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Journal articles on the topic 'Relaxin-like factor'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Bamberger, Ana-Maria, Richard Ivell, Marga Balvers, Bianca Kelp, Christoph M. Bamberger, Lutz Riethdorf, and Thomas Löning. "Relaxin-Like Factor (RLF)." International Journal of Gynecological Pathology 18, no. 2 (April 1999): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004347-199904000-00011.

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2

Ivell, R. "Biology of the relaxin-like factor (RLF)." Reviews of Reproduction 2, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/revreprod/2.3.133.

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3

Ivell, R. "Biology of the relaxin-like factor (RLF)." Reviews of Reproduction 2, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ror.0.0020133.

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4

Büllesbach, Erika E., and Christian Schwabe. "Specific, High Affinity Relaxin-like Factor Receptors." Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, no. 32 (August 6, 1999): 22354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.32.22354.

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5

Büllesbach, Erika E., Richard Rhodes, Barbara Rembiesa, and Christian Schwabe. "The Relaxin-Like Factor Is a Hormone." Endocrine 10, no. 2 (1999): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/endo:10:2:167.

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6

Büllesbach, Erika E., and Christian Schwabe. "LGR8 Signal Activation by the Relaxin-like Factor." Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, no. 15 (February 10, 2005): 14586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m414443200.

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7

Schwabe, Christian, and Erika E. Büllesbach. "The “Hot Wires” of the Relaxin-Like Factor (Insl3)." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1160, no. 1 (April 2009): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03779.x.

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8

Tomboc, Marlah, Peter A. Lee, Mohamed F. Mitwally, Francis X. Schneck, Mark Bellinger, and Selma F. Witchel. "Insulin-like 3/Relaxin-Like Factor Gene Mutations Are Associated with Cryptorchidism1." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 85, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 4013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.11.6935.

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Cryptorchidism is a common anomaly of male sexual differentiation. Two phases of testicular descent are recognized, transabdominal and inguinoscrotal. With evidence that androgens and Müllerian inhibitory hormone were not completely responsible for testicular descent, the existence of a third testicular hormone mediating testicular descent was postulated. Insulin-like 3 (INSL3) [also known as relaxin-like factor (RLF) and Leydig insulin-like protein (LEY I-L)] is a member of the insulin/relaxin hormone superfamily that is highly expressed in Leydig cells. The phenotype of transgenic mice with

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9

Tomboc, M. "Insulin-like 3/Relaxin-Like Factor Gene Mutations Are Associated with Cryptorchidism." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 85, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 4013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.85.11.4013.

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10

Ivell, Richard, and Ross A. D. Bathgate. "Reproductive Biology of the Relaxin-Like Factor (RLF/INSL3)1." Biology of Reproduction 67, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.102.005199.

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11

Hombach-Klonisch, Sabine, Johannes Kauffold, Tanja Rautenberg, Klaus Steger, Frank Tetens, Bernd Fischer, and Thomas Klonisch. "Relaxin-like factor (RLF) mRNA expression in the fallow deer." Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 159, no. 1-2 (January 2000): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0303-7207(99)00190-2.

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12

Negishi, Shinichi, Yong Li, Arvydas Usas, Freddie H. Fu, and Johnny Huard. "The Effect of Relaxin Treatment on Skeletal Muscle Injuries." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 12 (December 2005): 1816–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546505278701.

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Background Injured skeletal muscle can repair itself via spontaneous regeneration; however, the overproduction of extracellular matrix and excessive collagen deposition lead to fibrosis. Neutralization of the effect of transforming growth factor-β1, a key fibrotic cytokine, on myogenic cell differentiation after muscle injury can prevent fibrosis, enhance muscle regeneration, and thereby improve the functional recovery of injured muscle. Hypothesis The hormone relaxin, a member of the family of insulin-like growth factors, can act as an antifibrosis agent and improve the healing of injured mus

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13

McDonald, Glenn A., Pradip Sarkar, Helmut Rennke, Elaine Unemori, Raghu Kalluri, and Vikas P. Sukhatme. "Relaxin increases ubiquitin-dependent degradation of fibronectin in vitro and ameliorates renal fibrosis in vivo." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 285, no. 1 (July 2003): F59—F67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00157.2002.

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Fibronectin, a large adhesive glycoprotein, is a prominent constituent of the extracellular matrix. Abnormalities in fibronectin homeostasis occur in numerous disease states, ranging from primary fibrosing conditions to neoplastic transformation. We demonstrate that fibronectin is a target protein substrate for ubiquitin-dependent degradation. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments and confocal microscopy demonstrated ubiquitin-fibronectin interaction. In an in vitro model of renal fibrosis, relaxin, an insulin-like growth factor, increased ubiquitin-dependent fibronectin degradation. Relaxin also

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14

Feng, Shu, Natalia V. Bogatcheva, Aparna A. Kamat, Anne Truong, and Alexander I. Agoulnik. "Endocrine Effects of Relaxin Overexpression in Mice." Endocrinology 147, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-0626.

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Relaxin is a small peptide hormone with a variety of biological functions. To investigate the systemic endocrine effects of relaxin, we produced mice with transgenic overexpression of the Rln1 gene, Tg(Rln1), driven by rat insulin 2 promoter. The expression of relaxin was detected in the pancreas of the transgenic animals. An analysis of the sera from the transgenic animals revealed at least 20-fold elevation of the level of bioactive relaxin. Transgenic animals had normal viability and fertility in both sexes. Transgenic overexpression of Rln1 did not rescue the undescended testis phenotype i

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15

Büllesbach, Erika E., Fredric R. Boockfor, George Fullbright, and Christian Schwabe. "Cryptorchidism induced in normal rats by the relaxin-like factor inhibitor." REPRODUCTION 135, no. 3 (March 2008): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-07-0330.

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Cryptorchidism is a serious problem, which affects 2–5% of the male population. Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal region impairs germ cell development and is associated with a greater incidence of testicular cancer. The relaxin-like factor (RLF or insulin-like-3) has been shown to be critically important for the timely descent of the testicles in mice. We have discovered that the signal initiation site of the RLF can be eliminated without measurable effects on hormone binding to its receptor and that the resulting RLF derivative is a competitive inhibitor of RLF called RLFi. RL

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16

Spiess, Andrej-Nikolai, Marga Balvers, Manuel Tena-Sempere, Ilpo Huhtaniemi, Laura Parry, and Richard Ivell. "Structure and expression of the rat relaxin-like factor (RLF) gene." Molecular Reproduction and Development 54, no. 4 (December 1999): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2795(199912)54:4<319::aid-mrd1>3.0.co;2-z.

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17

O'Sullivan, Kelly P., Sarah A. Marshall, Scott Cullen, Tahnee Saunders, Natalie J. Hannan, Sevvandi N. Senadheera, and Laura J. Parry. "Evidence of proteinuria, but no other characteristics of pre-eclampsia, in relaxin-deficient mice." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 8 (2017): 1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd16056.

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Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a leading cause of maternal and fetal death, characterised by an imbalance of placental growth factors and hypertension at >20 weeks gestation. Impaired maternal systemic vascular adaptations and fetal growth restriction are features of both PE and pregnant relaxin-deficient (Rln–/–) mice. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether these phenotypes in Rln–/– mice are associated with abnormal placental growth factor expression, increased soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), proteinuria and/or hypertension during pregnancy. In addition, we examined r

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18

Merchav, Ronit, Yonatan Feuermann, Avi Shamay, Eyal Ranen, Uri Stein, Dudley E. Johnston, and Ron Shahar. "Expression of Relaxin Receptor LRG7, Canine Relaxin, and Relaxin-Like Factor in the Pelvic Diaphragm Musculature of Dogs with and Without Perineal Hernia." Veterinary Surgery 34, no. 5 (September 2005): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950x.2005.00072.x.

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19

NICHOLS, NICOLE, HILARY BINTA, PHILLIP A. FIELDS, MAARTEN DROST, SHOU-MEI CHANG, RICHARD IVELL, and MICHAEL J. FIELDS. "Immunohistochemical Localization of Relaxin-Like Factor/Insulin-Like Peptide-3 in the Bovine Corpus Luteum." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1041, no. 1 (May 2005): 506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1282.075.

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20

Klonisch, Thomas, Sabine Hombach-Klonisch, Jörg Buchmann, Bernd Fischer, Martin Bergmann, and Klaus Steger. "Relaxin-like factor expression in a human ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor." Fertility and Sterility 72, no. 3 (September 1999): 546–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(99)00297-6.

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21

Kamat, Aparna A., Shu Feng, Natalia V. Bogatcheva, Anne Truong, Colin E. Bishop, and Alexander I. Agoulnik. "Genetic Targeting of Relaxin and Insulin-Like Factor 3 Receptors in Mice." Endocrinology 145, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 4712–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0515.

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Abstract Relaxin (RLN) is a small peptide hormone that affects a variety of biological processes. Rln1 knockout mice exhibit abnormal nipple development, prolonged parturition, agerelated pulmonary fibrosis, and abnormalities in the testes and prostate. We describe here RLN receptor Lgr7-deficient mice. Mutant females have grossly underdeveloped nipples and are unable to feed their progeny. Some Lgr7−/− females were unable to deliver their pups. Histological analysis of Lgr7 mutant lung tissues demonstrates increased collagen accumulation and fibrosis surrounding the bronchioles and the vascul

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22

Büllesbach, Erika E., and Christian Schwabe. "A Novel Leydig Cell cDNA-derived Protein Is a Relaxin-like Factor." Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, no. 27 (July 7, 1995): 16011–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.27.16011.

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23

Koskimies, Pasi, Jérôme Levallet, Petra Sipilä, Ilpo Huhtaniemi, and Matti Poutanen. "Murine Relaxin-Like Factor Promoter: Functional Characterization and Regulation by Transcription Factors Steroidogenic Factor 1 and DAX-1." Endocrinology 143, no. 3 (March 2002): 909–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.143.3.8683.

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24

Minagawa, Itaru, Dai Sagata, Ali Mohammed Pitia, Hiroshi Kohriki, Masatoshi Shibata, Hiroshi Sasada, Yoshihisa Hasegawa, and Tetsuya Kohsaka. "Dynamics of insulin-like factor 3 and its receptor expression in boar testes." Journal of Endocrinology 220, no. 3 (March 2014): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-13-0430.

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Relaxin-like factor (RLF), now mainly known as insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3), is essential for testis descent during fetal development; however, its function in the adult testis is still being elucidated. As a major step toward understanding the as-yet-unknown function of INSL3 in boars, this study aimed to develop a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for boar INSL3, characterize the dynamics of INSL3 expression during development, and demonstrate the expression of the INSL3 hormone–receptor system in the testis. All samples were collected from Duroc boars. The sensitivity of the assay system est

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25

Pusch, W., M. Balvers, and R. Ivell. "Molecular cloning and expression of the relaxin-like factor from the mouse testis." Endocrinology 137, no. 7 (July 1996): 3009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.137.7.8770925.

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26

Hombach-Klonisch, S. "Cellular localization of human relaxin-like factor in the cyclic endometrium and placenta." Molecular Human Reproduction 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molehr/7.4.349.

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27

Toth, M., P. Taskinen, and H. Ruskoaho. "Relaxin stimulates atrial natriuretic peptide secretion in perfused rat heart." Journal of Endocrinology 150, no. 3 (September 1996): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1500487.

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Abstract Relaxin, a reproductive hormone of the insulin-like growth factor family, increases heart rate in experimental animals but its other actions on cardiac function and cellular mechanisms responsible for the positive chronotrophic effect remain unknown. We have studied the actions of human recombinant gene-2 relaxin on the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and cardiac function (heart rate, contractile force, perfusion pressure) as well as the underlying signal transduction mechanisms by using the isolated perfused spontaneously beating rat heart preparation. The administration

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28

Minagawa, Itaru, Masafumi Fukuda, Hisako Ishige, Hiroshi Kohriki, Masatoshi Shibata, Enoch Y. Park, Tatsuo Kawarasaki, and Tetsuya Kohsaka. "Relaxin-like factor (RLF)/insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is secreted from testicular Leydig cells as a monomeric protein comprising three domains B–C–A with full biological activity in boars." Biochemical Journal 441, no. 1 (December 14, 2011): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20111107.

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RLF (relaxin-like factor), also known as INSL3 (insulin-like peptide 3), is a novel member of the relaxin/insulin gene family that is expressed in testicular Leydig cells. Despite the implicated role of RLF/INSL3 in testis development, its native conformation remains unknown. In the present paper we demonstrate for the first time that boar testicular RLF/INSL3 is isolated as a monomeric structure with full biological activity. Using a series of chromatography steps, the native RLF/INSL3 was highly purified as a single peak in reverse-phase HPLC. MS/MS (tandem MS) analysis of the trypsinized sa

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29

van Drongelen, Joris, Ivo H. J. Ploemen, Jeanne Pertijs, Jonathan H. Gooi, Fred C. G. J. Sweep, Frederik K. Lotgering, Marc E. A. Spaanderman, and Paul Smits. "Aging attenuates the vasodilator response to relaxin." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 300, no. 5 (May 2011): H1609—H1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00360.2010.

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Relaxin, an insulin-like growth factor peptide, increases endothelium-dependent vasodilation and vascular compliance and decreases myogenic reactivity. These vascular effects significantly contribute to the physiological circulatory adaptations in pregnancy, particularly in the mesentery and kidney. Aging predisposes to vascular maladaptation and gestational hypertensive disease. We hypothesized that mild aging reduces the vascular responses to relaxin. In 20 young (10–12 wk) and 20 middle-aged (40–46 wk) female Wistar Hannover rats, vascular responses to chronic exposure of relaxin vs. placeb

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30

Büllesbach, Erika E., and Christian Schwabe. "Tryptophan B27 in the Relaxin-like Factor (RLF) Is Crucial for RLF Receptor-Binding†." Biochemistry 38, no. 10 (March 1999): 3073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi982687u.

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31

Büllesbach, Erika E., and Christian Schwabe. "Structure of the Transmembrane Signal Initiation Site of the Relaxin-Like Factor (RLF/INSL3)†." Biochemistry 46, no. 34 (August 2007): 9722–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi700708s.

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32

Büllesbach, Erika E., and Christian Schwabe. "The Primary Structure and the Disulfide Links of the Bovine Relaxin-like Factor (RLF)†." Biochemistry 41, no. 1 (January 2002): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi0117302.

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33

Klonisch, T. "Expression of relaxin-like factor is down-regulated in human testicular Leydig cell neoplasia." Molecular Human Reproduction 5, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molehr/5.2.104.

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34

Büllesbach, Erika E., Mathias A. S. Hass, Malene R. Jensen, D. Flemming Hansen, Søren M. Kristensen, Christian Schwabe, and Jens J. Led. "Solution Structure of a Conformationally Restricted Fully Active Derivative of the Human Relaxin-like Factor†‡." Biochemistry 47, no. 50 (December 16, 2008): 13308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi801412w.

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35

Koskimies, Pasi, Helena Virtanen, Magdalena Lindström, Marko Kaleva, Matti Poutanen, Ilpo Huhtaniemi, and Jorma Toppari. "A Common Polymorphism in the Human Relaxin-Like Factor (RLF) Gene: No Relationship with Cryptorchidism." Pediatric Research 47, no. 4 (April 2000): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200004000-00020.

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36

Millar, Lynnae K., Roxanne Reiny, Sandra Y. Yamamoto, Kristie Okazaki, Lisa Webster, and Gillian D. Bryant-Greenwood. "Relaxin causes proliferation of human amniotic epithelium by stimulation of insulin-like growth factor-II." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 188, no. 1 (January 2003): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mob.2003.80.

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37

Balvers, M., A. N. Spiess, R. Domagalski, N. Hunt, E. Kilic, A. K. Mukhopadhyay, E. Hanks, H. M. Charlton, and R. Ivell. "Relaxin-Like Factor Expression as a Marker of Differentiation in the Mouse Testis and Ovary1." Endocrinology 139, no. 6 (June 1998): 2960–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.139.6.6046.

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38

Hombach-Klonisch, Sabine, Joerg Buchmann, Sukhena Sarun, Bernd Fischer, and Thomas Klonisch. "Relaxin-like factor (RLF) is differentially expressed in the normal and neoplastic human mammary gland." Cancer 89, no. 11 (2000): 2161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(20001201)89:11<2161::aid-cncr3>3.0.co;2-k.

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39

Hombach-Klonisch, Sabine, Frank Tetens, Johannes Kauffold, Klaus Steger, Bernd Fischer, and Thomas Klonisch. "Molecular cloning and localization of caprine relaxin-like factor (RLF) mRNA within the goat testis." Molecular Reproduction and Development 53, no. 2 (June 1999): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2795(199906)53:2<135::aid-mrd2>3.0.co;2-j.

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40

Ali, Samia, Zabun Nahar, Md Rajibur Rahman, Sardar Mohammad Ashraful Islam, Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan, and Md Rabiul Islam. "Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and relaxin-3 are linked with major depressive disorder." Asian Journal of Psychiatry 53 (October 2020): 102164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102164.

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41

Klonisch, Thomas, Johannes Kauffold, Klaus Steger, Martin Bergmann, Rudolf Leiser, Bernd Fischer, and Sabine Hombach-Klonisch. "Canine Relaxin-Like Factor: Unique Molecular Structure and Differential Expression Within Reproductive Tissues of the Dog." Biology of Reproduction 64, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod64.2.442.

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42

SIQIN, Mai KOTANI, Takuya AOSHIMA, Mari NAKAI, Mai FUCHIGAMI, Yuki ODANAKA, Yasushi SUGAWARA, et al. "Protein localization of relaxin-like factor in goat testes and its expression pattern during sexual development." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 81, no. 1 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.81.1.

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43

Lucas, C., L. N. Bald, M. C. Martin, R. B. Jaffe, D. W. Drolet, M. Mora-Worms, G. Bennett, A. B. Chen, and P. D. Johnston. "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to study human relaxin in human pregnancy and in pregnant rhesus monkeys." Journal of Endocrinology 120, no. 3 (March 1989): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1200449.

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ABSTRACT A sensitive and specific double-antibody enzyme-linked immunoassay, using a synthetic analogue of human relaxin for standard and immunogen, was developed for the measurement of human relaxin (hRLX) in serum and plasma. No cross-reactivity was observed for human insulin, human insulin-like growth factor-I, hGH, human chorionic gonadotropin, hFSH, hLH or human prolactin. The assay was used to monitor RLX concentrations in samples from men, non-pregnant and pregnant women, and in pregnant rhesus monkeys infused with hRLX. RLX was not detected in serum from men nor from non-pregnant women

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44

Ohleth, Kathleen M., and Carol A. Bagnell. "Relaxin-Induced Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Porcine Granulosa Cells is Mediated by Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I1." Biology of Reproduction 53, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 1286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod53.6.1286.

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45

Tan, Yean Yeow, Nicola F. Dawson, Andrew R. Kompa, Courtney P. Bond, Antonia Claasz, John D. Wade, Geoffrey W. Tregear, and Roger J. Summers. "Structural requirements for the interaction of sheep insulin-like factor 3 with relaxin receptors in rat atria." European Journal of Pharmacology 457, no. 2-3 (December 2002): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02662-6.

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46

Büllesbach, Erika E., and Christian Schwabe. "Synthetic Cross-Links Arrest the C-Terminal Region of the Relaxin-like Factor in an Active Conformation†." Biochemistry 43, no. 25 (June 2004): 8021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi049601j.

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47

Ivell, R. "Relaxin-like factor: a highly specific and constitutive new marker for Leydig cells in the human testis." Molecular Human Reproduction 3, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molehr/3.6.459.

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48

Xue, Kai, Ji Young Kim, Jia-yin Liu, and Benjamin K. Tsang. "Insulin-like 3-Induced Rat Preantral Follicular Growth Is Mediated by Growth Differentiation Factor 9." Endocrinology 155, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1491.

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The communication of somatic cells and oocytes by intrafollicular paracrine factors is essential for follicular growth in the ovary. Insulin-like 3 (INSL3) is a theca cell-secreted paracrine factor. Androgens and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), an oocyte-derived growth factor, are essential for follicular development. Using a rat preantral follicle culture model, we examined in the present study the influence of INSL3 on preantral follicular growth and the molecular mechanisms involved. We have observed that the receptor for INSL3, relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2)

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49

Siqin, Itaru Minagawa, Mitsutoshi Okuno, Kimihiko Yamada, Yasushi Sugawara, Yoshio Nagura, Koh-Ichi Hamano, Enoch Y. Park, Hiroshi Sasada, and Tetsuya Kohsaka. "The active form of goat insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a single-chain structure comprising three domains B-C-A, constitutively expressed and secreted by testicular Leydig cells." Biological Chemistry 394, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 1181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2012-0357.

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Abstract Relaxin-like factor (RLF), also called insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3), is a member of the insulin/relaxin gene family and is produced by testicular Leydig cells. While the understanding of its effects is growing, very little is known about the structural and functional properties of native INSL3. Here, we demonstrate that native INSL3 isolated from goat testes is a single-chain structure with full biological activity, and is constitutively expressed and secreted by Leydig cells. Using a series of chromatography steps, native INSL3 was highly purified as a single 12-kDa peak as reveale

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50

Veenstra, Jan A. "Arthropod IGF, relaxin and gonadulin, putative orthologs of Drosophila insulin-like peptides 6, 7 and 8, likely originated from an ancient gene triplication." PeerJ 8 (July 10, 2020): e9534. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9534.

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Background Insects have several genes coding for insulin-like peptides and they have been particularly well studied in Drosophila. Some of these hormones function as growth hormones and are produced by the fat body and the brain. These act through a typical insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. Two other Drosophila insulin-like hormones are either known or suspected to act through a G-protein coupled receptor. Although insulin-related peptides are known from other insect species, Drosophila insulin-like peptide 8, one that uses a G-protein coupled receptor, has so far only been identified from Dro

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