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Chin, Nyun-Fook. "Polyphase directional detection for power system protection." Thesis, University of Bath, 1994. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260263.
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Shi, Dayu. "Development of system-on-a-chip based protection relays." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539741.
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Ahmed, Moin. "FPGA based morphological filters for power system protection relays." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539919.
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Harris, Raymond Trevor. "Replacement of seven 132/66 kv distance protection schemes by means of a generic relay implemented as a strategic spare." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/34.
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Eskom is experiencing problems in the field of protection maintenance and in-service breakdowns which negatively influence the quality of electrical supply to the consumer, an integral component of the utility business. These facts initiated the research into the further development of a generic relay to be implemented as a strategic spare for the replacement of several schemes operating within Eskom’s southern region. These include the electromechanical, solid state and numerical distance protection relay and scheme failures on the 132 / 66 kV feeder network. Hence, the primary objective of the research is to develop, test and configure the strategic spare in terms of software and peripheral hardware for the input and output terminal connections, generic equations and settings for the purpose of the scheme replacements. The various schemes are assessed for stepped distance and permissive intertripping for three or single pole operation. This is done in conjunction with the internal and external circuit diagrams in order to understand the detailed operation of the scheme and to ensure the effective implementation of the strategic spare. The generic relay is configured for the emergency replacement of the various schemes during in-service breakdowns. This constitutes a temporary installation and therefore the downtime in essence, of all the distance protection schemes that require replacement, is limited to a minimum. This dissertation therefore explores the implementation of the strategic spare.
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Ristanovic, Dragan. "New methodology for transmission line relay testing and evaluation using advanced tools." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/355.
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Protective relays are important parts of the power system. The protection guards valuable equipment, and protective relays play a vital role in performing the task. The relay detects fault conditions within an assigned area, opens and closes output contacts to cause the operation of other devices under its control. The relay acts to operate the appropriate circuit breakers to prevent damage to personnel and property. To ensure consistent reliability and proper operation, protective relay equipment must be evaluated and tested.
The importance of the relay evaluation issue is linked to capability to test the relays and relaying systems using very accurate waveform representation of a fault event. The purpose of testing protective relays is to ensure correct operation of the relay for all possible power system conditions and disturbances. To fulfill this purpose, relay testing in varying network configurations and with different fault types is required. There are a variety of options that have different performance potentials and implementation constraints. Use of digital simulators to test protective relays has proven to be an invaluable mean to evaluate relay performance under realistic conditions.
This thesis describes a new methodology that attempts to improve the existing practices in testing relays by using advanced digital simulator hardware, different software packages for network modeling, and new software tools for generating and replaying test waveforms.
Various types of microprocessor relays are tested and evaluated through the set of scenarios. New methodology that combines different software packages to facilitate particular testing objectives is applied.
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Qadri, Syed Saadat. "A systematic approach to setting underfrequency relays in electric power systems /." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116022.
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Generation loss contingencies in electric power systems result in a deviation of system frequency from nominal, a condition which must be corrected promptly in order to prevent further degradation of the power system. Automatic load-shedding using underfrequency relays is one of the techniques used to correct abnormal frequency deviations and prevent the risk of uncontrolled outages. If sufficient load is shed following a contingency to preserve interconnections and keep generators on-line, the system can be restored with relative speed and ease. On the other hand, if a declining frequency condition is not dealt with adequately, a cascading disconnection of generating units may develop, leading to a possible total system blackout.This thesis develops and tests a new systematic method for setting underfrequency relays offering a number of advantages over conventional methods. A discretized swing equation model is used to evaluate the system frequency following a contingency, and the operational logic of an underfrequency relay is modeled using mixed integer linear programming (MILP) techniques. The proposed approach computes relay settings with respect to a subset of all plausible contingencies for a given system. A method for selecting the subset of contingencies for inclusion in the MILP is presented. The goal of this thesis is to demonstrate that given certain types of degrees of freedom in the relay setting problem, it is possible to obtain a set of relay settings that limits damage or disconnection of generating units for each and every possible generation loss outage in a given system, while attempting to shed the least amount of load for each contingency.
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Dunn, Ian. "Computer aided design of protection systems for electrical drives." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1994. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/computer-aided-design-of-protection-systems-for-electrical-drives(083070e9-5cde-45e7-8bbd-e25f8f9c4742).html.
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The contents of this thesis describe the results of an investigation into the means by which computer aided design (CAD) may be applied to the protection systems of electrical drives, removing much of the repetitive procedures presently used in determining relay settings. To further this aim, a series of algorithms have been devised which allow exploitation of the concept. The areas chosen for demonstration are, direct-on-line started induction motors and transformer fed variable speed drives. In both cases "standard settings' cannot be implemented as the field of application varies enormously. The text discusses an algorithm which utilises several databases containing motor, fuse and cable parameters. Chapter three uses a program derived from this algorithm which allows data to be extracted from the databases and manipulated in order to determine the optimum circuit components. Subsequent chapters examine the implementation of two types of motor protection relay and discusses the algorithms used in modelling them. The text is supported by applications which demonstrate the effectiveness of the derived programs. Chapter six discusses in depth the application of overcurrent relays for the protection of transformers used on variable speed drive installations. The possibility of using overcurrent elements in two or three phases is examined together with the attendant difficulties which may arise. The algorithms are further expanded to incorporate applications which involve the protection of multi-transformer installations supplied from a common point.
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Hunt, Richard K. "Hidden Failure in Protective Relays: Supervision and Control." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36571.
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This thesis performs simulations of a relay supervisory system (RSS) that works passively in conjunction with the existing protective relaying system at a substation. During normal system operating conditions, the RSS supervises the relay system to prevent trips due to hidden failures. During wide area network disturbances, it adapts the relay system to increase security of the power system. The RSS works passively in the sense that it waits for events to occur in the existing relay system before taking any action.
The simulation performed includes a model of the RSS, along with simplified models of existing relays, performed in Matlab. A power system model in EMTP provides inputs to the RSS model. Multiple faults are applied to the EMTP model, and the RSS is tested under each fault condition, and with a variety of relay hidden failures. For all tests performed, the simulation of the RSS successfully prevents relay hidden failure from removing circuit elements inadvertently, while allowing correct relay operations to remove circuit elements.Master of Science
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Liang, Feng. "Performance enhancement of digital relays for transmission line distance protection /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2003. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,153681.
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Mouton, A. J. J., C. J. Smith, and G. E. Smith. "An efficient communication interface and protocol for motor protection relays." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 7, Issue 1: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/524.
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Published ArticleA company in South Africa is a three-phase induction motor protection relay manufacturer. The function of the protection relay is to capture running data, to provide protection against possible damage, to control an electric motor and to communicate this data to the System Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system in a control room. In the case of remote sites e.g. a pump station, the protection relays are used as standalone units. The protection relays are equipped with communication facilities to be used in an instrumentation environment. If a trip occurs or settings need to be changed a technician has to visit the remote site and address the problem. The ideal cost and time effective solution is to perform these tasks remotely via a reliable wireless network. A study was conducted to ascertain the viability of using the standard GSM cellular networks in South Africa to effectively control electric motors and to communicate with the Motor Protection Relays (MPRs) controlling the electric motors in order to determine the status of a motor, settings of the motor, trips that occurred and time of occurrence. It was shown that a node controller could be used to store all the data from various electric motors at a single location. It was also shown that the data from the different electric motors could be analysed at the node controller and that communication can then be initiated from the controller to a responsible person via the GSM network. It was further illustrated that, by making use of the GSM networks in South Africa together with the short message service (SMS), communication and control can be effectively established. SMSs proved to be a reliable means of communication between cellular phones, an embedded network and MPRs. It was shown that software protocols, although slower in communication speed, proved to be reliable and effective for the purpose of transferring information between the node controller and the motor protection relays connected to the electric motors.
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Alshamali, M. A. M. "Rationalised protection for embedded generation." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368481.
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Lwana, Mkuseli. "Investigation of 3 terminal differential protection using standard-based numerical relays." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2578.
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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.Transmission lines are a vital part of the electrical distribution system, as they provide the path to transfer power between generation and load. Factors like de-regulated market environment, economics, etc. have pushed utilities to operate transmission lines close to their operating limits. Any fault, if not detected and isolated quickly will cascade into a system wide disturbance causing widespread outages for a tightly interconnected system operating close to its limits. Current differential criterion is used with success to protect various elements in power systems, i.e. transmission lines, power transformers, generators and busbars. The alpha plane differential relaying system provides sensitive protection for transmission lines, security and dependability for external faults. This thesis focuses on three terminal alpha plane differential protection with the aim to develop a complete test method using OMICRON test universe software essentially defining security, dependability and sensitivity of the alpha plane characteristic. The research analyses the three terminal alpha plane characteristic and existing primitive test methods and develops an improved test method using IEC 61850 standard. The primitive methods are time consuming and result in unnecessary prolonged outages. These methods have been discussed and improved in the thesis by implementing IEC 61850 standard. First the standard IED Capability Description (ICD) file is modified by developing new logical nodes using AcSELerator Architect and XML Maker software. Then the developed logical nodes, three terminal differential protection alpha plane characteristic with its additional infeed/outfeed check logic, and the developed test method are tested simultaneously using Test Universe software. A laboratory test bench is built using three SEL311L relays, two CMC 356 Omicron injection devices, PC, MOXA switch, CMIRIG-B time synchronising unit, SEL 2407 satellite synchronised clock, and a DC power supplier. The test method developed in this research vindicates benefits of IEC 61850 standard over hard wired systems. Prolonged outage times due to test set preparation using hard wires are drastically reduced. The thesis findings and deliverables will be used as a solution to industrial problems, postgraduate studies of other students and research project.
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Alanzi, Sultan. "Analysis of a Major Electric Grid – Stability and Adaptive Protection." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1365969976.
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Thompson, Adam Craig. "The Future of Substations: Centralized Protection and Control." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73177.
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Modern power substations continue to use hardware that is dated and resistant to modernization. This document discusses the basics of substations, identifies their weaknesses, and suggests a method of improvement. This suggestion implements a centralized protection and control system to make the overall system more robust and flexible to the ever changing power system landscape.Master of Science
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Gebs, Christopher. "Protection of capacitor banks : Nuisance tripping of overcurrent relays; causes and possible remedies." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22635.
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The origin of this master thesis is Statnett having problems with nuisance tripping of capacitor banks. Their own measurements are said to indicate that harmonics are confusing the overcurrent relays. Disconnecting a large capacitor bank from the transmission system can have large consequences for the stability of the system. Consequently any nuisance tripping such as Statnett has experienced should not be allowed to happen again. Measures must be taken to increase the security of the protection system. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the overloading of capacitor banks and operation of numerical relays in harmonic rich environments. Investigate why Statnett have experienced nuisance tripping of overcurrent relays, and introduce possible mitigation measures. The definition of nuisance tripping has been broadened to also include correct tripping because of unwanted resonance. Initially a literature study was conducted to acquire information on the prevailing limits that dictate threshold in relays. Limits have been found in IEC60871-1, and IEEE Std 1036-2010, and IEEE Std. C37.99-2000. In addition a number of books, standards and other publications have been used to understand how capacitors, relays and the general protection systems are influenced by harmonics and possible remedies when overloading becomes an issue. Together with the limits found in standards and regulations measurements from PQSCADA was used as an overview of what can be considered normal operation.A model was created in ATPDraw based on the datasheet and a relay plan of a 420kV capacitor bank. The system is constructed for this simulation and does not represent one particular real life system. Further on it was used to test the difference between an unfiltered, single-tuned, and a c-type filtered capacitor bank. Simulations with both injection of harmonic current from the inductive load and simulations with a voltage source at the grid side dimensioned according to the regulation limits were conducted. It was shown that a system with multiple capacitive and inductive components will have multiple resonance frequencies. As the short-circuit power varies these will fluctuate and might occur at a characteristic harmonic. The consequent amplification of the current will in many instances be large enough to overload the capacitor bank. A single-tuned filter solution will lower the resonance frequency but it is dependent on the short-circuit impedance and will thus vary. Using a c-type filter is more complex than a single-tuned but it results in a filter that is independent of the short-circuit impedance. The amplification of currents at the resonance frequency is also smaller with the c-type filter.Aliasing of high harmonics can possibly cause nuisance tripping of the over current protection if they are not filtered out. It is therefore important to know what harmonics will be present and specify a relay that can handle such harmonics. Although applying a filter is normally intended to avoid actual overloading it can also be applied to lower the loading and making it easier for the relay to separate the particular situations where faults have occurred.
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Xu, Ran. "Loss of field protection and its impact on power system stability." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2009/r_xu_120109.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in electrical engineering)--Washington State University, December 2009.Title from PDF title page (viewed on Jan. 28, 2010). "School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science." Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-101).
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Osborn, Christopher Eric. "Protection, Automation, and Frequency Stability Analysis of a Laboratory Microgrid System." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1828.
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Due to increasing changes in the power industry, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo's electrical engineering department introduced a set of initiatives to adequately equip students with the skills and knowledge to interact with new technologies. Specifically, the department proposed a microgrid and power systems protection and automation laboratory to strengthen students' knowledge of microprocessor-based relays. This paper outlines a microgrid laboratory system that fulfills the initiative's goal and proposes a collection of laboratory experiments for inclusion in a new laboratory course at Cal Poly. The experiments provide students with practical experience using Schweitzer Engineering Laboratory (SEL) relays and teach fundamental concepts in semi-automated generator synchronization and power system data acquisition. The microgrid laboratory system utilizes SEL relays and a centralized SEL controller to automate frequency regulation through load shedding, power factor correction, generator and utility synchronization, and relay protection group switching.
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Subrahmanyam, Tarangini Karoor. "Design of a differential protection scheme for a 345 kV transmission line using SEL 311L relays." Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17645.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Noel Schulz
Transmission networks are an important part of an electric power system. They help transfer power from the point of generation (power plants) to the substation. In order to minimize losses during power transfer, the lines are operated at high voltages. The high voltage lines not only have a high power transmission capacity, but they are also prone to faults of larger magnitudes. Thus the occurrence of such faults results in a need for the faults to be cleared quickly in order to limit damage caused to the system. Hence, relays are installed at the Buses to provide protection to the lines. Transmission lines in a power system are most commonly protected by distance relays that use directional comparison schemes. However, due to the simplicity of line differential schemes, there has been an increase in the use of differential relays for complex networks. Moreover, since the relays require only current as the operating parameter, their settings can be determined easily. This report discusses the design of a line current differential protection scheme for a transmission line using SEL 311L relays. The relay settings have been determined and then tested for seven fault scenarios, three internal fault points and four external fault points. To set and test the relays, AcSELerator Quickset, SEL 5030 and PowerWorld programs have been used. Real life power system is simulated with the help of SEL AMS (Adaptive Multichannel Source) that acts as the source to provide the required data to the relays. The relays trip and open the breaker contacts for an internal fault. During an external fault, the relays do not trip and the breaker contacts remain closed. The response of the relays in case of communication failures has been discussed.
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Xu, Ke. "INTELLIGENT METHODS FOR OPTIMUM ONLINE ADAPTIVE COORDINATION OF OVERCURRENT RELAYS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/127.
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During the operation in a modern power distribution system, some abnormal events may happen, such as over-voltage, faults, under-frequency and overloading, and so on. These abnormal events may cause a power outage in a distribution system or damages on the equipment in a distribution system. Hence these abnormal events should be identified and isolated by protection systems as quickly as possible to make sure we can maintain a stable and reliable distribution system to supply adequate electric power to the largest number of consumers as we can. To sum up, we need stable and reliable protection systems to satisfy this requirement.
Chapter 1 of the dissertation is a brief introduction to my research contents. Firstly, the background of a distribution system and the protection systems in a power system will be introduced in the first subchapter. Then there will be a review of existing methods of optimum coordination of overcurrent relays using different optimal techniques. The dissertation outline will be illustrated in the end.
Chapter 2 of the dissertation describes a novel method of optimum online adaptive coordination of overcurrent relays using the genetic algorithm. In this chapter, the basic idea of the proposed methods will be explained in the first subchapter. It includes the genetic algorithm concepts and details about how it works as an optimal technique. Then three different types of simulation systems will be used in this part. The first one is a basic distribution system without distributed generations (DGs); the second one is similar to the first one but with load variations; the last simulation system is similar to the first one but with a distributed generation in it. Using three different simulation systems will demonstrate that the coordination of overcurrent relays is influenced by different operating conditions of the distribution system.
In Chapter 3, a larger sized distribution system with more distributed generations and loads will be simulated and used for verifying the proposed method in a more realistic environment. In addition, the effects of fault location on the optimum coordination of overcurrent relays will be discussed here.
In Chapter 4, the optimal differential evolution (DE) technique will be introduced. Because of the requirement of the online adaptive function, the optimal process needs to be accomplished as soon as possible. Through the comparison between genetic algorithm and differential evolution on the optimum coordination of overcurrent relays, we found that differential evolution is much faster than the genetic algorithm, especially when the size of the distribution system grows. Therefore, the differential evolution optimal technique is more suited than the genetic algorithm to realize online adaptive function.
Chapter 5 presents the conclusion of the research work that has been done in this dissertation.
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Bonnard, Charles-Henri. "Méthodes d’évaluation du comportement des limiteurs de courant de court-circuit supraconducteurs résistifs intégrés dans des simulateurs de réseaux électriques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0058/document.
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Les limiteurs de courants de court-circuit supraconducteurs sont des appareillages à fort potentiel pour les réseaux électriques. En effet, ils offrent une limitation efficace dès les premiers instants du court-circuit. On peut qualifier la limitation de "naturelle", c’est-à-dire qu’elle est intrinsèquement liée aux caractéristiques du matériau et ne nécessite pas de commande particulière. Afin de faciliter la conception et l’intégration des limiteurs de courant de court-circuit supraconducteurs résistifs (rSFCL) destinés aux réseaux électriques, il est nécessaire de disposer de modèles de simulation précis. Ces derniers doivent prendre en compte et simuler correctement (et le plus précisément possible) les phénomènes électriques et thermiques du rSFCL en présence de surintensités de courant, qu’il s’agisse d’un court-circuit franc ou d’un phénomène temporaire de plus faible amplitude. Il est difficile d’envisager la planification de l’intégration d’un rSFCL sans passer par des outils numériques qui permettent la simulation d’un tel dispositif dans un réseau électrique en régime transitoire. Il est alors plus facile d’appréhender et de prédire le comportement transitoire du limiteur dans des conditions de stress réalistes, qui peuvent comprendre une grande variété de surintensités, tant en durée qu’en amplitude. Néanmoins, les rSFCL sont des dispositifs fortement non-linéaires caractérisés par un couplage électrique et thermique très fort. L’implémentation d’un tel modèle dans un logiciel de simulation de type “circuits électriques” en régime transitoire présente un certain défi. Bien que des modèles de rSFCL existent déjà, des améliorations doivent être apportées pour prendre en compte i) l’ensemble des phénomènes physiques liés à la limitation (thermiques et électriques), ii) les propriétés géométriques des rubans supraconducteurs utilisés et iii) la possibilité de réaliser des études globales (impact du limiteur sur le réseau) et iv) l’influence de l’architecture du ruban en présence de phénomènes locaux (points chauds). Cette thèse se concentre donc sur le développement d’un modèle de rSFCL basé sur des rubans supraconducteurs de deuxième génération. Ce modèle est développé dans le logiciel EMTP-RV, qui est un outil utilisé par un grand nombre de compagnies d’électricité dans le monde. Le modèle proposé dans cette thèse repose sur une analogie qui fait le lien entre les phénomènes électriques et thermiques, et qui permet une modélisation entièrement basée sur des éléments de circuits électriques. Le modèle permet de prendre également en compte les propriétés non linéaires des matériaux, tant au niveau électrique qu’au niveau thermique, avec l’utilisation de dipôles non-linéaires. Le modèle a été développé pour offrir un niveau de généricité intéressant pour la modélisation des rubans supraconducteurs. Il permet un fonctionnement avec une excitation AC ou DC en tension ou en courant et tient compte de la non-uniformité de courant critique, qui est typiquement observée dans la longueur des rubans disponibles commercialement. Il est également possible de représenter des variantes d’architectures (géométries et matériaux), avec une souplesse de modélisation qui est basée sur un assemblage de blocs “élémentaires” dont les dimensions peuvent être différentes. Cela permet alors d’évaluer, dans une même simulation, l’architecture du limiteur à une échelle submillimétrique (points chauds) et à une échelle “systémique”, tel que le comportement de plusieurs centaines de mètres de ruban. Des comparaisons ont permis de vérifier que le modèle circuit avait un comportement similaire à son équivalent en éléments finis, seulement si la taille des éléments électrothermiques de base (dans EMTP-RV) est adéquate. Le modèle équivalent circuit permet de réaliser des simulations de différentes architectures de rubans supraconducteurs, avec ou sans résistance d’interface, entre les couches tampons et la couche de (RE)BCO par exemple [...]Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) are a promising technology for power systems, i.e. they provide efficient current limitation from the very beginning of the fault without requiring any control system. In fact, the current limiting characteristics are directly connected to the physical properties of superconducting materials. There is a need for accurate models to help designing resistive-type SFCLs (rSFCL) and planning their integration into electrical networks. Such models have to take into account the physics involved for simulating (as accurately as possible) the electrical and thermal behaviours for a wide range of fault conditions, i.e. high and low short-circuit currents that can be of various durations. It is difficult to see how the planning and integration of SFCLs can be realized without using numerical tools, especially tools that allow realizing power system transient simulations, such as EMTP-RV. In fact, such software packages support engineers in predicting the behaviour of SFCLs in realistic network conditions, which may comprise a wide variety of overcurrent or fault situations. However, rSFCLs exhibit highly non-linear behaviours with a strong coupling between thermal and electrical phenomena. The implementation of such a model in power systems simulation tools is therefore challenging. Although some models have been already developed over the years, improvements are needed to take into account i) all the phenomena linked to the current limitation (electrical and thermal), ii) geometric properties of superconducting tapes that are used in rSFCLs, and iii) the possibility to perform simulations at the system level, and iv) the influence of the tape architecture in relationship to local phenomena (hot spots). This thesis hence focuses on the development of a models for resistive-type SFCLs based on second generation high temperature superconducting coated conductors (2G HTS CCs), i.e. (RE)BCO tapes. The models are implemented in EMTP-RV, a tool that is used by many utilities around the world. However, the modeling technique can be adapted to other simulation tools as well. The model proposed in this thesis is based on an electro-thermal analogy, which allows modeling thermal effects with non-linear electrical circuit elements such as resistors and capacitors. The model has been developed with the aim of providing flexibility. Hence, it can be used with an AC or DC excitation, and can also take into account non-uniformity in critical critical current density typically observed along length of the conductors (i.e. tapes). It also allows modeling virtually any tape architecture using modular and flexible electrical and thermal basic building blocks that can be different in size. This in turn also allows modeling SFCLs with different level of discretization, i.e. from hot spot modeling with local heat transfer to several meters of (RE)BCO tape. It therefore becomes possible to analyze in the same simulation phenomena happening at the sub-millimetric scale, such as hot-spot phenomena, and at the system-scale, such as the impact on the network of several hundred meters of superconducting tape. In order to validate the EMTP-RV circuit model, comparisons with results obtained with finite elements have been carried out. A similar behavior could be observed, as long as the discretization size of the electro-thermal elements were appropriate. The EMTP-RV circuit model allows performing optimizations of the tape architecture for various thicknesses of stabilizer, in presence or not of an interfacial resistance layer, e.g. between the superconductor and the substrate. While the circuit model was developed to allow representing heat transfer and current distribution in 3D, simulations are still limited to 2D cases because the size of the nodal matrix is otherwise exceeded in EMTP-RV. Simulation results also show that neglecting heat transfer along the thickness of the tape can be risky, [...]
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Piesciorovsky, Emilio C. "Relay in the loop test procedures for adaptive overcurrent protection." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20537.
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Doctor of PhilosophyElectrical and Computer Engineering
Anil Pahwa
Noel N. Schulz
Microgrids with distributed generators have changed how protection and control systems are designed. Protection systems in conventional U.S. distribution systems are radial with the assumption that current flows always from the utility source to the end user. However, in a microgrid with distributed generators, currents along power lines do not always flow in one direction. Therefore, protection systems must be adapted to different circuit paths depending on distributed generator sites in the microgrid and maximum fuse ampere ratings on busses. Adaptive overcurrent protection focuses on objectives and constraints based on operation, maximum load demand, equipment, and utility service limitations. Adaptive overcurrent protection was designed to protect the power lines and bus feeders of the microgrid with distributed generators by coordinating fuses and relays in the microgrid. Adaptive overcurrent protection was based on the relay setting group and protection logic methods. Non-real-time simulator (NRTS) and real-time simulator (RTS) experiments were performed with computer-based simulators. Tests with two relays in the loop proved that primary relays tripped faster than backup relays for selectivity coordination in the adaptive overcurrent protection system. Relay test results from tripping and non-tripping tests showed that adaptive inverse time overcurrent protection achieved selectivity, speed, and reliability. The RTS and NRTS with two relays in the loop techniques were described and compared in this work. The author was the first graduate student to implement real-time simulation with two relays in the loop at the Burns & McDonnell - K-State Smart Grid Laboratory. The RTS experimental circuit and project are detailed in this work so other graduate students can apply this technique with relays in the loop in smart grid research areas such as phasor measurement units, adaptive protection, communication, and cyber security applications.
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Zhang, Yujie. "Model-based design of a protection scheme for shipboard power systems." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-09292008-124423.
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Tuccillo, James Andrew. "A STUDY INTO THE USE OF MICROPROCESSOR RELAYS FOR MOTOR OPERATED VALVE (MOV) ELECTRICAL PROTECTION IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/459.
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Motor Operated Valves (MOVs) are electro-mechanical components used to isolate, divert, or introduce fluid flow. The use of microprocessor relays for actuator motor electrical protection within nuclear power plants is the focus of this thesis and is implemented by providing a new and enhanced protection scheme that provides the adequate conservatism necessary to ensure valve operation while still maintaining electrical safety and continued operational availability. The comprehensive protection scheme is designed around an advanced microprocessor relay that has the ability to simulate the thermal overload conditions of a motor operating into a destructive thermal region. Through laboratory testing, the validity of this new protection scheme is tested using a simulation of common MOV degradations. Finally, this thesis addresses the design from a licensing basis perspective that follows Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) guidance on the use of MOV thermal overload protective devices.
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Silva, Kathiane Queiroz da. "Sistema de proteÃÃo adaptativa." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13929.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoThis paper proposes an adaptive protection system (SPA) developed in Matlab, in order to make the smart grid for greater flexibility reliability and security of the electric power system the protection system proposed is able to assist in the study of protection by the choice of settings to be entered in the relay once the mains relays are parameterized adaptive protection is responsible for discerning between a change of setting group or send new settings this decision is taken by the SPA in the control center and sent to the grid relays in real time the SPA was tested in a medium voltage distribution grid and the sending of change protection setting was validated using SEL-751 relay using communication via Telnet based on testing the proposed SPA acted properly ensuring selectivity and coordination of the protection system
Este trabalho propÃe um sistema de proteÃÃo adaptativa (SPA) desenvolvido em Matlab com o intuito de tornar a rede elÃtrica inteligente para maior flexibilidade confiabilidade e seguranÃa do sistema elÃtrico de potÃncia o sistema de proteÃÃo proposto à capaz de auxiliar no estudo de proteÃÃo para a escolha dos ajustes a serem inseridos no relà uma vez que os relÃs da rede elÃtrica estejam parametrizados a proteÃÃo adaptativa à responsÃvel por discernir entre uma mudanÃa de grupo de ajuste ou envio de novos ajustes essa decisÃo à tomada pelo SPA no centro de controle e enviada aos relÃs da rede em tempo real o SPA foi testado em uma rede de distribuiÃÃo de mÃdia tensÃo e o envio de mudanÃa de ajuste da proteÃÃo foi validado em relà SEL-751 usando comunicaÃÃo via Telnet com base nos testes realizados o SPA proposto atuou corretamente garantindo seletividade e coordenaÃÃo do sistema de proteÃÃo
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Gheralde, André Luiz Junqueira. "Aplicação de relés adaptativos na proteção digital à distância." Universidade de São Paulo, 1996. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18133/tde-25012018-121313/.
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O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de \"software\" para proteção digital das linhas de transmissão. Com esse propósito são implementados relés de distância com características quadrilaterais e adaptativas. Um \"software\" básico para este fim consiste de várias etapas como: detecção da falta, filtragem digital, classificação da falta, cálculo da impedância aparente e verificação das zonas de proteção. Na etapa de filtragem digital das ondas, é utilizada a Transformada Discreta de Fourier (TDF) para a extração dos componentes fundamentais de tensão e corrente. A característica quadrilateral mostra-se eficiente para determinadas condições de operação fixas do sistema, mas seu desempenho é comprometido quando ocorrem mudanças das mesmas. Para solucionar este problema, é introduzida a teoria de relés adaptativos onde a característica de abertura do relé digital muda com as alterações nas condições de operação do sistema, mantendo-se assim a eficiência da proteção.The objective of this work is the development of a software for digital protection of transmission lines. For this purpose relays of distance with Quadrilateral and Adaptive characteristics are implemented. A basic software with this aim consists of several steps such as: detection of the fault, digital filtering of the faulted waves, classification of the fault, impedance calculation and verification of the protection zones. For the digital filtering purpose, the Fourier Discret Transform, is used in order to extract the fundamental phasors of voltages and currents. Quadrilateral characteristcs are shown to be effective under certain operation conditions of the system, but its performance is not so efficient when those conditions are changed. In order to solve these problems, the theory of adaptive relays was introduced whereby the characteristic of digital relay changes according to the alterations in the conditions of the system operation, and by these means the protection is kept efficient.
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Husen, Khalid, and Mousa Fadi Imad. "Implementation Av Reläskyddssamverkan : En studie om en effektiv reläskyddssamverkan med hjälp av längsdifferentialskyddets kommunikationskanaler." Thesis, KTH, Hälsoinformatik och logistik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-296485.
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En tranmissionsledning är delen av elsystemet som överför ström från kraftverk till slutanvändare. Därför är det av vikt att en transmissionslinje alltid ska vara skyddad. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att utveckla och prova en konfiguration av teleskyddsschema med kommunikation mellan två reläskydd med distans- och jordfelsskydd över längsdifferentialskyddets kommunikationskanaler. Detta för att skydda elnätet och koordinera utlösningstiden. Konfigurationen av reläskydden har utvecklats med mjukvaran ABB PCM600, och funktionerna som valdes är adekvata funktioner för distansskydd, jordfelsskydd och teleskyddsschema. Provningen delades till två delar. Först verifierades funktionaliteten av distansskyddet och jordfelsskyddet på var och en av reläskydden som självständig skydd, detta för att säkerställa självständiga funktionaliteten av var och en av reläskydden med distans- och jordfelsskydd i fall teleskyddschemat inte var fungerande. Därefter har teleskyddsschemats sändnings- och mottagningsfunktionalitet mellan reläskydden för både distansskyddet och jordfelsskyddet kontrollerats att möjligtvis fungera genom att endast använda en fiberoptisk kabel. Ett fungerande och pålitligt teleskyddsschema med kommunikation mellan två reläskydd kunde säkerställas fungerande genom användning av längsdifferentialskyddets kommunikationskanaler för distans- och jordfelsskydd. Teleskyddsschemat förstärkte distansskyddet och jordfelsskyddet genom accelerering av utlösningssignal, och som en konsekvens samordna utlösningstiden mellan reläskydden vid felavkänning, vilket förbättrade skyddet ännu mer. Direkt kommunikation mellan reläskydden har visat sig vara användbar och tillämpbar, och en användning av sådan implementation är möjlig för isolerade linjer och anläggningar samt mikronät som inte kräver en kontinuerlig övervakning och kontroll.A transmission line is the part of the electrical system that transfers current from power stations to the end-user. Therefore, it is of importance that a transmission line stays always protected. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to develop and test a configuration for teleprotection scheme communication between two protective relays with distance and earth fault protection using line differential protection communication channels, that is to protect the electrical grid and coordinate tripping time. The configuration has been developed with the software ABB PCM600, and the chosen functions are adequate functions for distance and earth fault protection and the Teleprotection scheme. The testing has been divided into two parts. Primarily, the functionality of distance and earth fault protection has been tested and verified on each one of the protective relays, that is to ensure the independent functionality of each one of the protective relays with distance and earth fault protection in case there is no Teleprotection scheme functioning. next, the sending and receiving functionality of the teleprotection scheme between the protective relays with distance protection and earth fault protection has been controlled to be possibly functioning through using only a fiber-optic cable. A functioning and reliable Teleprotection scheme with communication between two protective relays could be verified functioning through using line differential protection communication channels for distance and earth fault protection. The Teleprotection scheme strengthened the distance protection and earth fault protection through acceleration of trip signal, and as a consequent coordinating the trip time in case of fault detection. Direct communication between protective relay using fiber-optic cable has proven to be useful and applicable, and a using of such implementation is possible for isolated electrical line and facilities and also micro grids that does not require continuous monitoring and control.
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Hamilton, Hymiar. "An impact study of DC protection techniques for shipboard power systems." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-07062007-144823.
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Igarashi, Gilberto. "Estudo da IEC 61850 e o seu impacto no sistema de automação de subestações." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-02062008-134244/.
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Nos Sistemas de Automação de Subestação atuais são utilizados equipamentos digitais chamados IED (Dispositivos Eletrônicos Inteligentes), incorporando as funções de proteção, automação e medição. Estes, para trocarem informações entre si, utilizam um canal de comunicação serial, sendo os dados transmitidos de forma digital por meio de vários protocolos, muitos deles proprietários, o que dificulta a integração entre eles. Neste cenário entra a norma IEC 61850 oferecendo um padrão a ser seguido entre os fabricantes de IED. Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar um estudo da norma e a análise de sua aplicação no Sistema de Automação de Subestação. O estudo proposto da norma a analisará utilizando os principais conceitos estabelecidos por ela para atingir os objetivos propostos: interoperabilidade, liberdade de configuração e estabilidade a longo prazo. Como ensaio de aplicação da norma será apresentado um comparativo com um protocolo utilizado atualmente e a implementação de funções de proteção. No comparativo entre protocolos foi escolhido o DNP3, um dos mais utilizados atualmente no setor elétrico, com o objetivo de verificar as principais diferenças entre eles e vantagens de cada um. Para a implementação de funções de proteção foram escolhidos dois exemplos: a falha de disjuntor e o bloqueio reverso, implementadas da forma tradicional, por meio de sinais elétricos de comando transmitidos por cabos, e por meio dos serviços de mensagens prioritárias da IEC 61850, com o objetivo de analisar suas dinâmicas, seus tempos de atuação e o comportamento frente a eventuais defeitos.In current Substation Automation System, digital equipaments called IED (Intelligent Electronic Devices) are used with protection, automation and measurement functions incorporated. These devices, to exchange information among them, use serial communication buses with information transmitted in digital form through many procotols, many of them proprietary, making their integration very hard. In this scene, IEC61850 standard appears offering a standard to be followed by IED manufacturers. This research presents a IEC 61850 standard study and an analysis of its application in Substation Automation System. The proposed study will analise the standard through the most important topics used by the standard to reach its main goals: interoperability, free configuration and long-term stability. In the application analysis, a comparative with a protocol used nowadays and a implementation of protection functions will be presented. In the comparative between protocols the chosen was DNP3, one of most used protocols in electric plants, with the purpose of verifying the main diferences and advantages of each one. Two examples of protection functions implementation were chosen: breaker failure and reverse blocking, implemented through traditional techniques, using wires and electrical signals, and through high performance IEC 61850 services, with the purpose of analising their dynamics, their actuation times and their behavior in eventual failures.
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Barreto, Gustavo de Andrade. "Estudo de viabilidade de um sistema de monitoramento de baixo custo para os sistemas de distribuição reticulados subterrâneos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-05102010-161547/.
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Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de viabilidade de um Sistema de Monitoramento de Baixo Custo (SMBC), por meio da observação de ganhos operacionais no caso de serem agregadas funções de monitoramento e controle aos relés eletrônicos dos protetores (equipamentos religadores do sistema de distribuição reticulado), visando a melhoria da qualidade no fornecimento de energia elétrica através da redução dos tempos de reação das concessionárias às falhas, do aumento da vida útil dos equipamentos e redução dos custos operacionais. Um relé para protetores de rede com características apropriadas foi desenvolvido pela empresa Futura, testado nos laboratórios do IEE/USP e instalado em campo, dentro do Programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da ANEEL com a concessionária Companhia Energética de Brasília. A operação foi acompanhada por 13 meses avaliando as novas possibilidades de operação remota, os benefícios para a concessionária e os ganhos sociais. Os benefícios do uso do sistema, os ganhos operacionais, gerenciais e sociais, são relatados constatando a viabilidade técnica e econômica da adoção do sistema. Ao final, recomendações para a continuidade da pesquisa são feitasThis work presents a viability study for a Low-cost Monitoring System (SMBC), through the examination of the operational improvements on electrical network distribution systems when new functions are added to network protectors relays allowing remote monitoring and control using typical automation protocols. The improvements on energy supply quality by reducing response times to failures, extension of equipment life and pro-active actions are also evaluated. A network protector relay with the new features have been developed by Futura Automação and tested in the IEE/USP laboratories, within a Research & Development program promoted by the national electrical energy regulator, ANEEL, and the utility Companhia Energética de Brasília (CEB). The 7 new relays have been installed for field operation and for evaluation of the new possibilities of operation and possible gains for the utility took place in 13 months of continuous operation. The benefits, operational improvements, management and social gains are described assuring the technical and economical viability of the system. Recommendations for future research are made
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Oliveira, Wagner de 1960. "Simulação para a avaliação do desempenho do sistema de proteção de distância de uma linha de transmissão de 500 KV." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259101.
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Orientador: Fujio SatoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Neste trabalho, intitulado "Simulação para a Avaliação do Desempenho do Sistema de Proteção de Distância de uma Linha de Transmissão de 500 kV", são descritos os princípios básicos das proteções dos sistemas de potência, a evolução dos equipamentos e dos procedimentos de ensaios, simulações em tempo real, análise de desempenho de um sistema de proteção de linha de transmissão e simulações no modelo computacional. Nos Capítulo 1 e 2 são destacados alguns aspectos importantes do sistema de potência, seguido de noções de proteção de linhas de transmissão, realçando os relés de distância e o esquema de teleproteção. No Capítulo 3 são descritos a evolução dos equipamentos e procedimentos para os ensaios, concomitante aos avanços tecnológicos dos relés de proteção, desde os relés eletromecânicos até os relés numéricos. No Capítulo 4 são descrito as simulações em tempo real e as análises dos resultados. Estas simulações foram executadas na LT 500 kV Tucuruí-Vila do Conde que integra o Sistema Norte-Nordeste da ELETRONORTE e EATE, utilizando o RTDS. As saídas em forma de sinais analógicos (tensões e correntes) e digitais (eventos) possibilitaram as análises de desempenhos dos relés, do sistema de teleproteção e disjuntores. E no Capítulo 5 temos a parte final da dissertação, demonstrando o desenvolvimento de um modelo computacional para simular as trajetórias das impedâncias de faltas de forma a confrontá-las com as características quadrilaterais de impedância do relé de distância REL 531 no plano R-X utilizado durante a simulação no RTDS, o que permitiu a análise dos ajustes das zonas de proteção
Abstract: This work, entitled "Simulation for Performance Evaluation System of Distance Protection of a Transmission Line 500 kV," describes the basic principles of protection of power systems, the evolution of equipment's and testing procedures, real-time simulations performance analysis of a system of protection of transmission line and the computer model simulations. In Chapter 1 and 2 are highlights some important aspects of the power system, followed by notions of protection of transmission lines, enhancing distance relays and pilot relaying scheme. In Chapter 3 describes the evolution of equipment and procedures for testing, concomitant technological advances of protective relays from electromechanical relays by numerical relays Described in Chapter 4 are the real-time simulations and analyzes of the results. These simulations were performed at 500 kV Tucuruí-Vila do Conde system which integrates the North and Northeast ELETRONORTE and EATE using the RTDS. The outputs in the form of analog signals (voltages and currents) and digital signals (events) enabled the analysis of performances of relays, pilot relaying scheme (teleprotection system) and circuit breakers. In the Chapter 5, we have the final part of the dissertation, demonstrating the development of a computational model to simulate the trajectories of impedances faults in order to compare them with the quadrilateral characteristics parameters of the distance protection zones REL 531 line protection plane used during R-X RTDS simulation, which allowed the analysis of the protection zone adjustments
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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Mnguni, Mkhululi Elvis Siyanda. "Investigation of the application of IEC61850 standard in distribution busbar protection schemes." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1071.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Electrical Engineering
in the Faculty of Engineering
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Supervisor: Prof. R. Tzoneva
Co-supervisor: Prof. P. Petev
2013Busbars are the most important components in the distribution networks. Faults on the busbar are uncommon, however an occurrence of a busbar fault can lead to a major loss of power. Busbars are the areas in a substation where the levels of current are high and therefore the protective relay application is very critical. In order for the protection scheme to be successful it is important to carry out the following specifications: Selectivity, Stability, Sensitivity, and Speed. To meet all of the above requirements protection must be reliable, meaning that the protection scheme must trip when called up to do so (dependability) and it must not trip when it’s not supposed to (security). The thesis focuses on the reverse blocking busbar protection scheme with aim to improve the speed of its operation and at the same time to increase operational reliability, flexibility and stability of the protection during external and internal faults by implementation of the extended functionality provided by the IEC61850 standard-based protective IEDs. The practical implementation of the scheme by the use of IEC 61850 standard communication protocol is investigated. The research analyzes in detail the reverse blocking busbar protection scheme that is used at the moment in the power systems and it develops an improved IEC 61850 based reverse blocking busbar protection scheme for a distribution network. The proposed scheme is designed for a radial type of a distribution network and is modeled and simulated in the DigSILENT software environment for various faults on the busbar and its outgoing feeders. The results from the simulations are used further for implementation of the designed protection scheme. A laboratory test bench is build using three compliant with the IEC 61850 standard ABB IEDs 670 series, CMC 356 Omicron test injection device, PC, MOXA switch, and a DC power supplier. Two ways of the reverse blocking signals between the IEDs implementation are considered: hard wired and Ethernet communication by using IEC 61850 standard GOOSE messages. Comparative experimental study of the operational trip response speed of the two implementation shows that the performance of the protection scheme for the case of Ethernet communication is better The thesis findings and deliverables will be used for postgraduate studies of other students, research, short courses, and solution of industrial problems. Keywords: Busbar, Power system, reverse busbar blocking scheme; IEC61850; Distribution, Protection relays, IEDs, GOOSE message, laboratory test bench
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Dias, Ozenir Farah da Rocha 1988. "Implementação do religamento monopolar adaptativo rápido baseado na assinatura harmônica de tensão no simulador digital em tempo real (RTDS)." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259596.
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Orientador: Maria Cristina Dias TavaresDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta a implementação de um esquema de religamento monopolar adaptativo rápido baseado na medição do conteúdo harmônico da tensão da fase aberta nas extremidades da linha de transmissão. O objetivo principal deste esquema é controlar e reduzir o tempo compreendido entre a abertura e o religamento da fase em falta, como também bloquear a manobra em caso de faltas permanentes. O esquema proposto foi implementado em um relé de distância e um medidor de conteúdo harmônico. O método está baseado na identificação do instante de extinção da corrente de arco secundário para casos de faltas transitórias. Já para faltas permanentes é implementado o bloqueio da manobra automática e a abertura tripolar do disjuntor da linha protegida. A medição do conteúdo harmônico foi feita primeiramente utilizando um medidor de qualidade de energia comercial, que realiza a medição do conteúdo harmônico de acordo com a norma IEC 61000-4-3. Em seguida, foi utilizado outro método de medição do conteúdo harmônico, chamado de filtro de medição do conteúdo harmônico rápido, elaborado dentro do Simulador Digital em Tempo Real (RTDS). O sistema de transmissão utilizado foi modelado no RTDS e seus dados são dados reais do sistema interligado nacional (SIN). As faltas monofásicas transitórias foram simuladas utilizando o modelo de arco do próprio RTDS. Já para falta permanente utilizou-se uma resistência de 1 'ômega'. O esquema foi avaliado através de testes variando o ponto de aplicação do defeito e o valor da corrente de arco secundário
Abstract: This work presents the implementation of a scheme of fast adaptive single-phase reclosing based on measuring the voltage harmonic content at the opened faulty phase terminals. The main objective of this scheme is to control and to reduce the time between opening and reclosing of the phase in fault, and also to block the maneuver in case of permanent faults. The proposed scheme is implemented in a distance relay and a harmonic content meter. The method is based in the identification of the secondary arc current extinction moment for transient faults cases. For permanent faults an automatic blocking followed by circuit-breaker three-phase opening is implemented. The measurement of harmonic content was made initially using a commercial power quality meter, which performs the harmonic content measurement according to IEC 61000-4-3 standard. Another harmonic content measurement method was tested, the fast harmonic content filter measurement, elaborated within the real-time digital simulator (RTDS). The transmission system used was modeled on RTDS and the data corresponds to an actual Brazilian 500 kV system. To represent the transient single-phase fault it was used RTDS arc model. The permanent fault was modeled with an 1'ômega' resistance. The scheme was evaluated by varying the fault application point and the secondary arc current value
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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Lima, Rogerio Lucio. "Metodologias para determinar a viabilidade técnica do ilhamento intencional de geradores distribuídos em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-17122018-142339/.
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O ilhamento intencional quando desenvolvido em modo seguro pode ser considerado uma solução viável à promoção da confiabilidade das redes elétricas na presença de geradores distribuídos. Diante disso, esta tese de doutorado propõe metodologias que definem os ajustes das proteções do ponto de acoplamento comum e do gerador para viabilizar tecnicamente o ilhamento intencional, permitindo também avaliar a probabilidade de sucesso deste quando não planejado por um período de operação da rede. As metodologias propostas consideram os relés de deslocamento de fase ou \"salto de vetor\", relés de taxa de variação de frequência e os relés de sub/sobrefrequência convencionais. Estas metodologias baseiam-se na associação direta do tempo de detecção do ilhamento e do tempo de restrição. Estes tempos são oriundos da capacidade de detecção de ilhamento do relé baseado em medidas de frequência do ponto de acoplamento comum e da proteção do gerador. Os resultados foram consistentes e além de determinar a viabilidade técnica do ilhamento intencional de geradores distribuídos, permitiram avaliar a probabilidade de sucesso do ilhamento intencional. Adicionalmente, as metodologias permitiram definir quando possível os ajustes das proteções mais adequados à operação segura da ilha.The intentional islanding when perfomed in a safe way can be considered a viable solution to the promotion of the reliability of the electrical networks in the presence of distributed generators. In this context, this doctoral thesis proposes methodologies that define the adjustments of the protections of the point of common coupling and the generator to technically enable the intentional islanding and allow to evaluate the probability of successful islanded operation. The proposed methodologies consider the vector surge or \"vector jump relays\", the rate of change of frequency and conventional under/overfrequency relays for islanding detection purposes, and the under/overfrequency relays to protect the generator. These methodologies are based on the direct association of the islanding detection time and the restriction time, and on their relation with the active power imbalance of the island. The detection and restriction times are derived from the islanding detection capability of the previous-mentioned relays, and from the generator protection, respectivelly. The results showed that the methodologies were able to identify favourable conditions for a successful islanded operation, and allowed assessing its probability of occurrence given different conditions of load and generation power imbalance. Additionally, the methodologies allowed to define, when possible, the adjustments of the most adequate protections for the isolated operation of the microgrid.
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Vieira, Junior Jose Carlos de Melo. "Metodologias para ajuste e avaliação do desempenho de reles de proteção anti-ilhamento de geradores sincronos distribuidos." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/260506.
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Orientadores: Andre Luiz Morelato França, Walmir de Freitas FilhoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Uma das principais funções dos sistemas de proteção de geradores distribuídos conectados em redes de subtransmissão ou de distribuição de energia elétrica é desconectá-los tão logo uma situação de ilhamento seja detectada. O ilhamento ocorre quando parte da rede elétrica é desconectada do restante do sistema da concessionária, mas continua a ser energizada por um ou mais geradores distribuídos conectados a ela, formando um subsistema isolado da concessionária. Esta ocorrência deve ser evitada porque coloca em risco a segurança de pessoas e equipamentos e pode deteriorar a qualidade da energia suprida aos consumidores locais. Neste contexto, esta tese de doutorado propõe novas metodologias para avaliar de forma sistemática e ajustar alguns dos principais relés de proteção anti-ilhamento de geradores síncronos. As técnicas analisadas compreendem os relés de deslocamento de fase ou ¿salto de vetor¿, relés de taxa de variação de freqüência, relés de sub/sobrefreqüência convencionais e os relés de sub/sobretensão convencionais. A aplicação das metodologias desenvolvidas mostrou que elas são ferramentas eficientes para avaliar e determinar o desempenho desses relés quanto à detecção de ilhamentos, auxiliando na seleção dos esquemas de proteção e ajustes mais adequados
Abstract: One of the main functions of distributed generators¿ protection systems is the capability to disconnect the generators immediately after an islanding occurrence is detected. Islanding occurs when a portion of the distribution system is disconnected from the utility grid, yet remains energized by one or more distributed generators connected to it. This operating condition should be avoided because it poses safety risks to utility personnel and equipments as well as it can cause power quality problems to the local costumers. In this context, this thesis proposes new methodologies to systematically evaluate and adjust some anti-islanding techniques applied to synchronous generators. The techniques analyzed are the under/over frequency relays, the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) relays, the vector surge or vector jump relays and the under/overvoltage relays. The results have shown that the proposed methodologies can be efficient tools to evaluate and to determine the performance of these anti-islanding relays, consequently, they can help protection engineers to select the most proper protection devices and their settings
Doutorado
Energia Eletrica
Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica
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Soares, Antonio Helson Mineiro. "Metodologia computacional para coordenação automática de dispositivos de proteção contra sobrecorrente em sistemas elétricos industriais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-17112009-090033/.
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Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia computacional para coordenação automática de dispositivos de proteção contra sobrecorrente em sistemas elétricos industriais radiais, tendo como principais vantagens a exatidão nos cálculos dos ajustes e a proposição automática de soluções para eventuais problemas de coordenação, sempre que possível. A metodologia é utilizada tanto para proteção individual contra sobrecorrente dos equipamentos quanto para coordenação dos dispositivos de proteção do sistema. É feito um estudo detalhado dos requisitos de proteção de sobrecorrente dos equipamentos empregados em sistemas elétricos industriais, como motor, cabo e transformador, bem como dos dispositivos mais utilizados, fusível e disjuntor de baixa tensão, com ênfase para a proteção por meio de relés digitais de sobrecorrente. O método é usado para o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional. Há uma exposição dos algoritmos utilizados para busca e cálculo dos ajustes dos dispositivos de cada equipamento. Por fim é realizado um teste da ferramenta com dois exemplos de sistemas elétricos industriais, mostrando que o mesmo apresenta bom desempenho quanto à exatidão no cálculo dos ajustes e na redução do tempo despendido em estudos de coordenação da proteção e seletividade.This work presents a computational methodology for automatic overcurrent coordination of protection devices in radial industrial electrical systems, which main advantages are the accuracy in the devices\' settings calculation and the automatic proposition of solutions to coordination problems, whenever it is possible. The methodology is used both for equipment individual overcurrent protection and for protection devices coordination. A detailed study of the overcurrent protection requirements of the equipments used in industrial electrical systems, such as motor, cable and transformer is carried out, as well as of the most used protection devices, fuses and low voltage circuit breaker, with emphasis on the protection by means of overcurrent digital relays. The method is used to develop a computational tool. There is an explanation of the search and settings calculation algorithms applied to the devices of each equipment. Finally, two examples of industrial electrical systems are used to assess the performance of the proposed methodology. It is shown that it presents good performance on the accuracy in the calculation of the devices settings and on amount of time spent on protection coordination and selectivity studies.
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Santos, Fábio Marcelino de Paula. "Algoritmo enxame de partículas evolutivo para o problema de coordenação de relés de sobrecorrente direcionais em sistemas elétricos de potência." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-26082013-103833/.
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Um sistema elétrico de potência agrega toda a estrutura pela qual a energia elétrica percorre, desde a sua geração até o seu consumo final. Nas últimas décadas observou-se um significativo aumento da demanda e, consequentemente, um aumento das interligações entre sistemas, tornando assim a operação e o controle destes extremamente complexos. Com o fim de obter a desejada operação destes sistemas, inúmeros estudos na área de Proteção de Sistemas Elétricos são realizados, pois é sabido que a interrupção desses serviços causam transtornos que podem assumir proporções desastrosas. Em sistemas elétricos malhados, nos quais as correntes de curto-circuito podem ser bidirecionais e podem ter intensidades diferentes devido a alterações topológicas nos mesmos, coordenar relés de sobrecorrente pode ser uma tarefa muito trabalhosa caso não haja nenhuma ferramenta de apoio. Neste contexto, este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia eficiente que determine os ajustes otimizados dos relés de sobrecorrente direcionais instalados em sistemas elétricos malhados de forma a garantir a rapidez na eliminação da falta, bem como a coordenação e seletividade, considerando as várias intensidades das correntes de curto-circuito. Seguindo essa linha de raciocínio, observou-se que o uso de técnicas metaheurísticas para lidar com o problema da coordenação de relés é capaz de alcançar resultados significativos. No presente projeto, dentre os algoritmos inteligentes estudados, optou-se por pesquisar a aplicação do Algoritmo Enxame de Partículas Evolutivo (Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization) por este apresentar como características as vantagens tanto do Algoritmo Enxame de Partículas (Particle Swarm Optimization) quanto as dos Algoritmos Genéticos, possuindo assim grande potencial para solução destes tipos de problemas.An electric power system aggregates all the structure in which the electric energy travels, from its generation to the final user. In the last decades it has been observed a significative increase of the demand and, consequently, an increment of the number of interconnections between systems, making the operation and control of them extremely complex. Aiming to obtain a good operation of this kind of systems, a lot of effort in the research area of power system protection has been spent, because it is known that the interruption of this service causes disorders that may assume disastrous proportions. In meshed power systems, in which the shortcircuit currents might be bidirectional and might have different magnitudes due to topological changes on them, to coordinate overcurrent relays may be a really hard task if you do not have a support tool. Look in this context, this work aims the development of and efficient methodology thats determine the optimal parameters of the directional overcurrent relays in a meshed electric power system ensuring the quickness in the fault elimination, as well as the coordination and selectivity of the protection system, considering the various intensities of the short-circuit currents. Maintaining this line, it has been noticed that the use of metaheuristics to deal with the problem of relay coordination is capable of achieving promissory results. In the present research, among the studied intelligent algorithms, it was chosen to use in it the Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization, due to its features thats is the advantages of the Particle Swarm Optimization as well as the Genetic Algorithms ones, hence it has great potential do solve theses kind of problems.
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Salles, Newton José de 1964. "Modelagem multiambiente de sistemas de proteção para ilhamento intencional de geradores síncronos distribuídos." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/261203.
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Orientador: Walmir de Freitas FilhoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Recentemente, o ilhamento intencional, ou seja, a operação isolada de uma parte do sistema elétrico de potência que pode ser alimentada localmente por geradores distribuídos, tem representado um grande interesse para as empresas concessionárias de energia elétrica. Tamanho interesse deve-se à capacidade destes geradores em assegurar a redução do tempo de indisponibilidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica, aumentando a confiabilidade das cargas pertencentes ao sistema ilhado. O sucesso da prática do ilhamento intencional é o conhecimento prévio de todas as contingências possíveis que podem resultar em operação ilhada, quer sejam situações de manutenções programadas ou mesmo a perda de subestações de distribuição ou linhas de transmissão de alta tensão. Neste cenário, uma prática comum é utilizar o(s) gerador(es) síncrono(s) distribuído(s) para alimentar o sistema ilhado e garantir a regulação da frequência e da magnitude da tensão, com a atuação do regulador de velocidade e do regulador de tensão, respectivamente. Um dos aspectos mais importantes que deve ser considerado no planejamento do sistema elétrico de potência é o desempenho do sistema de proteção, uma vez que os ajustes dos dispositivos de proteção não são flexíveis o suficiente para acomodar a operação antes e depois de detectado o ilhamento. Neste contexto, esta tese de doutorado apresenta duas contribuições principais: (1) apresentar um estudo detalhado de viabilidade técnica para a realização do ilhamento intencional ¿ dado que o autor deste trabalho é um engenheiro experiente em uma das mais bem conceituadas concessionárias brasileiras, entende-se que o detalhamento destes estudos é de extrema importância para a academia; (2) desenvolver modelos de modernos relés digitais de proteção nos ambientes MATLAB/Simulink, ATP/ATPDraw e ANATEM e utilizar estes modelos em esquemas de proteção suficientemente flexíveis para permitir a viabilidade do ilhamento intencional de geradores síncronos distribuídos. Na avaliação do desempenho de dispositivos de proteção para a formação do ilhamento, são utilizados modelos de relés digitais de proteção desenvolvidos durante o mestrado do autor, bem como novos modelos de relés. Os novos modelos de relés foram desenvolvidos para serem usados em ambientes de análise de transitórios eletromecânicos e eletromagnéticos, como o MATLAB/Simulink, ATP/ATPDraw e ANATEM, constituindo uma poderosa ferramenta de análise e simulação, pois permitem que as interações entre o sistema de proteção e a dinâmica do sistema sejam visualizadas no domínio do tempo. Palavras-chave: Geração distribuída, ilhamento intencional, proteção
Abstract: Nowadays, the utilities have strong interest in practicing the intentional islanding, i.e., the islanded operation of part of the electrical power system fed by distributed generators. This interest is resulted by the capacity of distributed generators to decrease outages and, therefore, to increase system reliability. The success of intentional islanding practice relies on the previous knowledge of all the possible contingencies which may result in islanded operation. These contingencies may be scheduled maintenances or even the loss of distribution substations or transmission lines. Under these circumstances, a common practice is to use the distributed synchronous generators to feed the islanded system and to assure the voltage frequency and magnitude control with the speed governor and voltage regulator actuation, respectively. One of the most important aspects that must be considered in electric power systems planning is the performance of protection system, since the relay settings are not flexible enough to assure the suitable operation before and after the islanding occurrence. In this context, this work has two main contributions: (1) to present a detailed study of intentional islanding technical feasibility ¿ the author is a senior engineer at one of the most important Brazilian utilities, as a result the presentation of how to perform these studies in detail is extremely important for Academy; (2) to develop modern digital relays models using time domain simulation tools such as MATLAB/Simulink, ATP/ATPDraw and ANATEM and to use these models in sufficiently flexible protection schemes to achieve successful intentional islanding operations with synchronous generators. The evaluation of protection systems performance for the intentional islanding practice explore the implemented digital relays models in time domain simulations performed using MATLAB/Simulink, ATP/ATPDraw and ANATEM. This option is an important analysis tool that allows the evaluation of the interaction between protection system and system dynamics during the time. Key-words: Distributed generation, intentional islanding, protection
Doutorado
Energia Eletrica
Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica
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Jorge, David Calhau. "Redes neurais artificiais aplicadas a proteção de sistemas elétricos de potência." Universidade de São Paulo, 1997. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18133/tde-19012018-161622/.
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Um relé de distância utilizado na proteção de Linhas de Transmissão é usualmente projetado para atuar sob condições fixas de operação. Portanto, o desempenho destes relés é afetado pela mudança no ponto de operação do sistema. Grandes avanços, relativos à proteção, podem ser alcançados com a implementação de reconhecimento de padrões para o diagnóstico de faltas em sistemas elétricos de potência. Este trabalho demonstra a utilização de Redes Neurais Artificiais operando como um classificador de padrões para a operação de um relé de distância. O projeto utiliza a magnitude dos fasores das três fases de corrente e tensão, de um dos barramentos da Linha de Transmissão, como dados de entrada. O uso de Redes Neurais Artificiais resulta em um melhor desempenho do relé, mantendo seu alcance mesmo diante de diferentes condições de falta ou mudanças no ponto de operação do sistema.A distance relay for the protection of transmission lines is usually designed on the basis of fixed settings. The performance of such relays is therefore affected by the changing network parameters. The implementation of a pattern recognizer for power system diagnosis can provide great advances in the protection field. This work demonstrates the use of an Artificial Neural Network as a pattern classifier for a distance relay operation. The scheme utilizes the magnitudes of three phase voltage and current phasors, from one busbar of the transmission line, as inputs. An improved performance with the use of an Artificial Neural Networks approach is experienced once the relay can operate correctly, keeping the reach when faced with different fault conditions as well as network parameters change.
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Delvecchi, Esloany Daisy Carniatto. "Análise de novos sinais para a detecção de ilhamento de geradores síncronos distribuídos." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259999.
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Orientadores: Walmir de Freitas Filho, José Carlos de Melo Vieira JúniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Geradores síncronos conectados em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica estão sujeitos a operarem de forma ilhada após a ocorrência de distúrbios na rede elétrica. Ilhamento ocorre quando uma parte da rede de distribuição torna-se eletricamente isolada da fonte de energia principal (subestação), mas continua a ser energizada por geradores distribuídos conectados no subsistema isolado. A prática atualmente utilizada pelas concessionárias e recomendada nos principais guias técnicos é desconectar todos os geradores tão logo ocorra um ilhamento. Tipicamente, é necessário detectar uma situação de ilhamento em menos de dois segundos, dependendo, principalmente, do tempo de operação dos religadores automáticos. Os métodos mais comuns e baratos para detectar ilhamento compreendem relés baseados em medidas de freqüência (sub/sobrefrequência, taxa de variação de frequência e "salto de vetor") e o relé de tensão. No entanto, esses relés podem falhar se os níveis de desbalanço de potência ativa e reativa no subsistema ilhado forem pequenos. Portanto, o objetivo dessa dissertação é investigar a potencialidade de novos sinais para detectar ilhamento de geradores síncronos distribuídos, como forma de substituição ou complementação aos dispositivos de proteção anti-ilhamento convencionais. Os sinais analisados neste trabalho são taxa de variação da potência ativa (dP/dt), a relação Volts por Hertz (V/Hz), a variação da impedância (Z) medida no ponto de acoplamento comum (PAC), e a diferença angular ('delta' 'teta') entre as tensões medidas no PAC e na subestação. A investigação é baseada no levantamento de um conjunto de curvas relacionando tempo de detecção e desbalanço de potência ativa/reativa e nas zonas de não detecção, as quais fornecem os pontos de operação para os quais o relé em estudo falha na detecção do ilhamento. As curvas e as zonas são obtidas através de simulações de transitórios eletromagnéticos trifásicas considerando diferentes perfis de carga-geração na rede ilhada. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os sinais analisados têm um grande potencial para esse tipo de aplicação, porém são sujeitos à atuação indevida no caso da ocorrência de eventos que não sejam ilhamentos na rede de distribuição. Assim, uma análise de falsa operação também é conduzida e são propostas melhorias para minimizar e/ou eliminar a atuação indevida desses relés aqui investigados
Abstract: Synchronous generators connected to distribution power networks are likely to operate islanded following faults clearance in the system. Islanding occurs when a portion of the distribution system becomes electrically isolated from the substation, yet it continues energized by distributed generators connected to the islanded system. Utilities and standards recommend the disconnection of distributed generators immediately after islanding occurrences, otherwise it can lead to a number of problems to the generator and the connected loads. Typically, it is required to detect an islanding situation faster than two seconds after the island formation, depending, mainly, on the operation time of automatic reclosers. The most common and economical methods to detect islanding include the relays based on measures of frequency (under/over frequency, rate of change of frequency and vector surge) and voltage. However, these relays can fail if the active and reactive power imbalance levels in the islanded system are small. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to investigate the potentiality of new signals to detect islanding of distributed synchronous generators, as replacement or complement to conventional protection anti-islanding devices. The signals analyzed in this research are the rate of change of generator active power (dP/dt), the ratio Volts per Hertz (V/Hz), impedance variation (Z) measured at the point of common coupling (PCC), and the angular difference ('delta' 'teta') between the voltage angle measured at the PCC and at the utility substation. The investigation is based on a set of curves, which relate time of islanding detection and active/reactive power imbalance and on the nondetection zones, which provide the operating points for which the relay fails to detect the islanding. These are obtained through electromagnetic transient three-phase simulations considering different profiles of generation-load in the islanded network. The results show that the signals analyzed have a huge potential for this type of application, however, their performance can decrease in case of occurrence of non-islanding events in the distribution system. Thereby, an analysis of false operation is conducted in order to propose improvements to minimize and/or to eliminate improper behavior of these relays
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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DUQUE, CARLOS AUGUSTO. "TESTS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS UNDER TRANSIENT REGIME." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1990. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=14090@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Testes de relés de proteção têm assumido maior importância como resultado dos avanços tecnológicos. Novos relés podem ser projetados para atuarem rápido, sendo particularmente sensíveis a parte transitória da falta que eles supostamente detetam. Procedimentos usuais para testes de relés utilizam arquivos obtidos durante testes de falta, ou através de programas de simulação como o EMTP. Entretanto é muito difícil caracterizar um conjunto de formas de onda como suficiente para testes de relés. Como conseqüência, [16] sugeriu o uso de um procedimento do tipo Monte-Carlo para gerar ondas de modo a cobrir a maior parte das possíveis situações de transitório. Nesta metodologia, a linha de transmissão sob condição de falta é alimentada por um sistema equivalente fictício consistindo de um gerador de potência com uma impedância RLC. Quando a falta ocorre, o sistema oscila em determinadas freqüências. Estas freqüências são utilizadas para caracterizarem a forma de onda da falta. Neste trabalho um método de simulação de ondas viajantes é utilizado, baseado em filtros digitais, objetivando operação em tempo real. Como resultado, foi desenvolvido um procedimento de síntese do sistema fictício utilizando linhas de transmissão sem perdas ao invés de redes RLC. O software roda num computador tipo IBM PC tendo uma placa DSP baseada no chip TMS320C25. Os parâmetros da linha são calculados no PC e transferidos para a placa DSP, aonde a simulação é realizada em tempo real. Para casos com somente uma linha de transmissão, tal sistema trabalha com uma freqüência de amostragem de 4080 Hz representando transitórios de falta até 2040 Hz. Simulação OFF-LINE é também disponível para oferecer uma base de comparação entre a implementação em ponto fixo do DSP e a versão em ponto flutuante. Comparação com outro procedimento de simulação OFF-LINE é também apresentado com boa precisão entre os procedimentos ON-LINE e OFF-LINE.
The testing of protective relays has become more and more important as result of technological advances. New relays may be designed to act fast, being particularly sensitive to the transient part of the fault supposed to be detected. A common procedure is either the use of real recorded faults during tests, or simulating these faults by computer programs, such as the EMP. However, it is difficult to characterize a unique set of transient waveforms sufficientfor the tests. As a consequence, it was suggested [16] the use of a Monte-Carlo type of procedure to generate waveforms in order to cover most of the possible transient situations. In this approach, the faulted transmission line is simulated, being fed by a fictitious equivalent system consisting of a power generator with an RLC load. When the fault occurs, there is resonance at particular chosen frequencies. These frequencies are used to characterize the fault waveform. In this work a travelling wave method of simulation is used, based on digital filters, looking for real time operation. As a result, it was developed a synthetic procedure for generating the fictitious system using lossless transmission lines instead of RLC networks. The software runs on a IBM PC type computer having a DSP board based on a TMS320C25. The transmission line parameters are evaluated in the PC and transferred to the DSP board, where real time the simulation is performed. For cases with only one lossless transmission line, the system works with a sampling frequency of 4.08 KHz, representing fault transients up to 20.04 KHz. Off-line simulation is available as well, primarily to offer a comparison basis between the fixed point DSP implementation and a floating point version. Comparison with other off-line simulation procedures are also presented with good agreemment between on-line and off-line procedures.
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Júnior, Elói Rufato. "Aplicação de sistema especialista para localização de defeitos em redes de distribuição." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-25052016-110422/.
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Com o objetivo de orientar e agilizar a busca do local de curto circuitos em redes primárias aéreas de distribuição de energia, esta pesquisa propõe uma metodologia para localização de áreas com maior probabilidade de ser sede do defeito, utilizando variáveis Heurísticas. A metodologia Heurística se aplica em problemas que envolvem variáveis com incertezas, que podem ser avaliadas por meio de recursos empíricos e na experiência de especialistas. Dentre as variáveis influentes no cálculo de curto circuito, foram consideradas como mais relevantes: a resistência de defeito, a tensão pré falta, a impedância do sistema equivalente a montante da subestação e a impedância da rede. A metodologia proposta se fundamenta no conhecimento das correntes e tensões oscilografadas no barramento da subestação por ocasião da ocorrência de um curto circuito e, por outro lado no pré-calculo de correntes de curto circuito heurísticas ao longo da rede. No âmbito da pesquisa foram realizados testes de campo para levantamento da variável heurística resistência de defeito, resumidos neste texto e documentados no CD - ROM em anexo. Foi desenvolvido um software que permitiu a efetiva aplicação da proposta desta pesquisa em vários alimentadores de uma Distribuidora, cujos resultados comprovaram a eficiência da metodologia.With the aim of guiding and speeding up the search of a short circuits place in primary networks of energy distribution this research proposes a methodology for locating higher probability areas of fault, making use of Heuristic variables. The Heuristic methodology is applied in problems that involve variables with uncertainties, which can be evaluated with empirical tools and specialists experience. Among the influential variables in the short circuit calculation, as most relevant were considered: the faults resistance, the pre fault tension, the equivalent system impedance upstream of the substation and the electrical grid impedance. The proposed methodology relies on the knowledge of currents and tensions oscillografed in the substation bus in consequence of a short circuit and, in another way on the pre calculation of heuristic short circuit currents along the grid. In the research scope field tests were performed with the aim of collecting the fault resistance heuristic variable, resumed in this text and documented on the CD-ROM attached. A software that allowed the actual implementation of this researchs purpose in various feeders of a distributor has been developed, with results that confirmed the efficiency of this methodology.
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Cassata, Joseph Frank. "Relay Protection Scheme for Special Power Flow Controllers." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1595355623363128.
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Abyaneh, Hossein Askarian. "Assessment of IDMT and distance relay settings." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332331.
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SOUZA, JÚNIOR Francisco das Chagas. "Algoritmo auto-adaptativo para proteção de sobrecorrente instantânea." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2016. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1417.
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Uma técnica auto-adaptativa que torna a obtenção dos ajustes de coordenação de relés de sobre corrente instantânea para sistemas de distribuição uma tarefa automática, sem a necessidade de intervenção humana e nem a interrupção do fornecimento de energia elétrica ou do monitoramento da rede é proposta. Usando uma arquitetura distribuída, formada por três camadas conectadas através de canal de comunicação, modificações topológicas como entrada/saída de linhas, e/ou nos perfis de carga e geração do sistema elétrico terão seus efeitos automaticamente refletidas nos ajustes dos dispositivos de proteção. O método proposto usa a corrente de carga como item principal para a determinação dos ajustes das unidades instantâneas de sobre corrente em redes de distribuição de média tensão com e sem apresentação geração distribuída. Por meio do cálculo online dos equivalentes de rede a técnica proposta necessita de baixos níveis de intervenção humana para a realização dos estudos de coordenação e seletividade. Os resultados obtidos comprovam a viabilidade técnica da metodologia proposta e corrobora com o estado da arte no tocante ao desenvolvimento das redes elétricas inteligentes.
A self-adaptive technique that improves the instantaneous overcurrent relay settings determination an automatic task, without human intervention neither interruption on electric supply or grid monitoring is proposed. An architecture designed by three layers connected using a communication channel provides that modificationon power electric grid as connection/disconnection of transmissionlines, and/or on generator or load profiles will be automatically reflected on protective device settings. Load current has been used to determine the reach of instantaneous over current relay settings in a médium voltage distribution system considering cases with and without distributed generation connected on the grid. The possibility of online determination at Thevenin equivalent circuit low human interventions to execute coordination study. Obtained results demonstrate the viability of proposed technique an dincrease with state of art a bout improvements of smart electric grids.
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Gabriel, Janio Denis. "Desenvolvimento do protótipo de um relé digital para geração distribuída com integração para redes inteligentes." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/608.
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Com novas normas, incentivos governamentais e preocupação com questões ambientais, é esperado um crescimento no número de unidades de geradoras conectadas a rede a partir dos consumidores. Algumas questões técnicas relacionadas à elevada penetração de geração distribuída nos alimentadores de distribuição preocupam as concessionárias de energia, as quais buscam meios de prevenir possíveis efeitos indesejados no sistema elétrico. Esta pesquisa apresenta o desenvolvimento de um relé digital aplicado à proteção da conexão de geração distribuída na rede elétrica, com foco em microgeração e minigeração proveniente de geradores síncronos, assíncronos e inversores. O relé digital contempla as principais funções de proteção exigidas pelos procedimentos e normas de acesso nacionais, incluindo algoritmos anti-ilhamento. O seu funcionamento se dá pela medição das grandezas elétricas no ponto de conexão entre a geração distribuída e a rede elétrica, filtragem digital dos sinais e processamento dos algoritmos das funções de proteção. Como num relé digital convencional, as funções de proteção podem ser configuradas individualmente, permitindo construção de expressões lógicas e de bloqueio. O protótipo pode ser monitorado e controlado localmente, através de uma aplicação instalada em um computador e utilizando a rede Ethernet. O protótipo permite controle remoto pela concessionária através de uma rede de telecomunicação em malha instalada no sistema elétrico de distribuição, utilizando protocolo ZigBee. É apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os efeitos e os problemas da geração distribuída no sistema elétrico, contextualizando o futuro das nossas redes de distribuição em relação a situação de países mais desenvolvidos nesse tema. Em seguida, são apresentadas as principais técnicas de processamento digital de sinais para relés digitais e o funcionamento das funções de proteção. Os detalhes do desenvolvimento do hardware, estratégias para filtragem digital e implementação dos algoritmos de proteção são apresentados. Algumas técnicas no algoritmo de filtragem e nas funções de proteção, como a medição de frequência trifásica utilizando a transformada de Clarke, são discutidas e avaliadas. Os resultados dos testes de funcionamento do protótipo, realizados em laboratório, são apresentados. Concluiu-se que o relé digital contempla um conjunto de proteções que abrange as principais normas para o acesso de geração distribuída no Brasil, pode ser utilizado como proteção de retaguarda para sistemas já dotados de proteções internas, como inversores, além de possibilitar o controle remoto de geração distribuída através da rede de telecomunicação em malha com protocolo ZigBee.With new standards, government incentives and concerns about environmental questions, is expected the growth of the number of generating units connected to the grid from consumers. Some technical issues related to the high penetration of distributed generation on distribution feeders concerns the power utilities, which look for solutions to prevent possible unwanted effects on the electrical system. This research presents the development of a digital relay applied to protect the interconnection of distributed generation in the grid, focusing on micro and mini electricity generation plants from synchronous and asynchronous generators, and inverters. The digital relay contains the main protection functions required by PRODIST and utilities standards, including anti-islanding algorithms. Its operation is given by the measurement of electrical parameters at the point between the distributed generation and grid, followed by digital signal filtering and protection algorithms processing. Like a conventional digital relay, the protection functions can be individually configured, it’s possible to build logical and blocking expressions with them. The prototype can be monitored and controlled by a personal computer connected in the same local network. The computer must run an interface program. The prototype allow remote control by the utilities, this communication is done by a mesh network installed along the electric distribution system, using the ZigBee protocol. It’s presented a review about the effects and problems caused in the electrical power system by the distributed generation, giving the context of the future Brazilian distribution network in relation to the actual situation of more experienced countries on distributed generation. Following, it’s presented the main technics of digital signal processing applied to digital relays and operation of the protection functions. So then, the details of the hardware development, digital filtering strategies and the implementation of the protection algorithms are presented. Some technics applied to the filtering algorithms and protection function, as the three-phase frequency measurement using Clarke’s transformation, are discussed and evaluated. The test results of the prototype operation are presented, the tests were done in laboratory. The digital relay contain a set of protection functions that covers the main standards of distributed generation access in Brazil, it’s possible to use as a backup protection for systems with protections embedded, as grid tie inverters, and the possibility of remote control of distributed generation through the mesh network with ZigBee protocol.
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Sefidpour, Sepehr. "Pilot Protection Based on Directional Detection." Thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-119249.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays two main types of protection schemes widely used in protection of transmission lines are: distance protection and differential protection schemes. However, it has been noticed from industrial practice that the distance protection scheme used today generally is limited in tripping speed and selectivity. Also differential protection scheme is influenced by the time synchronization of samples in both relays installed at transmission line terminals. On the other hand, among various pilot protection schemes for protection of Extra High Voltage (EHV) / Ultra High Voltage (UHV) transmission lines, the schemes which use communication link only for exchange of local decision making about faults’ status are not affected by time synchronization. This master thesis is dealing with the issue of developing reliable and fast fault detection scheme for protection of EHV/UHV transmission lines which is a requirement in modern power systems. The protection algorithm proposed in this thesis is based on the detection and analysis of traveling waves on transmission lines at inception of the faults. This algorithm relies on directional comparison between initial arrivals of traveling waves at each end of the protected line. This will determine whether or not a fault is inside the protected zone. In addition to, based on high voltage transmission network protection requirements proper phase selection algorithm is developed to handle single- phase tripping. Finally, by simulations carried out in PSCAD environment practical design considerations for implementing the new developed protection algorithm in a numerical relay unit is investigated. The results of simulation show that the proposed pilot protection scheme solves several issues encountered by using the conventional schemes and provide reliable and high speed protection for transmission lines.
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Dolloff, Paul A. "An improved bus protection technique with dissimilar current transformers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46432.
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Assumpção, Felipe Framil. "Validation of Results of Smart Grid Protection through Self-Healing." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7468.
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This is a verification of the results of “Smart Grid Protection through Self-Healing” from the publication of Chathurika Chandraratne, et al., that proposes a protection solution for the smart grid. The paper used as reference has as the main focus on three different protections; directional overcurrent protection, overcurrent protection, and transformer protection, which are validated through ETAP software simulation of IEEE- 9 bus and 14 bus electrical power systems, the same used by the author. It was validated after repeated simulation, that just as intended, self-healing increases system agility, and it helped prevent false-tripping14 bus electrical power systems.
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Cesar, Eduardo Lenz. "Sistemas inteligentes aplicados à coordenação da proteção de sistemas elétricos industriais com relés digitais." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8023.
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Atualmente existem diferentes ferramentas computacionais para auxílio nos
estudos de coordenação da proteção, que permitem traçar as curvas dos relés, de
acordo com os parâmetros escolhidos pelos projetistas. Entretanto, o processo de
escolha das curvas consideradas aceitáveis, com um elevado número de
possibilidades e variáveis envolvidas, além de complexo, requer simplificações e
iterações do tipo tentativa e erro. Neste processo, são fatores fundamentais tanto a
experiência e o conhecimento do especialista, quanto um árduo trabalho, sendo que
a coordenação da proteção é qualificada pela IEEE Std. 242 como sendo mais uma
arte do que uma ciência. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um
algoritmo genético e de um algoritmo inspirado em otimização por colônia de
formigas, para automatizar e otimizar a coordenação da função de sobrecorrente de
fase de relés digitais microprocessados (IEDs), em subestações industriais. Seis
estudos de caso, obtidos a partir de um modelo de banco de dados, baseado em um
sistema elétrico industrial real, são avaliados. Os algoritmos desenvolvidos geraram,
em todos os estudos de caso, curvas coordenadas, atendendo a todas as restrições
previamente estabelecidas e as diferenças temporais de atuação dos relés, no valor
de corrente de curto circuito trifásica, apresentaram-se muito próximas do
estabelecido como ótimo. As ferramentas desenvolvidas demonstraram
potencialidade quando aplicadas nos estudos de coordenação da proteção, tendo
resultados positivos na melhoria da segurança das instalações, das pessoas, da
continuidade do processo e do impedimento de emissões prejudiciais ao meio
ambiente.Nowadays there are several computational tools applied to the protection coordination studies, which allow observe the curves of the relays, according to the parameters chosen by the designers. However, the process of choosing the curves considered acceptable, with a great number of possibilities and variables involved, is difficult and, moreover, requires simplifications and some trial and error iterations. In this process, the key factors are the expert experience and knowledge as well as a hard work. The protection coordination is described by IEEE Std. 242 as more of an art than a science. This paper presents the development of a genetic algorithm and an algorithm based on an ant colony optimization to automate and optimize the coordination of overcurrent curves using intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) in industrial substations. Six case studies, obtained from a database model based on an actual industrial electrical system, were evaluated. The developed algorithms generated, in all case studies, coordinated curves, complying with all previous established restrictions. The temporal differences of the curves, at three-phase short circuit current values, were very close to the set as optimal. The developed tools are a valuable contribution to the protection coordination studies, improving the safety of the equipment and the people, the process reliability and the prevention of harmful emissions to the environment.
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Wang, Hualei. "The protection of transmission networks containing AC and DC circuits." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.655718.
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In 14th August 2003, the Northeast USA suffered its worst power outage event in history. The power disturbance spreading through the system caused mal-trips of the distance relay remote back-up protections, which indeed contributed to the power outage cascading a wide area. The power outage in the Northeast USA was constrained by the presence of HVDC interconnections between the HVAC networks in Ontario and New York. The system collapse did not progress beyond the HVDC interconnection interface with Quebec. The HVDC link can regulate the voltage and current therefore impacts on the performance of the protection and system stability. The distance relay mal-operations were one of the main cause of the Northeast USA blackout as well as the other recent major large area blackouts which were pointed out by the previous papers. This thesis is focus on investigate how HVDC interconnections contribute to maintaining the power system stability. The research work investigated the performance of a distance relay to faults and disturbance on networks containing HVDC interconnection. The research work was carried out by modelling and testing a classic signal processing distance relay in a simple AC network which was based on Kunder’s two areas system using MATLAB/SIMULINK at first. Then the modeled distance relay’s performance was investigated by combining the distance relay and a simple HVDC link based on the Kunder’s two areas system. The research work firstly combined the signal processing distance relay and the HVDC link together to investigate the distance relay’s performance when the protected feeder containing DC link. The distance relay’s performance was investigated when the protected feeders containing HVDC link under fault conditions and power swing conditions. For comparison, a similar power system without HVDC link was also simulated.