references roughly estimate that fewer than 500 turtles inhabit the KIR (although these results should be used cautiously). KIR-specific turtle diving behaviors must be determined to enable reliable correction factors to be applied to density abundance estimates. Although these research results are not directly comparable to other studies within the rest of the Main Hawaiian Islands because this is the first island-wide study, these low numbers suggest a rather insignificant contribution to the extant population of Hawaiian sea turtles. This baseline estimate allows for a) future comparisons using these standardized monitoring protocols, and b) the prioritization of restrictions to important KIR habitats, with implications for management on other islands. As the restoration and management of the KIR continues successfully, this reserve has great potential to host a healthy population of sea turtles that would be able to thrive in a non-anthropogenically stressed environment. Therefore this population and nearshore habitat should continue to be monitored and protected.
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Asiimwe, Peter. "Relative Influence of Plant Quality and Natural Enemies on Population Dynamics of Bemisia tabaci and Lygus hesperus in Cotton." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203487.

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The bottom-up effects of plant quality and the top-down effects of natural enemies are two of the most important factors governing the abundance, distribution and performance of insect herbivores. Plant quality effects are generally manifested through changes in nutrients, morphology, size or host availability. Natural enemy effects are mainly observed through the action of arthropod predators and parasitoids. The relative influence of these effects has been well studied in several natural and forest ecosystems but has rarely been evaluated in agro-ecosystems. In manipulative field experiments, I examined the relative influence of plant quality and natural enemies on the abundance and performance of Bemisia tabaci and Lygus hesperus, two important pests of cotton.This dissertation begins with an evaluation of the relative influences of plant quality (manipulated through differential irrigation) and natural enemies (manipulated by insecticide exclusion) on the seasonal dynamics of B. tabaci in cotton. I found higher densities of all B. tabaci stages when natural enemy densities were reduced, regardless of level of plant quality. Generally, densities of B. tabaci did not vary with plant quality. Similarly, natural enemy densities and predator:prey ratios were not affected by plant quality, indicating that natural enemies exert a greater influence on seasonal dynamics of B. tabaci than plant quality. I then evaluated the mechanism responsible for herbivore density patterns using cohort-based life table studies. I found lower rates of predation and parasitism when natural enemy densities were reduced across all levels of plant quality, with predation the primary key factor associated with changes in generational mortality. Levels of B. tabaci mortality did not vary with plant quality indicating that the impact of natural enemies was not mediated by the bottom-up effects of plant quality. Finally, I evaluated these effects on L. hesperus and found that plant quality significantly affected seasonal dynamics with the greatest and smallest densities on the highest and lowest quality plants, respectively. These effects did not translate to natural enemy effects, as their density and impact were not affected by plant quality. The implications of these findings for the management of these pests in cotton are discussed.
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Mazánková, Věra. "Spektroskopické studium dohasínajících výbojů v dusíku a jeho směsích." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233291.

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Presented thesis gives results obtained during the spectroscopic observations of post –discharges of the pure nitrogen plasma with small oxygen admixture and in the nitrogen – argon mixture and the effect of the pink afterglow in it. The DC discharge in the flowing regime has been used for the plasma generation. The decaying plasma was study by optical emission spectroscopy, mainly in the range of 300–800 nm. The first positive, second positive, first negative nitrogen spectral system and NO spectral systems were observed in measured spectra. The band head intensities of these bands have been studied in the dependencies on experimental conditions. Simultaneously, the relative vibrational populations on the given nitrogen states have been calculated. Two discharge tubes made from different materials (PYREX glass and QUARTZ glass) were used in the case of nitrogen plasma containing low oxygen traces (up to 0.2 %). These experiments have been carried out at two wall temperatures for the determination of the temperature effect on the post-discharge. The discharge tube around the observation point was kept at the ambient temperature (300 K) or it was cooled down to 77 K by liquid nitrogen vapor. The total gas pressure of 1 000 Pa and the discharge current of 200 mA were conserved for all these experiments. The relative populations of electronic states were calculated in the dependence on the post-discharge time. The dependencies on oxygen concentration were given, too. The results showed no simple dependence of vibrational populations on oxygen concentration. Generally, slight increase of neutral nitrogen states populations was observed with the increase of oxygen concentration. These observations were well visible due to the intensity of nitrogen pink afterglow effect that was well visible at all oxygen concentrations. The pink afterglow maximal intensity was reached at about 5–10 ms at the wall temperature of 300 K in the PYREX tube. The molecular ion emission was strongly quenched by the oxygen and as this was dominant process for the pink afterglow emission the pink afterglow effect disappears at oxygen concentration of about 2000 ppm. The temperature and wall material influences were observed, too. The post-discharge in nitrogen argon mixtures was studied only in the PYREX tube at the ambient wall temperature of 300 K. The power dissipated in an active discharge was constant of 290 kW. The experimental studies had two new parameters – total gas pressure (500 Pa – 5 000 Pa) and the argon concentrations that were varied in the range of 0–83 %. Also in this case the dependencies of relative intensities of the bands given above were obtained and further the relative populations of electronic states as a function of decay time, total gas pressure and on argon concentration were obtained. The pink afterglow effect was observed at all applied discharge powers and total gas pressures. At the highest argon concentrations, especially at lower pressure, the pink afterglow effect disappeared. The presented experimental work is one of the hugest sets of experiments in the nitrogen with oxygen traces and in nitrogen-argon mixtures. These data can be used as a very good fundament for the further studies using wide numeric modeling of the post-discharge kinetic processes.
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Books on the topic "Relative population"

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Muller, Christophe. The relative prevalence of diseases in a population of ill persons: Evidence from Benin. [Nottingham]: University of Nottingham, Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, 1999.

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Knick, Steven T. Ecology of bobcats relative to exploitation and a prey decline in Southeastern Idaho. [Bethesda, MD.]: Wildlife Society, 1990.

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Knick, Steven T. Ecology of bobcats relative to exploitation and a prey decline in southeastern Idaho. [Bethesda, MD]: Wildlife Society, 1990.

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Knick, Steven T. Ecology of bobcats relative to exploitation and a prey decline in southeastern Idaho. [Bethesda, MD]: Wildlife Society, 1990.

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Berejikian, Barry A. Review of relative fitness of hatchery and natural salmon. Seattle, Wash: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2004.

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Dech, Jeffery Peter. Population establishment of Galerucella pusilla (Duft.) and G. calmariensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and their relative impact on the growth of Lythrum salicaria L. (Myrtiflorae: Lythraceae) in two central Ontario wetlands. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Biology, 2000.

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Viavant, Tim. Distribution and relative abundance of stocked species in Harding Lake, 1987-1990. Anchorage, Alaska: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, 1991.

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Meador, Karen. Trends in relative abundance of selected shellfishes and finfishes along the Texas coast, January 1977-December 1987. [Austin]: Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept., Coastal Fisheries Branch, 1988.

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Regina Coeli Da Cunha Santos. Polymer coatings in relation to single and mixed population biofilms. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1992.

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Linder, G., S. Krest, D. Sparling, and E. Little, eds. Multiple Stressor Effects in Relation to Declining Amphibian Populations. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp1443-eb.

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Book chapters on the topic "Relative population"

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Otani, Teinosuke. "Accumulation of Capital and Relative Surplus Population." In A Guide to Marxian Political Economy, 237–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65954-1_10.

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Garriga, Anna, Jani Turunen, and Laura Bernardi. "The Socioeconomic Gradient of Shared Physical Custody in Two Welfare States: Comparison Between Spain and Sweden." In European Studies of Population, 181–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68479-2_9.

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AbstractThis study contributes to the emerging literature on the diffusion of SPC across social strata, by comparing two national contexts, Sweden and Spain, with different prevalence rates of SPC and with diverging social and gender policies in the early XXI century. We draw on the 2006 and 2014 comparative cross-sectional data from the Spanish and Swedish Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC), to test two competitive hypotheses (diffusion and diverging destinies hypotheses) on the association of parental socioeconomic status, children’s living arrangements in separated families and their relative prevalence in a populaiton. We also examine whether such association is modified by the great increase in SPC in both countries between 2006 and 2014. We present empirical evidence that, independently from the context, SPC arrangements are more frequent among parents with higher socioeconomic status and sole-custody arrangements among other parents; however, social inequality in post-separation arrangements differ in the two countries over time. In Spain, we find evidence in favour of the diffusion hypothesis with increases in the prevalence of SPC going hand in hand with the diffusion of SPC across social strata. By contrast, the Swedish data support the diverging destinies hypothesis with increases in SPC producing no variation in its social stratification over time.
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Fiorin, Silvano. "Asymptotic for Relative Frequency When Population Is Driven by Arbitrary Unknown Evolution." In Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 193–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57306-5_18.

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Horvitz, Carol, Douglas W. Schemske, and Hal Caswell. "The Relative “Importance” of Life-History Stages to Population Growth: Prospective and Retrospective Analyses." In Structured-Population Models in Marine, Terrestrial, and Freshwater Systems, 247–71. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5973-3_7.

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Mukhopadhyay, Nitis, Shyamal K. De, and Tae Young Yang. "Sequential Confidence Set and Point Estimation of the Population Gini Index by Controlling Accuracies Relative to the Population Mean." In Gini Inequality Index, 145–70. First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003143642-8.

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Pfister, Ulrich. "Economic inequality in Germany, 1500-1800." In Disuguaglianza economica nelle società preindustriali: cause ed effetti / Economic inequality in pre-industrial societies: causes and effect, 301–24. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-053-5.20.

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The chapter reviews existing evidence regarding four aspects of economic inequality: relative factor rents, which relate to the factorial distribution of income and also underlie the so-called Williamson index (y/wus), which is correlated with the Gini index of household income; real inequality in terms of opposite movements of the price of consumer baskets consumed by different strata of society; the inequality of pay according to gender and skill, as well as between town and countryside; and wealth inequality, particularly with respect to the access to land. The main result is that, with given technology and agrarian institutions, there is a positive correlation between population and inequality.
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Jones, Christopher A., Mathew E. Rose, Dev Kumar, Renju S. Raj, Donald M. Keith, and E. Scott Sills. "Cost-Effectiveness of Single Embryo Transfers Relative to Higher Embryo Transfer Policies in Clinical Practice: A Population-Based Analysis." In Screening the Single Euploid Embryo, 295–314. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16892-0_21.

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Mohamed, Abdelbaseer A., and David Stanek. "Income Inequality, Socio-Economic Status, and Residential Segregation in Greater Cairo: 1986–2006." In The Urban Book Series, 49–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_3.

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AbstractGreater Cairo is a primate, monocentric metropolis with significant socio-economic disparities among its population and neighborhoods. This chapter examines the relationship between income inequality, the welfare regime, centralized governance, settlement type, housing policies, occupational status, and socio-economic segregation. Using data from the 1986, 1996, and 2006 censuses, we report the dissimilarity index to demonstrate the distribution of residents in the Greater Cairo Region by occupational status, we show patterns of socio-economic segregation based on the distribution of the population by categories of occupations across census tracts and employ the location quotient to compare the concentration of the top/bottom groups in each census tract relative to the city average. The results show that growing economic inequality does not necessarily result in greater socio-economic segregation. The results also suggest that social class contributes to residential clustering. While the poorer strata of the Greater Cairo Region were pushed to the periphery and the older urban core, affluent inhabitants were more likely to settle voluntarily in segregated enclaves to isolate themselves from the general population.
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Bhalla, Sheila. "From ‘Relative Surplus Population’ and ‘Dual Labour Markets’ to ‘Informal’ and ‘Formal’ Employment and Enterprises: Insights About Causation and Consequences." In Labour Questions in the Global South, 109–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4635-2_6.

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Rostow, W. W. "Relative Prices." In The Great Population Spike and After. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195116915.003.0008.

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In viewing the time ahead, especially the next quarter century, I have been inclined to conclude that the industrial progress of India, China, Southeast Asia, and the major countries of Latin America are likely to produce a phase of rising prices in foodstuffs and raw materials and increased outlays to deal with the forces of environmental degradation. It is my hypothesis that for a time, in the early part of the 21st century, these developments will outstrip the deceleration of population. The more or less regular occurrence of such phases of demand pressure has marked the story of the world economy since the end of the 18th century. At least since about 1789, there have been successive periods when foodstuffs and raw materials were expensive and then cheap, relative to manufactured goods. From 1789 to 1920, these periods lasted about 25 years. After 1920, the cycles were much less regular and were significantly affected by wars, by the successive rise in the importance of oil, by outlays to preserve the environment, and finally by the involvement more directly of politics in the setting of basic prices. But economic historians are likely to agree that the period 1789-1914 was marked by two-and-a-half long relative-price cycles in raw material versus manufactured goods (see Figure 4.1). Although he had several predecessors, N. D. Kondratieff, a Russian economist who was immortalized by Joseph Schumpeter as the discoverer of the Kondratieff cycle or long wave, identified, dated, and discussed analytically this long cycle in the interwar years. He died in one of Joseph Stalin's labor camps in Siberia. The approximate dates and length of these long cycles through 1920 are shown in Table 4.1. The successive phases of falling and rising relative prices continued to follow one another despite two world wars, a pathological interwar period, and an unexpected postwar recovery, illustrated in Table 4.2. The peak of the early 1980s came in the second quarter of 1982 (or, on an annual basis, in 1981).
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Conference papers on the topic "Relative population"

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Jing, Yu, Huayong Zhang, Zhongyu Wang, Weigang Xu, Changming Ji, and Hua Zhang. "The Change of Relative Turbulence Intensity Within the Reed Population." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40783.

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The relative turbulence intensity within the natural reed population is studied in this paper. We analyze the changes of turbulence intensity under three conditions corresponding to the different densities of 54, 108, 202 stems per square meter. Results reveal that the flow state in sparse reed population approximates to that in control experiment (no reeds), and the relative turbulence intensity increases with the reed density. Furthermore, the relative turbulence intensity of a measure point is affected by both the longitudinal location of its cross-section and the horizontal distance to the channel wall. Therefore, the relative turbulence intensity becomes more stable when the flow passes through the reed population.
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Palmer, Georgina. "Relative importance of climate, habitat, and species' traits on population dynamics." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.107379.

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Bailey, Brent K., John A. Russell, William W. Wimer, and Janet P. Buckingham. "Cetane Number Prediction from Proton-Type Distribution and Relative Hydrogen Population." In 1986 SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/861521.

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Yazdani, Kiana, Hui Xie, Antonio Aviña, Yufei Zheng, Michal Abrahamowicz, and Diane Lacaille. "OP0094 SECULAR TRENDS IN THE INCIDENT RISK OF CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS RELATIVE TO THE GENERAL POPULATION." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2019, Madrid, 12–15 June 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.6398.

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Hellman, K., C. Borgfeldt, P. Dahm-Kahler, A. Floter Rådestad, E. Hjerpe, E. Holmberg, T. Hogberg, et al. "P179 Treatment and relative survival of vulvar carcinoma in Sweden 2012–16. A population-based cohort (SweGCG study)." In ESGO Annual Meeting Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2019-esgo.239.

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Fischer, Joshua, Timothy Zwier, Christopher Harrilal, and Karl Blodgett. "CONFORMATION SPECIFIC SPECTROSCOPY OF AC-_4-PHE-NHME: RELATIVE ABUNDANCES IN A SUPERSONIC EXPANSION DETERMINED USING IR POPULATION TRANSFER." In 74th International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2019.tj08.

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Yazdani, Kiana, Hui Xie, Antonio Aviña, Yufei Zheng, Michal Abrahamowicz, and Diane Lacaille. "THU0112 SECULAR TRENDS IN THE INCIDENT RISK OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS RELATIVE TO THE GENERAL POPULATION." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2019, Madrid, 12–15 June 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.6478.

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Bhardwaj, Nishant, and Shun Takai. "Investigating the Accuracy of Subjective Clustering and Bootstrap Application to Subjective Clustering Using an Empirical Population." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14516.

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For a new product to be successful in today's market, engineers need to identify representative customer needs. One approach to identify representative needs from a large number of needs is Subjective Clustering (SC). A set of clusters obtained from SC is a point estimate of clusters generated by a population of customers. Another approach is to apply Bootstrap (BS) to SC. By applying BS to SC, engineers can draw an inference about population primary clusters. This paper compares the accuracy of estimating population primary clusters using SC and Bootstrap applied to SC (BS-SC). The authors recruited participants to perform the clustering experiments and assumed that these participants consist a population. The authors randomly sampled subsets of participants and evaluated how accurately SC and BS-SC identify population primary clusters. When the sample size is small relative to the population, BS-SC estimated population primary clusters more accurately than SC.
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Hajilounezhad, Taher, and Matthew R. Maschmann. "Numerical Investigation of Internal Forces During Carbon Nanotube Forest Self-Assembly." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86567.

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A time-resolved two-dimensional finite element simulation is developed to model the forces generated during the self-assembly of actively growing CNT populations with distributed properties and growth characteristics. CNTs are simulated as interconnected frame elements that undergo the base growth mechanism. Mechanical equilibrium at each computational node is determined at each time step using the Updated Lagrangian method. Emphasis is placed on the transmission of force to the growth substrate, where catalyst particles reside. The simulated CNT forest structural morphology is similar to that of physical CNT forests, and results indicate that stresses on the order of GPa are transmitted to catalyst particles. The force transmitted to a given catalyst particle is correlated to the rate at which the CNT grows relative to the population averaged growth rate. The effect of diameter-dependent CNT growth rates and the persistence of vdW bonds are also examined relative to the forces generated during forest self-assembly. Results from this study may be applied to the study of CNT forest self-assembly, resultant ensemble forest properties, and force-modulated CNT growth kinetics.
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Pettitt, D., JL Goldstein, G. Singh, JS Schwartz, and TA Burke. "OP0138 Relative gastrointestinal toxicity of cox-2 specific and traditional nsaids in a high-risk population from a health maintenance organisation." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, Annals of the rheumatic diseases ARD July 2001. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2001.863.

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Reports on the topic "Relative population"

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Horvitz, Carol, Douglas W. Schemske, and Hal Caswell. The Relative 'Importance' of Life-History Stages to Population Growth: Prospective and Retrospective Analyses. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada330618.

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Bolin, Kristian, Anna Lindgren, Bjorn Lindgren, and Petter Lundborg. Utilisation of Physician Services in the 50+ Population. The Relative Importance of Individual versus Institutional Factors in 10 European Countries. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14096.

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Lawler, Joshua L., Chad B. Wilsey, and Betsy A. Bancroft. Forecasting the Relative and Cumulative Effects of Multiple Stressors on At-risk Populations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada551875.

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Nisbet, Roger M., Russell J. Schmitt, and William G. Wilson. Mathematical Models Relating Effects of Xenobiotic Substances on Individuals and Populations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada635054.

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Cooper, Hannah. Funding the Humanitarian Response in Yemen: Are donors doing their fair share? Oxfam, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6713.

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Almost six years on from the escalation of conflict in March 2015, the humanitarian crisis in Yemen remains the worst in the world. Eighty percent of the population is in need of some kind of humanitarian assistance or protection, yet the Humanitarian Response Plan is only 42 percent funded. This paper looks at donor contributions to the 2020 Yemen Humanitarian Response Plan to date. Using a methodology based on the relative global share of Gross National Income for high-income countries, it examines whether these countries are doing their ‘fair share’ in funding the response to the crisis in Yemen.
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Simons, Yuval, and Guy Sella. The impact of recent population history on the deleterious mutation load in humans and close evolutionary relatives. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/073627.

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Gradín, Carlos. WIID Companion (March 2021): global income distribution. UNU-WIDER, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-6.

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This document is part of a series of technical notes describing the compilation of a new companion database that complements the UNU-WIDER World Income Inequality Database. It aims at facilitating the analysis of inequality as well as progress in achieving the global goal of reducing inequality within and across countries. This new dataset includes an annual series reporting the income distribution at the percentile level for all citizens in the world, regardless of where they live, from 1950 to the present. The global distribution is displayed along with the country-level information used to produce it. The dataset also includes estimates of various global absolute and relative inequality measures, and the income share of key population groups. All estimates are further disaggregated by the contribution of inequalities within and between countries, as well as by each country’s geographical region and income group. While previous technical notes described the selection of country income distribution series and the integration and standardization process to overcome the heterogeneity in original welfare concepts and other methods, I here describe all the necessary additional steps and assumptions made to construct the new global dataset.
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Pessino, Carola, and Teresa Ter-Minassian. Addressing the Fiscal Costs of Population Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean, with Lessons from Advanced Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003242.

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This paper presents projections for 18 Latin America and Caribbean countries of pensions and health expenditures over the next 50 years, compares them to advanced countries, and calculates estimates of the fiscal gap due to aging. The exercise is crucial since life expectancy is increasing and fertility rates are declining in virtually all advanced countries and many developing countries, but more so in Latin America and the Caribbean. While the populations of many of the regions countries are still relatively young, they are aging more rapidly than those in more developed countries. The fiscal implications of these demographic trends are severe. The paper proposes policy and institutional reforms that could begin to be implemented immediately and that could help moderate these trends in light of relevant international experience to date. It suggests that LAC countries need to include an intertemporal numerical fiscal limit or rule to the continuous increase in aging spending while covering the needs of the more vulnerable. They should consider also complementing public pensions with voluntary contribution mechanisms supported by tax incentives, such as those used in Australia, New Zealand (Kiwi Saver), and the United States (401k). In addition, LAC countries face an urgent challenge in curbing the growth of health care costs, while improving the quality of care. Efforts should focus on improving both the allocative and the technical efficiency of public health spending.
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Blackburn, Laura M., Donna S. Leonard, and Patrick C. Tobin. The use of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki for managing gypsy moth populations under the Slow the Spread Program, 1996-2010, relative to the distributional range of threatened and endangered species. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-rp-18.

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Solaun, Kepa, Chiquita Resomardono, Katharina Hess, Helena Antich, Gerard Alleng, and Adrián Flores. State of the Climate Report: Suriname: Summary for Policy Makers. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003415.

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Several factors contribute to Surinames particular vulnerability to the effects of climate change. It is dependent on fossil fuels, has forests liable to decay, fragile ecosystems, and its low-lying coastal area accounts for 87% of the population and most of the countrys economic activity. Many sectors are at risk of suffering losses and damage caused by gradual changes and extreme events related to climate change. For Suriname to develop sustainably, it should incorporate climate change and its effects into its decision-making process based on scientific- evidence. The State of the Climate Report analyzes Surinames historical climate (1990-2014) and provides climate projections for three time horizons (2020-2044, 2045-2069, 2070-2094) through two emissions scenarios (intermediate/ SSP2-4.5 and severe/ SSP5-8.5). The analysis focuses on changes in sea level, temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and winds for the seven subnational locations of Paramaribo, Albina, Bigi Pan MUMA, Brokopondo, Kwamalasamutu, Tafelberg Natural Reserve, and Upper Tapanahony. The Report also analyzes climate risk for the countrys ten districts by examining the factors which increase their exposure and vulnerability on the four most important sectors affected by climate change: infrastructure, agriculture, water, and forestry, as well as examining the effects across the sectors. The State of the Climate provides essential inputs for Suriname to develop and update its climate change policies and targets. These policies and targets should serve as enablers for an adequate mainstreaming of climate change adaptation and resilience enhancement into day-to-day government operations.
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