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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Relative poverty'
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Stenbäcken, Rasmus. "Do Self-Sustainable MFI:s help alleviate relative poverty?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6406.
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<p>The subject of this paper is microfinance and the question: Do self-sustainable MFI:s alleviate poverty?.</p><p>A MFI is a micro financial institution, a regular bank or a NGO that has transformed into a licensed financial institutions, focused on microenterprises. To answer the question data has been gathered in Ecuador, South America. South America have a large amount of self sustainable MFI:s. Ecuador was selected as the country to be studied as it has an intermediate level of market penetration in the micro financial sector. To determine relative poverty before and after the access to microcredit, interviews were used. The data retrieved in the interviews was used to determine the impact of micro credit on different aspects of relative poverty using the Difference in Difference method.</p><p>Significant differences are found between old and new clients as well as for the change over time. But no significant results are found for the difference in change over time for clients compared to the non-clients. The author argues that the insignificant result can either be a result of a too small sample size, disturbances in the sample selection or that this specific kind of institution have little or no affect on the current clients economical development.</p>
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Trigger, David Scott, and n/a. "Does the way we measure poverty matter? : an analysis of alternative poverty measures with particular reference to changes in the level of poverty in Australia between 1975 and 1994." University of Canberra. Management & Technology, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061109.153010.
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There has been considerable controversy and debate over recent years about the most
appropriate method of measuring poverty. This debate has included, among other issues,
the questions of absolute versus relative poverty, the merits of money income as a
measure of the standard of living and the associated selection of poverty lines and
equivalence scales, and the selection of alternative indices of poverty. A review of the
literature indicates that the choice of differing approaches to poverty measurement can
lead to differing estimates of poverty. In the face of such results an evaluation of the
impact upon poverty estimates of alternative measurement methodology is appropriate.
This thesis assesses the impact upon the estimated level of poverty of variations in some
of the key poverty measurement parameters. The expenditure data derived from the
1975-76, 1984 and 1993-94 Household Expenditure Surveys have been analysed to
assess the sensitivity of poverty estimates, derived from a range of poverty indices, to
variations in the generosity of the equivalence scales, the level of the poverty line, and
the choice of the indicator of the level of resources used. The sensitivity of each poverty
index to variations in these parameters is assessed at both the aggregated level and for
the specified household types, while those population subgroups particularly susceptible
to poverty are also identified. The poverty distributions derived for each of the survey
years are compared to evaluate the impact upon changes in the level of poverty over
time of variations in the underlying parameters.
The thesis concludes that both poverty estimates at a point in time, and poverty trends
over time are sensitive to variations in the equivalence scales, in the level of the poverty
line, in the selection of the indicator of the level of resources, and in the choice of
poverty index itself. In light of these results, a review of recent Australian poverty
research concludes that insufficient attention has been paid to the sensitivity issues
associated with the measurement of poverty.
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Cookson, Jr John Anthony. "The Relative Poverty of American Indian Reservations: Why Does Reservation Poverty Persist Despite Rich Neighbors?" Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/cookson/CooksonJ0506.pdf.
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American Indian reservations have per capita incomes $9,000 lower than adjacent counties. This paper seeks to explain why using an approach akin to the analysis of country-level data. I estimate differences in levels of income and income growth for a decade where Indian economies were transformed greatly by casino gambling - the 1990s. I test several recent innovations in the theory of economic growth within the context of American Indian economies and assess how economic performance depends on veto players, human capital investment, and windfall wealth. I find that measures of rule of law, rent seeking, and human capital are the most economically significant predictors of the per capita income gap. In addition, the size of Indian casinos is strongly correlated with convergence and economic growth, suggesting that tribal investment in Indian casinos plays an important role in reservation economies. From the work done here, promoting economic growth through enhancing a stable investment climate appears to be the most successful development strategy. Moreover, this study contributes to the broader literature on economic growth by providing new insight into the way institutional quality affects the speed of, or potentially lack of, convergence.
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Gomez, Katya Rodriguez. "Poverty in Mexico : the development of a relative poverty line for the twenty first century." Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495564.
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Poverty is a severe problem in Mexico. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, approximately half of the Mexican population suffers from poverty, according to official estimates. In 2000, for the first time in Mexican history, the government calculated an official poverty line. At first glance, the existence of an official poverty line may be seen as helpful not only because it indicates an official recognition of the problem, but also because it could serve as a benchmark for measuring any potential improvement in the battle against poverty. However, in practice this situation is not so straightforward. I demonstrate in this study that the official poverty line is misleading regarding the patterns of poverty in Mexico, in terms of the definition and measurement of the condition of poverty, and the necessary policy actions to overcome it. In order to challenge the governmental approach I review the academic debates on poverty, in particular in 'North' countries, and the analysis of current academic practices in Mexico. According to these theoretical bases, this study applies for the first time concerning the Mexican case a conception of poverty as relative deprivation using the sociological notion of citizenship as an indicator to define 'normal' standards of living, and taking it as a benchmark to measure poverty. Based on this alternative concept of poverty, this thesis analyses the failure of antipoverty policies in Mexico, and proposes guidelines for alternative policy making.
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Larsson, Daniel. "Exposure to crime as a consequence of poverty : five investigations about relative deprivation, poverty and exposure to crime." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Sociology, Umeå University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-832.
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Larsson, Malin. "Development of Chilean Poverty : Evidence from 1990 - 2009." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-155054.
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Bradbury, Bruce William Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Family Size and Relative Need." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Economics, 1997. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17174.
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This thesis examines three questions concerned with the relative income needs of families of different sizes - often summarised by indices known as ???equivalence scales???. The first is the extent to which researchers and policy makers should offset the costs of family composition (eg the expenditure costs of children) with the benefits associated with demographic choice (eg the ???joys of parenthood???). Chapter 2 concludes that there are demographic and financial market constraints that will often make a narrow focus on expenditure costs appropriate for distributional research and tax/transfer policies. However, this will not always be the case. One implication of this result is that it may be reasonable for distributional research to use different equivalence scales for adults and children in the same household. Part 2 of the thesis introduces a new method for the estimation of the within-household income distribution and expenditure costs of different family types. This is based upon the household welfare model of Samuelson together with Lau???s method for modelling the joint consumption of household goods. In Chapter 4, this method is applied to the estimation of equivalence scales for older singles and married couples. The estimation is based upon a detailed set of assumptions about the extent of joint consumption for 17 different commodity groups. The main conclusions are that: the theoretical model fits the observed behaviour well (with the exception of some home production effects); that aged couples share their income relatively evenly; and that the relative rate of pension for aged singles in Australia is probably too low. In Part 3, the thesis examines how changes in poverty can be estimated when there is uncertainty about the equivalence scale. The thesis proposes a new method which permits a set of upper and lower bounds for the equivalence scale to be assumed, which in turn determine upper and lower bounds for the increase in poverty. This method is applied to measure the change in poverty in Australia during the 1980s. Equivalence scales can be found that imply either an increase or a decrease in poverty.
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Hjalmarsson, Simon. "Socially poorer than peers? : Economic resources and school class friendship relations." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-116957.
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That a lack of economic resources negatively affects the social relations of children is often assumed, sometimes described, but rarely tested using methods allowing generalization. When addressing this issue, previous research has largely been limited to self-reported data on social relations. This thesis uses peer reported measures of social relations in combination with survey and register data to examine the effect of economic resources on the probability of social isolation and on the number of school class friendships of Swedish adolescents. While not entirely unambiguous, the results indicate that a lack of economic resources negatively affects the social relations of children, at least in regards to the school class social relations of adolescents. The results point to the importance for adolescent’s social relations of having the economic and material possibilities to participate in the social life and in the activities undertaken by peers.
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Weismann, Gretchen D. "The relative risk : parenting, poverty, and peers in the three city study of moving to opportunity." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44365.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2008.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-274).<br>This study shows how kin networks, parental monitoring, and housing mobility structure low-income adolescents' engagement in risky and delinquent behavior. I use ethnographic data from a mixed-method study of a randomized housing experiment: The Three City Study of Moving to Opportunity. The ethnography was conducted over 8 months in 2004-2005 with thirty-nine families, including fifty-two male and female adolescents (ages 11-23) in greater Boston, Los Angeles, and New York. Beginning in 1994, two-thirds of the families (members of the experimental complier group) relocated from public and assisted housing in high poverty neighborhoods to very low poverty neighborhoods, using a rental housing voucher and other program supports. The remaining one-third of the sample, a control group, continued to live in high poverty "project" neighborhoods. Using case-study logic, I examine how the content and location of adolescent's daily routines and social ties to friends and relatives are associated with their involvement in risky and delinquent behavior. I also examine the role of parental monitoring and housing mobility patterns in moderating exposure to risk.I find that for most adolescents in the experimental-complier group, the neighborhood of residence has not become the primary neighborhood of influence in that the former only partially structures their routines and important social relations. How parents manage their social relations, especially with kin, shapes their children's level of engagement in new residential neighborhoods, and involvement in risky and delinquent behavior.<br>(cont.) Socializing with kin is risky because it brings youth back to dangerous neighborhood environments and because many youth stay connected to kin who are actively engaged in risky and delinquent behavior, including gang banging, drugs, and crime. Parenting moderates this exposure, but for some families, it does not change dramatically after relocation. These findings contribute to research on low-income housing policy and neighborhood effects by demonstrating the critical role of extended family networks, ongoing housing mobility, and multiple neighborhoods of influence in shaping exposure to risk. My policy recommendations include strategies to: help very low-income families who escape high-risk neighborhoods to stay out of them over time, and to manage the risk in their lives.<br>Gretchen D. Weismann.<br>Ph.D.
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Dutta, Gitanjali. "Child labor in Vietnam : the relative importance of poverty, returns to education, labor mobility, and credit constraints /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3074396.
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Bhusal, Lok Nath. "Poverty underestimation and relative strength of social security and economic globalisation in poverty reduction : perceptions survey evidence from Nepal and cross-section analysis from 119 developing countries." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.579520.
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Persistence underdevelopment as reflected in different kinds of absolute poverty in the global south has instigated scholarly and policy debate on poverty measurement and poverty reduction. In terms of measuring poverty, different empirical investigations, relying on different theoretical traditions, have produced different ratios of poverty. However, not a single study has investigated the public perceptions of these official definitions and estimates of poverty. What do the members of public think about the official poverty measures and their associated poverty estimates? Regarding poverty reduction, one section of the existing literature has narrowly examined the effect of economic globalisation, on a single measure of poverty, without providing due attention to the effect of social security, on all kinds of poverty. Another section of the literature, which examines the relationship between social security and a single measure of poverty, has implicitly overlooked the influence of globalisation on all types of poverty. However, so far, no empirical study has examined the relative strength and interaction of economic globalisation and social security in reducing all kinds of poverty. This dissertation investigated three pressing questions in the area of poverty measurement and reduction. First, it explored the authenticity of existing official poverty estimates and their ability to characterise the true essence of poverty. Second, it examined the relationships between social security and poverty, and economic globalisation and poverty simultaneously in order to identify their relative strength in reducing poverty. Third, it examined the association of the interaction of social security and globalisation with the four poverty estimates: national, $1.25 per capita a day, multidimensional and $2 per capita a day. This research relies on the emerging pragmatic philosophical paradigm, and inductive- deductive mixed-methods research strategy. By extending the current literature on poverty measurement and poverty reduction, this study makes several methodological, theoretical and empirical - contributions. First, it argues that by not counting the vulnerable as poor, the existing poverty measures seriously undermine the essence of poverty and thereby understate the extent of poverty.
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Guillén, Fernández Yedith Betzabé. "Multidimensional poverty measurement from a relative deprivation approach : a comparative study between the United Kingdom and Mexico." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.723497.
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Gregory, Callie. "Relative Effectiveness of Anti-poverty Nonprofit Organizations in Assisting a Below Poverty Population in Dallas County and Tarrant County: Recipients of Faith-based and Non Faith-based Organizations." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115088/.
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Recent orders from the executive branch of the United States’ government have encouraged participation from faith-based organizations in providing human services because they are more effective in aiding impoverished citizens. This study examined the effectiveness of faith-based and non faith-based anti-poverty nonprofit organizations to find if one organization type is more effective in providing social services. the data for this study were collected through a survey-questionnaire which was administered to a convenience sample of 82 participants seeking assistance from four different nonprofit organizations (two faith-based and two non faith-based) in Dallas County and Tarrant County. the results from this study indicated that when controlling for demographic and socio-economic variables, recipients from faith-based organizations were less likely to report that they at least received services desired as compared to those who visited a non faith-based organization. Therefore, non faith-based organizations were better at meeting the needs of respondents than faith-based organizations.
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Larsson, Anna. "Parent-Child Relations as Protective and Promotive Factors for Ethnic Minority Children Living in Relative Poverty : A systematic literature review." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, CHILD, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44209.
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Ethnic minority children living in relative poverty are a high-risk group for poor outcomes in all aspects of wellbeing. The relationship and interactions between child and parent are a key part of child development and a platform for providing positive experiences which can benefit a child’s wellbeing. There is therefore a need to identify what facilitates wellbeing for ethnic minority children in low-socioeconomic status families. By focusing on protective and promotive factors encompassing the parent-child relationship, factors can be identified which can use family strengths as a basis for interventions and practice within healthcare, social work and education, which is what this systematic literature review set out to do. Through a diligent search of the literature, 12 articles were identified for review according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, containing research on African American, Roma, Native American and Hispanic/Latino youth. The results inform how child wellbeing can be facilitated through several parental factors, including parental involvement and support, maternal attachment, paternal warmth and ethnic identity and ethnic socialization. The findings also indicate a need for further studies on paternal influence on wellbeing in especially Native American and Roma youth, as well as the impact of ethnic socialization on youth wellbeing. Parents have an important role to play in child wellbeing and are vital partners alongside the child when planning interventions. Considerations naturally need to be shown for each ethnic minority, the child’s setting and its individual characteristics.
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Diarra, Ibrahim. "Dynamique de la pauveté en milieu rural agricole ivoirien." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAD003/document.
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La notion de pauvreté a fait l’objet de nombreux débats à travers le monde. Les premières analyses ont mis l’accent sur le caractère unidimensionnel basé essentiellement sur une approche monétaire (revenu ou dépense de consommation). C’est à la faveur des travaux de certains auteurs, tels que Townsend et Sen, que le caractère multidimensionnel est mis en lumière, au regard de la difficulté de quantification de certaines variables qui traduisaient l’idée de manque. l ressort des nombreuses études empiriques que le secteur rural reste le secteur le plus touché par le phénomène de pauvreté.Dans le cas de la Côte d’Ivoire, la pauvreté reste également un phénomène rural et la plupart des études réalisées se sont focalisées sur l’approche monétaire. Cette étude aborde l’analyse de la pauvreté en se focalisant sur le milieu rural agricole et appréhende le phénomène de la pauvreté à partir de trois (03) approches : (i) monétaire ; (ii) privation relative et (iii) patrimoine.Les résultats montrent que la pauvreté reste importante dans ce secteur avec un taux plus élevé pour l’indicateur de privation relative. En outre, il existe une inégalité monétaire plus importante que les autres types de pauvreté quel que soit l’année (2002 et 2008).L’identification des facteurs explicatifs de l’appartenance ou non à la classe des pauvres, montre que les variables liées au genre, au type de religion et à la classe d’âge sont les plus communes aux différentes années et aux différentes approches.Sur la base des résultats obtenus, les recommandations suivantes sont formulées : (i) à l’endroit du gouvernement ivoirien, utiliser les approches monétaires et non-monétaires dans les prochaines analyses sur la pauvreté en Côte d’Ivoire ; mettre l’accent sur la construction de nouvelles infrastructures et l’achat de nouveaux équipements ; améliorer la communication relatives aux actions du gouvernement ; renforcer les capacités des producteurs en matière d’utilisation d’intrants améliorés et d’outils pertinents ; (ii) à l’endroit des producteurs agricoles, adopter les technologies et techniques agricoles et des intrants de qualité, accepter d’adhérer à des entreprises coopératives ; (iii) à l’endroit des coopératives, il faut rechercher des débouchés pour ses membres, négocier de meilleures rémunérations des productions agricoles, transformer les agriculteurs en véritables entrepreneurs agricoles<br>The notion of poverty has been the subject of much debate around the world. Previous analyses have emphasized the one-dimensional character based essentially on a monetary approach (income or consumption expenditure). Thanks to the work of some authors such as Townsend and Sen, the multidimensional character is highlighted, considering the difficulty of quantifying certain variables that translated the idea of lack. In addition, many empirical studies show that the rural sector remains the most affected by poverty.In the case of Côte d'Ivoire, poverty is also a rural phenomenon and most studies have focused on the monetary approach.This study addresses the analysis of poverty by focusing on rural farming and apprehends the phenomenon of poverty from three (03) approaches: (i) monetary; (ii) relative deprivation and (iii) wealth.The results show that poverty remains important in this sector with a high rate for the indicator of the relative deprivation. In addition, there is greater monetary inequality than other types of poverty whatever the year (2002 and 2008).The identification of the explanatory factors of the membership or not in the class of the poor shows that the variables related to the gender, to the type of religion and the age group are the most common in the various years and various approaches.Based on the obtained results , the following recommendations are formulated: (i) towards the Ivorian government, use monetary and non-monetary approaches in next analyses on poverty in Côte d’Ivoire; emphasize the construction of new infrastructures and the purchase of new equipment; improve communication about government actions; build the capacity of producers to use improved inputs and relevant tools; (ii) to agricultural producers, adopt agricultural technologies and techniques and quality inputs, accept to join cooperative enterprises; (iii) for cooperatives, it is necessary to look for outlets for its members, to negotiate better remunerations for agricultural productions, to transform farmers into real agricultural entrepreneurs
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Bollard, Martin. "Disability, relative poverty and gender : how men with learning disabilities perceive and experience the impact of social divisions on their health." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57902/.
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This thesis explores how men with mild to moderate learning disabilities perceive and experience how disability, relative poverty and gender impact on their health. Its theoretical framework grounded in analysis of these social divisions, and informed by the men’s own accounts - previously neglected in research, reveals complex challenges affecting their health on a daily basis. Consistent with the thesis’ overarching perspective, key elements of a participatory approach were adopted in the fieldwork to ensure men with learning disabilities’ active research involvement. They comprised the steering group, and twenty men participated in qualitative interviews facilitated by accessible materials and detailed preliminary preparations. The findings showed the men were aware of health issues, but were grappling with the adverse health effects of impairment, including disabilist health care and victimisation. Low income associated with limited employment confined most men to relative poverty with negative effects on health. The findings demonstrated a sharp appreciation of masculinity. Marginalised by other men, they experienced health threatening abuse, but their resistance to conventional male disregard for health care, had positive implications for their health. The thesis provides a more informed, nuanced understanding of the adverse impact of different dimensions of social disadvantage on the health of men with mild to moderate learning disabilities. In doing so, it demonstrates the value of developing knowledge grounded in their perspectives and experience.
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Åberg, Yngwe Monica. "Resources and relative deprivation : analysing mechanisms behind income, inequality and ill-health /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-22-02109-4/.
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Falk, Anaïs. "Évaluer les conditions sociales pour réussir la transition vers la durabilité : le cas des travailleurs de la filière de bananes dessert pour l’exportation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UMOND012.
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La transition vers la durabilité dans les chaînes de valeur globales (CVG) nécessite une meilleure prise en compte de la dimension sociale. Les CVG sont particulièrement scrutées quant à leurs impacts sociaux, notamment en amont où les conditions sociales des travailleurs agricoles des pays dits en développement sont souvent décriées. Les outils existants usuels pour les documenter sont insuffisants pour rendre compte de la réalité puisqu’ils s’intéressent uniquement à l’aspect monétaire du « niveau de vie » et mesurent plus souvent des performances que des impacts. Le résultat de la recherche est une nouvelle démarche (nommée CSDA), à la fois modèle conceptuel et méthodologique, pour connaitre les conditions sociales des travailleurs des pays dits en développement ; et pour mieux évaluer les impacts de l’existence des CVG sur ces conditions sociales dans le but de les outiller pour qu’elles progressent socialement. Son originalité réside dans la combinaison de l'approche de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle et relative, de l’usage de la privation d’accès aux services sociaux comme marqueur de la privation relative (Rostila et al., 2012) et de l’utilisation des normes sociales selon Dubnoff (1985) pour en évaluer l’ampleur. Les conditions sociales décentes sont ici celles qui donnent accès à un état de santé décent, lui-même atteint et maintenu par un accès jugé décent aux services importants dans une société donnée à un moment donné. CSDA se décline en trois étapes dans une recherche-action menée par et pour les acteurs des CVG. La première permet de sélectionner les services importants localement pour les travailleurs et leurs ménages. La deuxième phase est l’évaluation de l’accès à ces services via leurs représentations : pour chacun des services importants, le niveau jugé normal localement et le niveau d’accès réel sont identifiés pour mettre en évidence l’écart éventuel entre les deux. La troisième étape identifie des recommandations et des leviers d’actions pour combler les écarts et propose la mise en place d’un plan d’actions et des contrats de progrès qui seront suivis et évalués par la suite. Ce travail est une proposition pour voir et faire autrement. Au-delà de la critique, elle propose une nouvelle manière fiable d’évaluer les conditions sociales à l’amont des CVG, parties souvent invisibles ou méconnues par l’aval. La démarche CSDA permet d’identifier les priorités des travailleurs et de leurs ménages, et les possibilités pour l’entreprise de les améliorer. La démarche met en évidence une partie des impacts sociaux liés à l’existence de la CVG concernant l’accès aux services (ce qu’apporte le fait d’être travailleur et ce qu’apporte la présence de l’entreprise). Elle documente ce qui se passe réellement dans les CVG et se prolonge par la mise en œuvre concrète du progrès social. Porteur d’une dénaturalisation du « niveau de vie », le modèle créé pourrait s’insérer dans la boite à outils des Etudes Critiques en Management (ECM)<br>The transition to sustainability in global value chains (GVCs) requires greater consideration of the social dimension. GVCs are particularly scrutinized for their social impacts, especially upstream, where the social conditions of agricultural workers in so-called developing countries are often criticized. Existing tools for documenting them are inadequate to reflect reality, as they often measure performance rather than impact, and focus solely on the monetary aspect of “living standards”.The result of the research is a new approach (called CSDA), both a conceptual and methodological model, to understand the social conditions of workers in so-called developing countries; and to better assess the impact of the existence of GVCs on these social conditions, with the aim of equipping them for social progress. Its originality lies in the combination of the multidimensional and relative poverty approach, the use of deprivation of access to social services as a marker of relative deprivation (Rostila et al., 2012) and the use of social norms to assess its extent (Dubnoff, 1985). Decent social conditions here are those that give access to a decent state of health, itself achieved and maintained by access deemed decent to important services in a given society at a given time. CSDA is a three-stage action-research project conducted by and for GVC stakeholders. The first is to select the locally important services for workers and their households. The second phase assesses access to these services via their representations: for each important service, the level deemed normal locally and the actual level of access are identified to highlight any gaps between the two. The third step is to identify recommendations for actions to close the gaps, as well as the implementation of an action plan and progress contracts, which will then be monitored and evaluated.This work is a proposal to see and do things differently. Beyond criticism, it proposes a new, reliable way of assessing the social conditions upstream of GVCs, which are often invisible or unrecognized downstream. The CSDA approach makes it possible to identify the priorities of workers and their households, and the company's potential to improve them. It also highlights some of the social impacts linked to the existence of the GVC in terms of access to services (what being a worker brings and what the company's presence brings). It documents what actually happens in GVCs and will be extended to the concrete implementation of social progress. With its denaturalization of the “living standard”, the model created could fit into the toolbox of Critical Management Studies (CMS)
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Schiff, Jeannie. "THE CONTEXTUAL IMPACT OF INCOME INEQUALITY ON SOCIAL CAPITAL AND ADVERSE SOCIAL OUTCOMES." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3659.
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An interdisciplinary approach to policy and governance recognizes that many social welfare problems are interrelated, and policy-makers have long recognized a need to address the root causes of these problems. There is much evidence that income inequality is one of these root causes but research suggesting the effect of income inequality is mediated by social capital has complicated the relationship, as have theories of causality that take different approaches. This study takes an ecological approach to these issues to test the relationship between income inequality, social capital and selected adverse outcomes proposed by the relative income hypothesis. The relative income hypothesis posits that the impact of income inequality on adverse outcomes is mediated by social capital. The study used a retrospective cross-sectional design to analyze county-level data for the year 2000 with a structural equation model composed of three constructs: income inequality, modeled by four common measures; a social capital construct based on a model developed by Rupasingha, Goetz and Freshwater (2006); and an adverse outcomes construct designed as a parsimonious measure of social outcomes in four public affairs disciplinary areas. The test of the path presumed by the relative income hypothesis revealed both a direct effect of income inequality and indirect effect of inequality through social capital. However, the direct effect of income inequality on outcomes was significantly larger than the indirect effect, indicating the relationship is moderated, rather than mediated, by social capital. Since the impact of social capital on the selected adverse outcomes was relatively small, and the final model failed to achieve statistical significance, the relative income hypothesis that income inequality exerts its primary effect on outcomes through social capital was rejected.<br>Ph.D.<br>Other<br>Health and Public Affairs<br>Public Affairs PhD
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Teshome, Bisrat. "Poverty and Conflict: A Self-Perpetuating Cycle in the Somali Regional State (Region 5), Ethiopia: 1960-2010." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/230.
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Region 5 is one of the most impoverished and insecure regions of Ethiopia. For decades, the region has suffered from a multitude of armed conflicts involving state and non-state actors. Region 5 is also one of the most underserved states of Ethiopia with some of the lowest levels of human development indicators nationwide. Although the adversities of poverty and conflict are widely acknowledged in their own respect, there has been little or no inquest into why poverty and conflict have prevailed under the same space for decades. Poverty and conflict have often been seen as separate phenomena that are dealt with using different sets of theories and practices in the real world. Nonetheless, a closer look at poverty and conflict in Region 5 reveals that both are strongly connected to each other. The poverty-conflict trap has been an on-going cycle in the region for the last five decades. The main intent of this research paper is analyzing the two-way relationship between poverty and conflict in Region 5. By studying this relationship, this analysis seeks to contribute to a new framework that brings peacebuilding and development closer.
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CARRA, ARIANNA. "Metodi statistici per lo studio della povertà. Applicazioni e analisi della realtà milanese." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/19872.
Full textAbstract:
L’originalità del lavoro consiste, principalmente, nell’aver applicato il metodo tradizionalmente impiegato dall’Istituto Nazionale di Statistica per la stima della povertà in Italia ad una realtà circoscritta ma comunque rilevante, quale può essere, ad esempio, quella della popolazione residente in un contesto urbano ampio e sviluppato sotto il profilo socio-economico. I dati raccolti attraverso l’indagine campionaria che, nel corso del 2007, è stata condotta dalla Camera di Commercio e dal Comune di Milano sui consumi delle famiglie milanesi, in modo analogo a quella che l’Istat compie annualmente sui bilanci delle famiglie italiane, hanno fornito la base “ideale” per la ricerca. Quest’ultima, volta, come anticipato, a testare gli effetti della metodologia applicata a livello ufficiale per quantificare la povertà relativa in ambiti ristretti ma comunque rilevanti e significativi, potrebbe essere valutata ed interpretata anche nella prospettiva di un reimpiego della medesima procedura in altri contesti simili, quali potrebbero essere, ad esempio, gli “agglomerati” urbani di Genova, Bologna, Torino, Roma e altri ancora. I primi, sorprendenti, risultati ottenuti in fase di analisi, successivamente hanno indotto, innanzitutto, a compiere qualche verifica più approfondita in merito alla “bontà di adattamento” della base di dati a disposizione all’universo delle famiglie residenti a Milano che era chiamata a rappresentare. Assodata, per quanto possibile, la validità dei dati utilizzati per l’analisi e, quindi, accettati i risultati apparentemente alquanto “discutibili”, che mostravano una notevole diffusione della povertà relativa intesa in senso economico e stimata in base alla spesa per consumi delle famiglie, la ricerca è stata “reindirizzata” e diretta sia verso l’elaborazione di ulteriori linee di povertà relativa, basate sulla spesa per consumi mediana ed in grado di offrire possibili stime “alternative” circa l’incidenza del fenomeno della deprivazione economica nel capoluogo lombardo (e che hanno consentito, in fase di esame dei risultati, di intraprendere una sorta di “analisi di sensibilità”), sia interrogandosi circa l’opportunità di attribuire validità, a livello ufficiale, ad un’unica linea di povertà, dal momento che questa pare mediare eccessivamente tra contesti troppo differenti tra loro. Difatti, come anche altri studi hanno evidenziato, il ricorso ad un’unica soglia di povertà provoca una forte sottostima del disagio economico al Nord e, in generale, nei grandi contesti urbani italiani e sovrastima la povertà al Sud e negli ambiti rurali. Concretamente, nella ricerca in questione, la discussione è stata condotta dapprima applicando alla base di dati le linee di povertà assolute elaborate dall’Istat in base alla nuova metodologia, che ha prodotto batterie di soglie di povertà a partire dal 2005 in avanti, e, successivamente, confrontando i diversi valori ottenuti per l’headcount ratio in funzione dei diversi criteri adottati per definire l’insieme dei “poveri”. In particolare, le riflessioni che più hanno indotto a ritenere valide le elaborazioni compiute sui dati campionari sono derivate dall’osservazione che l’indice di diffusione della povertà assoluta per le famiglie milanesi nel 2007 era notevolmente più elevato (8,03%) di quello “ufficiale” calcolato per il comparto del Nord Italia (3,5%) e, comunque, decisamente ridotto rispetto a quello di incidenza della deprivazione relativa elaborato sempre per le sole famiglie residenti a Milano nel 2007 (17,05%).
Una volta preso atto che, soprattutto nella specificità della popolazione residente a Milano, la linea di povertà relativa tende ad individuare, principalmente, le unità che non manifestano un comportamento di spesa per consumi “conforme” allo standard emergente nella collettività di cui costituiscono comunque parte integrante, lo studio ha trovato la sua “naturale” conclusione nell’elaborazione di un “profilo della povertà” milanese in corrispondenza di ogni batteria di soglie di deprivazione elaborata, evidenziando i tratti sociali, demografici ma anche economici (si pensi, ad esempio, al livello della spesa media per consumi delle unità qualificate come “povere”) che caratterizzano le famiglie che si collocano sotto la linea di povertà.
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Tessema, Ermyas Arega. "The relation between ICT and poverty reduction : the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5275.
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Thesis (MPhil (Information Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT:
National Statistical offices (NSOs) are the sources of wide ranges of socio-economic,
demographic and agricultural data and information that are used to monitor and evaluate
development programs and formulate policies. The data generated by NSOs is used as basis
for making decisions and also used to assess the extent and causes of poverty. Various
stakeholders such as researchers, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the UN,
and various NGOs prepare and release research materials and annual reports using data and
information obtained from NSOs and line ministries. For example, Deneulin and Shahani
state that one of the intentions of the annual Human Development Report (HDR) prepared by
the UNDP is “to assess the quality of life of a population and be an advocacy tool for its
improvement with a political purpose of raising awareness and generating debate on public
issues and concerns which would otherwise not be on the political agenda”1. Based on the
different approaches to poverty, different sets of data and information are produced and used
for poverty measurement. Mostly, poverty is measured using data obtained from nationally
representative household surveys which focus on income and expenditure, ownership, access
to and use of some basic services. Another approach uses data on mental satisfaction; still
others assume poverty to be multi-dimensional and argue that income alone is not enough.
They view poverty as deprivation of basic capabilities due to high rates of mortality,
illiteracy, malnourishment, unemployment, ill health, lack of education and social exclusion,
etc2. The quality of data and information (such as integrity, methodological soundness,
accuracy and reliability, serviceability and accessibility) generated by data-producingagencies
therefore needs to be preserved and improved in order to obtain meaningful results
from the measurement of poverty in any of the approaches and to satisfy the growing data
quality demands of stakeholders. Loshin states that “strategic decisions based on
untrustworthy information are likely to result in poor decisions”3. This study focuses on the
role played by national statistical offices in poverty reduction in general. It examines the
various activities, players, interactions, and ICTs used at the various stages of the statistical process in the Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency (CSA) to generate poverty-related data
and information and how the quality of this data can be preserved and improved.
The purpose of this research is therefore to identify poverty related data quality problems
with respect to the IMF’s DQAF and assess where in the statistical process specific types of
ICTs can improve data quality. For this reason interpretive case study method with the
researcher as participant observer was adopted to study how poverty related data and
information is produced. It was found out that some of the data quality problems can be
addressed using appropriate ICTs with the availability of reliable power infrastructures.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:
Nasionale Statistiekkantore (NSOs) is die bron van ‘n wye reeks sosio-ekonomiese, demografiese en
landboukundige data en inligting wat gebruik word om ontwikkelingsprogramme te monitor en te
evalueer. Die data wat deur NSOs geskep word, word aangewend as grondslag vir besluitneming. Die
data word ook gebruik om die omvang en oorsake van armoede te bepaal. Verskeie betrokkenes soos
navorsers, die Wêreldbank (WB), Internasionale Monetêre Fonds (IMF) en die VN en NSOs skep en
versprei verskillende navorsingsuitsette en jaarverslae wat gebruik maak van die data en inligting wat
verkry word van NSOs en ministeries. So konstateer Deneulin en Shahani dat een van die
doelstellings van die Verslag op Menslike Ontwikkeling (HDR), soos opgestel deur die VNDP, is om
“die lewensgehalte van ‘n bevolking te skat en om as werktuig en voorspraak vir die verbetering
daarvan op te tree, met die politiese doelwit om bewustheid te verhoog en debatvoering oor openbare
sake en kwessies, wat andersins nie op die agenda sou verskyn nie, aan te voor”.4. Na gelang van die
verskillende benaderings tot armoede word verskillende stelle data en inligting geproduseer en
gebruik vir die meting van armoede. Armoede word gewoonlik gemeet deur data te gebruik wat
bekom word van landswye opnames van huishoudings en ingestel is op inkomste en besteding,
besitreg, toegang tot en die gebruik van ‘n paar basiese dienste. ‘n Ander benadering gebruik data oor
geestelike bevrediging; ander weer aanvaar dat armoede multidimensioneel is en voer aan dat
inkomste alleen nie genoeg is nie. Hulle beskou armoede as die ontbering van basiese vermoëns
weens ‘n hoë sterftesyfer, ongeletterdheid, ondervoeding, siekte, gebrekkige onderwys, sosiale
uitsluiting en dies meer5. Die gehalte van data en inligting (soos integriteit, metodologiese
deeglikheid, akkuraatheid en betroubaarheid, bruikbaarheid en toeganklikheid) wat deur agentskappe
opgelewer word moet dus bewaar en verbeter word ten einde ‘n beduidende resultaat te bekom uit die
meting van armoede deur enige van die benaderings en ook om belanghebbendes se groeiende
aandrang op datagehalte te bevredig. Loshin beweer dat “strategiese besluite gebaseer op
onbetroubare inligting waarskynlik swak besluitneming tot gevolg sal hê”.6. Hierdie ondersoek
konsentreer op die rol wat gespeel word deur nasionale statistiekkantore in die algemene bekamping
van armoede. Dit ondersoek die verskillende aktiwiteite, rolspelers, interaksies en ICTs wat op
verskeie stadiums van die statistiese proses deur die Etiopiese Sentrale Statistiekagentskap (CSA)
gebruik word om data en inligting oor armoede te skep en hoe die betroubaarheid van data behou en
verbeter kan word. Die doel van hierdie navorsing is dus om kwaliteitsprobleme wat verband hou met armoededata ten
opsigte van die IMF se DQAF te identifiseer en om te besluit waar in die statistiese proses bepaalde
soort ICT’s die gehalte van data kan identifiseer. Om hierdie rede is die interpretiewe gevallestudiemetode
aanvaar om te bepaal hoe armoede-verwante data en inligting geskep word. Die slotsom was
dat sommige van die probleme in datagehalte aangespreek kan word deur die gebruik van gepaste
ICT’s met die beskikbaarheid van betroubare mag-infrakstrukture.
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Oliveira, Mayara Muniz de. "Mamãe, eu quero! Privações de consumo infantil na pobreza relativa." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8605.
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Previous issue date: 2016-02-25<br>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq<br>This study aimed to analyze the deprivations of children's consumption in the context of relative poverty in order to identify the needs of consumption of children as well as consumption deprivation and the consequences of deprivation experienced by children living in poverty. It was addressed issues related to children's consumption, poverty and deprivation of consumption, in order to contextualize the relationship between consumption deprivation and implications of poverty, resulting in the conceptual model of research. The qualitative research method was used, with relation to the methodological terms, were realized projective techniques and in-depth interviews, recorded in person and individually. This way, 46 interviews were conducted with 23 children and a person responsible for each of the interviewed children. Following that, the transcripts of the interviews with the children and the people responsible for them resulted in the following dimensions: consumption needs in childhood, consumption deprivation in childhood, implications of consumption deprivation and poverty coping strategies, the latter being the empirical results of the research. The dimensions consumption needs in childhood and consumption deprivation are shown to be associated, giving sequence the dimension implications of consumption deprivation and after feeling the implication, the poverty coping strategy. The results indicate that the need for consumption of poor children happens by affiliation, playing, self-realization and exposure. The findings of this research show that the items of consumption that children feel more significantly is their deprivation that is related to the following categories: clothing and entertainment. Children perceive and feel more the lack of these items, as they are facilitators of socialization between groups. The emotional implications were more frequently found, since every children interviewed characterized the consumption deprivation the feelings of sadness, shame and anger. The exclusion from groups proved to be a social implication. As a form of coping strategy emotional guidance was identified, the children spoke of situations they would like to experience, they reorient their minds in more pleasant consumption situations and even idealize moments of future purchases so that they are able to face poverty and thus omit the reality they face due to the poverty they live in.<br>O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar as privações de consumo infantil no âmbito da pobreza relativa, a fim de identificar as necessidades do consumo de crianças, assim como as privações de consumo e as consequências das privações vivenciadas por crianças em situação de pobreza. Foram abordados os temas referentes ao consumo infantil, pobreza e privações de consumo, com o propósito de contextualizar as relações entre privações de consumo e implicações da pobreza, resultando no modelo conceitual de pesquisa. Foi utilizado o método de pesquisa qualitativa, com relação aos termos metodológicos, foram realizadas a técnica projetista e entrevistas em profundidade, gravadas pessoalmente e de forma individual. Deste modo, foram realizadas 46 entrevistas, sendo 23 crianças e um responsável para cada criança entrevistada. Em seguida, as transcrições das entrevistas com as crianças e os responsáveis resultaram nas seguintes dimensões: necessidades de consumo na infância, privações de consumo na infância, implicações das privações de consumo e estratégias de enfrentamento da pobreza, está última, resultado empírico da pesquisa. As dimensões necessidades de consumo na infância e privações do consumo se mostram associadas, dando uma sequência a dimensão implicações das privações de consumo e após sentir a implicação, a estratégia de enfrentamento da pobreza. Os resultados evidenciam que, a necessidade do consumo de crianças pobres, ocorre por afiliação, brincar, auto realização e exposição. Os achados dessa pesquisa apontam que os itens de consumo que as crianças sentem de forma mais significativa é a sua privação que está relacionada às seguintes categorias: vestuário e entretenimento. As crianças percebem e sentem mais a falta desses itens, por serem eles os facilitadores da socialização entre os grupos. As implicações emocionais foram encontradas com maior frequência, uma vez que todas as crianças entrevistas caracterizaram a privação do consumo como o sentimento de tristeza, vergonha e raiva. A exclusão em grupos se mostrou como uma implicação social. Foi identificado como uma forma de estratégia de enfrentamento o direcionamento emocional, as crianças contavam situações que gostariam de vivenciar, as mesmas reorientam suas mentes em situações de consumo mais agradáveis e ainda, idealizam momentos de futuras compras para que, consigam enfrentar sua situação de pobreza e dessa forma, omitem a realidade que enfrentam em decorrência da pobreza que vivem.
24
Čapek, Dušan. "Relativní chudoba českých domácností a jejich spotřební chování." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-19179.
Full textAbstract:
One of the key tasks ahead for EU countries is assessment and fight against poverty and social exclusion. Each member of european community has to concern with poverty measurement and prediction of households, which are by poverty endangered. Related to household income decrease under certain level (poverty line) is change of consumer behaviour, which can lead to increase of material inanition. This diploma work is therefore focused on determination of indicators, which either increase the risk of czech household decreasing below poverty line or monitor differences in customer behaviour of relatively "poor" and "rich" households.
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Gwanvalla, Delphine Ngehndab. "A study of women's representation in relation to poverty: a case study of The Post March 2009." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007144.
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The media, specifically tabloids, have the potential to portray poverty-related issues in a manner that informs the public and government about the experiences of people living in poverty so that it can be tackled with urgency. Poverty has blighted the lives of many, especially women, children and widows in Cameroon. The role of the media in reporting the plight and suffering of the ‘masses’ potentially shapes the way in which these issues are handled by those in authority. The study notes that the tabloid press has the potential to expose certain experiences of ordinary people thereby constituting that alternative sphere for the disadvantaged. The study investigates the manner women are represented in The Post which is an English tabloid published in Cameroon. The representation of women in this study looks at the institutional policies which drive the representation of women in news constructs, analyses the news values which shape news production, and uses Thompson’s modes of ideology to unravel the underlying meanings in the reported stories. The study is inspired by the claims that since women make up the majority of the world's poor, so too would media representations depict them as such. It utilises thematic analysis to understand the manner in which women are represented in The Post. It also uses interviews with the regional bureau editor of the North West region to probe what news values and institutional policies drive the stories on women’s poverty. Document analysis is used to better comprehend the institutional guidelines which govern the representation of women during the month of March 2009.
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Odeny, Millicent Akinyi. "The relation between access to water poverty and patriarchy : the case of women slum dwellers in Kibera Kenya." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76755.
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Carvalho, Liana Amaro Augusto de. "Os impactos do Programa Bolsa Família sobre a pobreza absoluta e relativa no Brasil." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7245.
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Previous issue date: 2015-08-26<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>The paper develops the argument between "social question", poverty and income transfer, with the objective of evaluating the impact of the Bolsa Familia program on the absolute and relative pauperism in Brazil. Specifically, the objectives revolve around the historical and theoretical discussion of pauperism in the capitalist mode of production; analysis of the relationship between work and "social question" in the reproduction of labor power in Brazil from the aspects of their social-economic formation; and finally, understanding the relationship between poverty and Bolsa Familia in order to identify the impacts of the program on the absolute and relative pauperism. The hypothesis is that, by the profile of beneficiaries, absolute poverty has been impacted, what is not true about the processes of relative impoverishment, which continue to reproduce. However, although this impact is perceived levels of absolute impoverishment of the configurations assumed by the contemporary work, the objective conditions of dependency in which the peripheral countries are entered, or even the contemporary crisis are factors in allow us to say that you can not stop the reproduction of poverty in the country. Perhaps, contrary to what is preached, this program presents itself as an attempt to impact the objective tendency of capital return to absolute impoverishment in contemporary times. In this sense, the issue of research involves the discussion of absolute and relative pauperism in contemporary capitalism turning to face the question of poverty in Brazil and from the Lula government. Given the problematic set, some questions arise: What are the impacts of the Bolsa Família Program on the true poverty alleviation, in its absolute and relative face? There are real possibilities to impact this reality, or poverty would have been strengthened by measures taken on absolute poverty and relative poverty in unnoticed? Put another way: Was the Bolsa Família encouraging the breeding cycle of poverty in Brazil? These are some of the issues that underlie this research. To carry out the research with a qualitative study, through the use of bibliographic and documentary research, using secondary data available in electronic media was performed. Considering the social function of bound reproduction of the labor force in the country program, one can say that the Bolsa Família Program was established as a minimalist action in the face of poverty and social inequality maximized, functioning as a palliative. Obviously, capital operates an attempt to obscure the contradictory reality that is called, justifying the poor by the poor themselves, and never correlated with the amount of wealth produced. The trajectory described by the development of the capitalist mode of production reached its most recent phase combining high levels of exploitation of labor by maximizing the sequels of "social issue," including poverty. No doubt this is a move that leads to the deepening of private appropriation of socially produced wealth, and the consequences fall directly on the working class.<br>A dissertação desenvolve a discussão entre questão social , pobreza e transferência de renda, com o objetivo de avaliar os impactos do programa Bolsa Família sobre o pauperismo absoluto e relativo no Brasil. Especificamente, os objetivos giram em torno do debate histórico e teórico do pauperismo no modo de produção capitalista; a análise da relação entre trabalho e questão social na reprodução da força de trabalho no Brasil a partir dos aspectos da sua formação econômico social; e, por último, a compreensão da relação entre a pobreza e o Bolsa Família com vistas a identificar os impactos do programa sobre o pauperismo absoluto e relativo. A hipótese sustentada é de que, pelo perfil dos beneficiários, a pobreza absoluta tem sido impactada, o que não é verdade sobre os processos de empobrecimento relativo, que continuam a se reproduzir. No entanto, ainda que este impacto seja percebido, os níveis de um empobrecimento absoluto pelas configurações assumidas pelo trabalho na contemporaneidade, as condições objetivas de dependência na qual os países periféricos estão inseridos, ou até mesmo a situação contemporânea de crise, são fatores que nos permitem afirmar que não é possível deter a reprodução de pobreza no país. Talvez, ao contrário do que seja apregoado, este programa se apresente como uma tentativa de impactar a tendência objetiva do capital de retorno a pauperização absoluta na contemporaneidade. Nesse sentido, a problemática da pesquisa envolve a discussão sobre o pauperismo absoluto e relativo no capitalismo contemporâneo voltando-se para a questão do enfrentamento a pobreza no Brasil e partir do governo Lula. Tendo em vista a problemática posta, algumas questões surgem: Quais são os impactos do Programa Bolsa Família sobre a verdadeira diminuição da pobreza, na sua face absoluta e relativa? Há reais possibilidades de impactar esta realidade, ou a pobreza teria sido reforçada pelas medidas tomadas sobre a pobreza absoluta e não percebidas na pobreza relativa? Dito de outra forma: Estaria o Bolsa Família fomentando o ciclo de reprodução da pobreza no Brasil? Essas são algumas das questões que perpassam esta pesquisa. Para a realização da investigação foi feita uma pesquisa do tipo qualitativa, através da verificação bibliográfica e documental, com a utilização de dados secundários disponíveis em meio eletrônico. Considerando a função social do programa ligada a reprodução da força de trabalho no país, pode-se dizer que o Programa Bolsa Família constitui-se como uma ação minimalista em face da pobreza e da desigualdade social maximizadas, funcionando como um paliativo. Obviamente, o capital opera a tentativa de obscurecer a realidade contraditória que está posta, justificando os pobres pelos próprios pobres, e nunca os correlacionando com o montante de riqueza produzido. A trajetória descrita pelo desenvolvimento do modo de produção capitalista chegou a sua fase mais recente combinando altos níveis de exploração do trabalho com a maximização das seqüelas da questão social , inclusive a pobreza. Sem dúvida, este é um movimento que conduz ao aprofundamento da apropriação privada da riqueza socialmente produzida, e as conseqüências disso recaem diretamente sobre a classe trabalhadora.
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Zewdie, Samuel Abera. "Spatial analysis of child mortality in South Africa in relation to poverty and inequality : evidences from the 2011 census." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13078.
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Includes bibliographical references.<br>Subnational estimates of child mortality are difficult to produce and are rare in Sub- Saharan Africa. It is the overall aim of this research to derive estimates of child mortality rates for the municipalities and provinces of South Africa using the 2011 census data, and to assess the results in relation to the level of poverty and inequality. The estimation of child mortality rates is achieved through the use of direct synthetic cohort methods with Bayesian spatial smoothing. The Bayesian spatial smoothing process is used to generate municipal level estimates of child mortality rates. The model utilises information from neighbouring municipalities by controlling the effects of women’s education and HIV/AIDS.
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Teixeira, Rachel Coêlho Ripardo. "The influence of neuroticism in the relation between stressful events and adult attachment." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-13112015-120618/.
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Events in the life history of an individual such as childhood stressful events alter the strategies that guide behavior, specifically sexual strategies. Evolutionary Developmental Psychology suggests that development must be studied through the integration of various aspects, such as Attachment, Sexual strategies, and Personality. Important and stable part of psychology, personalitys factor Neuroticism reflects how people react to stress. Considering this, in the present thesis we analyzed the relationship between childhood stressful life events, neuroticism and adult attachment. We interviewed 173 people, 99 women and 74 men, aged from 18 to 45 years old (M= 29.51; SD= 7.3), that had a family income range from 1 to 3 Brazilian MW. We applied a Stressful Events Inventory, a Neuroticism Test, and an Attachment Scale. It was found an average of 16,59 of occurrence of stressful events (SD = 5.82). In addition to this high frequency, it was found that the greater the number of stressful events, the greater the perceived stress; and participants perceived the events as more stressful than expected. There were sex differences, with men experiencing more events related to violence and authority, and women, more events that are social. Women also tended to perceive all events as more stressful and to have higher Neuroticism. 42% of the sample had a secure attachment style, less than expected. Lastly, occurrence of stressful events, neuroticism, age, and income explained 46% of variance of this sample attachment style. A structural model analysis showed that neuroticism mediates the relationship between occurrence of stressful events and attachment, without the role of perception. This means that Neuroticism has a much larger role than previously credited, and its study in research on development can explain the high variation found when examining the relationship between childhood and adulthood<br>Eventos na história de vida de um indivíduo, tais como eventos estressores da infância alteraram as estratégias que orientam o comportamento, especificamente as estratégias sexuais. A Psicologia Evolucionista do Desenvolvimento sugere que o desenvolvimento deve ser estudado através da integração de vários aspectos, como apego, estratégias sexuais, e personalidade. Parte importante e estável da psicologia, o fator de personalidade Neuroticismo reflete como as pessoas reagem a eventos de vida. Considerando isso, na presente tese foi analisada a relação entre eventos estressores da infância, neuroticismo e apego adulto. Foram entrevistadas 173 pessoas, 99 mulheres e 74 homens, com idades entre 18 a 45 anos (M = 29,57; DP = 7,35), com renda familiar de 1 a 3 SM. Foi aplicado o Inventário de Percepção de Eventos Estressores, a Escala Fatorial de Neuroticismo, e a Escala de Estilo de Relacionamento. Foi encontrada uma média de 16,59 eventos estressores ocorridos (DP= 5,82). Além dessa alta frequência, encontrou-se que quanto maior o número de eventos estressores, maior foi o estresse percebido, e os participantes perceberam os eventos como mais estressantes do que o esperado. Houve diferenças sexuais, com homens relatando mais eventos ligados à violência e autoridade, e as mulheres, mais eventos sociais. Elas também tendiam a perceber todos os eventos como mais estressantes e a ter escores mais altos de Neuroticismo. 42% da amostra tinha um estilo de apego seguro, menos do que o esperado. Por fim, a ocorrência de eventos estressores, o neuroticismo, idade, e renda explicaram 46% da variância do estilo de apego desta amostra. Uma análise de modelo estrutural mostrou que o neuroticismo mediava a relação entre ocorrência de eventos estressores e apego. Isso significa que o Neuroticismo tem um papel muito maior do que o anteriormente creditado, e seu estudo em pesquisas com desenvolvimento pode explicar a alta variabilidade encontrada quando se examina as relações entre infância e vida adulta
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AKTI, Serkan. "NATO-Russian relation status and prospectives." Thesis, Monterey, California, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1326.
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Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited.<br>Since the end of the Cold War, NATO has attributed great importance to the development of cooperation with Russia. This thesis, first, evaluates the main developments in NATO - Russian relations since 1991. Although Moscow and the Alliance established a NATO - Russia Council (NRC) and asserted the initiation of a qualitatively new relationship, Russia still needs to fulfill some requirements for catching up the Western standards. Russia's external relations and political, economic and security factors internal to Russia will determine the future of the relationship. This thesis examines Russia's political development and transformation of its economic system, and establishes the problems in its political and economic systems. It also examines Russia's problematic external relations in the region, and their impact on the NATO - Russian relationship. It looks into Russia's National Security Concept, explores regional conflicts such as Chechnya and Georgia, and the U.S. - NATO presence in Central Asia. Then, it examines the oil and natural gas transportation problems created by the Russian monopoly, and evaluates Russian technology transfers to Iran, particularly in the nuclear sector. Consequently, it evaluates the internal and external interactions mentioned above and offers conclusions about the prospects for security and stability in Europe.<br>Lieutenant, Turkish Navy
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Mérida, Lindgren Frida. "The Relation Between Climate Change and Gender Inequality in Mozambique : A case study on how climate change affects women in poverty in Mozambique." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105606.
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Mozambique is a developing country specifically targeted by the impacts and consequencesthat are caused by climate change. This is due to the inconvenient geographical location interms of climate change but also due to their economical and infrastructural disadvantagewhich makes the countries populations more prone to suffer from the consequences in amanner that makes adapting and coping with the circumstances significantly difficult. At the same time Mozambique has high rates of gender inequality, which impacts women inthe country who live in poverty, in unfavourable forms in everyday life.These two topics are investigated throughout the thesis, from both a broader and closerperspective. The idea with this research is to come closer to cover the research gap that isconcerned with how women in Mozambique who are already targets of gender inequality inthe country suffer from the hard impacts of climate change and how the two issues may relateor influence each other. The research is performed as a qualitative study with the ecofeminist theoretical approach asa lens on the investigation, and the findings were obtained through the text-analysis method.The findings of the research present evidence on how climate change affects Mozambiqueand its society as well as the gender inequality circumstances women live in the samecountry. From empirical studies the findings chapter provides a perspective that helps betterexplain and understand how women's vulnerable position in society along with theirexpected responsibilities due to cultural norms sets them in a directly exposed climatechange-affected position. The research culminates with a response to the research gapsuggesting that the relation between climate change and gender inequality in Mozambiquehas an unbalanced impact on women, where the gender roles forced upon women in thecountry set a targeted situation for them by climate change resulting in a double-burdencircumstance for women.
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Nolan, Lisa A. "Perceptions of the teacher-student relationship among full-day kindergarten teachers in relation to the achievement of students of poverty| A phenomenological qualitative study." Thesis, Northwest Nazarene University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10124216.
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<p> When considering closing the achievement gap, full-day kindergarten (FDK) is a viable contender. The implementation of specific teacher strategies enhances the FDK experience and elicits gains among the students. The literature clearly articulates a strong correlation between poverty and poor achievement and supports the notion that the relationship between the teacher and student is a positive factor in closing the achievement gap. However, the research is insufficient when it comes to digging deep into teacher perceptions regarding the importance of the relationship that exists between the teacher and the student. The foundation for which this study is built stems from John Bowlby’s attachment theory and emphasizes the importance of the relationship between the child and adult. This study provides profound insight into the perceptions of FDK teachers and the strategies, or concepts they believe have the greatest influence on student achievement among students of poverty. The qualitative phenomenological study revealed intimate and personal thoughts of nine FDK teachers discovered through the coding and analysis of 18 semi-structured interview transcripts. Substantial findings exposed four themes with great clarity and obvious patterns. The themes in order of the greatest number of responses to the least, are: classroom atmosphere, instructional strategies, student management, and the relationship between the teacher and the student. </p>
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Safar, Waed. "Contributions à l'analyse de la relation environnement-inégalités." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Angers, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ANGE0002.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les relations complexes entre inégalités et environnement, tant au niveau national qu'international. Dans ce contexte, la première étude porte sur l'effet de l’inégalité de revenus sur les émissions de CO2 en France sur la période 1980-2018. Cette recherche vise à déterminer si une répartition inégale des revenus entre les individus français peut être préjudiciable aux émissions de CO2. Il convient de noter que cette étude est la pionnière à utiliser la variable des revenus disponibles équivalent après impôts et transferts pour mesurer les inégalités de revenus et évaluer leur impact sur les émissions de CO2. La deuxième étude explore une autre forme d'inégalité socio économique, à savoir la précarité énergétique, et cherche à évaluer son effet sur la santé. A l’instar de la première étude, cette recherche se base sur des données concernant les ménages français sur la période 2019. Une particularité de cette étude est l'utilisation d'une base de données d'enquête récente pour calculer les indicateurs de santé de manière novatrice, en utilisant des indices de santé composites. Enfin, le dernier chapitre de cette thèse transcende les frontières nationales pour examiner l'impact de la pollution atmosphérique moderne sur les inégalités de santé entre divers groupes socioéconomiques dans différents pays, sur la période 2000-2019. L'objectif est de déterminer si la pollution joue un rôle dans les disparités de santé à l'échelle mondiale, étant donné que la pollution et ses répercussions constituent un défi mondial majeur<br>The aim of this thesis is to study the complex relationships between inequalities and the environment, at both national and international levels. In this context, the first study focuses on the effect of income inequalities on CO2 emissions in France over the period 1980- 2018. This research aims to determine whether unequal income distribution among French individuals can be detrimental to CO2 emissions. It should be noted that this study is the first to use the variable of income after taxes and transfers to measure income inequalities and assess their impact on CO2 emissions. The second study explores another form of socio-economic inequality, namely fuel poverty, and seeks to assess its effect on health. Like the first study, this research is based on data for French households over the period 2019. A particular feature of this study is the use of a recent survey database to calculate health indicators in an innovative way, using composite health indices. Finally, the last chapter of this thesis transcends national boundaries to examine the impact of modern air pollution on health inequalities between various socio-economic groups in different countries, over the period 2000-2019. The aim is to determine whether pollution plays a role in global health disparities, given that pollution and its impacts represent a major global challenge
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Mualuko, Mwende K. "Trios and Sexual Health: The Relation between a Cultural Specific Theory of Resiliency and Sexual Health Outcomes among Black Women." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_diss/84.
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The purpose of the current study was to explore the relation between a culture specific theory of resiliency (TRIOS: Time, Rhythm, Improvisation, Oratory & Spirituality) and sexual health outcomes (Sexual Risk History, HIV Testing & Attitudes and Beliefs, Partner Information & Condom Self-Efficacy) among Black women. Participants were 124 Black women recruited from a larger sexual health intervention study. TRIOS was hypothesized to be correlated with outcomes and predict unique variance in outcomes beyond measures of Self-Esteem & Racial Identity. Time, Improvisation and Spirituality were hypothesized to uniquely predict limited sexual risk history, healthy HIV testing attitudes and beliefs, fewer risk indicators among sex partners, & higher condom self efficacy. The psychometric structure of TRIOS within the sample was examined. Tests included a Correlation Matrix, two sets of four Hierarchical Regressions and an Exploratory Factor Analysis. Correlations were found between TRIOS components and Sexual Risk History and Condom Self-Efficacy. Time and Improvisation uniquely predicted declines in Risky Sexual History. Rhythm uniquely predicted declines in Condom Self-Efficacy. Effects of Oratory were mixed. Methodological limitations and implications for interventions and future research were discussed.
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Tyala, Sindiswa. "An investigation of issues adversely affecting black education, with special relation to poverty, vandalism and school fee payments : a study of some Eastern Cape primary schools." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/625.
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The focus of this research was to establish how black primary school principals in some Port Elizabeth schools manage the problems of poverty, vandalism and non-payment of school fees. The aim of this research was to improve these burning issues at my own school, but also to assist other schools which are encountering similar problems with regard to these three issues. Qualitative research methods were used. Data was collected by studying relevant literature and conducting semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Composite case studies of the schools were compiled. Content analysis was used to analyse the data and recommendations for improvement were made. The results of the research indicate that since 1994, when democracy and equal human rights were declared, primary schools have actually been experiencing escalating problems in terms of poverty, vandalism and school fee payment. As the school system is closely intertwined with the socio-economic and political dimensions of society, these challenges can only be effectively addressed if all stakeholders in education collectively take up ownership of these problems and commit themselves to finding unique and effective solutions in the Port Elizabeth urban and rural areas.
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Tanghöj, Erike. "Social empowerment for and by Aymara women : A study of social empowerment processes in relation to local development programmes." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Political Science, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1218.
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<p>The vulnerable social situation of the indigenous women in Bolivia is often on the agenda</p><p>of many organisations (CSOs and NGOs). Especially, the deep rooted socio-political</p><p>discrimination of this group has been addressed in several researches and during various</p><p>international development forums. However, few of these investigations have tried to</p><p>understand in what ways the Aymara women themselves want to be supported by</p><p>organisations in order to become socially empowered. In regard to this, the contemplation</p><p>of this Master Thesis has been to, in an inductive manner, increase the understanding of</p><p>the concept of social empowerment from the perspectives of Aymara women and</p><p>NGOs/CSOs. To do so a qualitative field based study, aimed at letting Aymara women</p><p>themselves explain the social situation, was conducted in Bolivia during the spring 2007.</p><p>The outcome of this research has also served as a foundation to a discussion, with special</p><p>references to the Swedish aid-agency Svalorna Latinamerika, concerning what NGOs and</p><p>CSOs ought to consider when working with social empowerment of Aymara women.</p><p>The overarching methodological approach of the study has been that of a bottom-up</p><p>implementation analysis. In order to retrieve information from the field techniques such as</p><p>socio-anthropological studies, observations, interactions and interviews have been applied.</p><p>Several interesting insights and conclusions have been retrieved from the investigation. The</p><p>primarily conclusion drawn is that empowerment can neither be received nor given as it has</p><p>the features of a learning process. Accordingly, in regard to this organisations must adopt</p><p>the role of 'supporters' rather than 'suppliers'. Secondly, it has been reasoned that any</p><p>undertaking aimed at supporting social empowerment for and of Aymara women must be</p><p>synchronised with the progression of the women's learning processes. This specifically</p><p>suggests that organisations must adopt long-run as well as holistic programmes rather than</p><p>ad hoc activities. The overall conclusion drawn is that if the social empowerment for and of</p><p>Aymara women is to benefit from the undertakings of organisations the planning,</p><p>implementation and evaluation of the activities must primarily be based on terms given by</p><p>the women.</p><p>4</p>
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Reyna, Sylvia Ramirez. "An exploratory study of the perceptions and experiences of u.s.-born latino parents in a high-poverty urban school district in relation to their role in the education of their children." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2338.
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Leclercq, Valérie. "Guérir, travailler, désobéir: Une histoire des interactions hospitalières avant l’ère du « patient autonome » (Bruxelles, 1870-1930)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/253764.
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English :Between 1870 and 1930, medicine on the heels of the Pastorian revolution underwent profound changes while the hospital – a charitable institution traditionally dedicated to the care of the poor – was fast becoming one of the central sites of Western health care. Yet, it was still decades away from the advent of "patient rights" and the rise to prominence of the ethics of patient autonomy. What moral culture, then, prevailed inside hospitals and shaped the encounter between patients and health care professionals? What logics underlay interactions between the former and the latter? These are the questions that this thesis aims to answer. Drawing from the archives of two public hospitals in Brussels as well as from a series of deontological, literary, religious and jurisprudential sources, this work sits at the intersection of the social history of medicine, the history of authoritarian institutions, the history of patients and the history of medical ethics. It offers an examination of therapeutics interactions that primarily focuses on the day-to-day practices of various groups of historical actors (patients, doctors, interns, catholic nuns, priests, administrators, etc.). With an eye on the larger social context, it attempts to give a new historical depth to topics borrowed from the field of medical ethics, such as medical authority, care relationships, experimentation, religious healing, truth and benevolent lies, etc. By mining a rich collection of letters written by patients and their family members to the hospital administration, this thesis also sheds light on the views and actions of hospital users. Ultimately, it reveals the hospital as structured by a complex moral economy that is the expression of the deep paternalistic outlook of western societies. In this economy, therapeutic interactions rest on an ambiguous system of moral reciprocity that encourages the simultaneous performance of charitable love and social domination, of docility and rebellion.------------Français :Entre 1870 et 1930, la médecine, enrichie par les nouvelles possibilités de l’anesthésie, exultant devant le miracle antiseptique et les promesses de la révolution pastorienne, subit une transformation profonde. L’hôpital public, institution charitable traditionnellement dédiée au soin des populations pauvres, est en passe de devenir un des sites centraux de la thérapeutique occidentale. Pourtant, cette période de formation décisive de la médecine moderne est encore à des décennies de l’avènement des « droits des patients » et de ce bouleversement majeur qui verra, au milieu du 20ème siècle, l’éthique médicale entièrement reformulée autour de la notion d’autonomie du malade. Quelle culture morale prévaut alors à l’intérieur des institutions hospitalières et détermine les formes de la rencontre entre les patients et les soignants? Quels logiques sous-tendent l’agir des premiers et des seconds, dans le cadre de toutes ces activités qui amènent ceux-ci à interagir ensemble ?Ce sont les questions auxquelles cette thèse a l’ambition de répondre. Le contexte hospitalier lui-même est abordé ici comme un révélateur des dynamiques sociales structurant plus largement non seulement la médecine de l’époque, mais aussi les sociétés occidentales avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.Les archives des hôpitaux bruxellois St-Jean et St-Pierre, supplémentées par une série de sources déontologiques, littéraires, religieuses et jurisprudentielles, constituent le terrain d’étude à partir duquel s’élaborent les propositions nombreuses de cette thèse. L’objet central de celle-ci – les interactions en milieu hospitalier – se situe à la croisée de quatre courants historiographiques :l’histoire sociale de la médecine, le récit interactionniste des institutions autoritaires, l’histoire des patients et l’histoire de l’éthique médicale. Prêtant une attention particulière aux pratiques des acteurs historiques, Guérir, travailler, désobéir se structure autour de six chapitres. Ceux-ci abordent des thématiques aussi variées que l’autorité des acteurs hospitaliers, la communication entre patients et soignants, ou encore la relation soignante. La thèse interroge aussi la dimension « utilitaire » de la rencontre thérapeutique dans un contexte de médecine publique (usage des corps de malades pauvres pour la science, l’enseignement, etc), les pratiques de détournement de l’institution hospitalière par les malades, et la nature du dialogue mettant en lien ces mêmes malades et l’administration hospitalière en cas de plainte. Au final, ce travail de recherche met à jour une économie morale complexe, expression du paternalisme profond des sociétés occidentales, qui fait reposer les interactions thérapeutiques sur un système ambigu de réciprocité morale.<br>Doctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Dietrich, Judicaëlle. "Une géographie de la pauvreté à Jakarta : Espaces de la pauvreté et places des pauvres dans une métropole contemporaine." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040147.
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Fondée sur une démarche de terrain qualitative, cette thèse propose une analyse géographique de la pauvreté urbaine dans une des plus grandes villes du monde. La métropole de Jakarta, agglomération de plus de vingt millions d’habitants, s’affirme comme ville vitrine de la croissance économique de l’Indonésie et comme point relais de la mondialisation, où la pauvreté n’aurait, en somme, plus lieu d’être. Pourtant, en augmentant les situations de vulnérabilité de certaines populations, les dynamiques urbaines en œuvre contribuent à la mise sous tension de l’espace urbain.L’entrée par le concept de pauvreté en géographie permet de saisir la diversité des positions sociales et spatiales qui se conjuguent, se concurrencent et se négocient dans cet espace urbain, au gré des rapports de force en œuvre. Au-delà de la pauvreté en tant qu'état, il s’agit de prendre en compte les parcours individuels et collectifs liés au phénomène, en les insérant dans les trajectoires des lieux – depuis l’échelle du quartier à celle de l’aire métropolitaine.Plus que les seuls enjeux de définition, ce travail examine le rôle des représentations et des intérêts des groupes stratégiques dans la production de politiques urbaines profondément ancrées dans les idéologies dominantes, le néolibéralisme urbain notamment.Enfin, l’analyse croisée de plusieurs types d’espaces de la pauvreté à Jakarta et à Bekasi montre les disparités en termes d’appropriations et de pratiques de l’espace urbain. Ainsi, au-delà d’une dualisation de la société urbaine d’une métropole contemporaine, cette thèse pointe la segmentation des intérêts à agir des citadins considérés comme pauvres, selon leurs sentiments de légitimité et leurs modalités d’appartenance à la ville, ancrant alors la réflexion géographique dans un questionnement politique<br>Based on qualitative methodologies, this PhD dissertation proposes a geographical analysis of urban poverty, in one of the biggest city in the world. The urban region of Jakarta counts more than twenty millions of inhabitants. It comes up as the showcase for economic success in Indonesia and a node of globalization, where one could expect the level of poverty to have decreased. Yet, current urban dynamics contribute to unsettle urban spaces increasing the vulnerability of poor people. The examination of the concept of poverty through a geographical lens allows to grasp the diversity of social and spatial positions and positionnings, from the neighborhood level to the metropolitan area. It helps also to investigate how they compete with each other and are (re)negotiated and interwoven under the influence of power relations. More than the mere situation of poverty, this work is based on a cross-analysis of individual and collective trajectories and spatial transformations. Further than the issue of defining poverty, this thesis explores the role of representations and the interest of stakeholders in urban policies related to mainstream ideologies, such as urban neoliberalism. Finally, a comparison between different types of poverty’s spaces in Jakarta and in Bekasi shows the strong differences in space’s appropriations and space’s uses. Beyond the idea of dualization of the urban society, this study aims to highlight the segmented interests of citizens, according to their sense of being legitimate in the city and their sense of belonging to the city. This shows how much the geographical inquiry is political
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Faye, Abdou Diop. "Analyse des déterminants de l'offre du travail des femmes en milieu urbain sénégalais." Thesis, Artois, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ARTO0101.
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L‟objectif de toute analyse économique sur l‟offre de travail, est en général, de mieux cerner les problématiques liées à l‟emploi permettant de décliner des politiques en direction du marché du travail. Cette thèse n‟échappe pas à cet objectif bien qu‟elle soit orientée vers les femmes. A partir des analyses développées dans cette thèse, nous avons apporté un nouvel éclairage sur les facteurs déterminants qui poussent ou empêchent la femme sénégalaise à intégrer le marché du travail. Les approches théoriques développées, nous ont conduit à considérer la nature des relations conjugales, les différentes perceptions du travail et des obligations familiales correspondants à différents types de comportements féminins d‟offre de travail. Le comportement d‟offre de travail de la femme sénégalaise est ainsi influencé par des caractéristiques individuelles telles que l‟âge, le niveau d‟éducation, et des caractéristiques familiales courantes telles que la présence d‟enfant(s) de moins de 5ans dans le ménage, la présence d‟un conjoint (statut matrimonial), le revenu du conjoint, la taille du ménage, le statut monétaire matérialisé par la pauvreté, le versement de transferts à des descendants ou ascendants.Par le biais de la modélisation logistique dichotomique et multinomiale, nous avons montré que le niveau d‟éducation est positivement corrélé à la participation des femmes sur le marché du travail et constitue de surcroît, un ticket d‟entrée dans le secteur public. Contrairement au statut matrimonial (être mariée), la présence d‟enfants de moins de 5 ans et le revenu du conjoint ne semblent pas être un obstacle à l‟intégration des femmes sur le marché du travail, mais cette présence d‟enfant semble orienter les sénégalaises vers le secteur informel au détriment des autres secteurs (public et privé formel). Ce qui est souvent motivé par les conditions de travail plus flexibles dans ce secteur permettant aux femmes de concilier activités économiques et obligations familiales. Par ailleurs, les femmes appartenant aux ménages pauvres semblent être plus disposer à offrir du travail que celles appartenant aux ménages non pauvres, mais elles ont moins de chances d‟être dans le secteur public, le secteur privé formel et dans une moindre mesure dans les ambassades et ONG que dans l‟informel par rapport à celles qui ne sont pas pauvres<br>The objective of any economic analysis of the elabor supply is generally to better understand issues related to employment allowing formulating policies towards the labor market. This thesis is not an exception to this objective although it focuses exclusively on women. From the analysis of the present thesis, we have shed new light on the main factors driving or inhibiting the senegalese woman to enter the labor market. The theoretical approaches developed have led us to consider the nature of marital relationships, the different perceptions of work and family obligations corresponding to different types of female behavior of labor supply. Through a dicotomous and multinomial logit model, we have shown that the behavior of labor supply of senegalese women is influenced by individual characteristics such as the age and education level, and standard family characteristics such as the presence of under 5 years old child/children in the household, the presence of a spouce (marital status), the income of the spouse, the householf size, the monetary status indicated by the poverty, the remittances to descendants or ascendants
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Mansita, Sangi. "Les objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement : regard critique sur leur mise en œuvre par les Églises anglicanes de deux pays du Sud : Angola et RD Congo." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAK010/document.
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L’attention se focalise dans notre thèse sur la question de savoir comment la Communion anglicane en général, et l’Église anglicane de la RDC et celle d’Angola, en particulier, s’approprient des résolutions et des recommandations qui résultent de la TEAM Conférence. Le concept de la pauvreté est à l'origine de tous les maux dont souffrent les Églises dans le Sud. De nos jours, un certain nombre d'initiatives missionnaires qui exhibent les signes de piété cachent toujours une motivation liée à l’argent. Les OMD érigent la pauvreté dans toutes ses dimensions comme un défi majeur, auquel doit faire face l'humanité, un rideau de fer à briser pour le développement des nations du Sud. Vu l’ampleur de la pauvreté qui, en dépit de multiple mesures et solutions envisagées, continue de croire, nous nous rendons vite compte que c'est l’Africain lui-même, selon notre avis, qui est l’origine de la misère de son pays et de son continent. On peut en arriver à la prise de nombreuses mesures et à faire l’économie de différents facteurs pour la sortie de crise, mais le tout premier réside dans l’Homme africain lui-même. Le Sud est un peuple qui est, avant tout, à la merci des puissants internes. On assiste à la déroute de l’intelligence, à la perte de la raison et de l’autonomie de la part d'un certain nombre de politiques africains, mettant sur pied des institutions amputées de toute capacité de faire des choix libres et judicieux, œuvrant en priorité pour la «politique du ventre»<br>The attention is focused in our thesis on the question of how the Anglican communion in general, and the Anglican Churches of Angola and RDC in particular, have appropriated resolutions and recommandations resulting from the TEAM Conference. The concept of "poverty" in the broad sense is the root of all the problems plaguing societies and the churches of the South. Nowadays, a certain number of missionary and pastoral initiatives which appear to be based purely on piety always have unexpressed motives which have to do with the pursuit of personal material interests. The emphasis has always been placed on economic growth as a necessary factor which can be used for raising the standard of living of the poor in the South. However, there are many States that have experienced considerable economic growth, like Angola, but the income of the poor class increases so unbalanced and uneven, and stlll is, for many famillies, unsatisfactory. The Millennium Declaration declared poverty in all its dimensions to be the main challenge facing humanity, an iron curtain which needed to be breached for the development of Southem Nations. Given the extent of poverty which, despite multiple routes taken and solutions envisaged, continues to grow, we quickly realize that it is only the African who is, in our opinion, the origin of the misery of his country and his continent. Therefore, we can continue to consider many measures and the economy of different factors to end the crisis, but the main factor is the African man himself. The people of the South are, above all, at the mercy of internal forces. We are witnessing the defeat of intelligence, the loss of reason and autonomy on the part of a number of African policies, creating institutions cut off from all ability to make free and wise choices, working as a priority for the "politics of the belly"
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Daly, Marwa El. "Challenges and potentials of channeling local philanthropy towards development and aocial justice and the role of waqf (Islamic and Arab-civic endowments) in building community foundations." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16511.
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Diese Arbeit bietet eine solide theoretische Grundlage zu Philanthropie und religiös motivierten Spendenaktivitäten und deren Einfluss auf Wohltätigkeitstrends, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und einer auf dem Gedanken der sozialen Gerechtigkeit beruhenden Philanthropie. Untersucht werden dafür die Strukturen religiös motivierte Spenden, für die in der islamischen Tradition die Begriffe „zakat“, „Waqf“ oder im Plural auch „awqaf-“ oder „Sadaqa“ verwendet werden, der christliche Begriff dafür lautet „tithes“ oder „ushour“. Aufbauend auf diesem theoretischen Rahmenwerk analysiert die qualitative und quantitative Feldstudie auf nationaler Ebene, wie die ägyptische Öffentlichkeit Philanthropie, soziale Gerechtigkeit, Menschenrechte, Spenden, Freiwilligenarbeit und andere Konzepte des zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements wahrnimmt. Um eine umfassende und repräsentative Datengrundlage zu erhalten, wurden 2000 Haushalte, 200 zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen erfasst, sowie Spender, Empfänger, religiöse Wohltäter und andere Akteure interviewt. Die so gewonnen Erkenntnisse lassen aussagekräftige Aufschlüsse über philanthropische Trends zu. Erstmals wird so auch eine finanzielle Einschätzung und Bewertung der Aktivitäten im lokalen Wohltätigkeitsbereich möglich, die sich auf mehr als eine Billion US-Dollar beziffern lassen. Die Erhebung weist nach, dass gemessen an den Pro-Kopf-Aufwendungen die privaten Spendenaktivitäten weitaus wichtiger sind als auswärtige wirtschaftliche Hilfe für Ägypten. Das wiederum lässt Rückschlüsse zu, welche Bedeutung lokale Wohltätigkeit erlangen kann, wenn sie richtig gesteuert wird und nicht wie bislang oft im Teufelskreis von ad-hoc-Spenden oder Hilfen von Privatperson an Privatperson gefangen ist. Die Studie stellt außerdem eine Verbindung her zwischen lokalen Wohltätigkeits-Mechanismen, die meist auf religiösen und kulturellen Werten beruhen, und modernen Strukturen, wie etwa Gemeinde-Stiftungen oder Gemeinde-„waqf“, innerhalb derer die Spenden eine nachhaltige Veränderung bewirken können. Daher bietet diese Arbeit also eine umfassende wissenschaftliche Grundlage, die nicht nur ein besseres Verständnis, sondern auch den nachhaltiger Aus- und Aufbau lokaler Wohltätigkeitsstrukturen in Ägypten ermöglicht. Zentral ist dabei vor allem die Rolle lokaler, individueller Spenden, die beispielsweise für Stiftungen auf der Gemeindeebene eingesetzt, wesentlich zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beitragen könnten – und das nicht nur in Ägypten, sondern in der gesamten arabischen Region. Als konkretes Ergebnis dieser Arbeit, wurde ein innovatives Modell entwickelt, dass neben den wissenschaftlichen Daten das Konzept der „waqf“ berücksichtigt. Der Wissenschaftlerin und einem engagierten Vorstand ist es auf dieser Grundlage gelungen, die Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) zu gründen, die nicht nur ein Modell für eine Bürgerstiftung ist, sondern auch das tradierte Konzept der „waqf“ als praktikable und verbürgte Wohlstätigkeitsstruktur sinnvoll weiterentwickelt.<br>This work provides a solid theoretical base on philanthropy, religious giving (Islamic zakat, ‘ushour, Waqf -plural: awqaf-, Sadaqa and Christian tithes or ‘ushour), and their implications on giving trends, development work, social justice philanthropy. The field study (quantitative and qualitative) that supports the theoretical framework reflects at a national level the Egyptian public’s perceptions on philanthropy, social justice, human rights, giving and volunteering and other concepts that determine the peoples’ civic engagement. The statistics cover 2000 households, 200 Civil Society Organizations distributed all over Egypt and interviews donors, recipients, religious people and other stakeholders. The numbers reflect philanthropic trends and for the first time provide a monetary estimate of local philanthropy of over USD 1 Billion annually. The survey proves that the per capita share of philanthropy outweighs the per capita share of foreign economic assistance to Egypt, which implies the significance of local giving if properly channeled, and not as it is actually consumed in the vicious circle of ad-hoc, person to person charity. In addition, the study relates local giving mechanisms derived from religion and culture to modern actual structures, like community foundations or community waqf that could bring about sustainable change in the communities. In sum, the work provides a comprehensive scientific base to help understand- and build on local philanthropy in Egypt. It explores the role that local individual giving could play in achieving sustainable development and building a new wave of community foundations not only in Egypt but in the Arab region at large. As a tangible result of this thesis, an innovative model that revives the concept of waqf and builds on the study’s results was created by the researcher and a dedicated board of trustees who succeeded in establishing Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) that not only introduces the community foundation model to Egypt, but revives and modernizes the waqf as a practical authentic philanthropic structure.
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Wen, Shou Lan, and 溫秋蘭. "The Study of the Relative Poverty of Household and the Family Composition." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45320363691933046954.
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Dotter, Caroline. "Essays on Poverty Measurement and Trade." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0028-86F6-3.
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Barros, Abdul Almeida Afonso de. "Pobreza em África Subsariana . "O caso de São Tomé e Príncipe"." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13274.
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Mestrado em Economia e Políticas Públicas<br>O propósito desta dissertação é apresentar algumas discussões a volta do conceito teórico e metodológico da pobreza tanto na perspectiva de privação de rendimento como das capacidades para o desenvolvimento humano. E no âmbito destas abordagens da pobreza faremos um a análise da sit uação da pobreza em São Tomé e Príncipe, onde procuraremos caracteri zar a pobreza em São Tomé e Príncipe e, sempre que possíve l comparando-a com a situação prevalecente nalguns países afr icanos subsarianos.<br>The aim of tbis dissertation is to present some quarrels around of theoretical and m ethodological concept of the poverty in lhe perspective of incarne privation as of lhe capacities for the human developmeot. Theo we wi ll make an analysis of the poverty situation in São Tomé and Príncipe, where we will Jook for to characterize tbe poverty in São Tomé and Príncipe and, whenever possible to compare it with the situation prevailing in some African countries.<br>N/A
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Mbuli, Bhekizizwe Ntuthuko. "Poverty reduction strategies in South Africa." Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2293.
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Between 45-57% of South Africans are estimated to be engulfed by poverty. In an attempt to identify policy instruments that could help change this status quo, the various strategies that have been implemented in countries (e.g. China, Vietnam and Uganda) that are known to have been relatively successful in reducing poverty are reviewed. In the process, this dissertation discusses the literature regarding poverty, with a particular emphasis on the definition, measurement and determinants thereof. Furthermore, South Africa's anti-poverty strategies are discussed. It turns out that these have met limited success. This is largely due to insufficient pro-poor economic growth, weak implementation/administration at the municipal level, slow asset redistribution, high income/wealth inequality, low job generation rate by SMME's, high HIV/AIDS infection rate, public corruption and inadequate monitoring of poverty. Therefore, if meaningful progress towards poverty reduction is to be achieved, the government needs to deal with the foregoing constraints accordingly.<br>Economics<br>M.Comm. (Economics)
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Slaba, Martin. "Hartz IV a zázrak pracovního trhu - Kauzalita nebo shoda náhod?" Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-448101.
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This thesis examines the effects of the so-called Hartz IV reform on the German labour market development, with special emphasis on unemployment reduction. To determine the causal link, a variety of tools are used, namely macroeconomic studies, worker flow analysis, surveys and comparison with competing arguments. Preponderance of evidence suggests, that Hartz IV played a significant role in unemployment rate reduction in the period following its implementation. Size of this effects is hard to discern exactly, but an estimate in the range of 1,5-2 percentage points should be quite accurate. Contrary to popular belief, this reduction did not occur to the detriment of general job quality, such as by splitting of old jobs or by dilution of their working hours. Furthermore, the issue of relative poverty is investigated. The thesis concludes that the increase in relative poverty was not caused primarily by Hartz IV, nor is it a good measure of actual living standard. The increase seems to be to a large degree driven by demographic changes, mainly the decreasing size of German households.
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Заїка, Ю. Б. "Оцінка бідності населення за окремими регіонами". Thesis, 2018. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/7326.
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У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти статистичного оцінювання бідності населення.
Проаналізовано бідність населення в Україні та за окремими її регіонами.
Запропоновано факторна модель впливу на рівень бідності населення окремих регіонів країни, та виявленні найголовніші чинники впливу.<br>В работе рассматриваются теоретические аспекты статистического оценивания бедности населения.
Проанализированы бедность населения в Украине и за отдельными ее регионами.
Предложена факторная модель влияния на уровень бедности населения отдельных регионов страны, и выявлении главные факторы влияния.<br>The work deals with the theoretical aspects of statistical estimation of poverty of the population.
Author analysis the poverty of the population in Ukraine and its individual regions.
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Chern, Shin Yi, and 陳心怡. "Social Construction Of Poverty Relation In Native Taiwanese." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13118368798969506922.
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Jacquez, Farrah Mariél. "Parenting as a mediator in the relation between poverty and depressive symptoms in children." Diss., 2006. http://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/ETD-db/available/etd-12072006-140845/.
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