Journal articles: 'Reliable-aware Routing'

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Tufail, Ali. "Reliable Latency-Aware Routing for Clustered WSNs." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 8, no. 3 (2012): 681273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/681273.

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Ali, Munsif, Anwar Khan, Hasan Mahmood, and Naeeem Bhatti. "Cooperative, reliable, and stability-aware routing for underwater wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 6 (2019): 155014771985424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719854249.

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In underwater wireless sensor networks, stability and reliability of the network are of paramount importance. Stability of the network ensures persistent operation of the network that, in consequence, avoids data loss when nodes consume all the battery power and subject to death. Particularly, nodes bearing a low pressure of water die early in the usual routing approach due to being preferred choices for data routing. Reliability ensures minimization of the adverse channel effects on data packets so that the desired information is easily extracted from these packets. This article proposes two routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks: reliable and stability-aware routing and cooperative reliable and stability-aware routing. In reliable and stability-aware routing, energy assignment to a node is made on the basis of its depth. Sensor nodes having the lowest depth are assigned the highest amount of energy. This energy assignment is called the energy grade of a node and five energy grades are formed in the proposed network from top to bottom. The energy grade along with energy residing in a node battery and its depth decide its selection as a forwarder node. The reliable and stability-aware routing uses only a single link to forward packets. Such a link may not be reliable always. To overcome this issue, the cooperative reliable and stability-aware routing is proposed which introduces cooperative routing to reliable and stability-aware routing. Cooperative routing involves the reception of multiple copies of data symbols by destination. This minimizes the adverse channel effects on data packets and makes the information extraction convenient and less cumbersome at the final destination. Unlike the conventional approach, the proposed schemes do not take into account the coordinates of nodes for defining the routing trajectories, which is challenging in underwater medium. Simulation results reveal a better behavior of the proposed protocols than some competitive schemes in terms of providing stability to the network, packet transfer to the ultimate destination, and latency.

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Sarkar, Sajal. "Mobility aware and reliable multipath routing protocol for MANETs." International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing 41, no. 4 (2022): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijahuc.2022.126786.

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Touati, Habib Chawki, and Fateh Boutekkouk. "Reliable Weighted Globally Congestion Aware Routing for Network on Chip." International Journal of Embedded and Real-Time Communication Systems 11, no. 3 (2020): 48–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijertcs.2020070103.

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With the ability to incorporate hundreds of communicating cores on a single chip, thanks to the continuous shrinkage in sizes, communication became of the utmost importance. Consequently, the reduction of transmission delays became unavoidably necessary. All of which is achieved by means of routing algorithms, responsible for selecting the most appropriate routes for data packets, by avoiding congested regions in the network between any pair of source and destination nodes. In this article, two moderately distinct versions in terms of weight distribution of a minimal, fully adaptive, congestion-aware routing scheme in mesh-based network on chip and its accompanying congestion propagation network, are presented. The algorithm does not rely solely on local congestion information nor on irrelevant global information, and provides somewhat a compromise between locally and globally aware routing. The experimental results showcase the proposed scheme's superiority over state of the art NoC routing algorithms.

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Kumar, Nagesh, Yashwant Singh, and Pradeep Kumar Singh. "An Energy Efficient Trust Aware Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design 8, no. 2 (2017): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijismd.2017040102.

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As the wireless sensor networks (WSN) are gaining popularity the need of reliable delivery of data packets becomes more important. The reliable delivery is only possible when the routing protocols are efficient and secure. Because of lack of resources it is not possible to use existing cryptosystems to provide security in WSN. But, trust aware routing can provide the security with lesser resources, which become popular in last three to four years. In this paper, a new energy efficient and trust aware reliable opportunistic routing (TAEROR) protocol is proposed. The protocol consists of a trust metric and also a relay selection algorithm. The trust aware metric detects the malicious nodes on the basis of forwarding sincerity, energy consumption and acknowledgement sincerity. Relay selection algorithms avoid these malicious nodes to get selected in the routing process. The protocol is simulated and compared to existing trust aware routing protocols. Proposed protocol TEAROR presents better results than the other compared protocols.

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Zardari, Nawaz Ali, Razali Ngah, Omar Hayat, and Ali Hassan Sodhro. "Adaptive mobility-aware and reliable routing protocols for healthcare vehicular network." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 19, no. 7 (2022): 7156–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022338.

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<abstract> Healthcare vehicles such as ambulances are the key drivers for digital and pervasive remote care for elderly patients. Thus, Healthcare Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (H-VANET) plays a vital role to empower the digital and Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) for the smart medical world. Quality of Service (QoS) performance of vehicular communication can be improved through the development of a robust routing protocol having enhanced reliability and scalability. One of the most important issues in vehicular technology is allowing drivers to make trustworthy decisions, therefore building an efficient routing protocol that maintains an appropriate level of Quality of Service is a difficult task. Restricted mobility, high vehicle speeds, and continually changing topologies characterize the vehicular network environment. This paper contributes in four ways. First, it introduces adaptive, mobility-aware, and reliable routing protocols. The optimization of two routing protocols which are based on changing nature topologies of the network used for vehicular networks has been performed, amongst them, Optimized Link State Routing (Proactive) and Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector (Reactive) are considered for Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and throughput. Furthermore, Packet Loss Ratio (PLR), and end-to-end (E2E) delay parameters have also been calculated. Second, a healthcare vehicle system architecture for elderly patients is proposed. Third, a Platoon-based System model for routing protocols in VANET is proposed. Fourth, a dynamic channel model has been proposed for the vehicle to vehicle communication using IEEE8011.p. To optimize the QoS, the experimental setup is conducted in a discrete Network Simulator (NS-3) environment. The results reveal that the AODV routing protocol gives better performance for PDR as well as for PLR and the communication link established is also reliable for throughput. Where OLSR produces a large average delay. The adoptive mobility-aware routing protocols are potential candidates for providing Intelligent Transportation Systems with acceptable mobility, high reliability, high PDR, low PLR, and low E2E delay. </abstract>

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Cho, Byeong Seok, Juhyeon Lee, and Hyung-Kun Park. "Channel Aware Reliable Routing Protocol in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks." Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 18, no. 2 (2014): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.6109/jkiice.2014.18.2.459.

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Sarkar, Sajal. "Reliable and energy-aware routing in mobile ad-hoc networks." International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing 16, no. 2 (2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijwmc.2019.099020.

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Sarkar, Sajal. "Reliable and energy-aware routing in mobile ad-hoc networks." International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing 16, no. 2 (2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijwmc.2019.10020376.

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Karim, L., and N. Nasser. "Reliable location-aware routing protocol for mobile wireless sensor network." IET Communications 6, no. 14 (2012): 2149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2011.0696.

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Sindhwani, Manoj, Shippu Sachdeva, Akhil Gupta, et al. "A Novel Context-Aware Reliable Routing Protocol and SVM Implementation in Vehicular Area Networks." Mathematics 11, no. 3 (2023): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11030514.

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The Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is an innovative technology that allows vehicles to connect with neighboring roadside structures to deliver intelligent transportation applications. To deliver safe communication among vehicles, a reliable routing approach is required. Due to the excessive mobility and frequent variation in network topology, establishing a reliable routing for VANETs takes a lot of work. In VANETs, transmission links are extremely susceptible to interruption; as a result, the routing efficiency of these constantly evolving networks requires special attention. To promote reliable routing in VANETs, we propose a novel context-aware reliable routing protocol that integrates k-means clustering and support vector machine (SVM) in this paper. The k-means clustering divides the routes into two clusters named GOOD and BAD. The cluster with high mean square error (MSE) is labelled as BAD, and the cluster with low MSE is labelled as GOOD. After training the routing data with SVM, the performance of each route from source to target is improved in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), throughput, and End to End Delay (E2E). The proposed protocol will achieve improved routing efficiency with these changes.

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Ma, Xuebin, Xiaojuan Zhang, and Ren Yang. "Reliable Energy-Aware Routing Protocol in Delay-Tolerant Mobile Sensor Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (February 17, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5746374.

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In the data transmission process of delay-tolerant mobile sensor networks, data is easily lost, and the network lifetime decreases due to energy depletion by the nodes. We propose a reliable energy-aware routing protocol, called RER. To ensure the reliability of message transmission, a hop-by-hop retransmission acknowledgement mechanism is introduced in the RER. Second, we design a metric called Reliable Energy Cost Based on Distance (RECBD) to aid RER, which is determined by analysing the distance between the current node and the relay node, the distance between the relay node and the sink node, the current residual energy of the current node, and the link quality. Finally, the message is routed based on the RECBD to improve reliability and reduce energy consumption. The simulation results show that the routing protocol can improve the energy utilization of the sensor nodes and prolong the network lifetime while guaranteeing the delivery ratio and reliability.

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Levendovszky, Janos, Long Tran-Thanh, Gergely Treplan, and Gabor Kiss. "Fading-aware reliable and energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks." Computer Communications 33 (November 2010): S102—S109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2010.07.005.

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Sharma, Simerjeet, and Navpreet Kaur. "Dynamic Reliable Location Aware Routing Protocols for Mobile Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal of Computer Applications 137, no. 8 (2016): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016908872.

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Ali, Munsif, Anwar Khan, Massimo Bertozzi, et al. "Energy and Path-Aware-Reliable Routing in Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (September 6, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8535244.

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In underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs), energy awareness, best path selection, reliability, and scalability are among the key factors that decide information delivery to the sea surface. Existing protocols usually do not combine such performance-affecting factors in information routing. As a result, the performance of such protocols usually deteriorates if multiple performance factors are taken into account. To cope with such performance deterioration, this article proposes two routing protocols for UASNs: energy and path-aware reliable routing (EPRR) and cooperative EPRR (Co-EPRR). Compared with the counterpart systems, the proposed protocols have been designed to deal with the problem of long propagation delays and achieve network reliability. The EPRR scheme uses nodes’ physical distance from the surface with its depth, which minimized the delay of packet transmission. The channel interaction time has been reduced, therefore, reducing unwanted channel effects on the data. Furthermore, the density of the nodes in the upper part of the network prevents data loss and limits the rapid death of the nodes. The second proposed scheme, Co-EPRR, uses the concept of routing information from the source to the destination on multiple paths. In Co-EPRR routing, the destination node can receive more than one copy of the data packet. This reduces unfavorable channel effects during data delivery. Both the schemes show good performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, received packet analysis, and end-to-end delay.

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El-Fouly, Fatma H., Ahmed Y. Khedr, Md Haidar Sharif, et al. "ERCP: Energy-Efficient and Reliable-Aware Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 22, no. 22 (2022): 8950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228950.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been around for over a decade and have been used in many important applications. Energy and reliability are two of the major problems with these kinds of applications. Reliable data delivery is an important issue in WSNs because it is a key part of how well data are sent. At the same time, energy consumption in battery-based sensors is another challenge. Therefore, efficient clustering and routing are techniques that can be used to save sensors energy and guarantee reliable message delivery. With this in mind, this paper develops an energy-efficient and reliable clustering protocol (ERCP) for WSNs. First, an efficient clustering technique is proposed for sensor nodes’ energy savings considering different clustering parameters, including the link quality metric, the energy, the distance to neighbors, the distance to the sink node, and the cluster load metric. The proposed routing protocol works based on the concept of a reliable inter-cluster routing technique that saves energy. The routing decisions are made based on different parameters, such as the energy balance metric, the distance to the sink node, and the wireless link quality. Many experiments and analyses are examined to determine how well the ERCP performs. The experiment results showed that the ECRP protocol performs much better than some of the recent algorithms in both homogeneous and heterogeneous networks.

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Javaid, Nadeem, Abdul Majid, Arshad Sher, Wazir Khan, and Mohammed Aalsalem. "Avoiding Void Holes and Collisions with Reliable and Interference-Aware Routing in Underwater WSNs." Sensors 18, no. 9 (2018): 3038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093038.

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Sparse node deployment and dynamic network topology in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) result in void hole problem. In this paper, we present two interference-aware routing protocols for UWSNs (Intar: interference-aware routing; and Re-Intar: reliable and interference-aware routing). In proposed protocols, we use sender based approach to avoid the void hole. The beauty of the proposed schemes is that they not only avoid void hole but also reduce the probability of collision. The proposed Re-Intar also uses one-hop backward transmission at the source node to further improve the packet delivery ratio of the network. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed schemes in terms of end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio and energy consumption.

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Palanisamy, Kinipalayam Chenniappan, and Jeyaraj Suganthi. "A QoS-aware reliable routing protocol for peer-to-peer overlay networks." International Journal of Mobile Network Design and Innovation 6, no. 2 (2015): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmndi.2015.072857.

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Omar, Mawloud, Souraya Yahiaoui, and Abdelmadjid Bouabdallah. "Reliable and energy aware query-driven routing protocol for wireless sensor networks." Annals of Telecommunications 71, no. 1-2 (2015): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12243-015-0482-7.

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Khan, Anwar, Khursheed Aurangzeb, Emad-ul-Haq Qazi, and Atiq Ur Rahman. "Energy-Aware Scalable Reliable and Void-Hole Mitigation Routing for Sparsely Deployed Underwater Acoustic Networks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010177.

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In wireless underwater sensor networks (WUSNs), network protocols for information routing are usually designed when a significant number of nodes are present in the network. Therefore, for sparse conditions, when a noticeable reduction in the number of nodes occurs, the performance of such protocols exhibits a degraded behavior pattern. To cope with routing issues when sparse conditions prevail, two routing algorithms for WUSNs are proposed in this paper. They are energy-aware scalable reliable and void-hole mitigation routing (ESRVR) and cooperative energy-aware scalable reliable and void-hole mitigation routing (Co-ESRVR). The ESRVR uses a number of strategies. Firstly, it uses two hop neighbors’ information to develop routing trajectories for information advancement, as one hop information cannot avoid a void-hole, a condition when a node is not able to find neighbors towards the sea surface, and more than two hop information is difficult to obtain when sparse conditions prevail. Secondly, when a void-hole still exists, the protocol uses a backward transmission mechanism to find other routing paths to deliver packets to the end target. Thirdly, the time by which a packet is held by a node prior to transmission is short for the nodes with low energy, depth and high count of neighbors. This reduces packets loss and avoids congestion of the channel. It also helps the nodes with no or few neighbors to hold the packet for a significant chunk of time until they find suitable neighbors, due to sea tides and currents, for further packets’ advancement. The Co-ESRVR further adds reliability to information advancement by adding routing in a cooperative fashion to ESRVR, which involves packets advancement to destination along two paths: directly from source and via a relayed path. This provides multiple paths for data advancement to the sea surface, so that if one path is badly affected by the harsh sea characteristics, others may not be. Unlike the counterpart protocol, the proposed algorithms are not dependent on a node’s geographical location or the distance from the sea surface, which increases their scalability and reduces the computational complexity. Performance analysis displays superior behavior patterns of the proposed algorithms over the counterpart in terms of the compared characteristics.

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Gokulakrishnan. "PERFORMANCE OF TOPOLOGY AWARE RELIABLE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR LARGE SCALE VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK." Journal of Computer Science 10, no. 9 (2014): 1874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2014.1874.1880.

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Deng, Xiaoheng, Lifang He, Xu Li, Qiang Liu, Lin Cai, and Zhigang Chen. "A reliable QoS-aware routing scheme for neighbor area network in smart grid." Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 9, no. 4 (2015): 616–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12083-015-0331-5.

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El-Fouly, Fatma H., and Rabie A. Ramadan. "E3AF: Energy Efficient Environment-Aware Fusion Based Reliable Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 112145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3003155.

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El-Fouly, Fatma H., and Rabie A. Ramadan. "Real-Time Energy-Efficient Reliable Traffic Aware Routing for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 58130–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2980682.

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Haseeb, Khalid, Naveed Abbas, Muhammad Qaisar Saleem, et al. "RCER: Reliable Cluster-based Energy-aware Routing protocol for heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks." PLOS ONE 14, no. 9 (2019): e0222009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222009.

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Tufail, Ali, Arslan Qamar, Adil Khan, Waleed Baig, and Ki-Hyung Kim. "WEAMR — A Weighted Energy Aware Multipath Reliable Routing Mechanism for Hotline-Based WSNs." Sensors 13, no. 5 (2013): 6295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s130506295.

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Gokulakrishnan, Jayanthi, and V. Thulasi Bai. "A Topology-aware Reliable Routing Protocol for Internet Security in Virtual Private Network." International Journal of Computer Applications 49, no. 7 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/7636-0719.

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Ben Elhadj, Hadda, Lamia Chaari, and Lotfi Kamoun. "A Survey of Routing Protocols in Wireless Body Area Networks for Healthcare Applications." International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications 3, no. 2 (2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jehmc.2012040101.

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Recent advances in electronics and integrated circuits have fostered the development of small and intelligent medical sensors and actuators that are wearable or implementable inside the human body. The main function of these devices is to collect patient’s physiological parameters and forward them to the medical center in an efficient and reliable way. Therefore, routing is a non-trivial task in wireless body area networks (WBAN); sensing the importance of routing in WBAN and the availability of a significant body of literature on this topic are the main motivations that encourage the study and examination of routing mechanisms. This paper proposes WBAN routing approaches. It outlines the design challenges for WBAN routing protocols and sketches out the communication architecture of this type of network. The authors’ main contribution is the classification of the routing techniques into six main categories, which corresponds to thermal aware routing protocols, cluster based routing protocols, cross layers based routing protocols, quality of service (QoS) aware routing protocols, and delay tolerant aware routing protocols. The advantages and performance issues of each routing technique are highlighted. This paper is useful for researchers to make enhancements to the future design of WBAN routing protocols and algorithms.

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Mahdi, Omar Adil, Ahmed Basil Ghazi, and Yusor Rafid Bahar Al-Mayouf. "Void-hole aware and reliable data forwarding strategy for underwater wireless sensor networks." Journal of Intelligent Systems 30, no. 1 (2021): 564–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2020-0137.

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Abstract Reliable data transfer and energy efficiency are the essential considerations for network performance in resource-constrained underwater environments. One of the efficient approaches for data routing in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is clustering, in which the data packets are transferred from sensor nodes to the cluster head (CH). Data packets are then forwarded to a sink node in a single or multiple hops manners, which can possibly increase energy depletion of the CH as compared to other nodes. While several mechanisms have been proposed for cluster formation and CH selection to ensure efficient delivery of data packets, less attention has been given to massive data communication processes with sink node. As such, failure in communicating nodes would lead to a significant network void-holes problem. Considering the limited energy resources of nodes in UWSNs along with the heavy load of CHs in the routing process, this paper proposes a void-holes aware and reliable data forwarding strategy (VHARD-FS) in a proactive mode to control data packets delivery from CH nodes to the sink in UWSNs. In the proposed strategy, each CH node is aware of its neighbor’s performance ranking index to conduct a reliable packet transmission to the sink via the most energy-efficient route. Extensive simulation results indicate that the VHARD-FS outperforms existing routing approaches while comparing energy efficiency and network throughput. This study helps to effectively alleviate the resource limitations associated with UWSNs by extending network life and increasing service availability even in a harsh underwater environment.

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Zhang, Wenzhu, Leilei Jiang, Xi Song, and Zhengyuan Shao. "Weight-Based PA-GPSR Protocol Improvement Method in VANET." Sensors 23, no. 13 (2023): 5991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23135991.

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Vehicle Ad-hoc network (VANET) can provide technical support and solutions for the construction of intelligent and efficient transportation systems, and the routing protocol directly affects the efficiency of VANET. The rapid movement of nodes and uneven density distribution affect the routing stability and data transmission efficiency in VANET. To improve the local optimality and routing loops of the path-aware greedy perimeter stateless routing protocol (PA-GPSR) in urban sparse networks, a weight-based path-aware greedy perimeter stateless routing protocol (W-PAGPSR) is proposed. The protocol is divided into two stages. Firstly, in the routing establishment stage, the node distance, reliable node density, cumulative communication duration, and node movement direction are integrated to indicate the communication reliability of the node, and the next hop node is selected using the weight greedy forwarding strategy to achieve reliable transmission of data packets. Secondly, in the routing maintenance stage, based on the data packet delivery angle and reliable node density, the next hop node is selected for forwarding using the weight perimeter forwarding strategy to achieve routing repair. The simulation results show that compared to the greedy peripheral stateless routing protocol (GPSR), for the maximum distance–minimum angle greedy peripheral stateless routing (MM-GPSR) and PA-GPSR protocols, the packet loss rate of the protocol is reduced by an average of 24.47%, 25.02%, and 14.12%, respectively; the average end-to-end delay is reduced by an average of 48.34%, 79.96%, and 21.45%, respectively; and the network throughput is increased by an average of 47.68%, 58.39%, and 20.33%, respectively. This protocol improves network throughput while reducing the average end-to-end delay and packet loss rate.

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Ahmed, Ghufran, Danish Mahmood, and Saiful Islam. "Thermal and energy aware routing in wireless body area networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 6 (2019): 155014771985497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719854974.

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Unlike many other Internet of Things applications, in addition to the limited power of Internet of Medical Things devices, the safety aspect and reliability are the major concerns while designing wireless body area network routing solutions. In fact, the heat dissipation from Internet of Medical Things devices and changes in body posture cause tissue damage and frequent wireless links breakage, respectively. Hence, designing an efficient routing solution is extremely challenging in wireless body area network. Considering the safety aspects of human body, the power constraint of Internet of Medical Things devices, and topological variations in wireless body area network environment, this article presents a thermal-aware, energy-efficient, and reliable routing protocol named thermal and energy aware routing. In the given perspective, thermal and energy aware routing considers the weighted average of three costs while selecting the routing path: energy consumption, heat dissipation, and link quality (between communicating nodes). The proposed protocol is validated by a comparison with a state-of-the-art wireless body area network routing protocol. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol is efficient in terms of energy consumption, thermal impact, and packet reception rate.

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Qabouche, Hicham, Aicha Sahel, Abdelmajid Badri, and Ilham El Mourabit. "Novel reliable and dynamic energy-aware routing protocol for large scale wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 6 (2022): 6440. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i6.pp6440-6448.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are made up of an important number of sensors, called nodes, distributed in random way in a concerned monitoring area. All sensor nodes in the network are mounted with limited energy sources, which makes energy harvesting on top of the list of issues in WSN. A poor communication architecture can result in excessive consumption, reducing the network lifetime and throughput. Centralizing data collection and the introduction of gateways (GTs), to help cluster heads (CHs), improved WSN life time significantly. However, in vast regions, misplacement and poor distribution of GTs wastes a huge amount of energy and decreases network’s performances. In this work, we describe a reliable and dynamic with energy-awareness routing (RDEAR) protocol that provides a new GT’s election approach taking into consideration CHs density, transmission distance and energy. Applied on 20 different networks, RDEAR reduced the overall energy consumption, increased stability zone and network life time as well as other compared metrics. Our proposed approach increased network’s throughput up to 75.92% , 67.7% and 9.78% compared to the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), distributed energy efficient clustering (DEEC) and static multihop routing (SMR), protocols, respectively.

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Ashraf, Usman, Adnan Ahmed, Mohammed Al-Naeem, and Unsa Masood. "Reliable and QoS aware routing metrics for wireless Neighborhood Area Networking in smart grids." Computer Networks 192 (June 2021): 108051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108051.

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Dutt, Suniti, Sunil Agrawal, and Renu Vig. "Delay-Sensitive, Reliable, Energy-Efficient, Adaptive and Mobility-Aware (DREAM) Routing Protocol for WSNs." Wireless Personal Communications 120, no. 2 (2021): 1675–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08528-7.

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Kim, Yong-Pyo, Euihyun Jung, and Yong-Jin Park. "A Radio-Aware Routing Algorithm for Reliable Directed Diffusion in Lossy Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 9, no. 10 (2009): 8047–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s91008047.

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Darwish, Tasneem S. J., Kamalrulnizam Abu Bakar, and Khalid Haseeb. "Reliable Intersection-Based Traffic Aware Routing Protocol for Urban Areas Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks." IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 10, no. 1 (2018): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mits.2017.2776161.

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Wang, Neng-Chung, and Chao-Yang Lee. "A reliable QoS aware routing protocol with slot assignment for mobile ad hoc networks." Journal of Network and Computer Applications 32, no. 6 (2009): 1153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2009.06.001.

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Tavizi, Amir, and Ali Ghaffari. "Tree-based reliable and energy-aware multicast routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks." Journal of Supercomputing 74, no. 11 (2018): 6310–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11227-018-2562-8.

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Haseeb, Khalid, Naveed Abbas, Muhammad Qaiser Saleem, et al. "Correction: RCER: Reliable Cluster-based Energy-aware Routing protocol for heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks." PLOS ONE 14, no. 10 (2019): e0224319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224319.

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Shafique, Ayesha, Guo Cao, Muhammad Aslam, Muhammad Asad, and Dengpan Ye. "Application-Aware SDN-Based Iterative Reconfigurable Routing Protocol for Internet of Things (IoT)." Sensors 20, no. 12 (2020): 3521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123521.

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The central intelligence offered by Software Defined Networking (SDN) promise the smart and reliable reconfiguration which enables the scalability of dynamic enterprise networks. The decoupled forwarding plane and control plane of SDN infrastructure is a key feature that supports the SDN controller to extract the physical network topology information at runtime to formulate network reconfigurations. This SDN-based network reconfiguration enables application-aware routing capability for Internet of Thing (IoT). However, these IoT enabled SDN-based routing protocols face some performance limitations in iterative reconfiguration process due to complete centralized path selection mechanism To this end, in this paper, we propose SDN-Based Application-aware Distributed adaptive Flow Iterative Reconfiguring (SADFIR) routing protocol. The proposed routing protocol enables the distributed SDN iterative solver controller to maintain the load-balancing between flow reconfiguration and flow allocation cost. In particular, the proposed routing protocol of SADFIR implements multiple SDN controllers that collaborate with network devices at forwarding plane to develop appropriate clustering strategy for routing the sensed information. This distributed SDN controllers are assisted to clustering topology that successfully map the residual network resources and also enable unique multi-hop application-aware data transmission. In addition, the proposed SADFIR monitor the iterative reconfiguration settings according to the network traffic of heterogeneity-aware network devices. The simulation experiments are conducted in comparison with the state-of-the-art routing protocols which demonstrates that SADFIR is heterogeneity-aware which is able to adopt the different scales of network with maximum network lifetime.

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Ma, Zhongyu, Qun Guo, Ji Ma, et al. "VaSe-MRP: Velocity-aware and stability-estimation–based multi-path routing protocol in flying ad hoc network." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 11 (2019): 155014771988312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719883128.

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Flying ad hoc network is widely used in many military and civilian scenarios. Compared with mobile ad hoc network and vehicular ad hoc network, flying ad hoc network holds some special characteristics such as high mobility, long-distance communication, and sparse node-deployment, which cause an important challenge in the design of routing protocols. In this article, a velocity-aware and stability-estimation–based multi-path routing protocol is proposed for flying ad hoc network. The protocol is mainly composed of two important parts, which are the routing discovery mechanism and routing maintenance mechanism. In routing discovery process, the routing discovery request packet only can be forwarded by the reliable node, which is decided by the calculation of co-direction degree, then the routing overhead is reduced at some extent. Noticeably, the correlation of the survival duration between adjacent links is fully considered, which is very important to the path stability criteria. In routing maintenance progress, a path similarity and path remaining survival duration–based multi-path selection mechanism is proposed. The performance superiority of velocity-aware and stability-estimation–based multi-path routing protocol is also demonstrated by extensive simulations. The results show that velocity-aware and stability-estimation–based multi-path routing protocol is much better than other existing protocols in terms of network throughput, average delay of data transmission, routing overhead, and the convergence time of the routing discovery.

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Sankar, S., Ramasubbareddy Somula, R. Lakshmana Kumar, P. Srinivasan, and M. Amala Jayanthi. "Trust-Aware Routing Framework for Internet of Things." International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science 12, no. 1 (2021): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkss.2021010104.

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Establishing security in internet of things (IoT) is a critical challenge, as it is connected to the network's extremely resource-constrained devices. The RPL is a standard routing protocol for IoT. It is well-suited for low power and lossy networks (LLN). The RPL provides little security in the IoT network against various attacks. However, one needs to strengthen the security concern in RPL. So, this paper proposes a trust-aware, energy-based reliable routing (TAER-RPL) for IoT to enhance security among network nodes. The TAER-RPL is taken into account the routing metrics, namely trust, ETX, RER to pick the optimal parent for data transmission. The simulation is conducted in COOJA simulator. TAER-RPL's efficiency is compared with SecTrust-RPL and RPL. The TAER-RPL increases the lifespan of the network by 15%.

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Al-Sadoon, Maha, and Ahmed Jedidi. "A secure trust-based protocol for hierarchical routing in wireless sensor network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 4 (2022): 3838. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i4.pp3838-3849.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) became the backbone of the internet of things (IoT). IoT applications are vital and demand specific quality of service (QoS) requirements. In addition, security has become a primary concern to provide secure communication between wireless nodes, with additional challenges related to the node’s computational resources. Particular, the design of secure and resource efficient routing protocol is a critical issue in the current deployment of WSNs. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel secure-trust aware routing protocol (ST2A) that provides secure and reliable routing. The proposed protocol establishes communication routes based on calculated trust value in joint with a novel cluster head selection algorithm in the hierarchical routing process. The proposed trust-aware routing algorithm improves the routing security in WSN and optimizes many performance metrics related to WSNs unique characteristics. The results of simulation validate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm for enhancing the network lifetime up to 18% and data delivery by 17% as compared with some state-of-the-art routing algorithms.

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Rao, A. Rama, Valli Kumari Vatsavayi, and Ch Satyananda Reddy. "A QoS and Network Lifetime Aware Reliable Multicast Routing Protocol Using a Chaos Integrated Cuckoo Search Rider Optimization Algorithm." International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 4 (June 25, 2022): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232027.2022.4.4.

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In MANET, the multicast routing is considered as a non-deterministic polynomial (NP) complexity, it contains assorted objectives and restrictions. In the multicast issue of MANET, the Quality of services (QoS) based upon cost, delay, jitter, bandwidth, these are constantly deemed as multi-objective for intending multiple cast routing protocols. Conversely, mobile node has finite battery energy and the lifetime of network depending on its mobile node battery energy. If the mobile node has high battery energy consumption, it automatically reduces the network’s life time because of their route breaks. Alternatively, node’s battery energy has to be consumed to ensure higher level quality of services in multicast routing for transmitting the accurate data anywhere and anytime. Therefore, the network lifespan is deemed as multi-objective in the multicast routing (MR) problem. To overcome these issues, QoS and Dr. Valli Kumari Vatsavayi2 2Professor, Department of Electronic Communication and Engineering, Andhra University, visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh ,India. 2Email:vallikumariv001@yahoo.com Network Lifetime Aware Reliable Multicast Routing Protocol are proposed by applying Chaos integrated Cuckoo Search Rider Optimization Algorithm for effectual data transmission in MANET (QOS-MRP-CSROA-MANET). The proposed method is the joint execution of both the Cuckoo Search Algorithm with chaos theory (Chaotic-CSA) and Rider Optimization (ROA) algorithm and hence it is called as Chaotic-CSA-ROA, which is utilized to solve the MR problem of MANET. Here, the MR problem of MANET have five objectives, viz cost, delay, jitter, bandwidth, network lifetime are optimized with the help of Chaotic-CSA-ROA. Then the proposed method is simulated in NS2 simulator for validating the performance of the proposed QOS-MRP- CSROA-MANET system. Here, evaluation metrics, via delay, delivery ratio, drop, Network lifespan, overhead and throughput are analyzed with node, rate and speed. The proposed QOS-MRP-CSROA-MANET provide higher throughput in node as 32.9496% and 65.5839%, higher throughput in rate as 16.6049% and 30.4654%, higherthroughput in speed as 10.1298% and 7.0825%, low packet drop in node as 63.7313% and 52.2255%, low packet drop in rate as 51.5528% and 25.6220%, low packet drop in speed as 18.0857% and 24.5953% compared with existing methods, like QOS aware of multicast routing protocol using particle swarm optimization algorithm in MANET (QOS-MRP-PSOA-MANET) and QOS aware of multicast routing protocol using genetic algorithm in MANET (QOS-MRP-GA-MANET) respectively.

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Hu, Hai Yan, and You Qiao Zhang. "The Study and Realization of Energy-Aware Routing Algorithm of Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (October 2012): 767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.767.

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Based on the analysis of routing algorithm of typical wireless sensor networks, the author puts forward with the objectives of routing algorithm and designs energy-aware routing algorithm to reduce energy consumption and extend life cycle of the whole network. The algorithm constitutes four modules: clustering module, dynamic cluster head election module, dormant state module and inter-cluster routing module. Aiming at effectively using the energy of sensor nodes, the paper makes use of honeycomb-like two-level clustering structure to increase coverage rate of nodes. Also, studies of routing are discussed on the two aspects, being the inter-clustering dynamic cluster head election and introduction of dormant mechanism, and secondly, the inter-clustering reliable routing.The routing algorithm has its prototype realized and effectively verified on the test bed provided by the laboratory.

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Simerjeet, Simerjeet, and Navpreet Kaur. "A Brief Review on Dynamic Reliable Location Aware Routing Protocols for Mobile Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal of Computer Applications 118, no. 4 (2015): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/20732-3107.

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Narasimhan, B., and R. Vadivel. "QoS Aware Reliable Cluster based Routing Protocol (QoS-RCBRP) for Heterogeneous Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks." International Journal of Computer Applications 59, no. 12 (2012): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/9601-4226.

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Heo, Junyoung, Jiman Hong, and Yookun Cho. "EARQ: Energy Aware Routing for Real-Time and Reliable Communication in Wireless Industrial Sensor Networks." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 5, no. 1 (2009): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2008.2011052.

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Smiri, Safae, Adil Ben Abbou, Abdelali Boushaba, Azeddine Zahi, and Rachid Ben Abbou. "WA-GPSR: Weight-Aware GPSR-Based Routing Protocol for VANET." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 15, no. 17 (2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i17.24083.

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The extremely fast topology has created new requirements for the geographic routing protocol, which has been the most efficient solution for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). The frequent disconnection of links makes the choice of the next routing node extremely difficult. Hence, an efficient routing algorithm needs to deliver the appropriate path to transfer the data packets with the most relevant quality of service (QoS). In this work, the weight-aware greedy perimeter stateless (WA-GPSR) routing protocol is presented. The enhanced GPSR protocol computes the reliable communication area and selects the next forwarding vehicle based on several routing criteria. The proposal has been evaluated and compared to Maxduration-Minangle GPSR (MM-GPSR) and traditional GPSR using strict metric analysis. Our experimental results using NS-2 and VanetMobiSim, have demonstrated that WA-GPSR has the ability to enhance network performance.

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Sanjay, Nausheen Fathima, Mohd Abdul Bari,. "Infrastructure-Less Wireless Networks Employ Reactive Routing with Knapsack-Based Buffer Management." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 11, no. 1 (2023): 1885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/cienceng.v11i1.354.

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Wireless infrastructure-less networks provide network resources independent of location. These networks are mobile, resource heterogeneous, peer-to-peer, self-forming, and adaptable. Health management, military, and disaster aid use such networks for reliable communication. These networks use routing to connect source and destination nodes and forward data packets. Network nodes' buffer sizes hinder efficient routing. We present a buffer-aware route-finding system that optimises nodes' packet processing based on their residual buffer size using the knapsack algorithm. Our buffer overflow-prevention method improves network performance. Using the NS-2 simulator, the suggested mechanism reduces packet loss, improving network performance. Our work proposes an effective routing protocol for wireless infrastructure-less networks that takes into account nodes' restricted buffer sizes. The proposed system could be used where efficient and reliable communication is needed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Reliable-aware Routing'

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