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1

Ndiaye, Malick. "Senegal : pouvoir politique et forces sociales. de l'assemblee constituante ( novembre dix neuf cent cinquante huit ) a decembre soixante deux." Paris 7, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA070066.

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Le mouvement de la conjoncture est l'objet de cet ouvrage, laquelle commence le vingt-cinq novembre dix neuf cent cinquante huit, date de la premiere reunion de l'assemblee constituante du senegal, et s'acheve le dix huit decembre dix neuf cent soixante deux avec le denouement de la crise politique qui couvait dans les sommets du premier etat moderne du senegal. Cette etude traite de la transition entre la fin du regime colonial proprement dit et le debut de la deuxieme republique ; elle montre comment, par un concours singulier de circonstance, le developpement de cette conjoncture qui aurait pu deboucher sur un coup d'etat militaire ou sur l'intervention des troupes francaises, ou sur une revolution ouvriere et paysanne, a abouti au presidentialisme bonapartiste senghorien. Le vingt-cinq novembre est la proclamation du premier etat moderne du senegal. Ce contre quoi cet etat s'impose, c'est la colonie, c'est a dire l'economie de traite et l'indigenat. La vie reelle de la colonie se reduit a grands traits aux rapports arachidiers et, au premier chef, a la relation entre le paysan et le commercant. Les paysans forment l'ecrasante majorite des populations, tandis que la quasitotalite du pays vit de l'arachide. D'ou resulte que c'est l'antagonisme entre les maisons de commerce d'une part, et les paysans de l'autre, qui conditionne l'evolution de la colonie. Le vingt-cinq novembre est la constitution du territoire en etat politique, c'est a dire la separation avec la metropole, ou ce qui est la meme chose, le demantelement complet et du systeme de l'indigenat. Le grand vainqueur dans la crise de decembre soixante deux est la chambre de commerce, d'agriculture et d'industrie de dakar, place forte financiere et economique de l'economie de traite senegalaise dont les representants dans l'appareil d'etat et le parti, delmas, theophile james, lamine gueye, assane ndoye, abdoulaye fofana, ont reussi a jeter par dessus bord un gouvernement dia exangu et isole, et qui, apres avoir ecarte les forces qui l'avaient porte au pouvoir, a succombe a une simple chiquenaude d'une aile parlementaire bruyante et exicitee
The purpose of this work is about the circumtances movement which begins on the twenty-fifth of november nine teen fifty eight, the date on which the constituent assembly of senegal re-assembled, and finishes on the eighteenth of december nineteen sixty two with the resolution of the political crisis which had been brewing among the ranks of the leaders of the first modern senegal state. This study deals with the transition between the end of colonial regime properly speaking and the beginning of the second republic, and shows how, by a singular combination of circumstances, the developement of these ones which could have led to a military coup d'etat, or to the intervention of french troupes, or to a worker's or a peasant revolution, led to senghorian bonapartist presidentialism. The twenty-fifth of november is the proclamation of the first modern state of senegal. Against what this state was imposed, it's the colony, that is to say the trade economy and the "indigenat". The reel life of the colony is limited to the great traits, to the arachidiers relations, and, in the first hand, to the relation between peasant and tradesman. The peasants compose the big majority of the population, whereas heardy totality of the country live on arachide. The antagonism between firms on one hand and the peasants on the other hand, which results from their situation, conditions the evolution of the colony. The great winner in the political crisis of december nineteen sixty two is the "chambre de commerce, d'agriculture et d'industrie de dakar, financial and economical stronghold of senegal's trade economy whose direct agents in apparatus state and party, delmas, theophile james, assane ndoye, lamine gueye, abdoulaye fofana, succeeded in setting aside a bloodless and isolated dia governement, who failed to a simple phillip of a noisy and excited parlement fraction, after he did expulse from political scene the social forces that had taken him to power
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2

Kingsbury, Kate. "New Mouride movements in Dakar and the diaspora." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669764.

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3

Camara, Samba. "Recording Postcolonial Nationhood: Islam and Popular Music in Senegal." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1510780384221502.

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4

Holm, Filip. "Sounds of Mouridism : A study on the use of music and sound in the Mouridiyya." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för historia och samtidsstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-30606.

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The use of music in religious traditions is a complicated subject. Some say it doesn’t have any place in religion while others see it as an essential part of their spiritual life. How one defines music, and indeed religion, can differ greatly but both of these have played an enormous role in our world both historically and today. The relationship between these two subjects is the focus of this study. I aim to analyze how music and sound is used within the Mouridiyya, a Sufi order based mainly in Western Africa, as a religious practice and in what way different forms of music is a way for Mourids in Sweden to connect with their native culture and religion in a society that is in many ways very different. The study is based on interviews and field observations and will explore themes like music as transcendence, the contents of the music, attitudes toward “secular” or more popular, contemporary forms of music as well as gender roles and segregation. I have visited one Mourid group in Stockholm and the study will be based entirely on them. To say something more general about Mouridism or Sufism are generalizations I am not prepared to make, but some of the findings do open up for these kinds of discussions and hopefully this will be but one small step into a fairly uncharted academic field of “religious music”.
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5

Diop, Awa. "Identités féminines "transgressives" au Sénégal : un rapport ambivalent à la glocalisation." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21947/document.

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A travers cette thèse, nous avons saisi des expériences féminines qui sont à l’oeuvre dans la société sénégalaise. De telles expériences qui sont souvent perçues comme « transgressives » par les figures de l’autorité masculine sénégalaise (acteurs religieux et entrepreneurs moraux par exemple) permettent de mettre à jour un Sénégal situédans les tensions d’une glocalisation. Nous avons analysé ce Sénégal comme le site d’une négociation entre ses principes visibles (vertu, morale, tolérance, tradition, etc) et des pratiques de femmes, qui n’ayant plus peur de sortir des canaux de socialisation, explorent de nouvelles subjectivités. Face à ces tensions, prime une culture del’ambivalence incarnée à la fois par les médias, les acteurs moraux et les figures étiquetées péjorativement. En d’autres termes, les médias sont souvent « créateurs » des visibilités « scandaleuses » et peuvent s’aligner derrière les acteurs moraux ou religieux pour défendre la vertu nationale ou l’image de la Sénégalaise. Pour les acteursmoraux, l’ambivalence se situe dans le fait qu’il existe un fossé entre leurs propres pratiques et les principes islamiques qu’ils incarnent et utilisent pour dénoncer des faits perçus comme « scandaleux ». Les figures « transgressives » mobilisent, quant à elles, une identification se référant aux identités religieuses et aux imaginaires sociaux pour ne pas trop s’écarter des cadres normatifs. Toutes ces ambivalences traduisent in fine l’ambivalence d’une société se définissant comme pieuse, vertueuse et « traditionnelle » mais qui est sans cesse débordée par les pratiques d’une jeunesse au diapason d’un monde globalisé
This doctoral dissertation is an account of current female experiences I observed in Senegalese society. These experiences, often perceived as « transgressive» by Senegalese male authorities, namely religious and other moral guides, allow us to uncover a Senegalese society faced with the pressures of glocalization. Senegalese society is trying to negociate a balance between the preservation of fundamental principles (virtue, morality, tolerance, tradition, etc) and certain behaviours and life styles of women who are no longer afraid to free themselves from established socialization channels and explore new subjectivities. Faced with these tensions, a culture of contradictions is dominant as embodied through various networks namely the media, moral figures, and the female actors labelled negatively. In other words, the media is often the creator of scandalous characters and may support moral and religious figures in their defense of virtue, the country’s moral status, and the image of the Senegalese woman. For moral figures, the contradictions are marked by the fact that there is a big gap between their own practices and the Islamic principles they embody and use to speak against facts they perceive as scandalous. As for the « transgressive » actors, they find ways to relate to religious identities and social imaginaries so as not to distance themselves too much from social norms. All these tensions reflect the contradictions of a society that defines itself as « pious », « virtuous », and «traditional », but that is constantly overwhelmed by the practices of a younger generation in tune with a globalized world
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6

Megne, M'ella Ghislain Desire. "L'organisation sociale du sport au GABON, de l'indépendance à nos jours (1960-2012). Analyse socio-historique des facteurs de facilitations et des contraintes. Perspectives comparatives : Caméroun-Sénégal." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0317/document.

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L’ambition qui préside ce mémoire de thèse est aussi originale que passionnante :analyser le rôle de l’organisation sociale du sport gabonais dans un contexte de pays en voiede développement, mode d’expression pour les populations autochtones en période decolonisation, puis élément d’intégration dans le concert des nations après les indépendances.Cette recherche vise comme objectif général la compréhension des organisations sportives auGabon. Précisément, il s’agit de comprendre l’impact et le rayonnement des fédérationssportives depuis son accès à l’indépendance (1960) à la période actuelle (2012). Toutefois, ledétour dans le passé nous révèle que les fédérations sportives sont cloisonnées bien sûr dansle rapport culture traditionnelle et culture moderne. Dès lors, on assiste à un déphasage avecles besoins économiques et socio-culturels de l'heure. Au cours de ce voyage dans le temps,cette thèse s’inscrit dans une optique pluridisciplinaire et comparative axée sur les méthodesde la sociologie du sport. Elle s’attache à décrypter les conditions historiques, sociales,politiques, économiques, institutionnelles et les logiques d’acteurs en présence pourcomprendre les conséquences qui en résultent et qui témoignent d’une organisation singulièredans un espace francophone, (Gabon, Cameroun, Sénégal). De fait, elle informe sur lespolitiques sportives. Qui organisent ? Comment ? Et dans l’intérêt de qui ? Tels sont lesenjeux principaux, dont la problématique d’ensemble est de se demander : pourquoil’organisation du sport gabonais privilégie-t-elle le modèle importé? Plus précisément,Comment la transposition du modèle français influence-t-elle les politiques sportives auGabon et interagit-t-elle avec les particularismes locaux? Loin d’être une spécificitégabonaise, le legs colonial reste une propriété consubstantielle aux jeunes Etats africains
The ambition that leads this thesis is as original as fascinating: analyzing the roleof the social organization of the Gabonese sport in the context of a developing country, themode of expression of the local people in the colonial period, and the element of integrationin the concert of nations after the independences. This research, in general, seeks tocomprehend sport organizations in Gabon. It is all about understanding the implication andthe impact of sport federations in Gabon from its independence (1960) to now. A trip in thepast reveals us that sport federations are separated from the traditional culture and modernculture. Therefore, we can see why they are out of touch with the current economic and socioculturalneeds of the moment. As we travel back in time, the purpose of this thesis ismultidisciplinary and comparative, based on the methods of the sociology of sport. It seeks todecrypt historical, social, political, economic and institutional conditions; and the logic of thepresent actors, so to understand the consequences that follow, and are testimonies of a uniqueorganization a francophone area (Gabon, Cameroon, and Senegal). This thesis informs aboutthe sport policies. Who organizes? How? In whose interest? These principal questions lead usto the overall problematic: Why sport organizations in Gabon favor more imported models oforganization. In more detail, how the transposition of the French model influences sportpolicies in Gabon; and how does it interact with the local particularities. Far from being aGabonese specificity solely, the colonial input remains a substantial propriety in youngAfrican states
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7

Hugon, Clothilde. "(Re)penser Dieu à l'école au Sénégal : les politiques publiques face à l'éducation "arabo-islamique"." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0225/document.

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Conteste l’une des grandes priorités pour l’Etat et les organisations internationales. Derrière l’écolepublique ou « école française », une offre éducative « arabo-islamique » répond aux demandes socialeset religieuses des parents sénégalais. Les écoles coraniques communément appelées daara, écolesfranco-arabes ou Instituts islamiques, sont autant de dénominations faisant référence à ces institutionsd’éducation islamiques et de langue arabe, dont l’objectif premier repose sur la mémorisation du Coranet la transmission du message islamique.Cette recherche a pour ambition de suivre la trajectoire de la politique éducative de l’éducation arabo -islamique, en scrutant ses premières formulations dès l’époque coloniale (1857-1940), sesambivalences au cours de la formation de l’Etat sénégalais postcolonial (1950-1980) et en décrivant aucours des années 1990 le passage d’une politique de l’action sociale à son institutionnalisation dans lesecteur éducatif au début des années 2000. Ces écoles font l’objet de débats souvent animés, deconflits entre acteurs de divers horizons publiques ou privés et de réformes abouties ou avortées.L’autorité publique doit en effet composer avec une multiplicité d’acteurs (religieux, internationaux ,associatifs, etc.), qui influencent et interagissent au sein d’un processus de négociation.Etudier la construction de cette politique publique d’éducation à travers la structuration d’un secteur,les revendications des uns, les actions ou « non-actions des autres », nous amène à révéler certainesdes transformations de la société sénégalaise et de son rapport à l’Etat. Et plus globalement, à nousinterroger sur le modèle classique du rapport entre le politique et le religieux
Over 40% of Senegal’s population is under 15 years old. Education is therefore one of the main priorities ofthe Senegalese State and international organisations. In parallel to the State-schools or “French” speakingschools, Islamic schools are an answer to social and religious demands asked by Senegalese parents. Theseeducation institutions are called daara (Qu’ranic schools), or écoles franco-arabes, and are mainly based onthe memorization of the Qu’ran and the transmission of Islamic values.This research will focus on the education policy’s trajectory, from its first formulation during the colonialperiod (1857-1940), its ambivalence during the formation of the postcolonial State (1950-1980), and the shiftfrom a social policy (1990s) to its integration in the sector of education in 2000. This type of school offer haslong been the object of debate and controversies. Indeed, actors from a variety of horizons and interests (bothfrom the public and private sectors) have taken part in this policy process. The Senegalese State musttherefore compose and negotiate with numerous actors (religious, international, associative, etc.), who have apower to influence the process of negotiation.Throughout the analysis, the reader will get an insight into the educational public policy’s structure, and willunderstand the asks of all actors and the actions (or non-actions) of others. Overall, this research provides ahistorical understanding of the transformation of the Senegalese society and its constant interaction with theState. On a wider scale, it also brings us to question the traditional relationship between political andreligious spheres
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8

Camara, Samba. "Sufism and Politics among Senegalese Immigrants in Columbus, Ohio: Ndigel and the Voting Preferences of a Transnational Community." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1366973242.

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9

Merckel, Cécile. "Seneca theologus : la religion d'un philosophe romain." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00796579.

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Cette étude des différents aspects de la théologie et de la religion de Sénèque, basée sur l'ensemble du corpus sénéquien, offre une perspective sur l'évolution et l'adaptation de la doctrine stoïcienne en contexte romain. Elle considère le phénomène religieux à la fois du point de vue de la religion civile du citoyen et de la piété intérieure de la personne. La diversité d'une œuvre mi-philosophique mi-poétique impose un point de vue plus synchronique que diachronique (même si l'évolution de la pensée de l'auteur est prise en compte), qui privilégie l'exégèse en fonction des genres littéraires et de leurs codes. La 1ère partie analyse les dominantes de la conscience religieuse romaine (l'opposition religio/superstitio), éclairées par l'héritage critique. La 2ème partie démontre que Sénèque cherche toujours à trouver une valeur aux discours de la religion traditionnelle et des poètes sur le dieu. Sa situation de philosophe homme d'état le contraint à faire des concessions, notamment au sujet du culte impérial. La 3ème partie fait un bilan doctrinal sur le monisme stoïcien et sur son appropriation par Sénèque, qui laisse la place à une vraie émotion religieuse à l'égard du deus rationnel. La hiérophanie progressive de la divinité par le progressant en sagesse implique un glissement de la physique vers l'éthique. La 4ème partie s'attache à la question de la recherche d'un langage adéquat pour définir la divinité. La 5ème partie traite du rapport de l'individu à la divinité. L'homme, héroïque dans son dépassement de la contingence, se hisse par un exercice de la pensée au rang du deus, jusqu'à leur communion dans la sagesse pure, notamment grâce à la prière philosophique.
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10

Nevius, Wesley A. "Leading Muslims to Christ in Dakar, Senegal." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p006-1482.

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11

Thiam, Ibrahim [Verfasser]. "Les aspects du Mouridisme au Senegal / Ibrahim Thiam." Marburg : Tectum-Verl, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1005315116/34.

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12

Ross, Eric 1962. "Ṭûbâ : an African eschatology in Islam." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40435.

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The thesis "Tuba: an African eschatology in Islam" adopts afrocentric hypotheses for the study of Islam. First, the thesis demonstrates how certain phenomena specific to Islam in Africa, those usually qualified as products of religious syncretism, are on the contrary indicative of the ongoing process of synthesis and enrichment within Islam, and, secondly, that African spiritual tradition continues today as in the past to participate along with others in this constructive process. In order to demonstrate this hypothesis the spiritual significance of the modern Islamic holy city of Touba in Senegal will be analyzed.
Touba is named for the Tree of Paradise (Tuba) of Islamic tradition and the holy city has been constructed around the singular arboreal image. The spiritual meaning imparted by Touba, a deliberate creation, is expressed in the topography of the holy city, in its geographic configuration. The thesis adapts the methodologies of spatial analysis, and specifically the semiotic reading of landscape, to the study of a religious phenomenon, i.e., the creation of a holy city.
in order to explain the significance of this holy city for Islamic eschatology, the meanings which three distinct religious traditions (Islam, West Africa, Ancient Egypt) have attached to the image of the cosmic tree are inventoried. The tree as archetype here serves to establish the continuity of African religious thought from pharaonic Egypt to modern Muslim Senegal.
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Hodges, Albert R. "A project of prayer for renewal among missionaries and for spiritual awakening among the masses of Senegal." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1994. http://www.tren.com.

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14

Ndiaye, Alboury. "Les représensations populaires de la maladie à l'épreuve du pluralisme thérapeutique au Sénégal : le cas du paludisme dans la société Wolof." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1021.

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Cette thèse amorce une réflexion approfondie sur les représentations populaires de la maladie et du pluralisme thérapeutique eu égard à la tradition, la religion et aux spécificités sociologiques de la société sénégalaise. Sa singularité repose sur le fait de mettre en exergue les composantes sociales et culturelles à l’œuvre, dans la prise en charge de la maladie du paludisme dans la communauté wolof du Sénégal. Cette recherche analyse la maladie comme le révélateur d’une conflictualité sociale et des rapports sociaux complexes entre les individus, les familles, les thérapeutes, les ethnies, où dominent des idéologies et des manières d’agir à la fois opposées et complémentaires. C’est dans la conception que les communautés se font de la maladie, que réside l’explication de la fusion culturelle qui est au firmament de la société et de l’humain, qui est perçu ici comme étant un complexe triadique fait de l’esprit, de l’âme et du corps
This thesis begins a reflection on popular representations of disease and therapeutic pluralism with regard to tradition, religion and sociological specificities Senegalese society. Its uniqueness lies in the fact to highlight the social and cultural work in the management of malaria illness in the community Wolof of Senegal. This research analyzes the disease as the developer of a social conflict and complex social relationships between individuals, families, therapists, ethnicity, dominated ideologies and ways of acting both opposite and complementary. This is the design that communities are the disease, lies the explanation of cultural fusion is the firmament of human society and which is seen here as a triadic complex due to the spirit, soul and body
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Thompson, Kari Elizabeth Rose. "Inconsistent friends: Philadelphia Quakers and the development of Native American missions in the long eighteenth century." Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2645.

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With theology grounded in beliefs of human equality and religious toleration, early Quakers discussed religious ideas with Native Americans, but did not conduct the kinds of missionary projects common to other English Protestants in America in their first century there. Instead, they focused on creating good relationships with the native people who lived in the area that became Pennsylvania, as well as with those beyond its borders. Despite this rhetoric, Quakers were inconsistent in enacting their own ideals. After allowing the unfair Walking Purchase of 1737 through poor government oversight, Philadelphia Quakers created a group whose aim was to reestablish peaceful relationships with Native Americans, particularly during the tumultuous Seven Years War. This group had scant success, largely limited to reinvigorating communication between Quakers and Native Americans. By 1795, Philadelphia Quakers determined they were divinely called to assist Native Americans more directly by teaching them skills of Euro-American farming and housekeeping. To that end, they began missions with the Oneida in 1796 and the Seneca in 1798. This study argues that despite Quakers' own conception of themselves as unique from other colonists and thus able to provide a superior education for Native Americans than that provided by other Protestants, Quakers were engaged in the same colonizing project as other missionaries and colonists.
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Niane, Seydi Diamil. "Le conflit idéologique entre le wahhabisme et la confrérie soufie Tijāniyya au sud du Sahara : le Sénégal en exemple." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAC024.

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Pendant des décennies, le Sénégal a gardé dans l’imaginaire académique et international sa vielle image d’un pays exclusivement confrérique où le marabout exercerait un pouvoir de taille sur le disciple. Depuis quelques années, toutefois, les observateurs ont pu constater une évolution de la pratique religieuse au Sénégal due à l’arrivée de nouveaux courants réformistes tels que le wahhabisme. La rencontre entre ce dernier et les confréries soufies a fait naitre un débat doctrinal et un choc des idéologies. Dans ce choc, la Tijāniyya est la confrérie qui a été la plus attaquée. L’objet de notre thèse est d’analyser ce conflit idéologique entre le wahhabisme et la Tijāniyya au sud du Sahara, le Sénégal étant notre terrain de complexification. Notre analyse tente de répondre aux questions suivantes : quels sont les points de divergence entre les deux courants ? Comment les savants wahhabites et tijānīs abordent-ils ces points de divergence ? Comment les désaccords idéologiques se manifestent-ils dans la littérature que nous étudions ? Quelles sont les stratégies des protagonistes des deux mouvements pour avoir une plus grande influence au sud du Sahara de manière générale et plus précisément au Sénégal ?
During decades, the international academic sphere has portrayed Senegal as a country exclusively sectarian in which the marabou would have some authority on his disciples. However, over the past few years researchers noticed an evolution of the religious practices in Senegal due to the arrival of new reformist currents such as Wahhabism. As a matter of fact the encounter between Wahhabism and the sufi brotherhoods triggered a doctrinal debate and an ideological shock. In this clash, the Tijāniyya is the first target of the criticisms. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to analyse this ideological conflict between Wahabism and the Tijāniyya in the South of the Sahara, focussing on Senegal. This work will answer the following questions: what are the main sticking points between the two ideological trends? How do the wahhabist and tijānī scholars tackle those issues? To what extent do those ideological disagreements appear in the literature under study? What are the strategies used by the figures of those two groups to expand their power in the sub-Saharan areas, and more specifically in Senegal?
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Heil, Tilmann. "Cohabitation and convivencia : comparing conviviality in Casamance and Catalonia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:438967ad-df4b-4c76-9969-3b55edf54beb.

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This thesis explores conviviality, a set of processes surrounding everyday living with difference. Based on 18 months of fieldwork (2007-2010) equally split between Casamance, Senegal, and Catalonia, Spain, the comparison takes the transnational lives of Casamançais and their embeddedness in both local fields into account. Locally, Casamançais often spoke of cohabitation (French) and convivencia (Castilian). Exploring discourses as well as practices related to encounters with difference and everyday socialising, this thesis addresses three questions: (1) How do migrants who come from a context of religious and ethnic diversity manage to make their way within new social contexts of cultural diversity? (2) How do their pre-migration experiences of diversity affect the ways in which they deal with the changing configurations of diversity that they encounter in Europe? (3) How do ways of living together with difference change over time in both sending and receiving contexts due to migration and other concurrent societal transformations? In four ethnographic chapters, I firstly explore everyday neighbourhood encounters and the centrality of multilingual greeting and temporary gatherings in open spaces for conviviality. A second chapter focuses on cultural and religious festivities and argues that, apart from the political recognition of diversity, the local residents’ sensuous experiences of difference are a crucial dimension of conviviality. Addressing challenges to conviviality, the third chapter engages with the processes of social closure, isolation and homogenisation which reveal alternative ways of living with difference. The fourth ethnographic chapter puts migration-related inequalities centre-stage, showing how conviviality also involves subtle forms of inequality. Analytically, this thesis suggests that conviviality is not a static conception of sociality, but one that is in-process. I find that socio-cultural differences are permanently negotiated, that ways of dealing with difference are translated between the old and new contexts of diversity, and that discourses and practices of living with difference are continuously (re)produced in everyday interactions. Casamançais perspectives reveal ways of maintaining minimal sociality among local residents who remain different.
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18

Amo, Kae. "Les dynamiques de l’islam dans les lieux de l’enseignement supérieur au Sénégal." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0046.

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Depuis la fin des années 1980, les mouvements religieux, musulmans pour la plupart, sont particulièrement visibles dans les sphères politiques sénégalaises mais aussi au sein des différents établissements d’enseignement supérieur. Autrefois caractérisés par la présence du militantisme politique de gauche, les milieux universitaires sont aujourd’hui occupés par les croyants. Les jeunes disciples mourides ou tidjianes, ou encore sûnites, emplissent les différents espaces au sein du campus, où ils organisent conférences islamiques, cours de Coran et séances de prière. En outre, un secteur d’enseignement islamique privé émerge en dehors des universités laïques. Basée sur un travail de terrain de longue durée (2003-2009 puis 2010-2015), notre étude vise à mettre en lumière ces différentes dynamiques religieuses au sein des lieux d’enseignement supérieur, que ce soient les universités laïques ou les établissements islamiques. Cette thèse s’articule en deux parties : la première consiste à étudier la construction historique des différentes figures de lettrés musulmans et leurs lieux de savoirs-pouvoirs au Sénégal ; la deuxième analyse la vie religieuse des « étudiants musulmans » d’aujourd’hui, ainsi que leurs sphères d’expression à la fois académique et religieuse.Notre analyse sur la transformation des figures de lettrés musulmans, depuis un demi-siècle, montre que la nouvelle génération se compose davantage d’individus issus de la classe populaire, à la différence de l’ancienne génération des années 1960 et 1970, regroupant surtout des militants des idéologies de gauche et des membres de l’élite universitaire ou religieuse. Les nouveaux types de mouvements religieux adoptent une forme idéologique conforme aux exigences et aux aspirations de la jeunesse sénégalaise urbaine, plus libérale et à la recherche d’autonomie par rapport aux normes sociales et politiques fondées par la génération précédente – intellectuels francophones ou « ku jang ekool » –. Ce travail met en exergue l’importance des nouveaux types de mouvements politico-religieux dans le contexte de la crise idéologique et sociopolitique des années 1980 et 1990, puis de l’arrivée du libéralisme politique et l’émergence de sphères politiques populaires dans les années 2000. Ce qui rassemble ces deux générations de militants, politiques et/ou religieux, est ce que nous avons appelé l’« énergie sociétale » : ils sont en effet les producteurs et les porteurs d’un modèle et d’une théorie qui répondent à la crise du monde, en même temps que les transformateurs de la société. Les nouveaux mouvements religieux proposent aux fidèles des lieux d’épanouissement qui les conduisent à participer au développement de la société, tout en s’appuyant sur les valeurs de l’islam.Nous avons démontré, ensuite, la diversité et la transversalité de ces jeunes musulmans, véritables producteurs de dynamiques sociales et politiques. Nous nous sommes intéressée au parcours de chaque catégorie de croyants ainsi qu’à leurs liens avec leurs environnements socioculturels : université, foyers religieux ou écoles d’enseignement de l’arabe et de l’islam. Il existe aujourd’hui en effet une grande disparité quant à la manière d’être musulman. Aussi, ces jeunes croyants sont très flexibles dans leur façon d’interpréter la religion et naviguent entre différentes sphères et valeurs, en l’occurrence l’islam normatif, le spiritualisme soufi, la modernité occidentale et la culture traditionnelle sénégalaise. Nos descriptions et analyses ont montré comment ils vivent leurs religiosités, en s’appuyant sur leurs propres valeurs de l’islam, et à travers un engagement corporel et spatial « flexible » au sein de l’université ou bien en dehors de celle-ci
Since the late 1980s, Muslim movements have become visible in public universities and in the Senegalese political scene. Murid or Tidjian “dahiras” (communities) and other reformist associations organize various on-campus activities, such as weekly religious meetings, Islamic conferences, Quran lessons, and prayers. In addition to the emergence of these movements at public universities, the number of private Islamic schools has also increased since the 1990s, encouraged by the former government of Abdoulaye Wade (2000–2012) and supported by partners from Arab countries. This study examined these religious dynamics at institutions of higher education. Why and how do Muslim scholars represent a growing dynamic in institutions of higher education in contemporary Senegal, and how do they contribute to the production of new knowledge and power (savoirs-pouvoirs)? The answer to this question is given in two sections: a historical construction of Senegalese Muslim scholars and their relation to politics and education; and a new generation of Muslim actors, their religious life and spheres of expression, knowledge, and power.The first part of this study focuses on the historical construction of Muslim scholars since the colonial time and their relations to politics and education. A study of the change in higher education and State politics over the past half century showed the deep transformation of Senegalese society and the recent evolution of a new type of Muslim scholar. Since the colonial time, Muslim intellectuals and “arabisants” (the Arabic-speaking elite) have played an essential role in politics in Senegal. Often intermediaries between the French colony and the Senegalese indigenous population, this elite created its own status, roles, and identity. However, with the creation of modern French institutions of higher education, a new French-speaking elite or “ku jang ekool” has emerged.Between 1960 and 1980, the University of Dakar became a place of political struggle, and students developed Marxist ideologies, although there were very few religious associations and few of the Arabic/French-speaking elite were involved in the Islamic associations. The new generation of young Muslim scholars who emerged after 1980 consisted of a completely different population, as compared with the previous generation; its members were originally from the non-elite class and attracted to the traditional religious solidarity of Sufi brotherhoods. Young, liberal, and autonomous, the new religious actors are challenging the social and cultural norms of the previous generation. This transformation explains the change in the larger Senegalese political and educational scene. In fact, new politico-religious movements developed during the ideological and sociopolitical crisis of the 1980s and 90s, and the arrival of political liberalism in 2000. During this time, the universities have become more popular and associated with the lower social classes, rooted in traditional Islamic educational spaces (Quranic schools and Sufi brotherhoods) and involved in the new political scene. However, the two generations of political/religious activists share a common characteristic: both create what we call “societal energy”, promoting a new model of society for young people who are keen to participate in social and political reform.The second part of this study, based on field observations made between 2003 and 2015, describes today’s Muslim scholars and their political and religious involvement. Our observations found great diversity in the experience of “being Muslim” among young people who navigate through different values, such as Islamic teaching, Sufi spiritualism, Western modernity, and traditional Senegalese culture. They create “shifting” corporal and spatial practices inside and outside the universities. In fact, their flexibility and liberty vis-à-vis religion and politics have created new social and political dynamics in Senegal
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19

Paoletti, Giulia. "Un Nouveau Besoin: Photography and Portraiture in Senegal (1860-1960)." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8TX3DJ2.

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Senegal’s leading role in the development of African modernism in the 1960s is well known. Lesser-known is that, a century earlier, photography first arrived and took root in Senegal before circulating across French West Africa. This dissertation focuses on the genre of photographic portraiture in a country that did not have sculptural or masquerade traditions. It studies the ways in which photography accommodated and fostered new social and artistic practices and identities in Senegal between 1860—when the first studio opened in Saint Louis, the historical capital—and the 1960s, when photography became a “social imperative,” to use Geoffrey Batchen’s description (2001). The first chapter discusses cartes-de-visite commissioned as early as the 1860s by the first Senegalese patrons. In the course of this discussion, I challenge unilateral conceptions of photography as an apparatus of ideological control monopolized by the colonial authority. Chapter Two argues that Islam—the predominant religion in Senegal since the late nineteenth century—facilitated the popularity of the genre of portraiture through the circulation of devotional images in the form of lithographs, glass painting and photographs between the 1890s and 1920s. Chapter Three focuses on two photo series by amateur photographers from Saint Louis in the interwar period. I argue that these snapshots delineate the birth of a new subjectivity that neither mimicked French culture, nor conformed to Wolof customs. The last chapter juxtaposes the work of Mama Casset and Oumar Ka, two studio photographers working in the 1960s and 70s, in the capital and the rural interior of the country, respectively. In doing so I revisit the association between photography’s modernity and urban living, and propose that modernity can also be linked with “rural” tastes and styles. Rather than interpret it as either a “foreign” or “local” technology, this dissertation traces the fluctuations of photography’s significance in a dialectic relation with European, Islamic, American, African and Indian sources, revealing the nature of the medium as a multiplier of visions. Given Senegal's privileged status within La Grande France, this analysis will contribute to our understanding of the relationship between photography and modernity in Africa and beyond.
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