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author, Mazur Lukasz, Chera Bhishamjit S. author, and Adams, Robert D. (Registered radiologic technologist), author, eds. Engineering patient safety in radiation oncology: University of North Carolina's pursuit for high reliability and value creation. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
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Belyaev, pavel, Mihail Sokolov, and Viktor Frolov. Recycling of polymer waste to produce composites for road construction. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/2155924.
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The monograph examines the problem of polymer waste disposal using the example of obtaining polymer-bitumen binders (PBBs) for road construction using large-tonnage packaging waste from high-pressure (low density) polyethylene. The composition of a complex modifier has been developed, in which expensive thermoplastic is partially replaced by cheaper high-pressure polyethylene or its waste. The possibility of obtaining polymer-bitumen binders using such a modifier in cheaper and more reliable standard vertical mixing apparatuses with paddle agitators is substantiated, which reduce energy consumption for polymer dispersion in the production of PBB compared with traditionally used equipment equipped with colloidal mills. The dependences of the quality indicators of composite PBB on the content of modifying agents are obtained and their adequacy is verified. A mathematical description of the PBB production process in vertical mixing apparatuses with paddle agitators is presented, which makes it possible to solve optimization problems for a design parameter (diameter of the agitator) and a mode variable (rotation speed of the agitators). Examples of solving problems of optimizing the composition of PBBs, a design parameter and a mode variable in the design of cheaper energy-efficient mixers are given. For specialists, researchers, postgraduates and undergraduates engaged in research in the field of mechanical engineering, road construction and polymer waste disposal.
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Plaskova, Nataliya. Methodology. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1842566.
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The monograph reveals a system of methodological approaches of a theoretical, methodological and practical nature to improve the processes of creating and functioning of a system of accounting and analytical information that comprehensively reflects the vital activity of an organization in the modern conditions of the development of the digital economy of Russia. The article presents a set of organizational and methodological tasks and options for their solutions regarding the formation of a high-quality information base for providing a controlling system and making internal management decisions by the management and managers of companies, as well as to meet the information requests of external stakeholders. The introduction of the proposed author's methods and methods into the accounting and analytical practice of organizations allows optimizing management costs associated with accounting and management accounting, analysis, planning, contributes to the qualitative functioning of internal information flows of the company, reliable disclosure of the financial situation and effectiveness of its activities, the organization of a quality controlling system and timely adequate response of management to negative impacts of external and internal factors, increasing business efficiency, strengthening its competitiveness. 
 It is intended for researchers, university teachers, postgraduates, bachelors and masters studying in the fields of Economics, Management, Finance and Credit, as well as practitioners in the field of accounting, analysis, audit, internal control and management of financial and economic activities of organizations.
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Feigenson, Neal R., and Christina O. Spiesel. The Psychology of Surveillance and Sousveillance Video Evidence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190658113.003.0009.
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This chapter reviews the psychological research that indicates why jurors are likely to find video evidence in general to be reliable, probative, and persuasive but also why their perceptions and interpretations of this evidence are prone to being biased by many factors of which they tend to remain largely unaware. These include jurors’ prior attitudes and beliefs, their current motivations, the visual and verbal contextualizations of the video at trial, and their emotional responses to the video. The chapter then examines surveillance and sousveillance video technology and discusses jurors’ potential responses to videos of high-profile police shootings. It concludes by arguing that jurors’ responses to video evidence may change over the course of the trial as that evidence is presented repeatedly and under different conditions, recommending potential trial reforms to assist jurors as they evaluate video evidence, and suggesting further research to explore this issue.
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Thurston, Anne, ed. A Matter of Trust. University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14296/1220.9781912250356.
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The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals initiative has the potential to set the direction for a future world that works for everyone. Approved by 193 United Nations member countries in September 2016 to help guide global and national development policies in the period to 2030, the 17 goals build on the successes of the Millennium Development Goals, but also include new priority areas, such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice. Assessed against common agreed targets and indicators, the goals should facilitate inter-governmental cooperation and the development of regional and even global development strategies. However, each goal presents considerable challenges in terms of collecting and analysing relevant data and producing the statistics needed to measure progress. Most governments in lower resourced countries simply do not yet have the systems and controls in place to produce high quality, reliable data and statistics, and it is questionable whether the quality and integrity of the available information is adequate to support meaningful decisions and set direction for the future. There are substantial implications: where progress cannot be measured accurately because of inadequate or flawed statistics, the result can be misguided decisions, doubts about achievement of the goals and significant wasted resources. Getting statistics ‘right’ depends upon the quality and integrity of the data used to produce them and on the quality of the processes for collecting, manipulating and analysing the data. Without a documentary records as evidence of how the data were gathered and analysed or how statistics were produced and disseminated, it is not possible to confirm that the statistics are complete, accurate and relevant. Various global organisations do recognise the importance of high quality data and statistics for measuring the SDG indicators reliably, but there has been little attention to the role of records in providing the evidence needed to trust the data and statistics. There is, moreover, a lack of awareness that digital information simply will not survive without policies and procedures to manage and preserve it through time. As a result, digital data, statistics and records are being lost regularly on a large scale, particularly in lower resource countries, where the structures needed to protect and preserve them are not yet in place. This book explores, through a series of case studies, the substantial challenges for assembling reliable data and statistics to address pressing development challenges, particularly in Africa. Hopefully, by highlighting the enormous potential value of creating and using high quality data, statistics and records as an interconnected resource and describing how this can be achieved, the book will contribute to defining meaningful and realistic global and national development policies in the critical period to 2030.
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Johnston, Richard. Survey Methodology. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0016.
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This article addresses three dimensions for data collection: mode, space, and time. It considers the problems of adequately representing persons by ensuring high response rates and measuring opinions validly and reliably through the design of high-quality questions. The advent of the internet and the World Wide Web is dramatically expanding the repertoire for survey research. The evidence suggests that the forces driving response rate down are largely orthogonal to substantive political choices. Surveys overrepresent political interest and its correlates and so may replicate class and other barriers to political participation.
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Fagan, Abigail A., J. David Hawkins, Richard F. Catalano, and David P. Farrington. Ensuring High-Quality Implementation and Sustainability of Evidence-Based Interventions and Coalitions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190299217.003.0007.
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This chapter reviews the importance of delivering community-based systems and EBIs with fidelity (i.e., in accordance with their implementation requirements) and sustaining these interventions over time. The chapter describes the training and technical support provided in CTC to ensure that coalitions take necessary actions to maintain their functioning in the long term and deliver EBIs in adherence to their core components and to their intended recipients. It is especially important that coalitions collect data on coalition functioning and EBI delivery and use these data when problems are identified. Examples of how CTC coalitions in the United States and other countries have engaged in these efforts are highlighted.
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Areán, Patricia A., and Helena Chmura Kraemer. High-Quality Psychotherapy Research: From Conception to Piloting to National Trials. Oxford University Press, 2013.
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Lopez, Carolina, Anja Sautmann, and Simone Schaner. Do Patients Value High-Quality Medical Care ? Experimental Evidence from Malaria Diagnosis and Treatment. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-10746.
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Otgaar, Henry, and Mark L. Howe. When Spontaneous Statements Should Not Be Trusted. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190612016.003.0004.
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Statements provided by eyewitnesses and victims have a paramount role in legal cases. Such statements are often the only piece of evidence in criminal trials, hence it is vital to understand how reliable these statements are. This chapter provides an overview of the latest work on how statements can be infected by spontaneous false memories. It first shows that statements that arise spontaneously and without any external suggestive pressure contain a high degree of accuracy. However, the chapter then shows that spontaneous statements can also lead to memory errors, especially when during the experience of an event associations are made concerning the experience. Interestingly, this chapter presents new evidence that when this idea of associative activation is taken into account, adults are more susceptible to the formation of spontaneous and suggestion-induced false memories than children.
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Blomqvist, Linus, and R. David Simpson. The value of ecosystem services. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0003.
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This chapter investigates whether the growing enthusiasm for ecosystem services recently expressed by conservation NGOs and international institutions is supported by evidence. Ecosystem services—the benefits humans receive from nature—have become the darlings of conservation on the assumption that the valuation of selected services may justify protecting land. A critical examination of a random sample of monetary valuations for regulating ecosystem services such as pollution treatment, finds that only onethird can be considered reliable, and that only ten percent of monetary value estimates can be transferred to other contexts. This suggests that the overall evidence base for assigning monetary value to nature is limited. Furthermore, diminishing returns, high opportunity costs, and technological substitutes might limit the amount of conservation that can be justified on the basis financial assessments of ecosystem services. As such, this chapter concludes that ecosystem services as a conservation strategy should not be embraced uncritically.
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Au, Jakob von, and Rolf Jucker. High-Quality Outdoor Learning: Evidence-Based Education Outside the Classroom for Children, Teachers and Society. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.
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Au, Jakob von, and Rolf Jucker. High-Quality Outdoor Learning: Evidence-Based Education Outside the Classroom for Children, Teachers and Society. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.
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Mensah, Justice Tei, and Nouhoum Traore. Infrastructure Quality and FDI Inflows: Evidence from the Arrival of High-Speed Internet in Africa. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/41334.
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Mensah, Justice Tei, and Nouhoum Traore. Infrastructure Quality and FDI Inflows: Evidence from the Arrival of High-Speed Internet in Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9946.
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Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid, and Bernard Prendergast, eds. Trauma and orthopaedics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0031.
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Recent advances in biomechanics and biomaterials are resulting in new and potentially improved implants and procedures in trauma medicine, often with more reliance on high-tech solutions. However, some new advances have resulted in disastrous outcomes. As it takes time for these complications to surface, many patients may be subject to the new technology and resulting consequences. Studying the clinical evidence around these technologies is therefore essential, and use of appropriate surrogate measures to assess the short-term in vivo performance of an implant is important to help predict long-term clinical outcome. Radiostereometric analysis and kinematic assessment are two such tools widely used in translational research and post-market surveillance in the field of joint replacement. It is only with high-quality research and awareness that true advances can be demonstrated and failures averted at the earliest stage. The principles of orthopaedics must remain to alleviate pain, correct deformity, and restore function, whatever technique is used.
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Wolff, Nancy. Correctional Mental Health Research and Program Evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0070.
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Research in mental health issues in prisoner populations essentially stopped in the mid 1970’s. It is now re-emerging as a critical component of improving mental health care and helping toward recovery for the incarcerated mentally ill. Mental illness, ranging from acute anxiety to schizophrenia, is endemic within prisons and jails. Unlike their free world counterparts, however, incarcerated people have a constitutional right to mental health treatment. Yet, despite the need for and right to mental health treatment, remarkably little reliable and valid evidence is available on the nature and level of mental illness among incarcerated people, the effects of incarceration on symptomatology, the availability and quality of medication, cognitive, and psychosocial treatment for disorders, and how context impacts the effectiveness of the treatment that is available. Evidence is absent because corrections-based research is constrained by regulation, financing, and inexperience. In this chapter, the history of prisoner research and the evolution of federal regulations to protect prisoners as human subjects will be reviewed and then discussed in terms of how regulation has impacted correctional mental health research, after first defining what is meant by research and why research is needed to inform policy and practice decisions. This will be followed by recommendations for building the correctional mental health research evidence base. The intent here is to help researchers, in collaboration with stakeholders, develop, design, and implement research studies, and disseminate evidence to advance science and the quality of care available to incarcerated people with mental illnesses within the current regulatory environment.
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Shalaby, Marc, and Edward R. Bollard. Quality Patient Care: Making Evidence-Based, High Value Choices, an Issue of Medical Clinics of North America. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division, 2016.
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Blood Pressure: Education for Patients and the Public. Exon Publications, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36255/blood-pressure-patient-public-education.
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Blood pressure is one of the most important signs of your overall health, yet many people do not understand what it means or how it affects their body. This article is a clear and practical guide written in everyday language to help readers understand high and low blood pressure. It explains what blood pressure is, how it is measured, what the numbers mean, and why keeping it within a healthy range is critical for long-term well-being. The article covers the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, lifestyle guidance, and prevention strategies. It also addresses real-world concerns in a dedicated frequently asked questions section, covering topics such as home monitoring, diet, white coat hypertension, and common myths. Each section is designed for maximum clarity, without technical terms or medical jargon, making the article easy to follow for readers from all backgrounds. Based on evidence from PubMed-indexed sources, the article aims to educate and inform people living with blood pressure issues, as well as those seeking to prevent them. This is an essential resource for patients, caregivers, and the general public looking for reliable and understandable information about blood pressure.
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Phillips, Sarah G. When There Was No Aid. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747151.001.0001.
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For all of the doubts raised about the effectiveness of international aid in advancing peace and development, there are few examples of developing countries that are even relatively untouched by it. This book offers us one such example. Using evidence from Somaliland’s experience of peace-building, the book challenges two of the most engrained presumptions about violence and poverty in the global South. First, that intervention by actors in the global North is self-evidently useful in ending them, and second that the quality of a country’s governance institutions (whether formal or informal) necessarily determines the level of peace and civil order that the country experiences. The book explores how popular discourses about war, peace, and international intervention structure the conditions of possibility to such a degree that even the inability of institutions to provide reliable security can stabilize a prolonged period of peace. It argues that Somaliland’s post-conflict peace is grounded less in the constraining power of its institutions than in a powerful discourse about the country’s structural, temporal, and physical proximity to war. Through its sensitivity to the ease with which peace gives way to war, the book argues, this discourse has indirectly harnessed an apparent propensity to war as a source of order.
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Minden, Kirsten. Outcomes of paediatric rheumatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0035.
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Paediatric rheumatic illnesses are among the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. These illnesses have important impacts on patient's body functions and structures, activities, and social participation. Knowledge about the effect and consequences of these diseases is necessary to formulate appropriate aims of treatments. The multidimensional outcomes of paediatric rheumatic diseases and their measurement are reviewed in this chapter. Outcome measurement is complex in patients who have growing needs and changing expectations as they develop, especially in chronic conditions that have a variable and often unpredictable course, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, and juvenile dermatomyositis. Considerable work has been conducted recently in an effort to better define and value global outcomes for these patients. New and reliable outcome measures have been developed to capture all aspects of the patient's life and integrate the patients' perspective. Existing outcome studies of paediatric rheumatic diseases have consistently shown, even though differing in their methodology, that patient outcomes have improved over the last decade. More patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic conditions survive into adulthood, and patients' long-term health, functional, and quality of life outcomes have improved. However, outcomes are still less than ideal. More than one-half of the patients with paediatric rheumatic diseases have ongoing active disease in early adulthood. Over one-third have evidence of disability and organ damage, with each underlying disease being associated with specific complications. Clearly, given the inherent potential for disability, morbidity, even mortality, young people with paediatric-onset rheumatic diseases require ongoing medical care into adulthood.
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Minden, Kirsten. Outcomes of paediatric rheumatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0035_update_002.
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Paediatric rheumatic illnesses are among the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. These illnesses have important impacts on patient’s body functions and structures, activities, and social participation. Knowledge about the effect and consequences of these diseases is necessary to formulate appropriate aims of treatments. The multidimensional outcomes of paediatric rheumatic diseases and their measurement are reviewed in this chapter. Outcome measurement is complex in patients who have growing needs and changing expectations as they develop, especially in chronic conditions that have a variable and often unpredictable course, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, and juvenile dermatomyositis. Considerable work has been conducted recently in an effort to better define and value global outcomes for these patients. New and reliable outcome measures have been developed to capture all aspects of the patient’s life and integrate the patients’ perspective. Existing outcome studies of paediatric rheumatic diseases have consistently shown, even though differing in their methodology, that patient outcomes have improved over the last decade. More patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic conditions survive into adulthood, and patients’ long-term health, functional, and quality of life outcomes have improved. However, outcomes are still less than ideal. More than one-half of the patients with paediatric rheumatic diseases have ongoing active disease in early adulthood. Over one-third have evidence of disability and organ damage, with each underlying disease being associated with specific complications. Clearly, given the inherent potential for disability, morbidity, even mortality, young people with paediatric-onset rheumatic diseases require ongoing medical care into adulthood.
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Minden, Kirsten. Outcomes of paediatric rheumatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0035_update_003.
Full textAbstract:
Paediatric rheumatic illnesses are among the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. These illnesses have important impacts on patient’s body functions and structures, activities, and social participation. Knowledge about the effect and consequences of these diseases is necessary to formulate appropriate aims of treatments. The multidimensional outcomes of paediatric rheumatic diseases and their measurement are reviewed in this chapter. Outcome measurement is complex in patients who have growing needs and changing expectations as they develop, especially in chronic conditions that have a variable and often unpredictable course, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, and juvenile dermatomyositis. Considerable work has been conducted recently in an effort to better define and value global outcomes for these patients. New and reliable outcome measures have been developed to capture all aspects of the patient’s life and integrate the patients’ perspective. Existing outcome studies of paediatric rheumatic diseases have consistently shown, even though differing in their methodology, that patient outcomes have improved over the last decade. More patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic conditions survive into adulthood, and patients’ long-term health, functional, and quality of life outcomes have improved. However, outcomes are still less than ideal. More than one-half of the patients with paediatric rheumatic diseases have ongoing active disease in early adulthood. Over one-third have evidence of disability and organ damage, with each underlying disease being associated with specific complications. Clearly, given the inherent potential for disability, morbidity, even mortality, young people with paediatric-onset rheumatic diseases require ongoing medical care into adulthood.
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LeBaron, Genevieve, ed. Researching Forced Labour in the Global Economy. British Academy, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266472.001.0001.
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By most accounts, forced labour, human trafficking, and modern slavery are thriving in the global economy. Recent media reports — including the discovery of widespread trafficking in Thailand's shrimp industry, forced labour in global tea and cocoa supply chains, and the devastating deaths of workers constructing stadiums for Qatar's World Cup— have brought once hidden exploitation into the mainstream spotlight. As public concern about forced labour has escalated, governments around the world have begun to enact legislation to combat it in global production. Yet, in spite of soaring media and policy attention, reliable research on the business of forced labour remains difficult to come by. Forced labour is notoriously challenging to investigate, given that it is illegal, and powerful corporations and governments are reluctant to grant academics access to their workers and supply chains. Given the risk associated with researching the business of forced labour, until very recently, few scholars even attempted to collect hard or systematic data. Instead, academics have often had little choice but to rely on poor quality second-hand data, frequently generated by activists and businesses with vested interests in portraying the problem in a certain light. As a result, the evidence base on contemporary forced labour is both dangerously thin and riddled with bias. Researching Forced Labour in the Global Economy gathers an interdisciplinary group of leading scholars to tackle this problem. It provides the first, comprehensive scholarly account of forced labour's role in the contemporary global economy and reflections on the methodologies used to generate this research.
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Samet, Jonathan M., and Lynn Goldman. Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0069.
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This chapter provides a broad overview of governmental regulatory approaches to controlling exposure to carcinogens in air, water, food, drugs, and other consumer products. It covers general principles and approaches and the increasing emphasis on in vitro high-throughput testing to screen chemicals for potential toxicity. It focuses specifically on statutes related to the United States, while giving lesser coverage to approaches in Europe. The focus is at the federal level, even though states may also promulgate regulations. Although epidemiologic evidence and animal testing have historically provided the basis for regulations to limit exposure to environmental carcinogens, it is hoped that alternative testing methods that use high-throughput in vitro screening will accelerate testing of unregulated chemicals and limit reliance on animal bioassays.
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Wiffen, Philip, Marc Mitchell, Melanie Snelling, and Nicola Stoner. Evidence-based medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735823.003.0007.
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This chapter provides a brief overview to the concept of evidence-based medicine (EBM) starting with a well-accepted definition. The importance of clinical significance over statistical significance is discussed. A number of useful tools are presented and described to enable the practitioner to become competent in recognizing high-quality evidence and to have the skills to critically appraise evidence that is potentially important to their practice. There is a brief description of some of the statistical tools commonly used in EBM including binary data tools such as odds ratios, number needed to treat, and relative risks.
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Spencer, Maureen, and John Spencer. 8. Opinion evidence. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198715795.003.0008.
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The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and diagrams and flow charts. This chapter explores an area of evidence law dominated by expert witness evidence and the extent to which flawed testimony leads to miscarriages of justice. Expert evidence is now commonplace in criminal and civil trials, and the courts and Parliament have developed procedures to ensure that it is of high quality. These are an eclectic mix of common law and statute and their development reflects the importance of scientific expertise. It is necessary to be familiar with the differences between expert and non-expert opinion evidence and on when and in what circumstances both types are admissible and questions that can be asked of the expert whilst giving evidence. The approach depends on whether the question relates to civil or criminal trials.
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Maksymowych, Walter P., and Robert G. W. Lambert. Imaging: sacroiliac joints. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0013.
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Radiography of the sacroiliac (SI) joints still forms the cornerstone of diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), although its limitations in early disease preclude early diagnosis. Equivocal radiographic findings of sacroiliitis should be followed by MRI evaluation of the SI joints, especially if clinical suspicion of SpA is high. Routine diagnostic evaluation for SpA by MRI of the SI joints should include simultaneous evaluation of T1-weighted (T1W) and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) or T2 fat-suppressed scans. Bone marrow oedema (BME) in subchondral bone is the primary MRI feature that points to the diagnosis of SpA, although structural lesions such as erosion and fat metaplasia may also be evident in early disease and enhance confidence in the diagnosis. Both inflammatory and structural lesions in the SI joints on MRI can now be quantified in a reliable manner to facilitate therapeutic evaluation in clinical trials and for basic and clinical research.
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Fishe, Raymond P. H. High Frequency Trading of Commodities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0023.
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Electronic platforms and high frequency traders (HFTs) have changed the nature of trading. Like equity markets, commodity markets have experienced an influx of algorithmic traders and a decline in “pit” or open outcry trading. Regulatory efforts to understand the effects of HFTs and to offer prudent guidelines or new rules are in their infancy. An overall hesitancy exists because academic studies have produced diverse results on liquidity, volatility, and market quality. This survey focuses on high frequency trading research in commodity derivative markets, documenting basic results and extracting inferences when warranted. Evidence indicates that HFTs act as market makers and their speed advantage has lowered transaction costs, generally during normal markets. Although not entirely conclusive, evidence also suggests that HFTs may exacerbate volatility by withdrawing liquidity in times of market stress, such as during “flash” crashes.
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Quotes, Deluxe. If You Don't Succeed at First, Hide All Evidence That You Tried: Beautiful Notebook Gift Idea, Elegant Journal, Sarcastic Inspirational Quotes, Practical Months and Days Timeline, 100 Pages of High Quality, Lightweight and Compact. Independently Published, 2020.
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Møller, Ann Merete. Evidence-based medicine in anaesthesia. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0029.
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Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is defined as ‘The judicious use of the best current evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients’. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is meant to integrate clinical expertise with the best available research evidence and patient values. The purpose of EBM is to assist clinicians in making the best decisions. Practising EBM includes asking an answerable, well-defined clinical question, searching for information, critically appraising information retrieved, extracting data, synthesizing data, and making conclusions about the overall effect. The clinical question includes information of the following elements: the population, the intervention, and the clinically relevant outcomes in focus. The clinical question is a tool to make the focus of the question clearer, and an aid to build the following search strategy. A comprehensive and reproducible literature search is essential for conducting a high-quality and up-to-date search. The search should include all relevant clinical databases. Papers retrieved after the search must be critically appraised and evaluated for the risk of bias. Evidence-based methods are used in the production of systematic reviews, and the development of clinical guidelines. Whether a meta-analysis should be performed depends on the quality and nature of the extracted data. Practising EBM may be challenged by a lack of well-performed trials, various types of bias (including publication bias), and heterogeneity between existing trials. Several tools have been constructed to help the process; examples are the CONSORT statement, the PRISMA statement, and the AGREE instrument.
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Terblanche, Marius, and Damon C. Scales. Evidence-based practice in critical care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0023.
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Evidence-based practice (EBP) is the integration of the best available evidence with clinical expertise to make decisions about the care of individual patients. This chapter explains how EBP can benefit patients by introducing new treatments, reducing the harm associated with necessary treatments, and questioning the continued use of ineffective or harmful therapies. To practice EBP, clinicians should become acquainted with techniques, and stay up-to-date with current and new publications, and research findings. When high quality evidence is unavailable to answer specific clinical questions, practitioners of EBP still rely on clinical judgment and expertise to decide upon the best treatment strategies for their patients. However, they should be wary of the potential harms of unproven therapies. The controversy that has accompanied the adoption of EBP is discussed, including debate about potential limitations and unintended consequences. Suggestions on how to implement EBP into your own practice are provided.
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Wiles, Kate, and Catherine Nelson-Piercy. Contraception in patients with kidney disease. Edited by Norbert Lameire and Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0293_update_001.
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Three per cent of women of childbearing age have chronic kidney disease, and although end-stage renal failure impacts on fertility, conception and high-risk pregnancy do occur. Following renal transplantation, the patient should understand the potential impact of a pregnancy on transplant function and vice versa. Surveys show that a large proportion of pregnancies in female renal patients are unplanned. The effectiveness of a particular contraceptive method is dependent upon acceptability to the patient and compliance. Contraceptive decision-making needs to balance acceptability and safety with the risk of an unplanned pregnancy. Oestrogen-containing contraceptive methods are considered unacceptable for many renal patients because of their association with increased blood pressure and thrombotic and vascular events. Progesterone-only methods have an advantageous safety profile. The progesterone-only pill (desogestrel preparations), intrauterine system (Mirena®), and implant (Nexplanon®) are safe and effective in women with CKD. Concerns regarding the intrauterine system (Mirena®) in women taking immunosuppression are unfounded and observational evidence does not demonstrate an increased risk of infection. Sterilization is effective and should be considered to be irreversible. The effectiveness of barrier methods is reduced when ‘typical use’ is compared to ‘perfect use’. Unplanned pregnancy rates are high with fertility awareness methods and reliance on lactational amenorrhoea is not advocated.Interactions between drugs which are commonly prescribed in the renal population and different contraceptive methods are outlined in this chapter.
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Staender, Sven, and Andrew Smith. Safety and quality assurance in anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0036.
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Quality assurance has its roots in industry and therefore is strongly influenced by concepts from business, hence the reference to the definition of the term ‘quality’ according to the International Standard Organization (ISO), for example. In order to better understand the various concepts of quality assurance, this chapter clarifies concepts such as ‘effectiveness’, ‘efficiency’, ‘patient-centredness’, and ‘equity’. Of major importance in clinical medicine are guidelines, standards, recommendations, and their grade of evidence. Guidelines in particular have the advantage of facilitation of the practice of evidence-based medicine in that they can provide a practically orientated summary of the relevant research literature. Other important tools for quality assurance include ‘plan–do–study–act’ (PDSA) cycles, process mapping, monitoring of outcome indicators, auditing, and peer review. Patient safety is another rather young discipline in academic medicine. Triggered by the landmark publication of To Err is Human by the US Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 1999, patient safety gained widespread attention in healthcare. Anaesthesiology as a typical safety discipline was among the first to adopt safety measures such as ‘incident reporting’ or ‘human factors training’ years before the IOM report. Safety is closely related to outcome and therefore mortality, morbidity, as well as adverse events in general have to be considered. In order to improve, safety lessons can be learned from the so-called high-reliability organizations and transferred into clinical practice.
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Pfeiffer, Douglas S. Authorial Personality and the Making of Renaissance Texts. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714163.001.0001.
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How did we first come to believe in a correspondence between writers’ lives and their works? When did the person of the author—both as context and target of textual interpretation—come to matter so much to the way we read? This book traces the development of author centrism back to the scholarship of early Renaissance humanists. Working against allegoresis and other traditions of non-historicizing textual reception, they discovered the power of engaging ancient works through the speculative reconstruction of writers’ personalities and artistic motives. To trace the multi-lingual and eventually cross-cultural rise of reading for the author, this book presents four case studies of resolutely experimental texts by and about writers of high ambition in their respective generations: Lorenzo Valla on the forger of the Donation of Constantine, Erasmus on Saint Jerome, the poet George Gascoigne on himself, and Fulke Greville on Sir Philip Sidney. An opening methodological chapter and exhortative conclusion frame these four studies with accounts of the central lexicon—character, intention, ethos, persona—and the range of genre evidence that contemporaries used to discern and articulate authorial character and purpose. As constellated throughout with examples from the works of major contemporaries including John Aubrey, John Hayward, Galileo, Machiavelli, and Shakespeare, The Force of Character resurrects a vibrant culture of biographism continuous with modern popular practice and yet radically more nuanced in its strategic reliance on the explanatory power of probabilism and historical conjecture—the discursive middle ground now obscured from view by the post-Enlightenment binaries of truth and fiction, history and story, fact and fable.
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Kajitvichyanukul, Puangrat, and Brian D'Arcy, eds. Land Use and Water Quality: The Impacts of Diffuse Pollution. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789061123.
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Abstract The influence of landscapes – topography, soil, vegetation, geology – on water quality is an inherent part of the global water cycle. Land use has adverse impacts for example when soils are exposed, significant quantities of pollutants are released (including anthropogenic materials added to those naturally present), or pollutants are added directly to the water environment. Those impacts range from industrial development to farming and urbanisation. Whilst inefficient polluting industrial effluents are still tolerated in some countries, and poorly treated sewage globally remains a huge challenge for sanitation and public health, as well as the water environment, diffuse pollution is relatively poorly recognised or understood. The operator of a sewage or trade effluent treatment plant is consciously discharging effluent to the local river. But a farmer is simply growing crops or farming livestock, a city commuter driving to work is unlikely to be thinking how brake pad wear has released copper to the water (and air) environment and hydrocarbons and particulates too; no one is intending to cause pollution of the water environment. The same applies to industrial chemists creating fire-proofing chemicals, solvents, fertilisers, pesticides, cosmetics and many more substances which contaminate the environment. Understanding and ultimately minimising diffuse pollution is in that sense the science of unintended consequences. And the consequences can be severe, for water resources and ecosystems. It's a global problem. This book comprises 18 papers from experts around the globe, presenting evidence from tropical as well as temperate regions, and rural as well as urban land use challenges. The book explores the nature of diffuse pollution and exemplifies the issues at various scales, from high-level national overviews to particular catchment and pollutant issues. By contrast, natural or semi-natural forest cover has long been recognised as safeguarding water quality in reservoirs (examples from Australia to Thailand and UK). The final chapter looks at how landscapes generally, can be designed to minimise pollution risks from particular land-uses, arguing for a more widespread catchment approach to water-aware landscape design, allied with flood risk resilience, place-making for people, and biodiversity opportunities too. ISBN: 9781789061116 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789061123 (eBook) ISBN: 9781789061130 (ePub)
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Silver, Morris. Economic Structures of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400643606.
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The economy of the ancient Middle East and Greece is reinterpreted by Morris Silver in this provocative new synthesis. Silver finds that the ancient economy emerges as a class of economies with its own laws of motion shaped by transaction costs (the resources used up in exchanging ownership rights). The analysis of transaction costs provides insights into many characteristics of the ancient economy, such as the important role of the sacred and symbolic gestures in making contracts, magical technology, the entrepreneurial role of high-born women, the elevation of familial ties and other departures from impersonal economics, reliance on slavery and adoption, and the insatiable drive to accumulate trust-capital. The peculiar behavior patterns and mindsets of ancient economic man are shown to be facilitators of economic growth. In recent years, our view of the economy of the ancient world has been shaped by the theories of Karl Polanyi. Silver confronts Polanyi's empirical propositions with the available evidence and demonstrates that antiquity knew active and sophisticated markets. In the course of providing an alternative analytical framework for studying the ancient economy, Silver gives critical attention to the economic views of the Assyriologists I.M. Diakonoff, W.F. Leemans, Mario Liverani, and J.N. Postgate; of the Egyptologists Jacob J. Janssen and Wolfgang Helck; and of the numerous followers of Moses Finley. Silver convincingly demonstrates that the ancient world was not static: periods of pervasive economic regulation by the state are interspersed with lengthy periods of relatively unfettered market activity, and the economies of Sumer, Babylonia, and archaic Greece were capable of transforming themselves in order to take advantage of new opportunities. This new synthesis is essential reading for economic historians and researchers of the ancient Near East and Greece.
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Ostroff, Jamie S., and Donna Shelley. Implementation of an Evidence-Based Tobacco Use Treatment Intervention in the Context of Lung Cancer Screening. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0015.
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Lung cancer screening using low-dose helical computed tomography is now recommended for early detection of lung cancer. This case study provides an overview of a study that is testing the effectiveness of tobacco treatment interventions for high-risk smokers seeking lung cancer screening and examining factors that may influence implementation process and sustainability for delivering effective models of smoking cessation treatment in lung cancer screening settings. The focus of the case study is a description of how and why two implementation frameworks were applied to evaluate the implementation outcomes and additional multilevel factors (i.e., organization and intervention characteristics) that may influence effective implementation of evidence-based tobacco use treatment interventions in the context of lung cancer screening. Ultimately, implementation of high-quality tobacco treatment in lung cancer screening settings is likely to further reduce tobacco-related cancer morbidity and mortality.
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Ferster, David. Patch Clamp Recording in Vivo. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199939800.003.0002.
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Patch clamp recording in vivo allows an investigator to study intracellular membrane potentials in an intact organism (as opposed to cells in culture or acute brain slices). This technique is a reliable method of obtaining high-quality intracellular recordings from neurons, regardless of their size, in several parts of the mammalian brain. This chapter will describe the principles and practice of performing patch clamp experiments in vivo, beginning with a brief history of the technological developments that have made this technique possible.
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Gugerty, Mary Kay, and Dean Karlan. The CART Principles in More Detail. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199366088.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 discusses the CART principles in more detail, showing how they can help organizations make difficult tradeoffs about the data they should collect. To ensure credibility, organizations should collect high-quality data and analyze them accurately. This means that all data collected must be valid, reliable, and appropriately used. Actionability requires that organizations only collect data they can commit to use. This chapter explains how the actionable principle, combined with a well-articulated theory of change, guides organizations to only collect data that will have a specific use. It then explains that, for credible data collection, organizations must ensure that the benefits of data collection outweigh the costs. All data have opportunity costs—the money and time spent collecting data could also be spent implementing programs. Finally, it explains how organizations can collect transportable data that can generate knowledge for other programs.
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Hutchison, Alastair J., and Michael L. Picton. Fractures in patients with chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0121.
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Patients with any degree of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a much higher risk of fractures than the general population, and the risk of death at 1 year post hip fracture in a dialysis patient is over 60%, compared to less than 20% for a non-CKD patient. The assessment of fracture risk and diagnosis of the underlying skeletal pathology in CKD patients is a significant clinical challenge. Non-invasive imaging techniques are not totally reliable in the general population, and the presence of advanced CKD (stages 4, 5, and 5D) renders them largely useless. Bone strength is not determined only by quantity of bone, and renal osteodystrophy can significantly affect bone quality, rendering it liable to fracture even in the presence of a normal bone density measurement. Currently, the only reliable method of assessing both quantity and quality of bone is the examination of trans-iliac bone biopsy, which is generally, but probably incorrectly, perceived to be overly invasive. However, identifying the cause of reduced bone strength and fractures may influence the choice of therapy. For example, in the presence of low-turnover states such as adynamic bone, antiresorptive agents may be ineffective. Pharmaceuticals licensed for the treatment of osteoporosis in the general population can be used similarly in patients with CKD 1–3 without dosage alteration. In CKD 4, post-hoc analyses suggest denosumab is effective and safe, based on a 3-year study that included 73 such patients. In CKD 5 and 5D no dependable data exists to guide therapy, and it should probably be reserved for patients who have already suffered and survived a fracture, and are therefore at high risk of death from a second event.
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Haxby, Elizabeth, and Susanna Walker. Patient safety and clinical governance. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0003.
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Clinical governance appeared as a concept in the UK in the late 1990s following scandals in which patients were harmed as a consequence of health care failures. Further international research estimates that one in ten inpatients suffer harm as a result of their health care, leading to death in some cases. Clinical governance is a framework centred around domains of patient safety, clinical effectiveness, and patient experience, underpinned by effective teamwork, leadership, and communication. Its aim is to ensure consistent, reliable, high-quality care delivered by competent individuals in a safe environment. Understanding why things go wrong in health care is key to finding solutions to ensure patient safety. Health care is an increasingly high-risk activity at organizational, departmental, and individual levels, and hazard identification and management are important. Recent recognition of human factors as contributing to many adverse events has facilitated the exploration of how health care professionals function within the context of a high-pressure, unpredictable environment. Lessons from non-health care industries have changed focus from blaming individuals for errors to understanding systems and how they can promote or mitigate failure. The development of non-technical skills, such as teamwork, is vital, and a number of approaches to improving this element of human behaviour are described.
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Gooderham, John, and Edward Tsyrlin. Waterbug Book. CSIRO Publishing, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643090026.
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Freshwater macroinvertebrates provide a useful and reliable indicator of the health of our rivers, streams, ponds and wetlands. As environmental awareness within the community increases, there is an increasing interest in the need to assess the health of our local waterways and school curriculums are changing to reflect this important ecological trend.
 The Waterbug Book provides a comprehensive and accurate identification guide for both professionals and non-professionals. It contains an easy-to-use key to all the macroinvertebrate groups and, for the first time, high quality colour photographs of live specimens. It provides a wealth of basic information on the biology of macroinvertebrates, and describes the SIGNAL method for assessing river health. The Waterbug Book is full of practical tips about where to find various animals, and what their presence can tell about their environment.
 Winner of the 2003 Eureka Science Book Prize and the 2003 Whitley Medal.
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Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Brian F. Schaffner. Taking the Study of Political Behavior Online. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.6.
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This chapter describes the rise of online surveys as a research tool for social scientists. First it provides an analytical framework for understanding how survey mode matters to social science research. It examines the consequences of the trade-off between quality and cost for an entire research program or literature. For survey methodologists, quality boils down to the ability to test a hypothesis using the survey. Second, the chapter examines the controversy over the use of opt-in Internet polls rather than traditional polls. Recent studies have found that high-quality online surveys produce estimates that can be as reliable as those from traditional polls. Using data from over 300 state-level opt-in Internet subsamples from the CCES, the chapter measures the amount of error in a commonly used approach for conducting opt-in Internet surveys and compares it to traditional probability samples. It concludes by considering how to make wiser choices about survey mode.
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Williams, Connie Hamner. Understanding Government Information. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216029458.
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This book demonstrates how government information can be used to engage students through inquiry and project-based activities, thereby providing opportunities for creative investigation and discovery. Many government agencies and institutions provide educators with curricula, lesson plans, data, and direction—all of it free. But to access this largely hidden world of government information, one needs an understanding of how this government information is organized and knowledge about how to best utilize the finding aids, databases, and other search mechanisms to help guide effective research. This guidebook shows you how to locate high-quality, effective lesson plans developed by the nation's best educators, access reliable government data, and find curated lists of free government sources that are theme-based and reference national standards in social studies and health. Understanding Government Information: A Teaching Strategy Toolkit for Grades 7–12 is ideal for middle school and high school librarians and teachers in all subject areas, public youth services librarians, as well as parents teaching their students in home school based programs. You'll learn how to access expert-developed lesson plans, documents, images, and other primary sources along with suggested activities. The book also includes a teacher toolkit that details strategies for lessons and student activities that can be used across the curriculum.
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Fried, Andrea, ed. Understanding Deviance in a World of Standards. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833888.001.0001.
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Standards have become widespread regulatory tools that promote global trade, innovation, efficiency, and quality. They contribute significantly to the creation of safe, reliable, and high-quality services and technologies to ensure human health, environmental protection, or information security. Yet intentional deviations from standards by organizations are often reported in many sectors, which can either contribute to or challenge the measures of safety and quality they are designed to safeguard. Why then, despite all potential consequences, do organizations choose to deviate from standards in one way or another? This book uses structuration theory—covering aspects of both structure and agency—to explore the organizational conditions and contradictions under which different types of deviance occur. It also provides empirical explanations for deviance in organizations that go beyond an understanding of individual misbehaviour where mainly a single person is held responsible. Case studies of software developing organizations illustrate insightful generalizations on standards as a mechanism of sensemaking, resource allocation, and sanctioning, and provide ground to rethink corporate responsibility when deviating from standards in the ‘audit society’.
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Rowe, Stephen C. Overcoming America / America Overcoming. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666999945.
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In this new edition of Overcoming America / America Overcoming, Stephen Rowe shows how the COVID-19 pandemic in tandem with Trumpism have brought basic dynamics of the American situation to high relief, and hence provide opportunity to address them – before it is too late. The dynamics he identifies are those of moral disease and political paralysis as symptomatic of the fact that America herself has been overtaken by the modern values which she exported to the rest of the world. He points to a way out of the current and potentially fatal malaise and violence: join other societies which are also struggling to move beyond the modern and consciously reappropriate those elements of tradition which have to do with cultivation of the mature human being. To avoid fundamentalism, Rowe discusses how this reappropriation must be undertaken in dialogue with those who also have come to recognize the unsustainable quality of the modern life, and who have been able to live beyond the nihilistic wish to tear it down. This book supports the call for an emerging global ethic and spirituality, providing resources of articulation and interpretation that allow for an ongoing dialogue between traditional and modern values—both worthy and problematic in their own ways—through which reliable policy and healthy living become possible.
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Smil, Vaclav. Creating and Transforming the Twentieth Century, Revised and Expanded. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197784679.001.0001.
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Abstract The greatest technical discontinuity in history took place between 1867 and 1914. This era was distinguished by the most extraordinary concatenation of scientific and technical advances, the synergy of which produced bold and imaginative innovations resulting in profound socioeconomic impacts. Detailed examinations of these epoch-making advances start with electricity (dynamos, steam turbines, transformers, light bulbs, electric motors, power plants, transmission) and internal combustion engines (automotive designs by Otto, Diesel, Daimler, Maybach, Benz, Ford, aeroengines) before looking at inventions in material production, from metallurgy (affordable steel, aluminum) and cement to powerful explosives and the synthesis of ammonia, and at advances in information (from papermaking and typesetting to photographs and movies) and communication (from telephones, phonographs and records to radio). Post-World War I inventions and innovations transformed all of these techniques by making them more efficient, durable, reliable, affordable, and environmentally more acceptable and brought new accomplishments in energy conversions (oil and gas industry, gas turbines, nuclear electricity generation), materials (new ways of steel production, plastics, herbicides, pesticides, silicon), rationalized production (automation, robotization, quality control), and transportation (freeways, jetliners, rapid trains, large tankers, container shipping), while advances in solid-state electronics enabled the age of computing, microprocessors, and access to instant global communication and information (personal computers, mobile phones, World Wide Web). The Age of Synergy and the post-1914 technical transformations created a new, increasingly anthropogenic world of high-energy societies whose most worrisome obverse has been large-scale environmental degradation.
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Nissenson, Allen R., John Moran, and Robert Provenzano. Overview of dialysis patient management and future directions. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0267_update_001.
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Nearly 2 million patients worldwide have end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and require dialysis or kidney transplantation. The advent of clinical dialysis in the 1950s has had a huge impact on the way ESRD and acute kidney injury are managed, but several decades later, the morbidity and mortality in patients with ESRD remain unacceptably high and patients often have a poor quality of life. Many believe that we have focused attention on a few key treatment-related outcomes, and have done well with these (i.e. anaemia, adequacy of dialysis, metabolic bone disease), but achieving great results in only these domains has clearly not been sufficient to drive improvements in survival or patient-reported outcomes. Recent experience with integrated care management, focusing on comorbidity management, offers promise. In addition, a number of investigators have been challenging the current thrice-weekly, diffusion-based treatment paradigm and have been developing approaches to emulate the function of natural kidneys. Thus an ideal care delivery model would focus on the holistic needs of the patient with kidney disease, while the ideal form of renal replacement therapy would mimic native kidneys, operating continuously, removing solutes with a molecular-weight spectrum similar to that of native kidneys, removing water and solutes on the basis of individual patient needs, and would be biocompatible, wearable, and ideally implantable. It would also be low cost, reliable, and safe. A few years ago, these technical requirements would have seemed impossible to achieve, but with advances in the sciences of nanotechnology and microfluidics, renal replacement of the future may come closer to this ideal.