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Journal articles on the topic 'Religious aspects of Cholera'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Özkul, Ali Efdal, and Hasan Samani̇. "Diseases, Doctors and Patient-Doctor Relationships in Ottoman Cyprus as Revealed in Sharia Court Records." Belleten 84, no. 299 (2020): 261–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2020.261.

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Throughout history, Cyprus has hosted many civilizations and states due to its strategic location in the Mediterranean. One of them is the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans conquered the island in 1571 and maintained their rule until 1878. The scholarly attempt to grasp the Ottoman Empire with its all institutional, political, social, economic and cultural aspects has been one of the fields of interest for world historiography. It is obvious that local history studies in the countries experienced the Ottoman rule, would help and contribute to draw a general picture of the Ottoman Empire. In this context, the current work, mainly relying on the religious court records, aims to identify the diseases except the contagious ones such as cholera, plague and malaria. The other aim is to investigate and analyse the doctor-patient relations within social, economic and juridical contexts in Ottoman Cyprus. The results reveal that the overwhelming majority of the doctors operating in Cyprus were in private practice until the second half of the 19th century when the Ottomans started the centralization and modernization of its institutions including the health services, and thus to view the healthcare services as a public service. Although the state did not take responsibility for public healthcare services for public, it had a certain control mechanism on the doctors and their operations.

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2

Nair, G. B. "Genomic aspects of cholera and its relevance to cholera control." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 21 (April 2014): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.569.

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3

POPOVIC, TANJA, ØRJAN OLSVIK, PAUL A. BLAKE, and KAYE WACHSMUTH. "Cholera in the Americas: Foodborne Aspects." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 9 (1993): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.9.811.

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Over 100 serotypes of Vibrio cholerae exist, but generally the toxigenic strains of the serogroup O1 cause cholera and possess documented epidemic potential. The main symptom of cholera is a profuse diarrhea resulting in dehydration, that if untreated, leads to death. Seven pandemics of this contagious disease have been recorded during the last 200 years. A sick person secrets in his stool billions of organisms daily, and water and food contaminated with such a stool are the primary sources of infection during the epidemics. With the increase of the international food trade, food is often shipped from countries with endemic or epidemic cholera. With one exception, no documented cases of cholera have been reported, as a result of the internationally regulated food trade. However, during the present Latin American epidemic, inadequately cooked seafood has been implicated as a source of cholera. As a result of the epidemic, over 100 cases of cholera have occurred in the United States related to seafood consumed during a visit to Latin America or after its noncommercial transport into the country. Furthermore, V. cholerae persists as a free-living organism in environmental reservoirs in Australia and the U.S. Gulf Coast; there have been 65 domestically acquired cases of cholera in the United States since 1973. Molecular typing methods have enabled us to identify and characterize endemic and epidemic strains, and to document transmission of cholera when food was implicated epidemiologically as a vehicle of transmission.

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Kaper, J. B., J. G. Morris, and M. M. Levine. "Cholera." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 8, no. 1 (1995): 48–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.8.1.48.

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Despite more than a century of study, cholera still presents challenges and surprises to us. Throughout most of the 20th century, cholera was caused by Vibrio cholerae of the O1 serogroup and the disease was largely confined to Asia and Africa. However, the last decade of the 20th century has witnessed two major developments in the history of this disease. In 1991, a massive outbreak of cholera started in South America, the one continent previously untouched by cholera in this century. In 1992, an apparently new pandemic caused by a previously unknown serogroup of V. cholerae (O139) began in India and Bangladesh. The O139 epidemic has been occurring in populations assumed to be largely immune to V. cholerae O1 and has rapidly spread to many countries including the United States. In this review, we discuss all aspects of cholera, including the clinical microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of the disease. Special attention will be paid to the extraordinary advances that have been made in recent years in unravelling the molecular pathogenesis of this infection and in the development of new generations of vaccines to prevent it.

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Titova, S. V., E. A. Menshikova, and E. M. Kurbatova. "Some aspects of ecology of cholera vibrios." Voda. Himiâ i èkologiâ 2018, no. 10-12 (2018): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18334/watchemec.11.10-12.91-98.

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6

Khan, Ashraful I., Fahima Chowdhury, Daniel T. Leung, et al. "Cholera in pregnancy: Clinical and immunological aspects." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 39 (October 2015): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2015.08.006.

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7

Ndié, Justin, Isaac Bayoro, Isidore Takoukam, and Paul Wina. "Étude Des Aspects Épidémiologiques Du Choléra Dans Le District De Santé De Tcholliré (Nord- Cameroun)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 15 (2016): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n15p278.

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Cholera evolves in an endemo-epidemic mode in developing countries. In Cameroon, because of the weakness of our health system, mainly of the epidemiologic surveillance and inadequate timely response, many localities in our country are faced with intermittent cholera epidemics. This study was aimed at analyzing the epidemiological aspects of cholera in the Tcholliré Health District (North Region-Cameroon) in 2011. We therefore applied a retrospective cross-sectional study using data on cholera cases registered within the 27th and the 40th epidemiological weeks in the Tcholliré Health District in 2011. All patients infected with cholera were included. The demographic, clinical and therapeutic variables, as well as the origin and the evolution of cases were drawn from the cholera data base of the Tcholliré Health District. Data analysis was done using SPSS and Excel software. Between the 27th and 40th epidemiological weeks, 334 cases of cholera were notified in the Tcholliré Health District. The sex ratio was 1.27 (187M/147W), the men were most infected (56%). The mean age was 28±17 years, youths aged 16 to 34 were the age group that were most affected with 42.20%. The number of cases varied significantly based on the sex ratio and the health area (p = 0.012). The rate of relapse was 0.61 % and the mortality rate was 1.2%. All the patients had watery stools and vomiting. In addition, all patients were treated primarily with intravenous normal saline at 0.9% or Ringer Lactate and ORS for oral therapy. The antibiotic used was Doxycycline 100 mg. Cholera remains a diarrheal disease that threatens all regions in Cameroon. It comes about as a result of a deficiency in individual and collective hygienic practices, and a passive epidemiologic monitoring. Nevertheless, the institution of a monitoring system and also effective combat methods will significantly reduce the recurrence of cholera epidemics.

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8

Kelvin, Alyson Ann. "Outbreak of Cholera in the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo and the global picture." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 10 (2011): 688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2246.

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Cholera is an acute intestinal disease caused by infection of the Vibrio cholerae bacterium. Often manifested as a constant diarrhoeal disease, Cholera is associated with significant mortality as well as economic loss due to the strain on health care. Cholera often affects nations with lower economic status. The recent outbreak of cholera in the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo has affected thousands of people. Here we review the past cholera epidemiology, molecular mechanisms of the bacterium, and the political and environmental aspects that affect the treatment and eradication of this disease.

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9

Che, Eric, Eric Numfor, Suzanne Lenhart, and Abdul-Aziz Yakubu. "Mathematical modeling of the influence of cultural practices on cholera infections in Cameroon." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 18, no. 6 (2021): 8374–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2021415.

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<abstract><p>The Far North Region of Cameroon, a high risk cholera endemic region, has been experiencing serious and recurrent cholera outbreaks in recent years. Cholera outbreaks in this region are associated with cultural practices (traditional and religious beliefs). In this paper, we introduce a mathematical model of the influence of cultural practices on the dynamics of cholera in the Far North Region. Our model is an SEIR type model with a pathogen class and multiple susceptible classes based on traditional and religious beliefs. Using daily reported cholera cases from three health districts (Kaélé, Kar Hay and Moutourwa) in the Far North Region from June 25, 2019 to August 16, 2019, we estimate parameter values of our model and use Akaike information criterion (AIC) to demonstrate that our model gives a good fit for our data on cholera cases. We use sensitivity analysis to study the impact of each model parameter on the threshold parameter (control reproduction number), $ \mathcal{R}_c $, and the number of model predicted cholera cases. Finally, we investigate the effect of cultural practices on the number of cholera cases in the region.</p></abstract>

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10

Devakumar, D. "Cholera and Nothing More." Public Health Ethics 3, no. 1 (2008): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phn036.

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11

Sorell, T. "'Cholera and Nothing More'." Public Health Ethics 3, no. 1 (2009): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/php023.

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12

Hunt, M. R. "'Cholera and Nothing More'." Public Health Ethics 3, no. 1 (2009): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/php027.

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13

Baturina, N., and G. Anisimova. "The cholera spread Simulation." E3S Web of Conferences 224 (2020): 03024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022403024.

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One of the frequently used modern epidemiological methods is the Simulation of disease spread. We used AnyLogic simulation. During the model construction, we take into account the specific cholera features. They are: the pathways of infection transmission, the course duration and the duration of the incubation (latent) period, the possibility of vaccination, etc.Two approaches are presented here: system-dynamic model and agentbased one. The system-dynamic model is used for strategic modelling of the epidemiological situation, it reflects the global trends. The agent-based approach allows describing the individual behaviour of each agent person, who independently form events conditioning transitions between states.Used together they make it possible to reflect different aspects of the epidemiological process development. The combination of these two models gives more possibilities for their application in a real situation: give the opportunity to impose tactical nuances on strategic modelling.

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14

Toporkov, V. P., A. I. Kologorov, N. A. Ossina, et al. "Post-Event Analysis of Imported Cholera Cases in Beloretsk, the Republic of Bashkortostan, in 2008." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 3(101) (June 20, 2009): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2009-3(101)-31-33.

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The detailed description of imported cholera cases in Beloretshk, the Republic of Bashkortostan, in 2008 is presented. The cases were associated with pilgrimage in India. The similar case of cholera importation was registered in Beloretsk in 2004. Special attention should be paid to the persons returned from religious trips to India as their long stay in cholera endemic country increases the risk of infection. Should there appear gastrointestinal diseases in persons returned from cholera-endemic countries it is advisable to carry out their examination on cholera using bacteriological and serological methods.

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15

Sánchez, J., and J. Holmgren. "Cholera toxin structure, gene regulation and pathophysiological and immunological aspects." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 65, no. 9 (2008): 1347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-008-7496-5.

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16

Dureab, Fekri, Yasameen Al-Qadasi, Hani Nasr, Marwah Al-Zumair, and Taha Al-Mahbashi. "Knowledge on and preventive practices of cholera in Al-Mahweet – Yemen, 2018: a cross-sectional study." Journal of Water and Health 19, no. 6 (2021): 1002–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.139.

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Abstract Yemen has experienced one of the world's worst cholera outbreaks in the recent history of cholera records. This study aims to identify knowledge and practices among people of Al-Mahweet governorate toward cholera infection, which can play a critical role in reducing cholera morbidity and shaping the public health response. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an area of high cholera prevalence in 2018 using structured questionnaires. Most community respondents were able to correctly identify the symptoms and risk factors of cholera. While 65% of the respondents in this study knew that proper disposal of human waste is an essential measure of cholera prevention, only 11% of the respondents knew that proper washing of fruits and vegetables lowers the risk of cholera infection. About 62.5% of households did not treat water for safe drinking. Water was scarce in about 30% of households and near-home defecation was observed in about 23%. In conclusion, this study reveals several gaps in different aspects of hygienic and preventive practices including water treatment, waste disposal, and defecation practices. Cholera response should contain comprehensive health promotion interventions to improve the public's knowledge and enhance healthy practices. Stakeholders should support communities with sustainable water and sanitation systems.

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17

Sultanova, F. "RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE: SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS." BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 73, no. 1 (2020): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-1.1728-8940.20.

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The article deals with the issues of religious tolerance in modern society. The Republic of Kazakhstan represents multiethnic, polyconfessional, polycultural society. In this regard huge attention is paid to the general ideas of equivalence of all people. At the global level, a number of specially designed documents and regulations have been developed and adopted. Emergence of religious tolerance logically intertwines with such concepts as free-thinking, toleration, laicisation. Experience of our country shows that various religions and faiths can be quite compatible, coexist peacefully and effectively.

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18

Christopher, Elphis. "Religious aspects of contraception." Reviews in Gynaecological and Perinatal Practice 6, no. 3-4 (2006): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rigapp.2006.05.003.

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19

Mauro, Mario. "Religious Aspects of Politics." European View 11, no. 2 (2012): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12290-012-0239-x.

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20

Laycock, Joseph. "Religious Aspects of Pseudoarchaeology." Nova Religio 22, no. 4 (2019): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2019.22.4.89.

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While pseudoarchaeology often presents claims in a scientific register, it favors fantastic or romantic theories of the past over the findings of professionalized archaeology. As archaeologists have attempted to interpret pseudoarchaeology, it has been implied that it often resembles religion more than science, both in terms of its epistemology and the types of worldviews it is deployed to legitimate. This article synthesizes the work of the authors in this special issue of Nova Religio to further articulate these “religious” aspects of pseudoarchaeology.

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21

Frantz, Thomas T., Barbara C. Trolley, and Michael P. Johll. "Religious aspects of bereavement." Pastoral Psychology 44, no. 3 (1996): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02251401.

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22

Penrith, M. L., W. Vosloo, and C. Mather. "Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera): Review of Aspects Relevant to Control." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 58, no. 3 (2011): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01205.x.

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23

Nuhu, Adamu, and Kabir M. Yusuf. "The Effect of Religious Conflicts in Northern Nigeria on Public Health Outcomes: A Case Study of Cholera Outbreak." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 30 (2018): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n30p408.

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Violent conflicts, in most cases, pose an unquantifiable challenge to human health and health systems especially in developing countries. Complex humanitarian emergencies as a result of conflicts could severely have negative consequences on public health. Nigeria has faced series of threatening security challenges, but the one caused by the activities of the socalled Islamist sect, the Boko Haram (BH), remains protracted, especially in Borno, a State in the north-eastern part of the country. The resultant outcome is the internally displaced persons (IDPs) who have suffered from many diseases especially cholera, which has continued to ravage these displaced populations. Conflict can contribute to water shortage through the destruction of water sources, such as wells, reservoirs and laid pipes, and its contamination. This is happening on an already weak health system. Though cholera is easily treatable, concerted efforts by government and medical humanitarian agencies are urgently required to ameliorate the situation of the IDPs. An appropriate strategy of control of the transmission of cholera and emergency medical intervention can help alleviate the devastating effects. The management of cholera transmission include the supply of sufficient water sources, adequate sanitation, and a public health campaign to maximize the effects of these measures. One key health system challenge that could limit the effectiveness of the interventions would be the people. This paper focuses on studying the resultant large numbers of IDPs from the BH conflict, discussing cholera outbreak as a specific health issue, and presenting a focused humanitarian intervention to address this health need.

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24

Ramírez, Iván J., Sue C. Grady, and Michael H. Glantz. "Reexamining El Niño and Cholera in Peru: A Climate Affairs Approach." Weather, Climate, and Society 5, no. 2 (2013): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-12-00032.1.

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Abstract In the 1990s Peru experienced the first cholera epidemic after almost a century. The source of emergence was initially attributed to a cargo ship, but later there was evidence of an El Niño association. It was hypothesized that marine ecosystem changes associated with El Niño led to the propagation of V. cholerae along the coast of Peru, which in turn initiated the onset of the epidemic in 1991. Earlier studies supported this explanation by demonstrating a relationship between elevated temperatures and increased cholera incidence in Peru; however, other aspects of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and their potential impacts on cholera were not investigated. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between El Niño and cholera in Peru from a holistic view of the ENSO cycle. A “climate affairs” approach is employed as a conceptual framework to incorporate ENSO’s multidimensional nature and to generate new hypotheses about the ENSO and cholera association in Peru. The findings reveal that ENSO may have been linked to the cholera epidemic through multiple pathways, including rainfall extremes, La Niña, and social vulnerability, with impacts depending on the geography of teleconnections within Peru. When the definition of an ENSO event is examined, cholera appears to have emerged either during ENSO neutral or La Niña conditions. Furthermore, the analysis herein suggests that the impact of El Niño arrived much later, possibly resulting in heightened transmission in the austral summer of 1992. In conclusion, a modified hypothesis with these new insights on cholera emergence and transmission in Peru is presented.

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25

Braunack-Mayer, A. "Teaching Ethics with 'Cholera and Nothing More'." Public Health Ethics 3, no. 1 (2010): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phq007.

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26

Burrell, R. M. "The 1904 epidemic of cholera in Persia: some aspects of qājār society." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 51, no. 2 (1988): 258–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00114570.

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Of all the diseases which afflicted mankind in the nineteenth century cholera has a good claim to the unenviable title of being the most dreaded. It was certainly the one which prompted the first sustained efforts to devise and implement international sanitary conventions. The reasons why cholera was so feared are many. Until the second decade of the century it was confined to the Indian subcontinent—where it had probably existed since ancient times—and medical knowledge of it elsewhere was practically nil. In 1817, however, maritime trade carried the infection to other lands and thus began the first period of diffusion which lasted for some six years. By the early years of the twentieth century a further five massive epidemics had occurred, almost every country in the world had been affected and the cumulative death toll was measured in millions. Persia, being so close to the original source of infection, suffered in every one of those epidemics and also from several other more limited and localized outbreaks.

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27

Shalatskaya, Ekaterina P., and Andrey A. Kurapov. "ORGANIZATION OF THE FIGHT AGAINST THE CHOLERA EPIDEMIC IN THE CITY OF ASTRAKHAN AND THE ASTRAKHAN REGION IN 1970." History and Archives, no. 1 (2022): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2022-1-26-43.

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The article is the first attempt to consider the efforts of the CPSU committees and state institutions of Astrakhan region to organize the fight against cholera epidemic in July – September 1970. It is based on previously unknown documents from the State archives of Astrakhan region. The authors focus on the activities of emergency counter-epidemic commissions as provisional administrative bodies with emergency powers and on the implementation of quarantine measures. The quickly established system of emergency counter-epidemic commissions starting from the regional level to the village council was an efficient mechanism to successfully tackle all financial, logistic, administrative, medical and other issues concerning the fight against the cholera epidemic and the implementation of quarantine procedures. The progress and results of the fight against the epidemic revealed a high level of Soviet medicine and free healthcare system as well as the ability of government and party authorities to quickly mobilize, set up provisional emergency bodies and facilitate the implementation of their resolutions. The involvement of practically all the staff of regional institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and units of the USSR Internal Troops and the resolute combat against quarantine violations resulted in the localization of the cholera outbreak and its fast elimination. A special role in overcoming the cholera epidemic was played by explanatory work among the population, which was carried out by the well-established in Soviet times the party and state apparatus of propaganda and agitation.

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28

Mitrofanova, Anastasia. "Religious Aspects of International Terrorism." Serbian Political Thought 4, no. 2 (2011): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22182/spt.422011.2.

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29

Jahoda, Gustav, and Pascal Boyer. "Cognitive Aspects of Religious Symbolism." Man 29, no. 3 (1994): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2804404.

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30

Bruzzone, P. "Religious Aspects of Organ Transplantation." Transplantation Proceedings 40, no. 4 (2008): 1064–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.03.049.

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31

Wentworth, William M., and Pascal Boyer. "Cognitive Aspects of Religious Symbolism." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 33, no. 1 (1994): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1386640.

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32

Smythe, Dion. "The euthanasia debate: religious aspects." International Journal of Palliative Nursing 10, no. 7 (2004): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijpn.2004.10.7.14582.

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33

Mironova, Liliya Valer’evna. "CURRENT CONCEPTIONS CONCERNING THE OBJECTIVE LAWS OF A CHOLERA EPIDEMIC PROCESS: ECOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, no. 5 (2018): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2018-23-5-242-250.

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Modern conceptions about the objective laws of cholera epidemic process are reviewed taking into account the peculiarities of molecular biological properties and adaptable potential of the causative agent in the endemic, epidemic and cholera safe areas. It is shown that aquatic ecosystems at the endemic territories play the significant role both in the phase of the agent reservation (when it can pass to persistent forms or remain in viable but not culturable condition) and during the pre-epidemic period. During this period the molecular genetically heterogeneity of Vibrio cholerae population in the environments gives occasion to the subsequent selection of a pandemic clone in a susceptible host. This pandemic line is low enough in water ecosystem that is proved by the data of molecular typing of clinical and aquatic V. cholerae isolates. The phase of epidemic distribution of the given type can be realized most effectively at occurring of a “fast” way of the agent dissemination from person to person at preservation of the pathogen high infectivity. The leading role in the development of epidemiological complications in the epidemic and cholera free areas belongs to importation of high infective V. cholerae clone generated in endemic foci with its subsequent accumulation in environment objects under favorable climatic, hydrological and ecological conditions. Thus, intensity of epidemic process is defined by the action both natural climatic and social factors that are limiting in the safe areas but can promote scale epidemiological complications and also the infection persistence in the epidemic regions.

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34

Mironova, Liliya Valer’evna. "CURRENT CONCEPTIONS CONCERNING THE OBJECTIVE LAWS OF A CHOLERA EPIDEMIC PROCESS: ECOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, no. 5 (2018): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2019-23-5-242-250.

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Modern conceptions about the objective laws of cholera epidemic process are reviewed taking into account the peculiarities of molecular biological properties and adaptable potential of the causative agent in the endemic, epidemic and cholera safe areas. It is shown that aquatic ecosystems at the endemic territories play the significant role both in the phase of the agent reservation (when it can pass to persistent forms or remain in viable but not culturable condition) and during the pre-epidemic period. During this period the molecular genetically heterogeneity of Vibrio cholerae population in the environments gives occasion to the subsequent selection of a pandemic clone in a susceptible host. This pandemic line is low enough in water ecosystem that is proved by the data of molecular typing of clinical and aquatic V. cholerae isolates. The phase of epidemic distribution of the given type can be realized most effectively at occurring of a “fast” way of the agent dissemination from person to person at preservation of the pathogen high infectivity. The leading role in the development of epidemiological complications in the epidemic and cholera free areas belongs to importation of high infective V. cholerae clone generated in endemic foci with its subsequent accumulation in environment objects under favorable climatic, hydrological and ecological conditions. Thus, intensity of epidemic process is defined by the action both natural climatic and social factors that are limiting in the safe areas but can promote scale epidemiological complications and also the infection persistence in the epidemic regions.

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35

Bonnici, W. "The Blue Epidemic Cholera -- Some Aspects of Treatment in the Mid 19th Century." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 139, no. 2 (1993): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-139-02-14.

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36

Curtis, Bruce. "Social Investment in Medical Forms: The 1866 Cholera Scare and Beyond." Canadian Historical Review 81, no. 3 (2000): 347–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.81.3.347.

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37

Natal'ya, Ovechkina. "Ethnic and religious aspects of development." Ideas and Ideals 2, no. 4 (2015): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2015-4.2-107-116.

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38

U.T., Alzhanbaeva, and Zairova N.Sh. "The religious aspects of Turkic dastans." Journal of Oriental Studies 79, no. 4 (2016): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/jos-2016-4-898.

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39

Shumchuk, Bogdan. "MARRIAGE: LEGAL, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS ASPECTS." Visnyk of the Lviv University, no. 37 (2021): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/pps.2021.37.17.

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40

Schwarz, Silke. "Religious aspects in psychiatry and psychotherapy." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 11, no. 2 (2018): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-07-2017-0031.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of religion in psychiatry and psychotherapy and it introduces a context-oriented approach to religion. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for a selective literature review to highlight significant issues with regard to mainstream psychology. Findings It provides a short summary on the historical neglect and exclusion from clinical practice and shows how religion was integrated into the mainstream of psychotherapy and psychiatry. A quantitative and universalistic approach to religion is dominant. The widespread approach to religious coping by Pargament is presented as well as related findings with regard to religion and mental health. Research limitations/implications The paper includes implications for the development of a context-oriented inclusion of religion and encourages for associated empirical research. Originality/value With a critical inclusion of contexts, professionals may stay alerted to the issue that health and disorders are not ontological facts but contain moral codes of a current society. It takes the social context and unequal power relations as the starting point for a partisan cooperation with the affected persons.

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Cornille, C. (Catherine). "Double Religious Belonging: Aspects and Questions." Buddhist-Christian Studies 23, no. 1 (2003): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcs.2003.0007.

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Kamolova, Kimyohon. "SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS ASPECTS OF FAITH." Theoretical & Applied Science 40, no. 08 (2016): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2016.08.40.9.

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McKenzie, F. R., and G. Milligan. "Cholera toxin impairment of opioid-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase in neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cells is due to a toxin-induced decrease in opioid receptor levels." Biochemical Journal 275, no. 1 (1991): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2750175.

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Cholera toxin treatment (up to 1 microgram/ml, 16 h) of neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells produced a decrease of some 35% in both delta opioid receptor-mediated stimulation of high-affinity GTPase activity and inhibition of forskolin-amplified adenylate cyclase. Coincident with these decreases was a down-regulation of some 35% in the delta opioid receptor population. A similar pattern of a decrease in signalling capacity was noted for the alpha 2B-adrenergic receptor in these cells after cholera toxin treatment. Half-maximal effects of cholera toxin on all of the parameters assayed were noted at concentrations between 2 and 5 ng/ml. Neither levels of Gi2, as assessed by immunoblotting with specific antisera, nor the intrinsic activity of the alpha subunit of the guanine-nucleotide-binding protein which acts as the inhibitory G-protein of the adenylate cyclase in these cells, as assessed by guanosine 5′-[beta gamma-imido]triphosphate (Gpp[NH]p)-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase, was lowered by cholera toxin treatment. Furthermore, levels of another pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein (Go) expressed by these cells was also not lowered by cholera toxin treatment. However, as previously noted in other cells [Milligan, Unson & Wakelam (1989) Biochem. J. 262, 643-649], marked down-regulation of the alpha subunit of the stimulatory G-protein (Gs) of the adenylate cyclase cascade was observed in response to cholera toxin treatment. Previous studies [Klee, Milligan, Simonds & Tocque (1985) Mol. Aspects Cell Regul. 4, 117-129] have shown that cholera toxin treatment can result in a decrease in the maximal effectiveness of agonists which function to inhibit adenylate cyclase. These data have been used as evidence to suggest a functional interaction between Gs and ‘Gi’. The results provided herein demonstrate that such effects of the toxin can be explained adequately by a decrease in the number of receptors that function to produce inhibition of adenylate cyclase.

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Bartunek, Jean M., N. J. Demerath III, Peter D. Hall, Terry Schmitt, and Rhys H. Williams. "Sacred Companies: Organizational Aspects of Religion and Religious Aspects of Organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly 44, no. 3 (1999): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2666970.

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Weston, Beau, N. J. Demerath, Peter Dobkin Hall, Terry Schmitt, and Rhys H. Williams. "Sacred Companies: Organizational Aspects of Religion and Religious Aspects of Organizations." Sociology of Religion 61, no. 2 (2000): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3712290.

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Kniss, Fred, N. J. Demerath III, Peter Dobkin Hall, Terry Schmitt, and Rhys H. Williams. "Sacred Companies: Organizational Aspects of Religion and Religious Aspects of Organizations." Social Forces 78, no. 1 (1999): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3005819.

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Gajurel, Kiran, and Stan Deresinski. "A Review of Infectious Diseases Associated with Religious and Nonreligious Rituals." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2021 (December 6, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1823957.

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Rituals are an integral part of human life but a wide range of rituals (both religious and non-religious), from self-flagellation to blood brotherhood to ritual sprinkling of holy water, have been associated with transmission of infections. These infections include angiostrongyliasis, anthrax, brucellosis, cholera, COVID-19, cutaneous larva migrans, Ebola, hepatitis viruses, herpes simplex virus, HIV, human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), kuru, Mycobacterium bovis, Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis, orf, rift valley fever, and sporotrichosis. Education and community engagement are important cornerstones in mitigating infectious risks associated with rituals.

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Boyer, Pascal. "Cognitive aspects of religious ontologies: how brain processes constrain religious concepts." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 17, no. 1 (1999): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67243.

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A cognitive study of religion shares some of its concerns with traditional approaches in cultural anthropology or the history of religion: It aims to explain why and how humans in most cultural groups develop religious ideas and practices, and why these have recurrentand enduring features. By contrast with other approaches, however, a cognitive approach centres on one particular set of factors that influence the emergence and development of religion. The human mind is a complex set of functional capacities that were shaped by natural selection and evolved, not necessarily to build a coherent or true picture of the world and certainly not to answer metaphysical questions, but to solve a series of specific problems to do with survival and reproduction. A crucial aspect of this natural mental make-up is that humans, more than any other species, can acquire vast amounts of information through communication with other members of the species. A cognitive study takes religion as a set of cultural representations, which are acquired by individual minds, stored and communicated to others. In this paper the author presents some general features of the cognitive study of religious concepts, and then presents in detail a framework that emphasizes the role of universal cognitive constraints on the acquisition and representation of religious ontologies, and presents anthropological and cognitive data that supports the model.

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Osipova, N. G. "Social aspects of main religious doctrines: Hinduism." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 27, no. 1 (2021): 131–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2021-27-1-132-156.

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The article analyzes the social aspects of Hinduism as a combination of not only religious, but also mythological, legal and ethical concepts. They form, on the basis on which the social life of Indian society is largely organized. The author’s analysis of the historical development of Hinduism shows that, despite the absence of a rigid organizational structure, it has an internal unity at the social, ideological and religious levels. Hinduism is united in a whole by sacred texts and the Pantheon of Gods, recognized by almost all its trends and schools, as well as the faith in karma — the causal relationship between the actions of an individual in past incarnations and his fate, character, position in society in the current incarnation, and reincarnation. The cornerstone of both the faith and the social component of the Hindu doctrine is the concept of classes and castes, which denote separate groups whose members have a common professional occupation, do not marry other groups, and do not even share meals with them. The article considers the hierarchy of classes that originated in India in the Vedic period, as well as the principles, primarily professional and regional, of the formation of modern castes.The author analyzes a set of religious prescriptions and cult practices that regulate the daily life of Hindus, the ritual side of Hinduism associated with the most significant events in human life. Special attention is paid to new practices of “redemptive rites”, including asceticism, fasting, various methods of mortification of the flesh, and redemptive gifts. It is noted that the essence of Hinduism is not limited to its religious and ideological content. An organic integral part of it is a number of social institutions, legal and moral norms, social institutions and cultural phenomena. In this regard, Hinduism is not only and not so much a religion, but a way of life and holistic behavior, which can also have its own spiritual practice.

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Steinberg, StevenM. "Cultural and religious aspects of palliative care." International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science 1, no. 2 (2011): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5151.84804.

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