Academic literature on the topic 'Relative yield total'
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Journal articles on the topic "Relative yield total"
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Drewry, J. J., R. P. Littlejohn, R. J. Paton, P. L. Singleton, R. M. Monaghan, and L. C. Smith. "Dairy pasture responses to soil physical properties." Soil Research 42, no. 1 (2004): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03055.
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Relationships between relative seasonal pasture yields (total, spring, or summer/autumn) and soil physical properties were investigated. Dairy farm data were collected from trials over 7 years. There were few significant response relationships between total relative yield and each soil physical property at each soil depth, from 0 to 20 cm. Macroporosity (air-filled porosity; pores >30 μm), percentage of pores >300 μm, and total porosity at both 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil depths all had highly significant positive relationships with spring relative yield, with the best fit being for macroporosity. Summer/autumn relative yield had significant but negative relationships with macroporosity and the percentage of pores >300 μm at both 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil depths, and saturated hydraulic conductivity at 0–5 cm. Summation of yield data into seasonal totals gave more meaningful relationships with macroporosity, compared with summation over several individual yield harvests within a season. Macroporosity at 0–5 and 5–10 cm was the most useful indicator for predicting spring and summer/autumn pasture yields, but none of the physical measurements was a reliable indicator of total yield.
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Ofori, Francis, and W. R. Stern. "Relative Sowing Time and Density of Component Crops in a Maize/Cowpea Intercrop System." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 1 (1987): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700001113.
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SUMMARYThe effect of variations in the relative sowing time and density of component crops in a maize/cowpea intercrop were examined in two experiments. In the first experiment, maize and cowpea were sown together, and either 10 or 21 days before or after each other. Maize yield was reduced when sown at the same time or after cowpea; intercrop cowpea yields were less than sole cowpea yields at all sowings. In the second experiment, maize densities of 35, 50 and 70 × 103 plants ha−1 were combined with cowpea densities of 70, 100 and 140 × 103 plants ha−1. Increasing the density of either crop in the mixture resulted in increases in total yield. Maize reduced cowpea yields more than the effect of cowpea on maize yields. In terms of LER and total seed protein yield, there was no advantage of either staggered sowings over simultaneous sowing or of the various intercrop density combinations, except between the lowest and the highest densities of either maize or cowpea. The LERs appeared to follow the trends in cowpea yields and total seed protein yields the trends in maize yields.
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Ofori, Francis, and W. R. Stern. "Relative Sowing Time and Density of Component Crops in a Maize/Cowpea Intercrop System." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 1 (1987): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700003392.
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SUMMARYThe effect of variations in the relative sowing time and density of component crops in a maize/cowpea intercrop were examined in two experiments. In the first experiment, maize and cowpea were sown together, and either 10 or 21 days before or after each other. Maize yield was reduced when sown at the same time or after cowpea; intercrop cowpea yields were less than sole cowpea yields at all sowings. In the second experiment, maize densities of 35, 50 and 70 × 103plants ha−1were combined with cowpea densities of 70, 100 and 140 × 103plants ha−1. Increasing the density of either crop in the mixture resulted in increases in total yield. Maize reduced cowpea yields more than the effect of cowpea on maize yields. In terms of LER and total seed protein yield, there was no advantage of either staggered sowings over simultaneous sowing or of the various intercrop density combinations, except between the lowest and the highest densities of either maize or cowpea. The LERs appeared to follow the trends in cowpea yields and total seed protein yields the trends in maize yields.
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Holt, Nathan M., and Linda J. Young. "Testing the Assumption of Constant Relative Yield Total in Replacement Series Experiments." Sri Lankan Journal of Applied Statistics 5, no. 4 (2014): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljastats.v5i4.7783.
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Beltrao, Jose, Gulom Bekmirzaev, Jiftah Ben Asher, Manuel Costa, and Thomas Panagopoulos. "Linear Relationship of a Soil Total Water Potential Function and Relative Yield—A Technique to Control Salinity and Water Stress on Golf Courses and Other Irrigated Fields." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (2021): 1916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101916.
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A simple empirical approach is proposed for the determination of crop relative yield (%) through the soil total water potential (kPa). Recurring to decimal logarithms, from analytical exponential expressions, a linear simple relationship of soil total water potential Ψt (matric Ψm + potential Ψo) function and crop relative yield was studied and developed. The combination of the salinity model, the soil water retention model and the matric potential approach were used to reach this objective. The representation of turfgrass crop relative yield (%) versus a function of soil total water potential f(Ψt) values was shown through a log-normal graph (y = a + mx); the log scale axis “y” (ordinates) defines relative yield Yr, being two the origin ordinate “a” and “m” the slope; the normal decimal scale axis “x” (abscissa) is the function of soil total water potential f(Ψt). Hence, it is possible, using only two experimental points, to define a simple linear relation between a function of soil total water potential and crop relative yield, for a soil matric potential value lower than −20 kPa. This approach was first tested on golf courses (perennial turfgrass fields), but it was further decided to extend it to other annual crop fields, focused on the model generalization. The experimental plots were established, respectively, in Algarve, Alentejo and Oeiras (Portugal) and in the North Negev (Israel). Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems, under randomized blocks and/or water and salt gradient techniques, were used for water application with a precise irrigation water and salt distribution. Results indicated that there is a high agreement between the experimental and the prediction values (R2 = 0.92). Moreover, the precision of this very simple and easy tool applied to turfgrass fields and other irrigated soils, including their crop yields, under several different sites and climatic conditions, can contribute to its generalization.
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NeSmith, D. S. "Plant Spacing Influences Watermelon Yield and Yield Components." HortScience 28, no. 9 (1993): 885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.9.885.
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Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] cultivars StarBrite and Crimson Sweet were grown during 1991 and 1992 in rows 1.5 m apart at plant spacings of 0.9, 1.5, or 2.2 m. Total fruit yield, marketable fruit yield, fruit-weight distribution, and estimated gross returns were determined for each spacing treatment. Total and marketable fruit yields were greater overall for `StarBrite' than for `Crimson Sweet'. Except for 1991 `Crimson Sweet' yields, marketable fruit yields per unit land area increased 29% to 34% as plant spacing decreased from 2.2 to 0.9 m. The yield component contributing the most to increased yields with high-density plantings was increased fruit count per unit land area. Average fruit weight responded only slightly to decreased plant spacing. Fruit-weight distribution on a relative frequency scale was stable regardless of plant spacing or production year. The potential for increasing gross returns per unit land area exists by increasing watermelon plant populations beyond the current Georgia recommendation of 2500 to 3000 plants/ha.
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Ding, Xiaotao, Yuping Jiang, Dafeng Hui, et al. "Model Simulation of Cucumber Yield and Microclimate Analysis in a Semi-closed Greenhouse in China." HortScience 54, no. 3 (2019): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13703-18.
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Adequate greenhouse environmental management is very important for improving resource use efficiency and increasing vegetable yield. The objective of this study was to explore suitable climate and cultivation management for cucumber to achieve high yield and build optimal yield models in semi-closed greenhouses. A fruit cucumber cultivar Deltastar was grown over 4 years in greenhouse and weekly data of yields (mean, highest and lowest) and environmental variables, including total radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration were collected. Regression analyses were applied to develop the relationships and build best regression models of yields with environmental variables using the first 2 years of data. Data collected in years 3 and 4 were used for model validation. Results showed that total radiation, nutrient, temperature, CO2 concentration, and average nighttime relative humidity had significant correlations with cucumber yields. The best regression models fit the mean, lowest, and highest yields very well with R2 values of 0.67, 0.66, and 0.64, respectively. Total radiation and air temperature had the most significant contributions to the variations of the yields. Our results of this study provide useful information for improving greenhouse climate management and yield forecast in semi-closed greenhouses.
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Balyan, H. S., and Tejbir Singh. "Character association analysis in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Genome 29, no. 2 (1987): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-068.
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Grain yield of wheat as a component characteristic of total dry matter (biological) yield is governed by harvest index (V. P. Kulshrestha and H. K. Jain. 1982. Z. Pflanzenzuecht. 89: 19–30). At the phenotypic level, both the grain and biological yields are dependent upon a number of measurable agronomic characteristics such as plant height, tiller number, spike length, and grains per spike, etc. From a breeder's point of view, it is of great value to know the relative significance of these characteristics in determining grain yield to design appropriate selection strategies. The present study evaluated the covariability of yield in relation to various agronomic traits and ascertained their direct and indirect contributions towards grain yield. Key words: wheat, grain yield.
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Jokinen, Kari. "Competition and yield advantage in barley-barley and barley-oats mixtures." Agricultural and Food Science 63, no. 4 (1991): 255–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72403.
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Competition and yield advantage in barley varietal mixtures and in barley-oats mixtures were investigated. The trials were based on replacement series, but in a few cases the overall density of the stand was varied on the basis of an addition series. Both models of competition, one based on the de Wit model and the other upon a linear regression model, agreed as to which component was the dominant and which was the subordinate in the mixture. The competition coefficients from regression analyses depicted competition between components better in a dense than in a sparse stand. The competitive ability of a genotype did not depend directly upon individual characters of the genotype, such as rate of initial development, earliness, culm height, tillering capacity or grain yield in monoculture (adaptation), A good combination of characters from the viewpoint of competition was provided by the barley cv. Arra with its rapid initial development and rapid culm growth (earliness), the variety being dominant irrespective of number of components in the mixture, stand density, level of nitrogen fertilization or growing season. This suggests that competitive relations and distribution of resources within a mixture are determined at an early stage in the growing period. In other cases the competitive ability of a genotype varied from one environment to another with the competitive relations between components being inconsistent. The dominance of an aggressor usually increased with increasing nitrogen fertilization especially when the total density of the stand was high. As a rule, competition affected all the components of yield with the kernel weight being least affected. The grain yield of varietal mixtures did not differ from the yield of the highest yielding component grown alone, i.e., mixtures did not over yield. The relative yield total of varietal mixtures was higher at low (RYT > 1) than at optimal densities (RYT =1). Also the relative yield total was higher under conditions where the nitrogen fertilization was not optimal. The results of a varietal trial repeated during three successive years indicated that the relative yield total of a given mixture varied from one growing season to another, fluctuating around unity. Thus highly adapted barley varieties appear to compete for the same resources, and the grain yield advantage of such mixtures is marginal. The results of the barley-oats mixture trials revealed that the mixture may over yield. The relative yield totals of barley-oats mixtures were usually equal to or greater than unity the latter suggesting that the mixtures of barley and oats may use resources more efficiently than monocultures, and some grain yield advantage could be achieved with such mixtures. The protein yield of the barley-oats mixtures did not differ from the yield of the highest yielding component grown alone. The ratio of actual and expected protein yield and the relative protein yield total were usually slightly greater than one. The grain yields of mixtures were not consistently more stable than monocultures as determined by the coefficient of variation.
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Donald, William W. "Between-Observer Differences in Relative Corn Yield vs. Rated Weed Control." Weed Technology 20, no. 1 (2006): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-04-294r.1.
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Crop yield and weed control rating have been used to measure weed and crop response to weed management treatments, eliminate unacceptable weed management treatments, and select “best” treatments for recommendation to farmers. However, the mathematical relationship between crop yield and rated weed control has not been reported before from such treated screening experiments. Likewise, differences have not been reported before in rated weed control among experienced observers (i.e., reliability) when rating the same experiments and for an experienced observer over time (i.e., repeatability). Data from published experiments on zone herbicide application in field corn in which weeds reduced yield to various amounts were reanalyzed to examine these issues. For this study, relative corn yield was calculated as a percentage of the 1× broadcast herbicide rate for two observers and either three experimental site-years or their average. For observer A, relative corn yield (%) increased linearly as rated total weed control (%) increased for all 3 site-yr and their average. For observer B, equations were curvilinear in 2 of 3 site-yr. For both observers, equations accounted for little data variability in relative corn yield (r2= 0.25 and 0.25 in site-year 1, respectively, 0.38 and 0.36 in site-year 2, 0.58 and 0.57 in site-year 3, and 0.43 and 0.42 for their average). When rated total weed control by observer A was graphed against that of observer B, the relationship was a nearly ideal 1:1 linear relationship in only 1 of 3 site-yr. In two other site-years, equations were nonlinear, indicating that one observer distinguished smaller differences between treatments at lower rated control than the other observer. Between-row total weed cover and in-row total weed height influenced observer weed control rating.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Relative yield total"
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Siebrecht-Schöll, Daniel Johannes. "Züchterische Analyse von acht Winterackerbohnengenotypen für den Gemengeanbau mit Winterweizen." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-128E-7.
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Streit, Juliane. "Biomass, root distribution and overyielding potential of faba bean/wheat and white clover/ryegrass mixtures." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E589-7.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Relative yield total"
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Aderinoye-Abdulwahab, S. A., and T. A. Abdulbaki. "Climate Change Adaptation Strategies Among Cereal Farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_228.
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AbstractAgriculture is the art and science of food production which spans soil cultivation, crop growing, and livestock rearing. Over the years, it has served as a means of employment and accounts for more than one-third of total gross domestic product. Cereals, which include rice, maize, and sorghum, are the major dietary energy suppliers and they provide significant amounts of protein, minerals (potassium and calcium), and vitamins (vitamin A and C). The growth and good yield of cereal crop can be greatly influenced by elements of weather and climate such as temperature, sunlight, and relative humidity. While climate determines the choice of what plant to cultivate and how to cultivate, it has been undoubtedly identified as one of the fundamental factors that determine both crop cultivation and livestock keeping. The chapter, though theoretical, adopted Kwara State, Nigeria, as the focus due to favorable weather conditions that support grains production. It was observed that the effect of climate change on cereal production includes: drastic reduction in grains production, reduction in farmers’ profit level, increment in cost during production, diversification to nonfarming activities, and discouragement of youth from participating in agricultural activities. Also, the adopted coping strategies employed by farmers in the focus site were early planting, planting of improved variety, irrigation activities, alternates crop rotation, and cultivation of more agricultural areas. The chapter thus concluded that climate change has negative impact on cereals production and recommends that government should provide communal irrigation facilities that will cushion the effect of low rains on farmers’ productivity, while early planting and cultivation of drought-resistant cultivars should be encouraged.
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Rangvid, Jesper. "Economic growth and drivers of stock returns." In From Main Street to Wall Street. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866404.003.0005.
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This chapter studies how yields, growth, and valuation changes, introduced in the previous chapter, relate to economic activity in the long run.The chapter discusses reasons why there could be a relation between drivers of stock returns and economic growth in the first place. It also presents the empirical evidence. Aggregate earnings has historicallylined up with growth in total economic activity.Also, GNP per capitahas grown alongside stock prices, dividends per share, and earnings per share. Since the 1980s, though, share prices have risen relative to earnings and dividends, partly because firms have used earnings to buy back shares. Similarly, the aggregate value of the stock market has outpaced aggregate GDP during recent decades. The chapter discusses potential explanations.
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Collignon, Fabienne. "Insect Technics: War Vision Machines." In Cold War Legacies. Edinburgh University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474409483.003.0013.
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This chapter investigates insectile weapons systems, 'weird' war machines that, in one way or another, pertain to a 'becoming-insect'. Jussi Parikka argues that ‘insect media’ might yield a weird futurity that emerges due to modes of perception that are radically other. Yet this ontology of perceptive enmeshment also functions as immersion into sovereign super power and its swarm technologies. What Peter Sloterdijk calls an ‘aesthetics of immersion’ is considered in relation to ‘weird’ (China Miéville) war machines, focusing on the 1960s anti-missile missile project Safeguard in North Dakota. This pyramidal architecture of ‘defense’ also repeats a gigantic insect eye on each side of its building, whose fly-like ‘gaze’ transposes a wish to perceive the latent dimensions of the earth as total vision-field. Safeguard is linked to newer conceptualizations of war machinery whose ‘scopic’ regime operates through drone warfare. As a networked entity, the drone, also fly-like, acts in a functional circle of immersion and death distribution: the ‘face’ of the drone as expression of a weird futurity in which the notion of the insectile expresses, updates, super power as affective, rhythmic, a ‘becoming-insect’ that maintains a ‘thanatopolitics’.
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"Grenadiers of the World Oceans: Biology, Stock Assessment, and Fisheries." In Grenadiers of the World Oceans: Biology, Stock Assessment, and Fisheries, edited by Juan Gil, Jesús Canoura, Yolanda Vila, and Ignacio Sobrino. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874004.ch5.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—The principal aim of this study is to describe the distribution patterns of abundance and biomass, on a seasonal and bathymetric basis of the main macrourid species from the Spanish Gulf of Cadiz. The results from 23 bottom-trawl surveys carried out in the study area in spring and autumn of 1993–2006 were analyzed. The most abundant species captured were common Atlantic grenadier <em>Nezumia aequalis </em>and saddled grenadier <em>Coelorinchus coelorhincus. </em>In terms of biomass, softhead grenadier <em>Malacocephalus laevis </em>was the third most important species and bluntsnout grenadier <em>Nezumia sclerorhynchus </em>and glasshead grenadier <em>Hymenocephalus italicus </em>were the least abundant species. Of the five species caught in the surveys, only <em>N. aequalis</em>, <em>M. laevis </em>and <em>C. coelorhincus </em>were analyzed in detail; their yields expressed in number of individuals/h represented the higher values and showed higher yields in spring than in autumn, suggesting a seasonal pattern of abundance. However, <em>C. coelorhincus </em>did not show this pattern except between 1999 and 2004. <em>N. aequalis </em>showed the widest bathymetric range. The observed yields in the depth gradient for the three species revealed species-specific preferences for a determinate depth range. In relation to mean total size, larger individuals of <em>M. laevis </em>and <em>N. aequalis </em>were observed during the March surveys. <em>C. coelorhincus </em>was the only species that showed a slight increase in mean size with increasing depth.
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"Grenadiers of the World Oceans: Biology, Stock Assessment, and Fisheries." In Grenadiers of the World Oceans: Biology, Stock Assessment, and Fisheries, edited by Juan Gil, Jesús Canoura, Yolanda Vila, and Ignacio Sobrino. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874004.ch5.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—The principal aim of this study is to describe the distribution patterns of abundance and biomass, on a seasonal and bathymetric basis of the main macrourid species from the Spanish Gulf of Cadiz. The results from 23 bottom-trawl surveys carried out in the study area in spring and autumn of 1993–2006 were analyzed. The most abundant species captured were common Atlantic grenadier <em>Nezumia aequalis </em>and saddled grenadier <em>Coelorinchus coelorhincus. </em>In terms of biomass, softhead grenadier <em>Malacocephalus laevis </em>was the third most important species and bluntsnout grenadier <em>Nezumia sclerorhynchus </em>and glasshead grenadier <em>Hymenocephalus italicus </em>were the least abundant species. Of the five species caught in the surveys, only <em>N. aequalis</em>, <em>M. laevis </em>and <em>C. coelorhincus </em>were analyzed in detail; their yields expressed in number of individuals/h represented the higher values and showed higher yields in spring than in autumn, suggesting a seasonal pattern of abundance. However, <em>C. coelorhincus </em>did not show this pattern except between 1999 and 2004. <em>N. aequalis </em>showed the widest bathymetric range. The observed yields in the depth gradient for the three species revealed species-specific preferences for a determinate depth range. In relation to mean total size, larger individuals of <em>M. laevis </em>and <em>N. aequalis </em>were observed during the March surveys. <em>C. coelorhincus </em>was the only species that showed a slight increase in mean size with increasing depth.
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"Black Bass Diversity: Multidisciplinary Science for Conservation." In Black Bass Diversity: Multidisciplinary Science for Conservation, edited by Travis R. Ingram and John M. Kilpatrick. American Fisheries Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874400.ch15.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—The largest native population of Shoal Bass <em>Micropterus cataractae</em> inhabits the Flint River, Georgia and remains relatively unstudied. We examined demographic characteristics of the population in the lower Flint River that is bounded by reservoirs during 2009–2011. We anchor tagged 741 Shoal Bass to evaluate the percentage of caught fish that were harvested. Shoal bass (<em>n</em> = 187) were sacrificed for age and growth analysis. Ages of sampled fish ranged from age 1 to 11. Von Bertalanffy growth parameter estimates were <EM>L</EM><sub>∞</sub> = 564 mm, <EM>K</EM> = 0.312, and<em> t</em><sub>0</sub> = –0.089. Male and female growth rates were similar, with the mean Shoal Bass requiring 2.4 years to reach 305 mm and 5.1 years to reach 457 mm. Growth rates of Shoal Bass were greater than those of previously studied populations and Largemouth Bass <em>M. salmoides</em> in the Flint River and an impoundment bounding the upper end of the study site. Annual total pooled mortality was 49%. Forty-one percent of caught Shoal Bass were harvested by anglers (range 31–60%). Our results suggest that with current population characteristics, an increase in the minimum length limit would not increase yield to the recreational fishery.
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Smith, Richard, and paul slack. "Plagues and Peoples The Long Demographic Cycle, 1250–1670." In The Peopling of Britain. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198297598.003.0012.
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The following discussion is focused around a consideration of what will be termed a ‘long population cycle’ from the late thirteenth century through to the late seventeenth century. In so far as this consideration is directed towards a society that may be unambiguously categorized as ‘preindustrial’ throughout this era, it is unavoidable that at various stages of the argument it will be necessary to engage with the classical Malthusian model of the relationship between living standards and population growth rates, although some assessment will be made of the role played by epidemic disease in determining both the width and depth of the cycle. In addition an attempt will be made to chart the principal changes to the economy and society relating to shifting numbers and geographical distribution of persons on the land during the extensive phases of demographic decline and recovery. Before engaging with theory and explanations of long-term trends some mundanely empirical steps will be taken so that the broad dimensions of the ‘cycle’ might be established. Empiricism is no straightforward endeavour in the absence of serial census records of any kind, let alone individual census counts for randomly distributed moments, over this extensive fourcentury period. It is at least fortunate that the final 150 years of the cycle yield evidence from parish registers, which in recent years have been exploited by historical demographers in ways that make it possible to establish annual population totals and vital rates from 1541. In attempting to establish population trends and totals before a system of parochial registration of baptisms, marriages, and burials was in place, historians succumb to what Sir Michael Postan (1966: 561) once termed the ‘lure of aggregates’ by engaging in decidedly problematic, although unavoidable, exercises. In this present discussion we are in danger of incurring Postan’s wrath since we employ one central and vital source that relates to demographic conditions in one year only, around which a key argument in this discussion revolves.
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Reed, Mike, and A. J. Pratt. "Managing Centrarchid Fisheries in Rivers and Streams." In Managing Centrarchid Fisheries in Rivers and Streams, edited by Chris Williamson, Nick Girondo, Paul Cieslewicz, et al. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874523.ch7.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Angler harvest and population characteristics of Smallmouth Bass <em> Micropterus dolomieu </em>were assessed through electrofishing surveys and tagging 3,027 fish with reward tags at six sites on five Ozark streams. Growth, exploitation, and mortality were estimated for each site. Predicted population responses to higher length limits were simulated using Fishery Analysis and Modeling Simulator software. Tag return rates ranged between 37% and 64%, angler release rates ranged between 63% and 94%, and annual exploitation ranged between 5% and 26%. The median time at-large for tags returned within one year of tagging ranged from 22 to 47 d of the tagging date. Growth rates were relatively slow, as mean time to reach 305 mm was 4.9 years and mean time to reach 381 mm was 7.8 years. Total annual mortality estimates ranged from 37% to 55%. Annual natural mortality estimates ranged from 13% to 33%. Predicted responses to higher length limits varied considerably by site because of differences in estimated rate functions. Although simulations predicted small increases (0.54–2.73 fish/100 recruits >381 mm) in the number of larger fish with the 381-mm length limit at five of six sites, predicted increases were substantial (17 fish/100 recruits >381 mm) and yield increased 6% at the Current River-Powder Mill site. Individuals in the Current River-Powder Mill site were not reaching their full growth potential due to growth overfishing, while simulations of the remaining five populations indicated no growth overfishing under current conditions and regulations. The combined effects of natural mortality and slow growth limited the effectiveness of higher length limits. Under most conditions, the statewide length limit of 305 mm was adequate to balance the desire of quality fishing and harvest opportunities on most Ozark streams. Our study indicates that fisheries at select stream reaches may be improved by higher length limits where exploitation is high, growth is adequate, and natural mortality is low.
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"8 The ten largest Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas in 229 order of population sized 1991 9.9 Extreme percentage values of population change—people over 230 65, unemployed, Black and Hispanic 9.10 A comparison of the largest urban agglomerations in six parts 231 of the world 10.1 Mineral resources of the USA, Canada and Australia in 236 percentages of the world total 10.2 Demographic profiles of selected countries 237 10.3 Calendar for Canada, Australia and New Zealand 240 10.4 Wheat yields 240 10.5 Area and population of the provinces of Canada, the states of 242 Australia, and New Zealand 10.6 The direction of Australian foreign trade, 1951 and 1990 243 11.1 Latin American calendar from 1492 to the present 250 11.2 Demographic features of the twenty-three largest Latin 253 American countries 11.3 Economic and social aspects of the twenty-three largest Latin 254 American countries 11.4 Demographic and social data for the states of Mexico, 1990 265 11.5 Data set for the states of Brazil and the macro-regions 273 11.6 Forest and woodland in northern and central South America 275 11.7 Population in millions in the North region of Brazil in relation 278 to the total population of Brazil, 1872–2000." In Geography of the World's Major Regions. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203429815-178.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Relative yield total"
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Kheirabadi, Ali C., and Dominic Groulx. "A Comparison of Numerical Strategies for Optimal Liquid Cooled Heat Sink Design." In ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2016-7076.
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This study compares two common numerical strategies for modeling flow and heat transfer through mini- and micro-channel heat sinks: the unit cell approach and a complete three dimensional unified approach. Conjugate heat transfer and laminar flow through a copper-water heat sink over a 2×2 cm2 heat source have been modelled using the finite element method within COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0; with the primary objective being to identify the channel width at which the two models yield similar temperature and pressure predictions. Parametric studies that varied channel widths showed that as these widths were reduced, and the total number of channels increased, temperature and pressure predictions from both models converged to similar values. Relative differences as low as 5.4 and 1.6 % were attained at a channel width of 0.25 mm for maximum wall temperatures and channel pressure drops, respectively. Based upon its computational efficiency and conservative over prediction of wall temperatures, the unit cell approach is recommended as a superior design tool for parametric design studies at channel widths of less than 0.5 mm.
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Bursal, Faruk H. "Transient Vibration Reduction Through the Use of Dual Absorbers." In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0558.
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Abstract The dual absorber configuration is shown to exhibit considerable improvements with respect to transient vibration over the conventional, single-absorber design for the same amount of total absorber mass. The term transient as used in this paper refers to monotonic changes in frequency during the start-up and shut-down of rotating machinery. The use of the frequency response as a design tool for this kind of transient is motivated by a quasi-staticity argument, which presumes the change in the operating frequency to be slow relative to the natural period of the oscillations. New tuning rules for dual absorbers are presented that yield near-optimal levels of transient vibration reduction along with significant steady-state attenuation. The improvements obtainable by using dual absorbers become more pronounced when the system changes its speed of rotation more slowly. The dual absorber design appears to exhibit the best overall vibration reduction characteristics among all passive absorbers tested and can also be installed retroactively onto an existing absorber setup. Because the design shares the simplicity of construction and maintenance of other passive absorbers, it is believed to be an excellent alternative to more complicated active or semi-active absorbers in many situations.
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Chung, Chunhui, Glenn Melendez, and Imin Kao. "Experimental Study of Lapping Using Mixed Abrasive Grits." In ASME 2009 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2009-84210.
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Wafers made of materials such as silicon, III-V and II-VI compounds, and optoelectronic materials, require high-degree of surface quality in order to increase the yield in micro-electronics fabrication to produce IC chips and devices. Measures of properties of surface quality of wafers include: nanotopography, surface morphology, global planarization, total thickness variation (TTV) and warp. Due to the reduction of feature size in micro-electronics fabrication, the requirements of such properties become more and more stringent. To meet such requirements, the wafer manufacturing processes of brittle semiconductor materials, such as slicing, lapping, grinding, and polishing have been continually improved. In this paper, the lapping process of wafer surface treatment is studied with experimental results of surface roughness and material removal rate. In order to improve the performance of lapping process, effects of mixed abrasive grits in the slurry of the free abrasive machining (FAM) processes are studied using a single-sided wafer-lapping machine. Under the same slurry density, experiments employing different mixing ratios of large and small abrasive grits, and various normal loadings on the wafer surface applied through a jig are conducted for parameter study. With various mixing ratios and loadings, observations and measurements such as the total amount of material removed, material removal rate, surface roughness, and relative angular velocity are presented and discussed in this paper. The experiments show that the half-half mixing ratio of abrasives removes more material than other mixing ratios under the same conditions, but with a higher surface roughness. The results of this study can provide a good reference to the FAM processes that practitioners use today by exploiting different mixing ratios and loadings of abrasive slurry in the manufacturing processes.
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Schmid, Norbert R., Dirk C. Leinhos, and Leonhard Fottner. "Steady Performance Measurements of a Turbofan Engine With Inlet Distortions Containing Co- and Counter-Rotating Swirl From an Intake Diffuser for Hypersonic Flight." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0011.
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The influence of distorted inlet flow on the steady and unsteady performance of a turbofan engine which is a component of an airbreathing combined propulsion system for a hypersonic transport aircraft is reported in this paper. The performance and stability of this propulsion system depends on the behavior of the turbofan engine. The complex shape of the intake duct causes inhomogeneous flow at the engine inlet plane, where total pressure and swirl distortions are present. The S-bend intakes are installed axisymmetrically left and right into the hypersonic aircraft hence generating axisymmetrical mirror inverted flow patterns. Since all turbo engines of the propulsion system have the same direction of rotation, one distortion corresponds to a co-rotating swirl at the low pressure compressor (LPC) inlet while the mirror inverted image counterpart represents a counter-rotating swirl. Therefore the influence of the distortions on the performance and stability of the ‘CO’ and ‘COUNTER’ rotating turbo engine are differing, respectively. Both distortions were generated separately by an appropriate simulator at the inlet plane of a LARZAC 04 engine. The results of low frequency measurements at different engine planes yield the relative variations of thrust and specific fuel consumption and hence the steady engine performance. High frequency measurements were used to investigate the different influence of CO and COUNTER inlet distortions on the development of LPC instabilities.
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Ronevich, Joseph A., Chris San Marchi, and Dorian K. Balch. "Temperature Effects on Fracture Thresholds of Hydrogen Precharged Stainless Steel Welds." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65603.
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Austenitic stainless steels are typically used in hydrogen environments due to their resistance to hydrogen embrittlement; however, the behavior of welds is not as well understood and can vary from wrought base materials due to chemical composition differences and the presence of ferrite in the fusion zone of the weld. Applications of welded austenitic stainless steels exposed to hydrogen are not limited to room temperature but also include sub-ambient environments, which can have an additional effect on the degradation. In this study, fracture thresholds were measured of three different austenitic stainless steel welds in the hydrogen-precharged condition. Forged 304L, 316L, and 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn stainless steels were gas tungsten arc welded with 308L filler metal and machined into 3-pt bend bars for fracture testing. Crack growth resistance (J-R) curves were measured of the three welds in the hydrogen-precharged condition at ambient (293 K) and sub-ambient (223 K) temperatures to determine the effects of temperature on fracture threshold. Fracture thresholds were determined using elastic-plastic fracture mechanics through development of J-R curves to determine the stress intensity factor following standard practice for determination of fracture toughness. Fracture threshold tests for the welds revealed significant susceptibility to subcritical cracking when tested in the hydrogen-precharged condition. The 21-6-9/308L and 304L/308L welds exhibited some variability in fracture thresholds that did not appear to trend with temperature, while the 316L/308L weld exhibited a reduction of over 50% in fracture threshold at the lower temperature compared to room temperature. In addition to fracture testing, mini-tensile specimens were extracted from the weld region and tested at 293 K and 223 K in the hydrogen-precharged condition. Hydrogen-precharging slightly increased the yield strength relative to the as-welded condition for all three welds at both temperatures. For all three welds, hydrogen reduced the total elongation by 3–11% at 293 K, whereas reductions in total elongation from 50–64% were observed at 223 K (relative to room temperature without hydrogen). The role of slip planarity on hydrogen-induced degradation of ductility and fracture resistance is discussed as a function of temperature, nickel content, and hydrogen. The fracture surfaces were examined to elucidate the observed differences and similarities in mechanical properties.
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Liu, Ming, Yong-Yi Wang, and David Horsley. "Significance of HAZ Softening on Strain Concentration and Crack Driving Force in Pipeline Girth Welds." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67039.
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Modern micro-alloyed, control-rolled TMCP steels generally have good strength, high toughness, and good weldability. However, these valuable properties come along with certain undesirable features, such as low strain hardening (high yield to tensile ratio), low ductility as measured by uniform elongation (elongation at ultimate tensile strength), and possible heat-affect-zone (HAZ) softening due to reduced hardenability. These undesirable features are particularly detrimental in strain-based design of pipelines. Although the phenomenon of HAZ softening has been known for a long time, the impact of the HAZ softening on the integrity of pipeline girth welds was not well understood. The objective of this work was to understand the impact of HAZ softening on girth weld integrity. Finite element analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of HAZ softening on crack driving force and strain concentration in girth welds under longitudinal tensile loading. The material properties of WM and BM were obtained from an X100 girth weld. The HAZ was modeled as a functionally graded material based on its measured hardness. The models contained surface-breaking defects located at the fusion boundary simulating lack-of-sidewall fusion defects. The analysis results showed that increased CTOD driving force can be expected due to HAZ softening. The extent of increase is positively related to the width and degree of softening of the HAZ. On the other hand, weld strength overmatch reduces the total CTOD driving force. The strain concentration in the softened HAZ circumferentially remote from a surface-breaking defect was small. However, high strain concentration existed over the circumference covering the length of the defect. This concentration was primarily attributable to the existence of the defect and secondarily to the HAZ softening. One significant result from this work was that the relative increase in CTOD driving force and strain concentration due to HAZ softening was independent of defect size. In other words, on a relative basis, HAZ softening was no worse on large defects than on smaller defects. This result should be helpful in rationalizing the effects of HAZ softening for defects of various sizes that exist in field applications. Non-symmetrical crack-tip deformation occurred with softened HAZ. A large proportion of the crack-tip deformation was located in the HAZ. The magnitude of non-symmetric deformation increased with the increase of HAZ width and degree of softening. Even higher degree of non-symmetric deformation occurred with the increase of weld overmatching level. The structural significance of reduced total CTOD driving force and increased un-symmetric deformation at the crack tip due to weld strength overmatch warrants further study. The reduction in total CTOD driving force alone does not necessarily results in a higher level of weld integrity if the “intrinsic” toughness of the HAZ is substantially lower than the weld metal.
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Fang, Wei, David B. Kittelson, and William F. Northrop. "Dilution Sensitivity of Particulate Matter Emissions From Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1092.
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Dual-fuel reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion can yield high thermal efficiency and simultaneously low NOx and soot emissions. Although soot emissions from RCCI is very low, hydrocarbon emissions are high, potentially resulting in higher than desired total particulate matter (PM) mass and number caused by semi-volatile species converting the particle phase upon primary dilution in the exhaust plume. Such high organic fraction PM is known to be highly sensitive to the dilution conditions used when collecting samples on a filter or when measuring particle number using particle sizing instruments. In this study, PM emissions from a modified single-cylinder diesel engine operating in RCCI and conventional diesel combustion modes were investigated under different dilution conditions. To investigate the effect of the fumigated fuel on the PM emissions, 150 proof hydrous ethanol and gasoline were used as low reactivity fuels to study the relative contribution of fumigant versus directly injected fuel on the PM emissions. Our study found that PM from RCCI combustion is more sensitive to the variation of dilution conditions than PM from single fuel conventional diesel combustion. RCCI PM primarily consisted of semi-volatile organic compounds and a smaller amount of solid carbonaceous particles. The fumigated fuel had a significant effect on the PM emissions characteristics for RCCI combustion. Hydrous ethanol fueled RCCI PM contained a larger fraction of volatile materials and were more sensitive to the variation of dilution conditions compared to the gasoline fueled RCCI mode.
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Huffman, Clark. "An Analytical Approach for Below the Bubble Point, Black-Oil System Production Analysis and Optimization." In ASME 2001 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2001-17119.
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Abstract The ability to predict well inflow performance for varying well and reservoir conditions is important when optimizing production. Many methods exist to estimate a well’s current productive capacity (IPR curve) and extensions to the methods are available for predicting future well performance. The extensions to predict future inflow performance behavior account for changes in relative permeability and assume an average reservoir pressure. The applicability and accuracy of the methods depends on knowledge of reservoir parameters which may be difficult to obtain in low permeability reservoirs. Several authors have presented methods of analyzing and history matching well performance. These methods typically yield reservoir parameters which may be used in the well inflow performance methods in order to investigate the results of varying well production parameters. These methods are particularly useful in low permeability settings where interpretable welltest data may be difficult to obtain or prohibitively expensive. Currently, the analytical history matching approach is most accurate when applied to single-phase systems. Predictions of black oil reservoir performance below the bubble point can exhibit large error since depletion of the total reservoir energy is not accounted for using the constant gas-oil ratio approach typical for these methods. This paper presents a method to analyze well performance of black oil systems below the bubble point. The method incorporates a material balance approach to account for changing gas-oil ratios as the reservoir is depleted. Prediction of future well performance is also presented. Along with reservoir characterization, another benefit of the method is the ability to construct IPR curves at any point in order to optimize production. The proposed method uses a pseudo pressure transform to account for changes in fluid properties as the reservoir pressure is depleted. Relative permeability changes can be incorporated in the pseudo pressure transform. Comparisons to finite difference simulation results and actual productio data are presented. Comparisons of future IPR curves generated by other methods are also presented.
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Lee, Huei-Huang, Sheng-Jye Hwang, Durn-Yuan Huang, and Yeong-Jyh Lin. "Mold Adhesion Force Measurement." In ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33826.
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During the encapsulation process of IC packages, when epoxy molding compound (EMC) is filling the mold cavity and cured in the mold, adhesion effects occur in the interface between EMC and mold surface. Adhesion effects can cause many problems. For example, too large an adhesion force may damage an IC during ejection and cause the package to fail and thus lower the yield rate and reliability. To get rid of the mold adhesion problems, improving the mold design and applying suitable surface treatments such as mold surface coating are the common approaches. Applying suitable surface coating is a more popular and practical approach. How to evaluate the mold adhesion force and use the data to improve products yield rate are the main issues for packaging. This paper uses a semi-automatic EMC adhesion force test instrument that had been developed and fabricated to measure normal and shear adhesion forces between the mold surface and EMC. By measuring the adhesion force, one can judge how much does a specific type of surface treatment help in reducing the amount of mold adhesion force. Nine kinds of various mold surface coating were tested with this instrument to measure the magnitude of adhesion force between EMC to determine the effectiveness of mold coating. The measured data showed that with different coatings on mold surface, the mold adhesion force can be very different. This paper also discussed the issue of successive normal force test. Engineers would use the most effective mold coating material to execute the continuous normal adhesion experiment. The variation of normal force during successive molding test could be used to predict the time for mold cleaning. By counting the total number of shots when the normal force begins to rise, engineers can accurately predict the number of shots for a specific kind of mold surface coating to be cleaned. This paper also described the effects of defrosting period on mold adhesion force of EMC. Defrosting is a process to increase the frozen EMC temperature to room temperature and stay at room temperature for some time before molding. It was found by molding engineers that increased defrosting time period would increase the frequency of mold cleaning. But there had been no quantitative description on how much mold adhesion force increase during the defrosting process. A semi-automatic EMC adhesion force test instrument was used to evaluate the effects of defrosting period on mold adhesion force of EMC. It was found that increase the defrosting time will increase the amount of adhesion force between EMC and mold surface. The higher is the relative humidity during defrosting on the adhesion force, the higher is the increase of adhesion force.
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Sepehri, A., and K. Farhang. "Approximate Closure Equations for Elastic Contact of Nominally Flat Rough Surfaces." In ASME/STLE 2007 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2007-44290.
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A hybrid interactive/optimization technique is used to derive in approximate closed form equations relating contact load to mean plane separation. Equations governing Hertz contact for the interaction of surface asperities are considered in which asperity shoulder-to-shoulder contact results in normal and tangential components of force. The normal component of asperity force is summed statistically to find total normal force between the two surfaces. The tangential component of asperity force, summed statistically, yields zero total force due to the symmetry of the distributed tangential force components. The tangential force over a half-plane corresponding to a select direction is found accounting for the directionality of the tangential component of asperity forces. Two sets of approximate equations are found for each of the normal and half-plane tangential force components. The simplest forms of the approximate equations achieve accuracy to within five (5) percent error, while other forms yield approximation error within 0.2 percent.
Reports on the topic "Relative yield total"
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Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.
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From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor