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Journal articles on the topic 'Relative pronouns'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Lander, Yury, and Michael Daniel. "West Caucasian relative pronouns as resumptives." Linguistics 57, no. 6 (2019): 1239–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0030.

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Abstract In polysynthetic West Caucasian languages, the morphological verbal complex amounts to a clause with all kinds of participants cross-referenced by affixes. Relativization is performed by introducing a relative affix in the cross-reference slot that corresponds to the relativized participant. However, these languages display several crosslinguistically rare features of relativization. Firstly, while under the view of the verbal complex as a clause this affix appears to be a relative pronoun, it is an unusual relative pronoun because it remains in situ. Secondly, relative affixes may ap

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Loss, Sara S., and Mark Wicklund. "Is English resumption different in appositive relative clauses?" Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 65, no. 1 (2019): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2019.19.

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AbstractResumptive pronouns are produced in English in unguarded speech in restrictive relative clauses and appositive relative clauses. However, numerous studies have found that resumptive pronouns in restrictive relative clauses are not acceptable. To our knowledge, no studies have examined the acceptability of resumptive pronouns in appositive relative clauses, despite hints in the literature that they may be more acceptable in appositive than in restrictive relative clauses. This article fills that gap. We found that resumptive pronouns were rated as more natural in appositive relative cla

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Saragih, Dhea, and Maria Magdalena Situmorang. "Analysis of Pronoun in “Cinderella” Story by Disney." International Journal Corner of Educational Research 1, no. 3 (2023): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54012/ijcer.v1i3.164.

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This research aims to analyze pronouns used in a story with title “Cinderella” by Disney. Researchers chose descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data in order to show pronouns that appeared in the story of Cinderella. There were several steps that researchers conducted to collect data, including read the story, then identified the pronouns, and finally analyzed each pronoun from the story descriptively. This research found that there were 15 pronouns used in the story of Cinderella with six types of pronoun. These pronouns include 5 personal pronouns as subject (They, She, It, He, and

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HAENDLER, Yair, and Flavia ADANI. "Testing the effect of an arbitrary subject pronoun on relative clause comprehension: a study with Hebrew-speaking children." Journal of Child Language 45, no. 4 (2018): 959–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000917000599.

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AbstractPrevious studies have found that Hebrew-speaking children accurately comprehend object relatives (OR) with an embedded non-referential arbitrary subject pronoun (ASP). The facilitation of ORs with embedded pronouns is expected both from a discourse-pragmatics perspective and within a syntax-based locality approach. However, the specific effect of ASP might also be driven by a mismatch in grammatical features between the head noun and the pronoun, or by its relatively undemanding referential properties. We tested these possibilities by comparing ORs whose embedded subject is either ASP,

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Shadrina, Oleksandra, and Pavlo Shopin. "The causes of mistakes in the translation of German pronouns into Ukrainian." Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Series "Philology", no. 94 (June 15, 2024): 103–16. https://doi.org/10.26565/2227-1864-2024-94-16.

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The article analyzes the causes of mistakes made by students when translating German pronouns into Ukrainian and the ways to avoid such mistakes. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that students regularly make mistakes when translating German pronouns into Ukrainian, which leads to misunderstanding and significantly decreases the quality of the translated text. This research paper will help make translation training more effective and improve the results of students’ translation work. The materials of the study are translations from German into Ukrainian made by student translators as

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Ali Elsiddig Ibrahim, Mohammed. "The Difficulties that Tertiary English Students Confront when Translating Relative Pronouns." Arab World English Journal 13, no. 3 (2022): 272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol13no3.17.

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The study aims to alleviate the relative pronoun difficulties that Saudi students encounter whenever translating. The study’s significance is that it uncovers relative pronouns among Saudi Arabian college freshmen. The study seeks to address the question: what difficulties do Saudi students confront when translating relative pronouns? The researcher employed a descriptive analytical approach. The sampling unit of twenty-five undergraduate students, preferred from the boys’ section, were males in the first stage, attending university in the second semester of 2020 at the College of Arts and Sci

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Afros, Elena. "Gothic Relative Clauses Introduced by and Revisited." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 66, no. 1 (2010): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-066001002.

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The Gothic invariant relativizers and have been analyzed in different ways. Von der Gabelentz and Loebe (1836/1846), Harbert (1992), Klinghardt (1877), and Streitberg (1910) treated and as indeclinable relative particles. Musić (1929) and Wright (1954), on the other hand, regarded them as relative pronouns. The present study shows that in the attested Gothic, and do not form a symmetric system with the opposition of gender. In addition, and appear to lack the grammatical categories of number and case applicable to the pronominal relativizers in Gothic and therefore cannot be classified as pron

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D'Arcy, Alexandra, and Sali A. Tagliamonte. "Prestige, accommodation, and the legacy of relative who." Language in Society 39, no. 3 (2010): 383–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404510000205.

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AbstractThis article presents a quantitative variationist analysis of the English restrictive relative pronouns. However, where previous research has largely focused on language-internal explanations for variant choice, the focus here is the social meaning of this erstwhile syntactic variable. We uncover rich sociolinguistic embedding of the relative pronouns in standard, urban speech. The only productive wh- form is who, which continues to pattern as a prestige form centuries after its linguistic specialization as a human subject relative. This legacy of prestige is reflected not only in the

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Pozdniakova, Viktoria А., and Yekaterina S. Aplonova. "Pronouns in Ginyanga." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, no. 2 (2022): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.206.

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The paper presents a tentative overview of pronouns in Ginyanga, an understudied Kwa language spoken in Togo and Ghana; in particular, personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, demonstratives, and quantifiers. There are no subject pronouns in Ginyanga. We define two personal pronoun series with a designated pronoun for each noun class: basic (emphatic and possessive) and object. The basic set of pronouns is used in independent and possessive contexts, as well as in reflexive constructions. The overview of Guang pronoun systems shows that Ginyanga falls into the typical Guang pattern. Possessive p

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Bouma, Gosse. "Agreement mismatches in Dutch relatives." Current trends in analyzing syntactic variation 31 (December 31, 2017): 137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00006.bou.

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Abstract This paper investigates agreement mismatches in Dutch relatives. While the norm is that singular neuter nouns occur with the relative pronoun dat ‘that’, it is by now quite common to find neuter nouns combining with the relative pronoun die. A large Twitter corpus is used to study which linguistic variables make die ‘that’ in this context more likely. Lack of agreement between neuter noun and relative pronoun is very frequent in this corpus (37.5% of the cases, 46.8% if the preceding determiner is indefinite). Non-agreement is most common for nouns that are high in the animacy ranking

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Joo, Youngsook. "A Study on the Acquisition of Relative Clauses and Syntactic Properties of Native English - Speaking Children." British and American Language and Literature Association of Korea 148 (March 30, 2023): 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.21297/ballak.2023.148.193.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the early language acquisition of relative clauses and the internal syntactic properties of native English - speaking children from the perspective of Minimalist Program. The methods of this study are based on Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995, 2008) and Theory of Parameter (Chomsky 1981, Hyams 1986, 2011, Rizzi 1990). Early relative clauses differ from the adult grammar, in two respects: first, pied - piping in relative clauses is absent. Children produce relatives with preposition stranding, an option available in their target language. Radford (200

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Xaytbayevich, Kushakov Yusup. "Analysis of Pronouns in English." European International Journal of Philological Sciences 5, no. 2 (2025): 32–35. https://doi.org/10.55640/eijps-05-02-09.

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This article examines the role of pronouns in the English language from multiple perspectives, including historical development, grammatical structure, sociolinguistic variation, and contemporary issues of inclusivity. It highlights how pronouns serve as vital tools for referring to people, objects, and concepts, enabling speakers and writers to maintain clarity, cohesion, and efficiency in communication. By analyzing personal, reflexive, demonstrative, interrogative, and relative pronouns, the discussion illuminates the ways in which these forms convey subtle distinctions of person, number, a

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Poletto, Cecilia, and Emanuela Sanfelici. "On relative complementizers and relative pronouns." Linguistic Variation 18, no. 2 (2018): 265–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.16002.pol.

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Abstract This paper explores the syntactic status of che and (il) qual(e) relativizers, i.e. what are standardly referred to as relative complementizers and relative pronouns, in Old and Modern Italian and Italian varieties and proposes a unified analysis for both types of items. It takes into account the ongoing debate regarding the categorial status of relativizers (Kayne 1975, 2008, 2010; Lehmann 1984; Manzini & Savoia 2003, 2011, among many others) and aims at showing that what we call complementizers are not C0 heads, as commonly assumed. Instead, we propose that both relative “comple

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Slater, B. H. "E-type Pronouns and ε-terms". Canadian Journal of Philosophy 16, № 1 (1986): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1986.10717105.

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Speaking of Professor Geach's belief that pronouns in natural language function like the bound variables in quantification theory, Gareth Evans, in ‘Pronouns, Quantifiers, and Relative Clauses - I’ (Canadian Journal of Philosophy 7 [1977] 467-536) says (470):I want to try to show that there are pronouns with quantifier antecedents that function in a quite different way. Such pronouns typically stand in a different grammatical relation to their antecedents, and; in contrast with bound pronouns, must be assigned a reference, so that their most immediate sentential contexts can always be assigned

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Pilashvili, Elene. "Attributive Clause in Georgian Language." Linguistics and Culture Review 6 (March 18, 2022): 534–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v6ns2.2175.

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The given article discusses a complex sentence with an attributive clause in Guram Dochanashvili’s novel “The First Garment”. The attributive clause gives a broad explanation about an antecedent in the main clause and a complemetizer that is related to it. Relative pronoun in the attributive clause agrees with the word (antecedent) in number and is declined according to a predicate in the subordinate clause. Attributive clause is related to a declinable word in main clause, such as noun, pronoun or infinitive. Position of subordinate clause is studied with its subordinators and complementizers

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Matsiuk, Zoriana. "LINGUO-DIDACTIC FEATURES OF STUDYING PRONOUNS IN THE COURSE OF UKRAINIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE." Theory and Practice of Teaching Ukrainian as a Foreign Language, no. 16 (October 6, 2022): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/ufl.2022.16.3727.

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In the course of practical grammar of Ukrainian as a foreign language, a pronoun takes a special place in view of its specific meaning, morphological features, syntactic functions and stylistic properties. The substitutive and indicative function makes the pronoun multifaceted, heterogeneous and extremely difficult to master for foreigners. There is a lack of research related to the description of lexical-semantic features, stylistic properties and grammatical features of pronouns in Ukrainian linguistic didactics. For the purpose of teaching grammar of Ukrainian as a foreign language, a multi

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Kapeliuk, Olga. "Notes on relative and correlative constructions in Gǝʿǝz". Aethiopica 6 (20 січня 2013): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.6.1.376.

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ዘሞትነ ንሕነ ወዘነገሥነ ንሕነ: The relative verb accompanied by its headnoun, forming a relative clause which functions as the equivalent of an adjective, is the normal construction in the Semitic languages. In Gǝʿǝz, however, it is the substantivized relative clause, in which the headnoun is missing, that is the most diversified in its function and probably statistically more frequent. These are the correlative clauses. They present some specific morpho-syntactic features; thus the feminine relative pronoun is not encountered in them and the number of the relative pronoun is consistently accorded with

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Krasnoshchekova, S. V. "Pronouns functioning as direct objects in the speech of Russian-language children." Russian language at school 83, no. 2 (2022): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2022-83-2-23-34.

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The study is devoted to Russian pronouns which children use in grammatical position of a direct object. The aim of the research is to consider the distinctive features of the pronouns belonging to different semantic groups. Additionally, the paper is an effort to answer the question if the connection between the position of the object in the sentence and the semantics of the pronoun is relevant when mastering the language, i.e. to discover pronouns of what classes are more likely to be associated with the object syntactic function in children’s speech. Corpus recordings of children’s speech, n

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Alexiadou, Artemis, and Vasiliki Rizou. "Restrictive relative clauses in Greek Heritage speakers in the US." Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 12, no. 2 (2022): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/bells.v12i2.3834.

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This paper investigates the production of restrictive relative clauses (henceforth RRCs) in Heritage Greek in contact with US English. In Greek, RRCS are introduced either by the pronoun o opios ‘the who’ which agrees with the nominal head it modifies and is preferred in formal registers; or by the un-inflected complementizer pu 'that', which appears mostly in colloquial speech. In English, RRCs are introduced by the non-agreeing pronouns who and which and by the complementizer that. The findings suggest that both groups favour the production of pu RRCs but we cannot attribute the overuse of p

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Le, Thi Van, Thi Huong Nguyen, Huynh Que Huong Tran, and Thi Viet Ha Phung. "Efl English major’ understanding of relative clauses." Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Văn Hiến 6, no. 1 (2018): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.58810/vhujs.6.1.2018.6116.

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Relative clauses play a crucial role in improving students’ writing and speaking performances. In this study, a 20-question survey was delivered to 100 EFL seniors at a university in Vietnam to find out the extent to which they understood different types of relative clauses and different relative pronouns. Also, the frequency at which these relative clauses and pronouns were used in their written and spoken communication was investigated. The findings showed the participants’ lack of understanding of these aspects. They also preferred using restrictive relative clause over non-restrictive clau

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Al-Jarrah, Lina Ali, Yazan Shaker Al-Mahameed, and Imad Abedalkareem Ababneh. "A Comparative Study of Personal Pronouns, Demonstrative Pronouns and Relative Pronouns in Arabic, English and Spanish." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 3, no. 12 (2020): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2020.3.12.13.

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This study aims at conducting a comprehensive comparison of pronouns in three languages namely Arabic, English and Spanish. The comparison is implemented in light of three types of pronouns; personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and relative pronouns. The comparison aims chiefly at revealing areas of differences and similarities between pronouns in the three languages under investigation. The researchers compare pronouns in terms of their types, classifications and main characteristics. The comparison is accompanied with illustrative examples to enhance understanding the use of pronouns in

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Friedmann, Naama. "Traceless relatives: Agrammatic comprehension of relative clauses with resumptive pronouns." Journal of Neurolinguistics 21, no. 2 (2008): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2006.10.005.

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Kratzer, Angelika. "Making a Pronoun: Fake Indexicals as Windows into the Properties of Pronouns." Linguistic Inquiry 40, no. 2 (2009): 187–237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2009.40.2.187.

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This article argues that natural languages have two binding strategies that create two types of bound variable pronouns. Pronouns of the first type, which include local fake indexicals, reflexives, relative pronouns, and PRO, may be born with a “defective” feature set. They can acquire the features they are missing (if any) from verbal functional heads carrying standard λ-operators that bind them. Pronouns of the second type, which include long-distance fake indexicals, are born fully specified and receive their interpretations via context-shifting λ-operators (Cable 2005). Both binding strate

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Umar, Muhammad Mustapha, and Abdulkadir Abubakar Zailani. "Bitar Nazarin Ganga Dogarau a Hausa." Scholars International Journal of Linguistics and Literature 6, no. 09 (2023): 368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijll.2023.v06i09.001.

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A clause which depends on some other clauses for its meaning is called relative clause. Relative clause can be introduced by a relative pronoun that agrees in number and gender with the head noun. This paper intends to only discuss how to constitute relative clause using only relative pronouns. This paper is product of data collection from documentary sources to obtain a sample of related examples. The finding of this paper revealed three strategies used to form some relative clauses in Hausa.

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McKee, Cecile, and Dana McDaniel. "Resumptive Pronouns in English Relative Clauses." Language Acquisition 9, no. 2 (2001): 113–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327817la0902_01.

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Albareda, Cristina. "La duplicació pronominal en les relatives locatives en català." Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 26 (July 1, 2013): 275–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2013.275-299.

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Summary: This paper analyses the use of the pronoun hi in locative relative clauses in Catalan, which is considered a case of clitic doubling. How it behaves depends on whether it is a defining or non-defining relative clause. The nature of focus of the non-defining clause justifies the presence of the pronoun which acts as a topic’s resumptive pronoun, whereas the pronoun appears in a defining relative clause when the sentence is characterised by specificity. On the other hand, there are two relevant syntactic factors in the appearance of the pronoun hi: the first is the aim to avoid confusio

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Muhammad Ansar Ejaz, Dr. Waqar Saleem Rana, and Dr. Javeed Iqbal. "Contrastive Analysis of English and Urdu Languages." GUMAN 7, no. 3 (2024): 382–401. https://doi.org/10.63075/guman.v7i3.854.

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This research study undertakes an exploratory and descriptive analysis to identify the differences and similarities between pronouns in the English and Urdu languages. Utilizing Lado’s Model of contrastive analysis (1957), the study systematically compares the structures of both languages, aiming to uncover how each handles pronouns across various categories: demonstrative, personal, possessive, reflexive, indefinite, and relative. Data is derived from intermediate-level grammar guides for both languages, supplemented by additional resources for thorough analysis. The findings reveal distinct

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İBRAHİMOVA, İ. R., and A. C. ALCANOVA. "ƏVƏZLİK NİTQ HİSSƏSİ KİMİ AZƏRBAYCAN VƏ İNGİLİS DİLLƏRİ İLƏ MÜQAYİSƏLİ MÜSTƏVİDƏ." Actual Problems of study of humanities 1, no. 2024 (2024): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.62021/0026-0028.2024.1.073.

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Pronoun as a Part of Speech in Azerbaijani and English on a Comparative Level Summary The article deals with the study of the reflexive voice in the English language. Considering the problem of the voice from the point of view of morphology, the author makes out if the combination “the verb+reflexive pronoun” is the from of the reflexive voice; from syntactical point of view if the mentioned combination is a single syntactical unit or a reflexive pronoun has an independent syntactical function in the sentence. Key Word: English language, personal, relative, relative, interrogative, reflexive p

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Fleischer, Jürg. "Eastern Yiddish Relative Clauses in an Areal Perspective: An Analysis Based on the Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 34, no. 2 (2022): 209–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542721000143.

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Despite a vast literature on Yiddish relative clauses, their linguistic and geographical aspects have often been neglected. Based on data from the Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry (JCAAJ), the areal distribution of subject and oblique relative clauses is analyzed for the first time. I show that vos ‘that; what’, which also introduces non-relative complement clauses, is the most common element to introduce subject relative clauses, whereas in oblique relative clauses, the pronoun velx- ‘which’ predominates. This contrast suggests a division of labor between nonpronominal and prono

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Fleischer, Jürg. "Eastern Yiddish Relative Clauses in an Areal Perspective: An Analysis Based on the Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 34, no. 2 (2022): 209–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542721000143.

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Despite a vast literature on Yiddish relative clauses, their linguistic and geographical aspects have often been neglected. Based on data from the Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry (JCAAJ), the areal distribution of subject and oblique relative clauses is analyzed for the first time. I show that vos ‘that; what’, which also introduces non-relative complement clauses, is the most common element to introduce subject relative clauses, whereas in oblique relative clauses, the pronoun velx- ‘which’ predominates. This contrast suggests a division of labor between nonpronominal and prono

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Bouma, Gerlof, and Holger Hopp. "Coreference preferences for personal pronouns in German." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 48 (January 1, 2007): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.48.2007.354.

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This paper presents psycholinguistic evidence on the factors governing the resolution of German personal pronouns. To determine the relative influence of linear order versus grammatical function of potential antecedents, two interpretation-preference tasks were designed. Their specific aim was to disentangle salience factors conflated in previous research on pronoun interpretation, such as linear or-der, first mention and topicalization. Experiment 1 tested pronoun resolution to non-sentence-initial position (scrambling) and Experiment 2 tested pronoun resolution to sentence-initial position (

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Engdahl, Elisabet, and Filippa Lindahl. "Extraction and Pronoun Preposing in Scandinavian." Languages 7, no. 2 (2022): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020128.

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It has been noted that examples with extractions out of relative clauses that have been attested in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish are judged to be unacceptable in Icelandic and Faroese. We hypothesize that this may reflect whether or not speakers tend to prepose unstressed object pronouns as a way of establishing a coherent discourse. In this article we investigate to what extent pronoun preposing is used in Swedish, Icelandic and Faroese and whether there is any correlation with the acceptabilty of extractions from relative clauses. We show that Icelandic speakers use pronoun preposing to a v

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AlQurashi, Issa, and Salih Alzahrani. "A Minimalist Account of Free Relative Clauses in Zahrani Spoken Arabic." International Journal of English Linguistics 14, no. 1 (2024): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v14n1p44.

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This paper explores the syntax of free relative clauses in Zahrani Spoken Arabic (henceforth ZSA). The paper shows that ZSA possesses two types of free relative clauses, viz., nominal free relative clauses and adverbial free relative clauses. The focus of the paper is on nominal free relative clauses. It is shown that nominal free relative clauses can appear in a subject position and a direct object position, and the range of relativization involves subject, direct object, indirect object, prepositional object and possessor relativization. The derivation of free relatives in ZSA involves resum

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Nurilam Harianja and Mulyadi. "Relative Clause French: An Approach to Syntactic Typology." Britain International of Linguistics Arts and Education (BIoLAE) Journal 4, no. 2 (2022): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/biolae.v4i2.694.

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This study aims to describe the constituent forms of the French relative clause. The data source of this research is written text, namely the Tendance book. The data analysis method uses the billing method. The result of this research shows that the basic order of clauses in French is of type , namely the verb precedes the object. the object of the preposition is included in the constituent. Nod and Np constituents in the form of pronouns are in front of the verb, the French Relative Clause is not only a delimiter in noun phrases. French has relatively simple pronouns and relatively complex pr

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Yehudit, Dror. "THE MULTIPLE FUNCTIONALITY OF THE PRONOUN ʾULĀʾIKA IN THE QURʾĀN". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 73, № 1 (2020): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2020.00003.

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Demonstrative pronouns may function as deictic or anaphoric pronouns. The demonstrative pronoun ʾulāʾika in Arabic is the focus of this paper. It is argued that in the Qurʾān, besides being an anaphoric/resumptive pronoun, which primarily functions as the syntactic subject, it has three additional functions: (1) as a resumptive pronoun of the left-dislocation construction, helping in retrieving the predicate, which usually consists of a short clause following a ‘heavy’ subject. (2) Possibly it has the same function as ḍamīr al-faṣl, ‘separation pronoun’—namely, ʾulāʾika occurs in a simple sent

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Lee, Yoon-Jin, and Mun-Koo Kang. "Uses and Roles of the Relative Pronouns." Asia-pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange 7, no. 10 (2021): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47116/apjcri.2021.10.09.

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Bonifazi, Anna. "Relative Pronouns and Memory: Pindar beyond Syntax." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 102 (2004): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4150032.

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Guz, Wojciech. "Resumptive Pronouns in Polish co Relative Clauses." Journal of Slavic Linguistics 25, no. 1 (2017): 95–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsl.2017.0003.

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Kumamoto, Chiaki. "REFERENTIALITY IN NOUN PHRASES AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS." Discourse and Interaction 8, no. 2 (2015): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/di2015-2-49.

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This paper examines the use of who and which with human antecedents in non-restrictive relative clauses. Apart from the cases where the antecedent is a property NP, the contexts that require which are claimed to be those where the antecedent is a non-specifi c NP (Kuno 1970, Declerck 1991). However, the use of which is not limited to these cases. Moreover, there are cases where which is not allowed even though the antecedent is a non-specifi c NP. I will argue that in order to fully account for the choice between who and which, it is crucial to consider not only the referentiality and the spec

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Korneliusa, Kristīna, and Zigrīda Vinčela. "The Application of Diachronic Corpus Compilation Principles in a Pilot Study of Subjectivity." Baltic Journal of English Language, Literature and Culture 13 (May 15, 2023): 48–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/bjellc.13.2023.04.

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Researchers claim (see Egbert, 2018) that, irrespective of the growing amount of corpora, there is insufficient focus on the research and discussion of corpus creation and analysis challenges. The ongoing international project LEXECON (2021-2024) raises awareness about these kinds of issues. The goal of this study is twofold: firstly, to explore corpus creation stages in relation to compilation criteria; and secondly, to pilot the functionality of the created subcorpus by researching first-person pronoun variations to uncover the subjectivity across the subcorpus genres. The pronouns were expl

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KOOPMAN, WILLEM. "Transitional syntax: postverbal pronouns and particles in Old English." English Language and Linguistics 9, no. 1 (2005): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136067430500153x.

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Based on the occasional presence of personal pronoun objects and particles to the right of the nonfinite verb, Pintzuk (1999) argues that we must allow VO phrase structure in Old English as well as OV phrase structure. This article shows that personal pronoun objects and particles follow the nonfinite verb often enough to indeed assume VO as a genuine option. During the Old English period there is a significant increase in absolute as well as relative frequency. A quantitative analysis reveals that the relevant cases are found particularly often in coordinate contexts (pronouns) and ACI constr

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De Roberto, Elisa. "Strutture dell’indeterminatezza e cambiamento per elaborazione: lo sviluppo degli indefiniti di scelta libera in italiano antico." Romanistisches Jahrbuch 73, no. 1 (2022): 70–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roja-2022-0003.

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Abstract This paper describes some peculiarities of use of the indefinite pronouns of free choice (chiunque, qualunque, qualsiasi, etc.) in medieval Italo-Romance varieties. After discussing the semantic and pragmatic specificities of free-choice indefinites in current Italian and their evolution from classical Latin to Vulgar Latin and late Latin, the study discusses the data that emerged from the examination of the corpus of the Opera del Vocabolario Italiano (OVI). In most occurrences, free-choice indefinite pronouns behave as relative-indefinite pronouns (i. e., as introducers of relative

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OSHIMA-TAKANE, YURIKO, YOSHIO TAKANE, and THOMAS R. SHULTZ. "The learning of first and second person pronouns in English: network models and analysis." Journal of Child Language 26, no. 3 (1999): 545–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000999003906.

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Although most English-speaking children master the correct use of first and second person pronouns by three years, some children show persistent reversal errors in which they refer to themselves as you and to others as me. Recently, such differences have been attributed to the relative availability of overheard speech during the learning process. The present study tested this proposal with feed-forward neural networks learning these pronouns. Network learning speed and analysis of their knowledge representations confirmed the importance of exposure to shifting reference provided by overheard s

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Kholodilova, Maria A. "Competition Between ‘Who’ and ‘Which’ in Slavic Light-Headed Relative Clauses." Slovene 6, no. 1 (2017): 118–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2017.6.1.4.

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The relativization systems of most Slavic languages include relative pronouns that can be conventionally labelled as ‘who’ and ‘which’ and differ in a number of logically independent parameters (etymology, animacy, grammaticality of attributive contexts, and morphological distinction for number and gender). Prior research has shown that the choice between ‘who’ and ‘which’ in Slavic languages is largely dependent on the head type. Some of the languages allow the ‘who’ pronouns to be used with pronominal heads, but not with nouns in the head, while in others, the pronominal heads in the plural

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He, Angela Xiaoxue, Rhiannon Luyster, Sung Ju Hong, and Sudha Arunachalam. "Personal pronoun usage in maternal input to infants at high vs. low risk for autism spectrum disorder." First Language 38, no. 5 (2018): 520–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723718782634.

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Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are prone to personal pronoun difficulties. This article investigates maternal input as a potential contributing factor, focusing on an early developmental stage before ASD diagnosis. Using Quigley and McNally’s corpus of maternal speech to infants (3–19 months; N = 19) who are either at high or low risk for a diagnosis of ASD, the study asked whether mothers used fewer pronouns with high-risk infants. Indeed, high-risk infants heard fewer second-person pronouns relative to their names than low-risk infants. The study further investigated the contex

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Gippert, Jost. "Relative Clauses in Vartashen Udi Preliminary Remarks." Iran and the Caucasus 15, no. 1-2 (2011): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338411x12870596615593.

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AbstractThe article provides a preliminary account of the structure of relative clauses in Udi, an endangered language of the Caucasus. Based upon written sources, mostly from Tsarist times, and audiovisual materials collected in a documentation project, it addresses the formation and use of relative pronouns that are built upon either interrogative or demonstrative stems. The main focus is on the question whether the latter type of relative pronouns can be regarded as a "sprachwirkliches" feature of spoken Udi; it is argued that further fieldwork with specific elicitation methods is necessary

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Khan, Sofia Sabahat, and Lubaba Abdul-Salam Al-Namer. "The Comprehension of English Relative Clauses by Arabic-Speaking EFL Learners." International Journal of Education 9, no. 1 (2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ije.v9i1.11025.

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This study investigates the extent to which 50 Arabic-speaking EFL learners comprehend English relative clauses (RCs). It also aims to test which relative pronoun among the seven pronouns we are investigating is the easiest to comprehend and which is the most problematic. Furthermore, it aims to measure whether the English proficiency level of the participants affects their performance on the test. Therefore, a multiple-choice test was administered in order to examine their comprehension of this complex syntactic structure. The participants were asked to choose the correct answer out of four c

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Gillingham, Gwendolyn. "Focusing on unlikely accented nominals: context, alternatives and implied expectations." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 23 (August 24, 2013): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v23i0.2663.

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In English, accenting a pronoun occasionally switches its reference rela- tive to an unaccented pronoun: (1) John pushed Bill and... a. heb/# j fell. b. HEj/#b fell. However, accent does not always have this effect - it is not licit in (2) below: (2) John bought Bill a drink and then... a. hej/?b went home. b. # HE went home. This paper argues that the felicity of the accent in (1b) is dependent on a presupposition of relative unlikeliness, which is unfulfilled in (2b). The presence of this accent is due to a focus-sensitive operator, Opunlikely, which presupposes the existence of a likelier a

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MUNIRAH, MUNIRAH, and HUSAIN SYARIFUDDIN. "ANALISIS NILAI KOHESI DAN KOHERENSIDALAM TERJEMAHAN AL-QUR’AN SURAH AL AL ZALZALAH." KONFIKS : JURNAL BAHASA DAN SASTRA INDONESIA 1, no. 2 (2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/jk.v1i2.177.

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This study aimed to describe the value of cohesion and coherence contained in the translation of the Qur'an surah Al Zalzalah. This study was a qualitative descriptive research, research data collection techniques using three techniques namely, inventory, rading and understanding, and record keeping. The data analysis used the coding of data, classification data, and the determination of the data. The results showed that the cohesion markers used in the translation of surah Al Zalzalah discourse are: 1) reference, 2) pronouns, ie pronouns second person, and third, the relative pronoun, the pro

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Auderset, Sandra. "Interrogatives as relativization markers in Indo-European." Diachronica 37, no. 4 (2020): 474–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.19030.aud.

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Abstract The use of interrogative pronouns as relative clause markers is often mentioned as a typical feature of European languages. This study presents an empirical approach to the distribution of interrogative pronouns as relative clause markers in time and space in the Indo-European language family. Based on a comprehensive sample of ancient and modern Indo-European languages, it is shown that interrogative-marked relative clauses are present in all stages of Indo-European within and outside of Europe. An analysis by branch suggests that this constitutes a case of parallel innovations subse

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