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1
Guy, Amanda J., and Peter Banks. "A survey of current rehabilitation practices for native mammals in eastern Australia." Australian Mammalogy 34, no. 1 (2012): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10046.
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Wildlife rehabilitation is common in Australia, with more than 30 mainly volunteer wildlife networks caring for thousands of animals annually. Here we report on a survey of 140 Australian wildlife rehabilitators that asked questions about their motivations, their methods of rehabilitation and their methods for release and post-release assessments. Most rehabilitators were motivated by animal welfare concerns and most animals coming into care were injured or orphaned wildlife. Most rehabilitators recorded each animal’s history, conducted a medical examination and briefly quarantined new arrivals; few conducted pre-release medical testing. Animal behaviour before release was a significant concern and >50% of respondents stated that animals exhibiting stereotypic behaviours were still released. However, there were no consistent criteria for the suitability of an animal for release, its release site, or which soft-release method to use. Fewer than 60% of respondents carried out post-release monitoring, which was typically <1 month, and only 40% could identify factors that contribute to release success. Predation hampers most reintroductions and is likely to reduce survival of rehabilitated wildlife, highlighting the need for strategies to reduce predation risk; 20% of respondents carried out antipredator training, though most in an unstructured way. The ability to carry out animal training, and monitor success was perceived to be limited by poor funding, poor access to monitoring equipment, little government support and time constraints. Researchers are encouraged to collaborate with wildlife volunteer networks in order to improve this potentially valuable conservation approach.
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Suarez, C. E., E. M. Gamboa, P. Claver, and F. Nassar-Montoya. "Survival and Adaptation of a Released Group of Confiscated Capuchin Monkeys." Animal Welfare 10, no. 2 (2001): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096272860002385x.
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AbstractOne commonly used method of managing confiscated wild primates in Latin American countries is to release rehabilitated individuals back to their natural habitats. However, little information has been collected from confiscated animal releases, so no clear guidelines have been developed to measure the success of this type of procedure. In most countries, the collection of critical post-release data is too costly and time-consuming for it to be incorporated into the routine procedures of institutions managing confiscated fauna. Therefore, this project was carried out in conditions similar to those of other Colombian and Latin American rehabilitation centres. A group of eight confiscated and rehabilitated brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) was released in Los Llanos Orientales in Colombia, and monitored for 6.5 months to determine their adaptation and survival after release. Results were analysed according to how the animals adapted to their new environment in terms of foraging, feeding, locomotion, sleeping, social interactions between the group and with other animals and species, prédation, orientation, and establishment of a territory. The results show that the short-term adaptation and survival of the group 6.5 months after release was successful. Five of the eight animals remained together, two separated, and only one was lost during the first month. Implications for animal well-being are discussed.
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Rahman, D. A., M. S. Giri, A. Munawir, and J. L. Sunderland-Groves. "Identifying Important Areas for the Release of Five Endemic Species in a Mountainous Landscape: Inference from Spatial Modeling Techniques." Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika (Journal of Tropical Forest Management) 30, no. 1 (2024): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.30.1.51.
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Efforts to release animals resulting from evacuation and rehabilitation into their natural habitats are important practices in wildlife conservation. Before releasing the animals, it is important to assess the habitat suitability of the areas to support the existence of the animals in the long run. Yet, there is limited study of habitat suitability assessment on national parks as release locations for wild animals. This study aimed to assess the suitable habitat of five charismatic animal species, i.e., Panthera pardus melas, Hylobates moloch, Prinonailurus bengalensis, Nycticebus javanicus, and Nisaetus bartelsi, in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park using Maxent, and to determine potential locations for releasing animal’s species. Models for the P. p. melas show 47,619 ha and 21,391 ha, respectively, suitable as habitat and potential release location, for H. moloch, each is 57,537 ha and 33,471 ha, for P. bengalensis, each is 25,460 ha and 17.189 ha, for N. javanicus, each is 29,848 ha and 15,578 ha, and for N. bartelsi, each is 44,426 ha and 25,660 ha. Our study shows that a suitable habitat can be critical in choosing a wildlife release site. Further consideration of conflict mitigation and practicalities is required to achieve the long-term existence of released species.
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Diehl, Scott, and Cheryl Stokhaug. "Release Criteria for Rehabilitated Wild Animals." Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 30, no. 2 (2013): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v30.71.
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The release of a rehabilitated wild animal carries with it the responsibilities of assuring the animal is physically and psychologically fit for release and is released at an appropriate time in an appropriate habitat.
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Englefield, Bruce, Simone A. Blackman, Melissa Starling, and Paul D. McGreevy. "A Review of Australian Animal Welfare Legislation, Regulation, Codes of Practice, and Policy, and Their Influence on Stakeholders Caring for Wildlife and the Animals for Whom They Care." Animals 9, no. 6 (2019): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060335.
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The Australian constitution makes no mention of native animals. Responsibility for animal welfare is largely retained by the states and territories via a fragmented, complex, contradictory, inconsistent system of regulatory management. Given that most jurisdictions have expressly made the possession of wildlife unlawful, the action of taking and possessing an animal, to rehabilitate it, defies the regulatory process. In most jurisdictions, it is illegal to microchip, band, or mark an animal, meaning that no reliable method is available to monitor an animal. Each year, a minimum of 50,000 rehabilitated native animals are released back to the wild, with little post-release monitoring. Where required, the assessments of behavioural and health requirements to confirm suitability for release may be undertaken by people with either negligible or questionable qualifications. Whilst it can be appropriate to rehabilitate and release injured native animals back to the wild, there may be moral, ethical, and practical reasons for not releasing hand-reared orphan native animals. This article examines the evolution, and explains the consequences, of decentralised regulation on wildlife carers and rehabilitating animals. It recommends that the practice of placing hand-reared native animals into the wild, and the regulatory framework that provides for it, should be reviewed.
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Taggart, D. A., D. J. Schultz, T. C. Corrigan, et al. "Reintroduction methods and a review of mortality in the brush-tailed rock-wallaby, Grampians National Park, Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 6 (2015): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo15029.
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Captive-bred brush-tailed rock-wallabies (BTRW) were reintroduced into the Grampians National Park, Australia, during 2008–12. Two release strategies (methods) were examined: ‘Small release with supplementation’ (Strategy 1) and ‘Larger release, no supplementation’ (Strategy 2). Of the 39 animals released, 18% survived. Thirty-six percent of all mortality occurred within the first 100 days. Under Strategy 1, 22 animals were released in five groups. Twenty deaths occurred across 48 months, with predation estimated to account for 15% of mortalities. Under Strategy 2, 17 individuals were reintroduced across one month. Twelve deaths occurred in the five months following release, with predation estimated to account for 83.4% of mortalities. Of the independent variables tested for their relationship to survival time after release, release strategy was the only significant predictor of survival time after release with the risk of death 3.2 times greater in Strategy 2. Independent variables tested for their relationship to predation risk indicated that release strategy was also the only significant predictor of predation risk, with the risk of death associated with predation 10.5 times greater in Strategy 2. Data suggested that fox predation was the main factor affecting BTRW establishment. Predation risk declined by 75% during the first six months after release. A significant positive relationship was also found between predation risk and colony supplementation events. We conclude that predation risk at Moora Moora Creek is reduced in releases of fewer animals, that it declines across time and that disturbing BTRW colonies through the introduction of new animals can increase predation risk. We recommend that future reintroductions should employ diverse exotic predator control measures at the landscape scale, time releases to periods of lowest predator activity, and limit colony disturbance to maintain group cohesion and social structure. Furthermore, the preferred method of population establishment should be single, small releases over multiple sites without supplementation. Further testing of the reintroduction biology of this species is urgently required.
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Cooper, C. E., K. Vernes, and T. Cooper. "Fate of wild-caught Antechinus flavipes released after physiological experiments." Australian Mammalogy 31, no. 2 (2009): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am09013.
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Animals may be released into the wild for introduction, translocation or rehabilitation programs. Often, released animals do not survive or reproduce as well as wild conspecifics. Another circumstance whereby animals may be released is the return to the wild of research subjects, and although these animals may be expected to fare better than those from introduction, translocation or rehabilitation programs, there is little information regarding their subsequent survival and reproduction. We examine here the survivorship and reproductive success of five (one male, four female) yellow-footed antechinus (Antechinus flavipes) released back into the wild after being held in captivity for approximately one week for physiological experiments. Three of the four female Antechinus were recaptured after release and, on inspection, all three had 10 pouch young. Survivorship after release of antechinus held in captivity (0.75) was not different from the population as a whole, which ranged between 0.5 and 1.0. We therefore present unequivocal evidence that Antechinus released into the wild after physiological experiments can successfully survive and reproduce. This information is important for wildlife managers and animal ethics committees when considering the fate of ex-research animals.
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Haire, Melanie. "Study of Post–release Data in the North American River Otter (Lutra canadensis)." Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 27, no. 1 (2009): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v27.112.
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A retrospective study conducted on post–release data of 17 hand–reared North American river otters (Lutra canadensis) over a 14–year period substantiates the effectiveness of the soft release method for this species. Records show that 100 percent of released otters returned to utilize a feeding station at the release site. These return visits ranged from a period of three weeks up to eight months post–release. Twenty–eight percent of these animals returned to the hack station after having sustained injuries. A hack station refers to a site from which an animal is released and is accustomed to receiving food. More than half of the injured animals readmitted required and received medical treatment and were released. The data reveals that river otters respond favorably to this type of release and provides convincing results for long–term success. The results validate this method, as well as demonstrate that slow release played a role in the increased survival rate of the study group. Since the method provides otter pups with backup food and care while they are experiencing life in the wild, it allows them to make and learn from mistakes, which might otherwise prove to be fatal.
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Morris, P. A., K. Meakin, and S. Sharafi. "The Behaviour and Survival of Rehabilitated Hedgehogs (Erinaceus Europaeus)." Animal Welfare 2, no. 1 (1993): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600015451.
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AbstractFull ‘rehabilitation’ of sick and injured wild animals should include restoration to the wild. Few attempts have been made to discover the fate of released ‘rehabilitated’ animals, a significant omission in terms of animal welfare. They may die, unable to find adequate food or nest sites in unfamiliar places. They may be ostracized or even attacked by wild resident conspecifics.Eight ‘rehabilitated’ hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) were released into farmland and radio-tracked to monitor their movements and nesting; they were also weighed frequently. Three wild hedgehogs caught on site were studied in parallel.Only one animal remained close to the release site throughout the eight week study. The rest scattered, perhaps seeking more familiar terrain. One animal died, possibly not having fully recovered from its original disorder. Of the seven others, three survived at least seven weeks, but two then met with accidental deaths (drowning and road kill). Contact was lost with four animals, but circumstances suggested that they were probably still alive at least five weeks after release. There was no evidence of negative interaction with local wild hedgehogs nor any indication of difficulty with foraging, nesting or finding their nests again. Body-weights were generally maintained or increased. It is concluded that rehabilitated adult hedgehogs can probably cope well with release.
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Moseby, K. E., D. T. Blumstein, M. Letnic, and R. West. "Choice or opportunity: are post-release social groupings influenced by familiarity or reintroduction protocols?" Oryx 54, no. 2 (2018): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318000054.
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AbstractThe conservation benefits of maintaining social groupings during and after animal translocations are unclear. Although some studies report improved post-release survival, others found no discernible influence on reintroduction success. Understanding the effects of social groupings is difficult because release methods can influence the animals’ ability to maintain social groups. We explored this relationship by first studying whether release protocols influenced post-release cohesion in the communal burrowing bettong Bettongia lesueur, and then investigating whether maintenance of social cohesion conferred any post-release advantage. We released bettongs into a small (8 ha) and large (2,600 ha) area and compared the proportion that maintained social groupings in the different settings. The proportion of bettongs sharing with previous warren co-occupants was higher than expected by chance in both areas, however, a significantly higher proportion of bettongs maintained social groupings in the small (75%) compared to the large release area (13%). This suggests bettongs prefer to maintain social groupings but are unable to locate members of their group in large release areas. Bettongs that did maintain social groupings showed no difference in reproductive or health outcomes compared to those that formed new social groupings, suggesting no benefit to reintroduction success. We conclude that release protocols can influence post-release cohesion, but that greater cohesion does not necessarily confer advantages to group-living animals. To test the importance of social cohesion, further research on reintroductions should compare post-release parameters for animals released using protocols that do and do not facilitate maintenance of social groupings.
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Cooper, Christine E. "Southern brown bandicoots can be successfully returned to the wild after physiological experiments." Wildlife Research 38, no. 1 (2011): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10144.
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Context The poor survivorship of animals released into the wild for translocation, reintroduction or rehabilitation may be cited as a reason not to release experimental animals, but there is only limited information available on the fate of ex-research animals returned to the wild. Aims This study tested the hypothesis that there is no difference in the recapture of bandicoots used for physiological experiments and control bandicoots. Methods Six adult male bandicoots were trapped and maintained in captivity for three weeks for physiological experiments, then released at the capture site. Sixteen other bandicoots were captured and released immediately. Seven weeks after the release of the bandicoots used for physiological studies, follow-up trapping was carried out, and the survival, body mass and distance moved of recaptured bandicoots was recorded. Key results Survivorship did not differ statistically between bandicoots used for physiological experiments and control bandicoots, with five of six experimental bandicoots (83%) and 11 of 16 control bandicoots (69%) recaptured. Bandicoots used for physiological experiments lost a significantly greater proportion of body mass than control animals, but this occurred in captivity, not after release. The distance between recaptures for both groups (0–224 m) was consistent with previously published observations. Conclusions My results suggest that bandicoots maintained in captivity for non-invasive physiological experiments can be successfully released, with survivorship at least as high as that of control animals. Implications This study provides researchers, wildlife managers, and animal ethics committees with information to assist with making judgements concerning the fate of ex-research animals.
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DeGregorio, Brett, Raymond Moody, and Hannah Myers. "Soft Release Translocation of Texas Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum) on an Urban Military Installation in Oklahoma, United States." Animals 10, no. 8 (2020): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081358.
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Wildlife translocation is an often-used technique to augment populations or remove animals from harm’s way. Unfortunately, many translocation efforts fail to meet their goals for myriad reasons, particularly because translocated animals make large, erratic movements after release, which can result in high mortality rates. Soft release, holding animals in acclimation pens for some period of time at the recipient site before release, has been proposed as a technique to reduce these large movements and increase the survival of translocated animals. Here, we compared the survival and movement patterns of soft-released Texas horned lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum) with resident lizards, as well as hard-released lizards from a prior study. Juvenile lizards that were soft-released had high survival rates similar to resident lizards, despite still moving more frequently and occupying larger home ranges than residents. Conversely, soft-released adult lizards had survival rates similar to those that were hard-released, and much lower rates than resident adults. Curiously, soft-released adults did not have significantly higher movement rates or home range sizes than residents. Our results suggest that caution should be used before adult Texas horned lizards are translocated. However, juveniles responded well to soft release, and future research should explore whether they are more resilient to translocation in general, or if soft release provided a specific survival advantage. Contrary to our predictions, the survival of translocated animals was not related to their post-release movement patterns, and the mechanism underlying the observed survival patterns is unclear.
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Javanaud, Katie. "Should Animal Advocates Support the Ritualized Release of Sentient Beings?" Journal of Animal Ethics 15, no. 1 (2025): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.5406/21601267.15.1.02.
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Abstract The use of animals in ceremonial contexts is universal. Throughout history, across cultures, in both religious and secular settings, animals are often seen as mere symbols rather than as individuals with the capacity to be harmed in ritual performances. While some ritualized uses of animals are unquestionably cruel (e.g., the Islamic ritual sacrifice of sheep at Eid al-Adha), the morality of other uses (e.g., the ritual release of animals at Buddhist festivals) is less certain. This article examines what stance animal advocates should take toward the ritualized release of animals, arguing that, on the whole, the inclusion of animals in ritual activity perpetuates the misguided and anthropocentric notion that animals are instruments for human use. Since ritualized animal release is a prominent feature of Buddhist tradition, this article pays particular attention to the effects of “merit-making” ceremonies on animals across Asia.
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Fraga, Ricardo Evangelista, Caio Marcio Rodrigues Santos, Ramona Soares Silva, et al. "Reintroduction and monitoring of the bird Amazona aestiva (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae) in Brazil." Revista de Biología Tropical 71, no. 1 (2023): e53145. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v71i1.53145.
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Introduction: Reintroduction is a procedure used to reestablish wild animal populations. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the success of reintroducing Amazona aestiva and investigate whether abiotic factors (temperature, humidily, and luminosity) interfere with the search for food supplementation in feeders installed in the release area. Methods: Pre-release evaluations were initiated with 59 Amazonas spp. Tests were run to stool parasitological tests, leukocytes, flight capacity, and level of animal-human interaction. In all, 33 animals were selected and sent to the release area, which is an ecotone between the Atlantic Forest and the Caatinga biomes. After release, visits to the feeders and survival in the area were monitored for a year. Abiotic factors were also recorded in these periods. Results: The stool parasitological tests revealed the presence of Heterakis spp. and Eimeira spp. The leukocyte parameters were within the reference values for the species. At least 50% of the released animals survived after one year, with recordings of reproductive events. Abiotic factors did not interfere with the animal visits to the feeder. However, the variable humidity best explained visits in the morning, while the variables temperature and luminosity most influenced visits in the afternoon. Conclusion: The reintroduction observed and presented here is on the threshold of the classification as successful. The installed feeders and artificial nests caused the animals to stay in the area for monitoring. Abiotic factors may influence daily behavioral decision-making related to the use of supplementary feeding in reintroduced parrots.
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Berger-TAL, Oded, and David Saltz. "Using the movement patterns of reintroduced animals to improve reintroduction success." Current Zoology 60, no. 4 (2014): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.4.515.
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Abstract Despite their importance to conservation, reintroductions are still a risky endeavor and tend to fail, highlighting the need for more efficient post-release monitoring techniques. Reintroduced animals are released into unfamiliar novel environments and must explore their surroundings to gain knowledge in order to survive. According to theory, knowledge gain should be followed by subsequent changes to the animal’s movement behavior, making movement behavior an excellent indicator of reintroduction progress. We aim to conceptually describe a logical process that will enable the inclusion of behavior (in particular, movement behavior) in management decision-making post-reintroductions, and to do so, we provide four basic components that a manager should look for in the behaviors of released animals. The suggested components are release-site fidelity, recurring locations, proximity to other individuals, and individual variation in movement behavior. These components are by no means the only possible ones available to a manager, but they provide an efficient tool to understanding animals’ decision-making based on ecological theory; namely, the exploration-exploitation trade-off that released animals go through, and which underlies their behavior. We demonstrate our conceptual approach using data from two ungulate species reintroduced in Israel: the Persian fallow deer Dama mesopotamica and the Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx [Current Zoology 60 (4): 515–526, 2014].
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Neimanis, A. S., H. N. Koopman, A. J. Westgate, L. D. Murison, and A. J. Read. "Entrapment of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in herring weirs in the Bay of Fundy, Canada." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 6, no. 1 (2023): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v6i1.784.
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Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are small coastal cetaceans vulnerable to mortality in fishing operations. Not all interactions are fatal, however, and each year many porpoises swim into and are subsequently released from herring weirs in the Bay of Fundy, Canada through a targeted release programme. This study examines catch composition, body condition, characteristics associated with mortality and factors affecting entrapment of porpoises in weirs between 1992-2001. A total of 886 porpoises were recorded in weirs during this period. A total of 657 animals were involved in attempted releases: 588 were released alive and 69 were incidentally killed during release. The remainder of the animals swam out on their own or their fates were unknown. Estimated annual mortality represents less than 0.01% of the Bay of Fundy/Gulf of Maine population and only 1.03% of its annual potential biological removal level. The number of porpoises caught in weirs varied from eight in 1996 to 312 in 2001. Of the 390 animals released with a numbered identification tag, 25 were recaptured in weirs and 4 of those porpoises entered a weir a third time. Males comprised 63.5% of entrapments. Weirs and demersal gillnets captured animals from the same population, but the weir bycatch was biased towards younger, smaller animals. Porpoises that became trapped in weirs exhibited measures of body condition similar to those killed in gillnets and by gunshot wounds in the same waters. None were considered emaciated. Mortality in weirs appeared to be random; porpoises that died during release attempts were of the same age and sex composition and body condition as the individuals that survived. The use of a specialised large-mesh seine significantly increased the probability of successful release. Observations of the stomach contents data of porpoises killed in weirs indicate that porpoises feed while trapped in weirs, but perhaps not at the same rate as animals killed in gillnets. Entrapments peaked in August, concurrent with the highest landings of Atlantic herring, the target species of the weir fishery. Based on a logistical regression model, porpoises are 3.3 times more likely to swim into a weir on a night in which high tide falls during darkness. Weir entrapments do not have a significant effect on this population, largely because of on-going efforts to release porpoises from weirs.
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Prairie, Y. T., and C. M. Duarte. "Direct and indirect metabolic CO<sub>2</sub> release by humanity." Biogeosciences 4, no. 2 (2007): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-215-2007.
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Abstract. The direct CO2 released by respiration of humans and domesticated animals, as well as CO2 derived from the decomposition of their resulting wastes was calculated in order to ascertain the direct and indirect metabolic contribution of humanity to CO2 release. Human respiration was estimated to release 0.6 Gt C year−1 and that of their associated domestic animals was estimated to release 1.5 Gt C year−1, to which an indirect release of 1.0 Gt C year−1, derived from decomposition of the organic waste and garbage produced by humans and their domestic animals, must be added. These combined direct and indirect metabolic sources, estimated at 3.1 Gt C year−1, have increased 7 fold since pre-industrial times and are predicted to continue to rise over the 21st century.
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Prairie, Y. T., and C. M. Duarte. "Direct and indirect metabolic CO<sub>2</sub> release by humanity." Biogeosciences Discussions 3, no. 6 (2006): 1781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-3-1781-2006.
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Abstract. The direct CO2 released by respiration of humans and domesticated animals, as well as the CO2 derived from the decomposition of their resulting wastes was calculated in order to ascertain the direct and indirect metabolic contribution of humanity to CO2 release. Human respiration was estimated to release 0.6 Gt C year−1 and that of their associated domestic animals was estimated to release 1.5 Gt C year−1, to which an indirect release of 1.0 Gt C year−1, derived from decomposition of the organic waste and garbage produced by humans and their domestic animals, must be added. These combined direct and indirect metabolic sources, estimated at 3.1 Gt C year−1, has increased 7 fold since pre-industrial times and is forecasted to continue to rise over the 21st century.
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Swaisgood, RR. "The conservation-welfare nexus in reintroduction programmes: a role for sensory ecology." Animal Welfare 19, no. 2 (2010): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096272860000138x.
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AbstractSince reintroduction programmes involve moving animals from captive or wild environments and releasing them into novel environments, there are sure to be a number of challenges to the welfare of the individuals involved. Behavioural theory can help us develop reintroductions that are better for both the welfare of the individual and the conservation of populations. In addition to modifying captive environments to prepare animals for release to the wild, it is possible to modify the animals’ experience in the post-release environment. For releases to be more successful, they need to better accommodate the ecological and psychological needs of individuals. A better understanding of sensory ecology — how animals acquire and respond to information in their environment — is needed to develop new, more successful management strategies for reintroductions. Sensory ecology integrates ecological and psychological processes, calling for better synergy among researchers with divergent backgrounds in conservation and animal welfare science. This integrative approach leads to new topics of investigation in reintroduction biology, including more careful consideration of post-release stress and the role of social support. Reintroductions are essentially exercises in ‘forced’ dispersal; thus, an especially promising avenue of research is the role of proximate mechanisms governing dispersal and habitat selection decisions. Reintroduction biologists have much to gain from the study of mechanism because mechanisms, unlike function or adaptive value, can be manipulated to enhance conservation and welfare goals.
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Omondi, Patrick, Elizabeth Wambwa, Francis Gakuya, et al. "Recent translocation of elephant family units from Sweetwaters Rhino Sanctuary to Meru National Park, Kenya." Pachyderm 32 (June 30, 2002): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.69649/pachyderm.v32i1.1084.
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This paper focuses on the ninth, most recent, and largest elephant translocation, project undertaken in Kenya since KWS began transferring animals in 1996. 56 animals, 51 of which lived to be released, were translocated from Sweetwaters Rhino Sanctuary to Meru NP. The free ranging 'elephants were monitored for four months to identify animals to be moved'. From the total of 140 elephants individually identified 56, comprising 9 family units and 9 bulls, were identified for relocation. The paper notes the rationale for the pre-translocation monitoring, outlines the procedures followed by personnel in the helicopter and ground teams during the darting and anaesthesia regime, and the subsequent work involved in the loading, transportation and release of the animals. The animals were translocated in July 2001 during 12 capture operations conducted over a period of 22 days. Six animals were fitted with radio collars. Post-release monitoring involved both ground and aerial monitoring. To date it appears that the majority of the animals have settled close to the point of release and range within the Meru ecosystem.
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Reeve, N. J. "The Survival and Welfare of Hedgehogs (Erinaceus Europaeus) After Release Back Into the Wild." Animal Welfare 7, no. 2 (1998): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600020492.
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AbstractThe fate of rescued hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) released back to the wild has now been the subject of several follow-up studies. Although subject to various hazards, released hedgehogs have clearly shown essential ‘life-skills’. However, all previous studies have involved releases into hedgehog-rich areas and the observed long-range (> 500m) dispersal movements shown by some subjects, of up to 5km, may be a consequence of local intraspecific competition. This study has reduced a number of potentially confounding subject variables and provides follow-up data on 12 age-matched female hedgehogs with similar histories. A main group (n = 10) was released into a rural woodland area (Surrey, UK) of low natural hedgehog density, and radio-tracked for up to 108 days. A pilot release of two animals in an urban area with an established hedgehog population also took place (tracked for 109 and 131 days respectively). Most of the main group dispersed (up to 3km) from the release site; the two animals in the urban site did not. These data, taken with those from previous studies, suggest that dispersal is not specifically the result of intraspecific competition. Overall survival at week 8 was 42per cent (5 hedgehogs) plus two lost animals. This is comparable with previous studies. However, survival fell to 25 per cent (3 animals) plus two lost animals by week 15. Of seven recorded deaths, only one was the result of a failure to thrive and all other mortalities were accidental: four road deaths, one drowned in a pond and one predation. The study concludes that the hazards of the human environment were the principal threat to the welfare and survival of released hedgehogs in the area.
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Tsai, Amy G., Kim D. Vandegriff, Marcos Intaglietta, and Robert M. Winslow. "Targeted O2 delivery by low-P50 hemoglobin: a new basis for O2 therapeutics." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 285, no. 4 (2003): H1411—H1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00307.2003.
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To assess O2 delivery to tissue by a new surface-modified, polyethylene glycol-conjugated human hemoglobin [MP4; Po2 at 50% saturation of hemoglobin (P50); 5.4 mmHg], we studied microcirculatory hemodynamics and O2 release in golden Syrian hamsters hemodiluted with MP4 or polymerized bovine hemoglobin (PolyBvHb; P50 54.2 mmHg). Comparisons were made with the animals' hemodiluted blood with a non-O2 carrying plasma expander with similar solution properties (Dextran-70). Systemic hemodynamics (arterial blood pressure and heart rate) and acid-base parameters were not correlated with microhemodynamics (arteriolar and venular diameter, red blood cell velocity, and flow). Microscopic measurements of Po2 and the O2 equilibrium curves permitted analysis of O2 release in precapillary and capillary vessels by red blood cells and plasma hemoglobin separately. No significant differences between the groups of animals with respect to arteriolar diameter, flow, or flow velocity were observed, but the functional capillary density was significantly higher in the MP4-treated animals (67%) compared with PolyBvHb-treated animals (37%; P < 0.05) or dextran-treated animals (53%). In the PolyBvHb-treated animals, predominant O2 release (both red blood cells and plasma hemoglobin) occurred in precapillary vessels, whereas in MP4 animals most of the O2 was released from both red blood cells and plasma hemoglobin in capillaries. Base excess correlated directly with capillary O2 release but not systemic O2 content or total O2 release. Higher O2 extraction of both red blood cell and plasma hemoglobin in capillaries represents a new mechanism of action of cell-free hemoglobin. High O2 affinity appears to be an important property for cell-free hemoglobin solutions.
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Miazga, Katarzyna, Johan Joubert, Megan Sinclair, and Anna Cywińska. "Releasing Three Orphaned White Rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) to the Game Reserve in South Africa. Rehabilitation, Translocation and Post-Release Observations." Animals 10, no. 12 (2020): 2224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122224.
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White rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) is one of the most famous victims of poachers in Africa. One of the methods for dealing with decreasing rhino numbers is rehabilitating wounded and/or orphaned animals to successfully release them back into the wild. The status of rescued animal differs among individuals, but general procedures must be established and constantly improved. This study presents the history of successful release of three orphaned white rhino females; rehabilitated for 15 months in Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre in a private game reserve in South Africa. Female A was three years old, female B was one year old and the youngest female was three months old on arrival. The animals were rehabilitated together despite the differences in their age and size, with particular attention paid to keeping them as wild as possible. After being weaned and becoming old enough to go back to the wild, they were released at a distance from the rehabilitation centre, which required immobilization and translocation. Since the rhinos were released, they have been successfully living in the wild. All procedures used in this study proved to be sufficient for preparing the animals for life in the wild and can be recommended for other centres.
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Moraga, P. F., M. N. Llanos, and A. M. Ronco. "Arachidonic acid release from rat Leydig cells depends on the presence of luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotrophin receptors." Journal of Endocrinology 154, no. 2 (1997): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1540201.
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Abstract In this work, the involvement of arachidonic acid (AA) in the luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotrophin (LH/hCG) action on Leydig cells was studied. Experiments were first designed to evaluate [14C]AA incorporation into membrane phospholipids. Subsequently, time-course, pulse-chase and dose–response studies of the effect of hCG on [14C]AA release were performed. Results indicated that 4 h was optimal for maximal incorporation of [14C]AA into membrane phospholipids of viable Leydig cells. Pulse-chase experiments and studies performed to evaluate the effect of different doses of hCG on [14C]AA release demonstrated that this hormone stimulates [14C]AA release in a dose–response and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, using a desensitised animal model, a link between the presence of LH/hCG receptors and LH/hCG-stimulated [14C]AA release in Leydig cells could be established. In fact, the amount of [14C]AA released was significantly dependent on, and directly proportional to, the concentration of LH/hCG binding sites. Thus [14C]AA released from intact rat Leydig cells decreased when animals had been previously injected with a high single dose of hCG (desensitised animals), which is known to cause a dramatic decrease in the number of LH/hCG binding sites. These results demonstrate that the mechanism of AA release in Leydig cells depends on LH/hCG–receptor interaction and also suggest that AA could act as an additional intracellular messenger associated with the hormonal action of LH/hCG. Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 154, 201–209
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Lauer, Jessy, Mu Zhou, Shaokai Ye, et al. "Multi-animal pose estimation, identification and tracking with DeepLabCut." Nature Methods 19, no. 4 (2022): 496–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41592-022-01443-0.
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AbstractEstimating the pose of multiple animals is a challenging computer vision problem: frequent interactions cause occlusions and complicate the association of detected keypoints to the correct individuals, as well as having highly similar looking animals that interact more closely than in typical multi-human scenarios. To take up this challenge, we build on DeepLabCut, an open-source pose estimation toolbox, and provide high-performance animal assembly and tracking—features required for multi-animal scenarios. Furthermore, we integrate the ability to predict an animal’s identity to assist tracking (in case of occlusions). We illustrate the power of this framework with four datasets varying in complexity, which we release to serve as a benchmark for future algorithm development.
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McGovern, Pearson A., Kurt A. Buhlmann, Brian D. Todd, et al. "The Effect of Size on Postrelease Survival of Head-Started Mojave Desert Tortoises." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 11, no. 2 (2020): 494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-20-014.
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Abstract Captive-rearing conservation programs focus primarily on maximizing postrelease survival. Survival increases with size in a variety of taxa, often leading to the use of enhanced size as a means to minimize postrelease losses. Head-starting is a specific captive-rearing approach used to accelerate growth in captivity prior to release in the wild. We explored the effect of size at release, among other potential factors, on postrelease survival in head-started Mojave desert tortoises Gopherus agassizii. Juvenile tortoises were reared for different durations of captivity (2–7 y) and under varying husbandry protocols, resulting in a wide range of juvenile sizes (68–145 mm midline carapace length) at release. We released all animals (n = 78) in the Mojave National Preserve, California, United States, on 25 September 2018. Release size and surface activity were the only significant predictors of fate during the first year postrelease. Larger sized head-starts had higher predicted survival rates when compared with smaller individuals. This trend was also observed in animals of the same age but reared under different protocols, suggesting that accelerating the growth of head-started tortoises may increase efficiency of head-starting programs without decreasing postrelease success. Excluding five missing animals, released head-starts had 82.2% survival in their first year postrelease (September 2018–September 2019), with all mortalities resulting from predation. No animals with &gt;90-mm midline carapace length were predated by ravens. Our findings suggest the utility of head-starting may be substantially improved by incorporating indoor rearing to accelerate growth. Target release size for head-started chelonians will vary among head-start programs based on release site conditions and project-specific constraints.
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García, Jesús T., Javier Viñuela, María Calero-Riestra, Inés S. Sánchez-Barbudo, Diego Villanúa, and Fabián Casas. "Risk of Infection, Local Prevalence and Seasonal Changes in an Avian Malaria Community Associated with Game Bird Releases." Diversity 13, no. 12 (2021): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13120657.
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Anthropogenic activities, such as the translocation or introduction of animals, may cause a parallel movement of exotic parasites harboured by displaced animals. Although introduction and/or relocation of animals for hunting purposes is an increasingly common management technique, the effects of gamebird release as a major vehicle for the introduction of parasites into new geographic regions have rarely been reported. We examined the prevalence and distribution of avian malaria parasites infecting resident avian hosts (red-legged partridge Alectoris rufa) at a local scale, with a particular emphasis on the effects of releasing farm-reared birds for hunting on the spatial and temporal structure of the parasite community. We collected blood samples from adult partridges from two game estates with partridge releases and two sites without releases over two periods (spring and autumn). We tested the probability of infection and differences in the parasite community in relation to the management model (releases vs. non releases) and sampling period, comparing autumn (when farm-reared birds are released) and spring (after hunting season, when mostly wild birds can be found in the population). We found a high prevalence (54%) of Plasmodium spp., and substantial differences in the spatial and temporal distribution of parasite lineages among the populations studied. Some parasite lineages occurred at high frequencies in game estates without introduction of farm-reared partridges, while other lineages were more abundant in game estates with releases than in those without releases. Overall, the prevalence of avian malaria was similar between spring and autumn at non-release sites, whereas in sites with releases, it was higher in autumn than in spring—probably due to artificial restocking with infected farm-reared birds at the onset of the hunting season. In short, humans may be an important agent driving the alteration of the spatial structure of local parasite fauna via the introduction of exotic parasites by gamebird release, which could cause avian malaria outbreaks with severe repercussions for native avifauna.
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Robertson, C. P. J., and S. Harris. "The Condition and Survival After Release of Captive-Reared Fox Cubs." Animal Welfare 4, no. 4 (1995): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600017991.
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AbstractIn Britain large numbers of animals are taken into captivity for treatment or care and then subsequently returned to the wild, but there are few data on the effectiveness of these rehabilitation programmes. In this study, over a period of four years 251 fox cubs that had been captive-reared were tagged and released; 90 were recovered. Survival rates were low, and road traffic accidents were found to be a major cause of mortality immediately following release. Recovery distances were lower than expected. The stress associated with captive-rearing meant that released foxes weighed less than wild-reared foxes, and they suffered further weight loss in the period immediately following release, even though an analysis of the stomach contents of animals recovered dead showed that released foxes rapidly learnt to hunt successfully.It was concluded that captive-rearing is a problematic process for foxes, and contrary to predictions they face severe problems in adapting following release. Suggestions are made for the improvement of fox captive-rearing and release programmes, and the need for similar studies on other species is highlighted.
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Hu, Huijian, and Zhigang Jiang. "Trial release of Père David's deer Elaphurus davidianus in the Dafeng Reserve, China." Oryx 36, no. 2 (2002): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605302000273.
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The Critically Endangered Père David's deer Elaphurus davidianu became extinct in the wild in China in about 1900, and the only surviving animals were held in captivity at Woburn Abbey in the UK. During 1985–1987, individuals were returned to China, and subsequent growth of the captive population in enclosures at Dafeng Reserve necessitated a trial release of a small group of deer as a prelude to further releases. Seven individuals were released into the unfenced coastal region of the Dafeng Reserve in 1998. Behaviour, daily activity rhythm, habitat selection, activity range and body condition were recorded for six months after release. The deer exhibited initial changes in behaviour, but returned to their pre-release patterns about four weeks after release, and by six weeks after release their body condition had improved compared to their previous condition in captivity. They left the Reserve and began to forage on farmland, causing conflict with local people. Further releases should be into areas with either a natural or artificial boundary in order to avoid unmanageable levels of conflict between the needs of the deer and those of farmers.
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Emanuele, M. A., J. Tentler, D. Reda, L. Kirsteins, N. V. Emanuele, and A. M. Lawrence. "In-vivo effect of ethanol on release of LH-releasing hormone and LH in rats." Journal of Endocrinology 121, no. 1 (1989): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1210037.
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ABSTRACT The effect of exposure to ethanol on hypothalamic LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) release in vivo was investigated in rats both acutely (i.p. injection) and after 3 days of administration, utilizing a permanent gastric cannula. In both designs, the animals were castrated before being given ethanol and, in both experiments, ethanol successfully lowered the post-castration LH rise compared with control castrated animals. In both the acutely and chronically treated groups, basal LHRH release was not impaired, despite the documented decrease in LH levels. Finally, stimulated LHRH release was investigated with depolarizing concentrations of potassium and, again, no change was noted between the hypothalamic release of this decapeptide in the ethanol-exposed compared with the ethanol-naive animals. Thus, ethanol failed to inhibit basal or stimulated LHRH secretion in the acutely and chronically treated animal. This lack of effect on LHRH occurred despite a concomitant lowering of serum concentrations of LH. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 121, 37–41
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Sukmayanti, Rifka Hardina, Nirmala Ayu Aryanti, Amir Syarifuddin, and Iwan Kurniawan. "EVALUASI PERILAKU HARIAN LUTUNG JAWA (Trachypithecus auratus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1812) PASCA PELEPASLIARAN DI GUNUNG BIRU BATU JAWA TIMUR." Jurnal Belantara 7, no. 1 (2024): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbl.v7i1.1028.
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The Mount Biru protect forest is still maintained the biodiversity so that it is able to support a variety of animals in it, one of which is a habitat for the release of the javan langurs group (T. auratus). This study aims to determine the daily behavior of the javan langur after rehabilitation and release to evaluate the development of population behavior and barriers in the same group since 2014. The study used a focal animal sampling method combined with scan sampling to observe daily behavior (eating, social, resting, and moving) one female javan langur released in 2014. It was observed that post-release individuals had higher resting activities (38.91%) and the lowest allo-grooming social activities (5.08%). The results of the different test calculations using Chi Square can be concluded that there are significant differences in the daily behavior of the Javan langur after release in 2015, 2019 and 2021.
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Roberts, D., D. Gelperin, and J. W. Wiley. "Evidence for age-associated reduction in acetylcholine release and smooth muscle response in the rat colon." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 267, no. 4 (1994): G515—G522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1994.267.4.g515.
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The effect of aging was examined on cholinergically mediated contractions and acetylcholine (ACh) release in isolated colonic segments from Fischer (F344 x BN) F1 rats, 4-8 mo (postpubertal) and 22-28 mo (senescent) of age. This species demonstrates age-dependent slowing of colonic transit. Muscle tension response to electrical stimulation of cholinergic neural pathways and application of ACh was significantly decreased in preparations from senescent compared with postpubertal animals. We focused on the hypothesis that aging was associated with reduced ACh release that resulted from decreased calcium influx through membrane calcium channels. Aging did not affect either the synthesis of [3H]ACh from [3H]choline or the percentage of 3H released in the form of [3H]ACh. However, elevated KCl-evoked release of [3H]ACh was significantly reduced in tissue from senescent compared with postpubertal animals. Treatment with the calcium ionophore ionomycin increased [3H]ACh release in tissue from senescent animals to near postpubertal levels. However, increasing extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]o) from 1.2 to 5 mM did not increase the amount of transmitter release in tissue from senescent animals to the levels observed with 1.2 mM [Ca2+]o in postpubertal tissue. The neuronal calcium channel antagonist omega-conotoxin GVIA inhibited acetylcholine release in a concentration-dependent manner with half-maximal inhibitory values of 1.8 and 8.2 nM for senescent and postpubertal preparations, respectively. In summary, age-dependent reduction in ACh release was observed in the rat colon myenteric plexus that may, in part, be associated with decreased calcium influx via membrane calcium channels.
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Rajasekar, DR L., and R. Praveen Kumar. "DEVELOPMENT OF ANIMAL TRACKING SYSTEM USINGCOMPUTER VISION." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 11 (2023): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2023.v07i11.011.
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The behavior of animals in the wild is studied animal migration tracking in wildlife biology, conservation biology, and ecology and wildlife management. Animal banding, which involved attaching passive ID tags to animal’s legs to identify it in a sub sequent catch and release operation, was one of the earliest techniques used. A tiny radio transmitter is fastened to the animals during radio tracking, and a receiver tracks the signal.In genius temporary methods use GP tags that retain are cord of the animal’s where abuts as well as satellites to follow tagged animals. Devices tailored to the species or item being monitored by the you look only once algorithm may now be developed thanks to the development of new technology. One of the numerous goals of animal migration research has been to determine the creature’s final locations. The goal of object detection, a field of computer science related to computer vision and image processing, is to find instances of semantic objects belonging to a specific class in digital pictures and videos. Two well researched object detection fields are face and pedestrian detection. Object detection is used in several computer vision domains, including video surveillance and OPEN CV library.
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Antoni, F. A., G. Fink, and W. J. Sheward. "Corticotrophin-releasing peptides in rat hypophysial portal blood after paraventricular lesions: a marked reduction in the concentration of corticotrophin-releasing factor-41, but no change in vasopressin." Journal of Endocrinology 125, no. 2 (1990): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1250175.
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ABSTRACT Previous data show that corticotrophin-releasing factor-41 (CRF-41), arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin are released into hypophysial portal blood. It has been presumed that the CRF-41 originates mainly from parvicellular neurones of the paraventricular nuclei (PVN); however, AVP and oxytocin could also be derived as a consequence of preterminal release from magnocellular projections to the neurohypophysis. The latter has been suggested to be the case for AVP as assessed by studies of the median eminence in vitro. Here we have investigated the source of CRF-41, AVP and oxytocin in hypophysial portal blood of adult male Wistar rats 8–10 days after surgical lesioning of the PVN. In PVN-lesioned animals the output of CRF-41 into hypophysial portal blood was reduced by about 90%, and that of oxytocin by about 40%: however, the output of AVP into portal blood was reduced only by about 10%. The release of AVP into portal blood increased after adrenalectomy; this increased release could be returned to normal by treatment with dexamethasone. No change of AVP release occurred after adrenalectomy in animals in which the PVN had been lesioned. These results show (i) that most of the CRF-41 released into hypophysial portal blood is derived from the PVN, (ii) that in PVN-lesioned animals AVP and oxytocin release remains at near normal or 60% of normal respectively, suggesting that a substantial amount of both neuropeptides in portal blood is derived as a consequence of preterminal release from supraoptic nuclei projections in the median eminence, and (iii) that glucocorticoid feedback inhibition of AVP release is exerted at the level of the PVN. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 125, 175–183
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Rosenhagen, Nichole. "Pathophysiology of Stress." Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 34, no. 1 (2021): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v34.90.
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Stress is an unavoidable reality for wild animals in captivity. In small bouts, its effects are minimal and can even be beneficial to an animal. However, long term stress is unequivocally detrimental to all species and can affect nearly every part of the body. Recognizing sources of stress and taking steps to mitigate its presence in wildlife rehabilitation facilities can hasten an animal’s recovery and may even improve its overall survivability after release.
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Silva, J. M. M., A. L. J. Desbiez, D. Kluyber, V. G. Castro, J. H. F. F. Naves, and L. Q. L. Hirano. "Post-release challenges: case report of parasitosis by Ancylostoma sp. in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 75, no. 4 (2023): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12968.
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ABSTRACT The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is classified as vulnerable to extinction. Here, we report the occurrence of ancylostomiasis in a young male Myrmecophaga tridactyla. The animal was raised from a puppy in captivity with management directed toward rehabilitation and monitored soft release. Five months after release, significant weight loss was noted in the individual, who was captured for examinations, with detection of Ancylostoma sp. in coproparasitological analysis. Although common in domestic carnivores, this is the first report of hookworm disease in free-ranging giant anteaters. Due to the stress factor arising from adapting to the challenges in the new environment, long-term post-release monitoring of animals undergoing rehabilitation is extremely important to increase the chance of survival of individuals. The giant anteater was released after treatment with vermifuge composed of fenbendazole, pyrantel pamoate, and praziquantel.
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Robertson, C. P. J., and S. Harris. "The Behaviour After Release of Captive-Reared Fox Cubs." Animal Welfare 4, no. 4 (1995): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600018005.
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AbstractThe release of animals from captivity frequently leads to a period of erratic movement behaviour which is thought to expose the animal to a high risk of mortality. Twenty-six foxes which had been reared at a wildlife hospital or captive-bred, were radio-collared when nearly full-grown and released without site acclimation. Immediately after release there was an erratic phase of behaviour, during which the foxes travelled widely and movement parameters were markedly elevated. For those foxes which survived, a second phase was entered after an average of 17.2 days, during which one small area only was used, and movement parameters were much reduced. In a second study, nine foxes were released following site acclimation in a pre-release pen; this process postponed but did not eliminate the phase of high movement activity.This pattern of movement was compared with the dispersal behaviour of wild-reared foxes. It was concluded that released foxes, despite being proficient in other aspects of behaviour, were moving and behaving in a markedly abnormal manner and this resulted in a high death rate. The results are used to discuss methods of improving rehabilitation techniques.
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Javed, N. H., Y. Z. Wang, and H. J. Cooke. "Neuroimmune interactions: role for cholinergic neurons in intestinal anaphylaxis." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 263, no. 6 (1992): G847—G852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1992.263.6.g847.
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The role of cholinergic neurons in mediating chloride secretion in anaphylaxis was assessed in muscle-stripped segments of distal colon from guinea pigs immunized to bovine milk. beta-Lactoglobulin evoked a concentration-dependent increase in short-circuit current (Isc) in immune, but not nonimmune, tissues. The Isc response to beta-lactoglobulin was reduced by piroxicam, pyrilamine, and cimetidine. Tetrodotoxin and atropine reduced the Isc response to beta-lactoglobulin in immune animals, whereas mecamylamine and ICS 205-930 were ineffective. beta-Lactoglobulin evoked a concentration-dependent increase in acetylcholine (ACh) release in immune, but not nonimmune, animals. In immune tissues after challenge with beta-lactoglobulin, ACh release paralleled the change in Isc. Piroxicam, cimetidine plus pyrilamine, or a combination of piroxicam, cimetidine, and pyrilamine significantly reduced the release of ACh after beta-lactoglobulin challenge. Histamine, dimaprit, and prostaglandins E2 evoked an increase in ACh release. These results suggest that beta-lactoglobulin releases prostaglandins and histamine probably from mast cells. Secretory responses that occur when immune animals are challenged with beta-lactoglobulin result, in part, from activation of cholinergic neurons that utilize muscarinic synapses for transfer of signals to the epithelium.
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Denucci, Giovanna Corrêa, Henrique Ballassini Abdalla, Juliana Trindade Clemente-Napimoga, and Cecilia Pedroso Turssi. "Dentin hypersensitivity." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 24 (March 5, 2025): e258423. https://doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v24i00.8678423.
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Aim: This study assessed the activity of neuron/odontoblast receptors and neuropeptide release, under an animal model of dentin hypersensitivity (DH). Methods: Wistar rats were allocated in two groups (n=10): in test group DH was induced by a validated protocol in which a sports drink (pH 3.08) was ingested for 45d, while in control group, the animals ingested filtered water instead. Animals were euthanized and blood samples were collected to measure plasma corticosterone levels. Dental pulp samples (n=6) were processed for Western Blot and ELISA analysis of TRPV1 (mechano-, thermo- and chemoreceptor), P2X7 (adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-mechanosensitive receptor), TRPM8 (cold-sensitive receptor) and substance P (neurogenic peptide released by neuron activation and due to TRPV1 expression). Data were analyzed using Student’s t tests (α=0.05). Results: DH significantly increased expression of TRPV1 (p=0.002), P2X7 (p=0.007) and substance P (p<0.001) but did not significantly affect the activity of TRPM8 (p=0.079). Conclusion: Under DH condition, neurons and odontoblasts expressed TRPV1 and P2X7 receptors as well as increased substance P release, demonstrating cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying DH.
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Vollmar, B., P. F. Conzen, H. Habazettl, E. Yekebas, and K. Peter. "Heparin-protamine reactions in pigs: role of oxygen-derived free radicals." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 5 (1993): 2412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.5.2412.
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We tested the hypothesis that pulmonary hypertension and thromboxane A2 release after heparin neutralization by protamine are mediated by oxygen free radicals. Forty-five pigs in five groups were studied during general anesthesia. Group I animals received 250 IU heparin followed by 100 mg protamine after 15 min. Group II and group III animals received dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylthiourea (DMTU) 30 min before heparin infusion. Group IV animals were given superoxide dismutase (SOD) 5 min before protamine. Group V served for testing the pulmonary vascular reactivity in DMTU-treated animals to a thromboxane A2 analogue (U-46619). Generation of oxygen free radicals by polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs) was measured in vitro by chemiluminescence. Severe pulmonary hypertension and thromboxane A2 release after protamine were not prevented by either DMSO or SOD. DMTU reduced pulmonary vasoconstriction to U-46619 and protamine but not to TxA2 release, indicating that DMTU had unspecific vascular effects in group III. Heparin-protamine released no oxygen free radicals from isolated PMNs. The results indicate that oxygen free radicals do not have a key role in mediating pulmonary vasoconstriction after protamine neutralization of heparin.
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Lapidge, Steven J. "Reintroduction increased vitamin E and condition in captive-bred yellow-footed rock wallabies Petrogale xanthopus." Oryx 39, no. 1 (2005): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605305000104.
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Welfare implications of reintroduction are primarily unknown, although reportedly negative. Few studies have described physiological changes in captive-bred animals post-release and consequently the impact of reintroduction on captive-bred animals is not well understood. Such information is crucial to understanding whether reintroduction constitutes ethical practice. For these reasons two physiological indices associated with animal health, plasma vitamin E concentration (PVEC) or α-Tocopherol, and general condition scores, were monitored in reintroduced captive-bred yellow-footed rock wallabies Petrogale xanthopus celeris and P. x. xanthopus pre- and post-release. PVEC was chosen because deficiencies are common in captive animals compared to their wild counterparts, and have been linked to stress, myopathy, neuronal degeneration, low reproduction, anaemia and death. Changes in physical condition, within this study indicated principally by mass variation, coat condition, and reproductive status, but also parasite load, visible stress, lethargy and diarrhoea, have also not been reported for captive-bred animals reintroduced to the wild. Captive-bred yellow-footed rock wallabies reintroduced to areas of their former range in Queensland and South Australia showed a rapid and sustained increase in PVEC and physical condition, with post-release values significantly higher than pre-release captive levels. Post-release values for both parameters did not significantly differ from that of wild counterparts. Hence I conclude that there was no welfare implications related to the observed parameters in these reintroductions, rather the opposite.
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Lebata, Ma Junemie Hazel L., Lewis Le Vay, Mark E. Walton, et al. "Evaluation of hatchery-based enhancement of the mud crab, Scylla spp., fisheries in mangroves: comparison of species and release strategies." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 1 (2009): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08155.
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Ranching, stock enhancement and restocking are management approaches involving the release of wild or hatchery-bred organisms to enhance, conserve or restore fisheries. The present study, conducted from April 2002 to November 2005, evaluated the effectiveness of releasing wild and hatchery-reared (HR) mud crabs in the mangroves of Ibajay, Aklan, Philippines where preliminary studies demonstrated declining fishery yields, abundance and size of crabs. Comparison of survival and growth of wild-released and HR Scylla olivacea and HR Scylla serrata demonstrated the effect of nursery conditioning, size-at-release and species differences. Overall yield and catch per unit effort (CPUE) increased by 46% after stock enhancement trials. Recapture rates of released crabs were highest in wild-released S. olivacea and in crabs measuring 65.0–69.9 mm carapace width (CW) and lowest in non-conditioned HR S. serrata. Growth rates were highest for conditioned HR S. olivacea and lowest for conditioned HR S. serrata (11.7 and 3.7 mm month–1 respectively). Fishing mortality was highest for S. olivacea, whereas natural mortality was greater for S. serrata. Conditioning hatchery-bred animals before release is also important in obtaining higher survival. S. olivacea was the more appropriate of the two species for release in mangrove habitats inundated with low-salinity water. However, there is a need for site-specific studies to evaluate the effectiveness of releases.
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Morris, P. A. "Released, Rehabilitated Hedgehogs: A Follow-Up Study in Jersey." Animal Welfare 6, no. 4 (1997): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600020030.
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AbstractThirteen overwintered juvenile hedgehogs (six male, seven female) were released in an area of farm land and gardens on Jersey, Channel Islands. Six (three of each sex) were originally from the same area, the rest came from other parts of the island. They were radio-tracked and monitored regularly for 6 weeks to investigate survival and especially whether ‘site-native’ animals and those from elsewhere differed in respect of their propensity to disperse widely following release. All animals survived at least 4 weeks and 10 were known to be alive after 6 weeks. The fate of the others is unknown, but there is no reason to believe that any of them suffered an early death.Male hedgehogs used new nests more frequently than females. All remained within 400m of the release point for at least a month, some were still within 200m 6 weeks post-release. Five hedgehogs dispersed, travelling at least 400m from the release point. Four of these were males, including one recaptured 5.2km away. Dispersal seemed to be more related to sex than origin. All animals lost weight initially, but most stabilized after 2-3 weeks; proportionately more weight was lost by larger animals. None was seen to use supplementary food put out for them, despite weight losses, and no aggressive interactions with wild conspecifics were noted. Despite all the animals being naïve juveniles, with little or no previous experience of life in the wild, none were killed by road traffic. Positive conclusions from previous studies concerning the success and welfare implications of releasing hedgehogs after care in captivity are confirmed.
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Friz, Dorothea. "Catch Neuter Release and Pet Overpopulation Management in Southern Italy." Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research 2, no. 1 (2020): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25889567-12340023.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A stray dog problem is not necessarily due to animals not owned. In fact, it can be caused by owned dogs allowed to roam and reproduce freely around the whole territory. And if the authorities limit themselves to the policy of catching the dogs and keeping them in shelters, the problem will never be solved. Instead, the shelters will soon be very overcrowded, with tremendous animal welfare issues for the imprisoned animals and at a very high cost for the public. Spay/neuter and return projects will instead reduce the number of dogs in the territory and are an essential way of keeping constant control. This is what my experience in Southern Italy taught me.
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Coe, Jon, and Julia Hoy. "Choice, Control and Computers: Empowering Wildlife in Human Care." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 4, no. 4 (2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti4040092.
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The purpose of this perspective paper and technology overview is to encourage collaboration between designers and animal carers in zoological institutions, sanctuaries, research facilities, and in soft-release scenarios for the benefit of all stakeholders, including animals, carers, managers, researchers, and visitors. We discuss the evolution of animal-centered technology (ACT), including more recent animal-centered computing to increase animal wellbeing by providing increased opportunities for choice and control for animals to gain greater self-regulation and independence. We believe this will increase animal welfare and relative freedom, while potentially improving conservation outcomes. Concurrent with the benefits to the animals, this technology may benefit human carers by increasing workplace efficiency and improving research data collection using automated animal monitoring systems. These benefits are balanced against cultural resistance to change, the imposition of greater staff training, a potential reduction in valuable animal-carer interaction, and the financial costs for technology design, acquisition, obsolescence, and maintenance. Successful applications will be discussed to demonstrate how animal-centered technology has evolved and, in some cases, to suggest future opportunities. We suggest that creative uses of animal-centered technology, based upon solid animal welfare science, has the potential for greatly increasing managed animal welfare, eventually growing from individual animal enrichment features to facility-wide integrated animal movement systems and transitions to wildlife release and rewilding strategies.
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Ridgway, S. H., and C. C. Robison. "Homing by released captive California sea lions, Zalophus californianus, following release on distant islands." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 9 (1985): 2162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-317.
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Captive male California sea lions were twice flown to offshore breeding islands and released. Three animals returned to their pen in San Diego Bay after discharge on San Clemente Island, about 115 km away. Two of four returned to the same facility from San Nicolas Island, about 240 km away. The fastest sea lion returned in 2 days from San Clemente and in 4 days from San Nicolas. This is the first evidence for such specific east–west navigation by sea lions and suggests that these animals are good navigators.
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Swancutt, Katherine. "Animal Release and the Sacrificial Ethos in Inner Asia." Inner Asia 22, no. 2 (2020): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340147.
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Abstract Animal release is often understood as the practice of freeing an animal from human consumption or the burden of labour. Typically associated with various Buddhist or Daoist cosmologies in which liberating an animal is a merit-making act, animal release tends to be conceptualised in altruistic terms. Yet the diverse forms that sacrifice and animal release take across Inner Asia suggest that the focus of analysis sometimes shifts from a concern with freeing animals to protecting the human imperative to live. Introducing new ethnography on the ethical underpinnings of sacrifice among Buryats in northeast Mongolia and the Nuosu of southwest China, I propose that animal release can be an act of restrained violence that evokes the mythopoetic contours of human–animal relations, animal sentience and human self-preservation. Offering case studies on scapegoats, deferred sacrifice, and contingent forms of slaughter, I show how Buryats and Nuosu manage the ethical tensions posed by sacrifice.
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Villalba-Briones, Ricardo, Edwin R. Jiménez, and Juan S. Monros. "Release and follow-up of a rehabilitated two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) in a tropical dry forest in Ecuador." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 17, no. 4 (2022): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.17.e91332.
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We present the first records of the post-release follow-up and monitoring of a rehabilitated two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) as well as freezing behavior and an inferred antagonistic interaction for this species. Two-toed sloths are nocturnal and arboreal mammals whose survival relies on their capability to remain undetected by predators. Nevertheless, in the Guayas province of Ecuador, they are among the most common mammal species in rehabilitation centers. The liberation of animals back to the forest is the main goal of rehabilitation, while the follow-up of post-release human support of animals facilitates their re-establishment in their natural habitat. Follow-up, direct observation, and Bluetooth-based monitoring of the two-toed sloths secured the survival of this species in this part of Ecuador. The range of detectability of the device used indicates its suitability for tracking low-mobility animals. After the first five days, the number of trees used per day increased, and 19 trees within 1152 m2 were visited. Daylight and movement time range showed a correlation towards detectability. The follow-up effort allowed for keeping the two-toed sloth safe for 10 days after release. Due to the difficulty monitoring nocturnal animals, economic constraints in conservation, accessibility, and safety of the animals, biodegradable Bluetooth-based backpacks are recommended to ease the location of the animal and support its survival in the wild.
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Jumabayevna, Ilalova Juldiz. "ZOOTECH IN NATIVE ANIMALS." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 10 (2022): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-10-27.
Full textAbstract:
Village in the farm animal husbandry different factors account received without done increase need _ Village economy organizations different in the circumstances, therefore for zootechnics current to reach whitewash for only economic efficiency enough not _ Research of the subject relevance different factors account received without at the micro level zootechnics current of reaching application evaluation necessity with depends because _ enough of this matter not studied. In the article known one work release process descriptive technical, technological, organizational and social factors account received without village economy organizations zootechnicalization to the goal compatibility complex evaluation methodology offer will be done. Such of assessment the first stage zootechnics done increase economic efficiency determination offer will be done. Then an expert group offer of those made each one of the factor importance average and relative assessment determines _ Initial sorting the work places zootechnics current reach according to benefits degrees to give with will be completed. Robot technology to the goal compatibility determination methodology village farm _ in organizations in animal husbandry the work in places test was conducted.
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Molyneux, Jenny, David A. Taggart, Anthony Corrigan, and Sean Frey. "Home-range studies in a reintroduced brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) population in the Grampians National Park, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 33, no. 2 (2011): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10039.
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In 2008, after 9 years of presumed local extinction, brush-tailed rock-wallabies (Petrogale penicillata) were reintroduced at Moora Moora Creek in the Grampians National Park, western Victoria. Since little is known about this species in Victoria, the reintroduction presented an important opportunity to gain information on the species’ ecology. Radio-tracking was undertaken and home range determined for three individuals released 11 months before this study and a further five individuals that were released at the commencement of the study in October 2009. Home-range size showed little variation amongst individuals, with a mean overall home range of 26 ha (±1.69, s.e.) and a mean core home range of 2.5 ha (±0.24, s.e.). Newly reintroduced individuals showed higher levels of association with wallabies from the same release and greater site fidelity when known conspecifics were close. Within 5 months of release, newly reintroduced animals showed home ranges similar in both size and distribution to those of animals released 11 months prior.