Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Remodelage auriculaire – Dissertations universitaires'
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Jesel-Morel, Laurence. "Sénescence, remodelage tissulaire et membranaire, risque thrombotique au cours de la fibrillation auriculaire." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ051/document.
Full textOur data evidence that during atrial fibrillation (AF), microparticles (MP) contribute to an enhanced hypercoagulable and pro-inflammatory state. Similar concentrations of MP measured in left and right atria of AF patients highlight the absence of chamber-specific enhanced thrombogenic status. During AF ablation procedures, MP concentrations progress in parallel with cell and platelet activation. We also showed that AF progression is strongly related to human atrial senescence burden pointing toward a possible network that links in human atrium, senescence burden, endothelial dysfunction, thrombogenicity and atrial remodeling. We also developed a model of left atrium endothelial cell replicative senescence providing compelling evidences indicating that atrial endothelial senescence promotes thrombogenicity, inflammation and proteolysis. These data underline the major role of renin-angiotensin system in endothelial atrial cell senescence
Rahabi-Layachi, Haïfa. "Rôle du phosphate inorganique dans le remodelage vasculaire des gros vaisseaux." Amiens, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AMIED007.
Full textSaragaglia, Amaury. "Quantification du remodelage bronchique en tomodensitométrie volumique." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05S014.
Full textDurand, Eric. "Evaluation des mécanismes impliqués dans le remodelage artériel après angioplastie." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05N23S.
Full textConstrictive remodeling plays a prominent role in restenosis after balloon angioplasty, but its regulation remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of collagen, endothelial function, apoptosis and oxidative stress on arterial remodeling after experimental angioplasty of rabbit arteries. Artherosclerosis was induced in ilio-femoral arteries of new zeland white rabbits by the combination of mechanical desendothelilization and high cholesterol diet. Four weeks later, balloon angioplasty was performed. We observed that constrictive remodeling positively correlated with collagen acculation in the neointima and the media and endothelial dysfunction, and inversely correlated with smooth muscl cell apotosis. Moreover , inhibition of collagen cross-linking by beta-aminopropionitrile or overexpression of supereroxide dismutase and catalase signicantly
Patey, Martine. "Recherche de nouveaux marqueurs protéiniques impliqués dans le remodelage de la matrice extracellulaire en pathologie thyroi͏̈dienne." Reims, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REIMM205.
Full text@We have studied and described the pattern of distribution of thrombospondin (TSP1)and its receptors anb3 integrin and CD36, in human thyroid tissue and in benignand malignant conditions. This study was realised in collaboration with the Department of Biochemistry of the Faculty of Sciences and Medicine on an in vitro model of porcine thyroid culture. The results show the importance of the interaction between anb3 integrin and TSP1 during the remodeling of the matrix in fibrous goiters and in the desmoplasic stroma of papillary carcinomas of good prognosis, compared to follicular and anaplastic carcinoma. We have also characterized the matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9 and its enzymatic activity by gel zymography, which has demonstrated an increased expression of MMP2 in papillary and anaplastic carcinoma. The pronostic impact of these markers in thyroid neoplasms is discussed
Chironi, Gilles. "Biomarqueurs pariétaux et circulants du remodelage artériel chez l'homme." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05P645.
Full textWe tested parietal and circulating biomarkers as regards arterial remodelling in asymptomatic humans. Chapter I describes normal and pathological arterial wall. Chapter II is dedicated to the ultrasonic study of arterial remodelling in vivo. Chronic arterial remodelling, as assessed by the carotid diameter- intima-media thickness (IMT) relationship, depends on wall tensile and shear stresses. « Acute » remodelling results from the flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD). We designed and validated a new automated method of measurement of the brachial artery FMD, which is more reproducible than reference methods and provides new parameters for endothelial function assessment. In chapter III, we tested the predictive value of three types of circulating biomarkers on cardiovascular risk, remodelling and atherosclerosis. Among haemostatic and inflammatory markers, only soluble P-selectin is associated with atherosclerotic risk in hypercholesterolemic men. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, as numerated by flow cytometry, are reduced in the presence of carotid atherosclerosis, independently of risk factors. Circulating leukocyte-derived miroparticles (MP) are predictive for the diffusion of subclinical atherosclerosis and high levels of MP, whatever their cell origin, are associated with altered carotid artery compensatory enlargement. Finally, therapeutic perspectives discussed in chapter IV suggest to use these biomarkers as surrogate endpoints in clinical trials and propose some of them as potential therapeutic targets
Petroeanu-Reinald, Nicoleta. "Mise au point d'un modèle d'anévrisme fusiforme carotidien chez le lapin. Etude du remodelage artériel (élastine, MMPs, cytokines) après thérapie cellulaire par fibrosblastes gingivaux." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T046.
Full textAbdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is characterized by an increased proteolysis of the essential macromolecules of the media (elastin, collagen), transmural inflammation and apoptosis of smooth muscular cells. We aimed to develop an fusiform aneurysm model in rabbit in order to evaluate the feasibility and the efficiency of percutaneous endovascular cell therapy with gingival fibroblasts (GF). We induced this model by incubation of elastase in the lumen of rabbit carotid arteries. Endovascular cell therapy was performed 28 days later by transplantation of GF in the arterial aneurysmal wall. Analysis of the results (arterial morphometry, elastin density, biomolecular study of metalloprotei-nases, their tissue inhibitor and cytokines) shows the decrease of the aneurysmal size, the preservation of the elastic network, the inhibition of MMP-1 and -9, consequently to TIMP-1 increase and the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore GF are potential candidates for the endovascular therapy of AAA
Aumon, Parque Patricia. "Abord clinique du patient en médecine traditionnelle chinoise." Nantes, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NANT134M.
Full textAliche-Djoudi, Fatiha. "Implication du remodelage membranaire induit par les acides gras polyinsaturés de la série oméga 3 dans la toxicité hépatique de l'éthanol : rôle de la fluidité membranaire et des radeaux lipidiques." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1B084.
Full textThe involvement of membrane remodeling in ethanol-induced liver toxicity was previously described by our team. Thus, an increase in membrane fluidity and lipid raft clustering were responsible for ethanol toxicity via the activation of a raft-dependent signaling pathway, implicating phospholipase C (PLC). Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been described as capable of altering membrane fluidity and lipid rafts organization leading to modification of cell signaling. However, the impact of n-3 PUFA induced membrane remodeling on ethanol liver toxicity had never been described. For these reasons, the effect of some n-3 PUFAs, namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20: 5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3), on ethanol-induced toxicity (oxidative stress and cell death) has been studied in rat primary hepatocytes, with particular attention to the involvement of lipid rafts. We have shown that EPA enhanced ethanol toxicity while DHA protected from it. This differential effect between EPA and DHA was mainly due to their membrane behavior. EPA, by incorporating preferentially in non-raft domains, promoted lipid raft clustering and consequently, activation of the PLC pathway. In contrast, DHA inhibited PLC signaling by preventing lipid raft aggregation, due to its preferential incorporation in these membrane micro-domains
Coisne, Augustin. "Déterminants, mécanismes et conséquences de la dysfonction et du remodelage ventriculaire après remplacement valvulaire aortique : rôle des phénomènes inflammatoires." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S005/document.
Full textAortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease (VHD) in Western countries. It causes a chronic increase in left ventricular (LV) afterload characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), ischemia and myocardial fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction and long-term heart failure. Regardless of the severity of stenosis, several factors such as obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance seems to impact the LV remodeling in this condition. These metabolic disorders are associated with a pro-inflammatory state, including adipose tissue, involving mediators perceived in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis. To date, surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) is the only option that has shown an impact on mortality. This surgery has become less risky and leads to a significant decrease in the left ventricular mass (LVM) in the first year. Nevertheless, some factors, including the existence of a patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM), seem to influence this reverse remodeling after surgery, which may explain the persistence of myocardial fibrosis or symptoms after the surgery. We have made the following hypotheses: a) a pro-inflammatory state mediated by epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and circulating leukocytes would be associated with pathological remodeling in the natural history of AS, b) the existence of a PPM after SAVR would be associated with a poorer prognosis regardless of body weight status, c) the circadian clock would play a role in modulating the myocardial response to a hypertrophic stimulus and myocardial ischemia, d) the onset of postoperative right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, would be associated with poorer prognosis after SAVR. We therefore prospectively included patients with severe AS without LV dysfunction, or another VHD, referred to our Heart Valve Center in Lille University Hospital since 2009 for a first SAVR. Clinical and biological evaluation and pre- and postoperative (before discharge) trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) were performed for all patients. In a sub-group of patients, biological samples (blood and TAE) were collected at the time of surgery to perform transcriptomic analysis on EAT and flow cytometry on the circulating blood cells. TTE was also performed 1-year after SAVR in a sub-group and all patients were followed-up for cardiovascular events. We found that: a) the amount of EAT was independently associated with worse LV remodeling in AS but not with the magnitude of reverse remodeling after SAVR. According to our first results, this more severe LV remodeling seems to be associated with dysregulation of genes involved in the adaptive immune response, in the regulation of the immune response and in the activation of T lymphocyte cells and also with a number of circulating leukocytes and monocytes more important, b) the indexed effective orifice area of the aortic prosthesis calculated by TTE with the unique cut-off of 0.85cm²/m² showed the best accuracy to predict major events after SAVR in lean or overweight patients but not in obese, c) perioperative myocardial injury is transcriptionally orchestrated by the circadian clock in patients undergoing SAVR, with poorer tolerance in patients operated on in the morning, d) heart failure is more frequently observed in patients operated on in the morning, unrelated to the occurrence of acute kidney injury after SAVR, e) the early and severe post-operative decline in RV longitudinal function reverses within a year and is not predictive of long-term outcomes after SAVR. Subsequently, we will continue to explore the link between adipose tissue and the natural course of LV remodeling, cardiovascular events after SAVR in particular the impact of circadian variations on the occurrence of heart failure and the RV function after SAVR
Bouvet, Marion. "Etude des voies de signalisation impliquées dans la phosphorylation des protéines du myofilament dans l’insuffisance cardiaque." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S061/document.
Full textWith over 3,5 million new cases each year, heart failure (HF) currently affects more than 15 million of European individuals and thus represents the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality in Europe. Despite advances in cardiovascular research, HF remains a serious disease with poor prognosis. Indeed, more than 50 per cent of patients die within 5 years after diagnosis. Understanding the underlying physiopathological mechanisms would allow the development of therapeutics to treat the causes of HF rather than the consequences of the disease, thereby improving the medical care of patients. The major contribution of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the regulation of gene expression, enzyme activity as well as in the functional regulation of proteins, turns PTMs into integrators of the dynamic adaptation of the phenotype. For this reason, the team performed phosphoproteomic analyses in an experimental rat model of HF at 2 monhs following myocardial infarction (MI). These analyses revealed an increase of the phosphorylation levels of Desmin at serine residues in left ventricles (LV) of HF rats compared to sham rats.The aim of our study is to identify the kinases which are implicated in Desmin phosphorylation on one hand, and the impact and behavior of increased phosphorylated Desmin in cardiomyocyte on the other hand.By bioinformatic analysis, we first selected the kinases which are potentially implicated in Desmin phosphorylation. Then, we studied the enzymatic regulation of selected kinases in an experimental rat model of HF, which allowed the identification of active PKC zeta and GSK3 beta in the LV of HF rats at 2 months. In vitro, pharmacological inhibition of PKC zeta leads to a decreased of GSK3 beta activity as well as a modulation of the phosphorylated Desmin profiles. Taken together, these data suggest an implication of PKC zeta and GSK3 beta in the increase of Desmin phosphorylation levels in the LV of HF rats. However, their direct, consecutive or indirect implication on Desmin phosphorylation remains to be evaluated.By immunofluorescence, we observed the presence of aggregated Desmin in LV of HF rats at 2 months post-MI that suggest that these could be the result of Desmin hyperphosphorylation. We hypothesized that these Desmin aggregates, like other aggregated proteins, could be toxic for cardiomyocytes and need to be cleared by proteolytic systems to ensure cell survival.The study of proteolytic systems in the in vivo model showed that while the UPS is not modulated all along LV remodeling, macroautophagy decreases with time and could thus drive cytosolic accumulation of phosphorylated Desmin in LV of HF rats. At the same time, CMA seems to be activated thereby ensure phosphorylated Desmin clearance. In vitro, we have shown that pharmacological induction of CMA results in lower phosphorylated Desmin levels.In conclusion, increased Desmin phosphorylation levels seems to be dependent of PKC zeta and/or GSK3 beta activation in LV of HF rats at 2 months after MI. This elevation could drive the cytosolic accumulation and aggregation of Desmin, which could be involved in the contractile dysfunction observed during HF. Finally, as a result of decreased macroautophagy, CMA could be activated in LV of HF rats to ensure phosphorylated Desmin clearance and thus cardiomyocyte survival
Kün-Darbois, Daniel. "Remodelage osseux et pathologies oro-faciales." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0051/document.
Full textFirst, bone changes at the mandible were studied after a unilateral botulinum toxin (BTX) injection in masticatory muscles in adult rats. A major alveolar and condylar bone loss was evidenced. The occurrence of a hypertrophic bone metaplasia at the digastric muscle enthesis was evidenced as well. This could constitute an etiological factor for tori. Then, condylar articular cartilage changes at the mandible were studied in the same BTX animal model, using microtomography after contrast enhancement of cartilage with uranyl acetate. Cartilage thickness measurement showed no difference when comparing control and BTX groups.A third work studied mandibular tori in human using histologic and microtomographic techniques. Tori appeared different from long bone exostoses by several characteristics (absence of Fe and Al in the bone matrix) and a specific asymmetric bone remodeling was evidenced.The fourth part consisted in the study of alveolar mandibular vascularization and quality of the bonematrix in an animal model of osteonecrosis of the jaws(ONJ) after bisphosphonates (BP) injections. Clinical and microtomographic signs of ONJ were found in mostof the cases. An increased mineralization of the alveolar bone was observed after BP impregnation. Microvascularization was increased after tooth extraction in the alveolar bone of control animals but it was impaired in ZA treated rats. Such an in vivo antiangiogenic effect of BPs could play a role in the pathophysiology of ONJ
Perret-Guilllaume, Christine. "Qualité de vie, bénéfices et risques des traitements antagonistes de la vitamine K dans la fibrillation atriale chez les sujets âgés." Nancy 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NAN11317.
Full textYang, Xinyi. "Remodelage des jonctions sous stress mécanique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ065.
Full textEpithelial cell shape changes is essential for embryonic morphogenesis. In C. elegans embryos, muscle activity from underneath epidermal cells is one of the two mechanical force inputs driving this process. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms through which muscle activity promotes the polarized elongation along the anterior/posterior (A/P) axis remains to be fully understood. Here, using fast-3D imaging, we discover that embryos rotate after muscle activation and we describe the local and global pattern of embryo rotation induced by muscle activity. Furthermore, we observed that muscles located on opposite sides of the embryo mostly contract alternatively, accounting for embryo rotations. As a consequence, adherens junctions get stretched along the A/P direction during embryo rotations and therefore are under higher tension. Our preliminary results from single molecule imaging showed that more junction material E-cadherin fuses with A/P oriented junctions when there is high tension on these junctions
Boublil, Laura. "Effets à long terme des particules atmosphériques fines et ultrafines : implication dans le remodelage des voies aériennes." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077145.
Full textAs the long term effects of atmospheric particles (PM) are misunderstood, we develop an experimental strategy using primary culture of human bronchial epithelial repeatedly exposed to PM to investigate (1) whether particles could contribute to airway remodelling by inducing sustained inflammation and mucus secretion (2) the impact of the epithelial secretions on the proliferation and the differentiation of the bronchial fibroblasts. Observations revealed that ambient particles are still present in the bronchial epithelium 5 weeks after treatments, and a part of the organic compounds of particles were metabolized by cells. We also showed an induction of the inflammatory response after particles treatment which persists with the secretion of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. The secretion of growth factors ligand was observed after the end of treatments, and this secretion may contribute to the mucous differenciation. Moreover, epithelial secretions may induce an increase of the number of fibroblasts which in co-culture. We showed that EGFR pathway and these ligands were involved in fibroblasts proliferation. Our results suggest that bronchial epithelial cells repeatedly exposed to ambient particles exhibit a sustained pro- inflammatory response and evolve towards a mucous phenotype. The respiratory epithelium exposed to particles would so contribute to the remodeling airways through the secretion of growth factors which could be involved in the fibroblast proliferation
Lemaire, Flora. "PHU RINNOPARI - Orientation de la réponse immune Thelper et rôle des peptides d’élastine au cours du remodelage des voies aériennes associé à la BPCO." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMM208/document.
Full textChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory respiratory pathology characterized by a progressive and irreversible limitation of airflow caused by the long-term inhalation of harmful particles such as tobacco. COPD presents a major and heterogeneous remodeling of the airways with important inter-individual variability. The inflammatory and immune response during COPD is characterized by infiltration of pulmonary tissue by neutrophils (PN), macrophages, and T cells. The degradation of lung elastic fibers into soluble elastin peptides (EP) is caused by the secretion of proteases by innate immunity cells and it is a consistent feature of COPD. These EP participate in the pathophysiology of COPD as demonstrated in different murine models of the emphysematous disease. The T helper (Th) and the T cytotoxic (Tc) orientation during COPD is unclear andremains controversial. The main objective of this work was to define the Th and Tc responses as well as the role ofEP in airways remodeling associated to COPD. For this purpose, we studied the cytokine signature Th-1/Tc-1 (IFN- ), Th-2/Tc-2 (IL-4), Th-17/Tc-17 (IL-17) specific of the airway remodeling associated to COPD both at the cellular, transcriptional and functional level. Association between the experimental results obtained and the phenotype of the patients included in the study was analyzed in order to determine the role of these mechanisms in the clinical expression of this chronic respiratory pathology. The results obtained showed a decrease in the expression of IL-4 (Th2) in COPD patients compared to control subjects as well as a potentiation of this cytokine expression in the presence of EP
Torchy, Morgan. "Etude structure-fonction du complexe de remodelage de la chromatine NuRD." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ113/document.
Full textAn integrative structural biology approach has been used to study the structural organization of the NuRD complex.My work focused especially on three subunits of this complex: MBD3, RbAp46 and RbAp48. I set up the preparation of the individual subunits and characterized them by various biophysical methods. We next carried out binding assays with homemade human nucleosomes. For MBD3, optimization of the complex led to crystals diffracting up to 7 Å. In parallel, a preliminary 3-D reconstruction at 25 Å resolution has been solved in cryo-EM. For RbAp46/48, crystal we were able to show that these proteins form stable complexes with the nucleosome, paving the way for future structural analysis by cryo-EM or X-ray crystallography
Couqueberg, Yohann. "Développement d'une prothèse de resurfaçage de métatarsiens et étude du remodelage osseux induit." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0117.
Full textThis doctoral thesis, the result of a collaboration between LEMTA laboratory and Novastep company, explains the design of a metatarsal head resurfacing prosthesis of the lateral toes (2nd, 3rd and 4th toes). These toes can be affected by several pathologies, including arthritis and Freiberg’s disease, which are painful and can bec ripping in everyday life. Although many prosthetic solutions for the resurfacing of the metatarsal heads are available on the market, they are often developed for the first toe only. Novastep’s prosthesis was developed to afford a viable solution for the treatment of those pathologies in other toes as well. The development of this prosthesis requires several steps which are: • The definition of medical and mechanical requirements which must been taken into account ; • The design of the prosthesis ; • The development of the surgical technique, that is, the instrumentation for setting up the prosthesis ; • Mechanical and clinical testing to verify the performance of the prosthesis. This design cycle permits justification of the device’s performance necessary to obtain the market approval. In parallel with the resurfacing prosthesis, a study of metatarsal bone remodeling after implantation was realized. This study aimed to present and validate a protocol for the preparation of finite element models of bone remodeling from patient specific computed-tomography data. It also permitted analysis of the impact of the Novastep’s prosthesis on the metatarsal and comparison of those resuts with results obtained with a competitor’s equivalent prosthesis (LMHI of Wright Medical). To our knowledge, this study was the first on the bone remodeling of a prosthetic metatarsal. In the long term, this work could lead to the creation of a decision-making tool for designers for the technological choices of prosthesis design
Mougenot, Nathalie. "Etude des mécanismes adaptateurs neuro-hormonaux et rénaux induits par différents traitements diurétiques au cours de l'insuffisance cardiaque et de l'hypertension artérielle expérimentales." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05P633.
Full textThe objective of this work is the optimization of the diuretic treatment during arterial hypertension (HTA) and heart failure (HF). Several types of diuretic were evaluated in order to precise the mechanisms able to interfere on the long term with their effects : interactions with neurohormonal stimulation and intra-renal phenomena of secondary adaptation to the increase induced by the natriuresis. In HF, induced in rat by coronary ligation : study of the modulation of the effects of indapamide on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blocked by an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (perindopril). Then, study of the effectiveness and the degree of setting concerned the RAAS at the time of a chronic and acute administration of A1 adenosine receptor antagonist (A1AdoR) and furosemide having a different mechanism of action, and to associate them to preserve an optimal therapeutic activity during a long term treatment. Comparison of diuretics, natriuretics and hemodynamics effects and eventually determine the effectiveness of their association. Then we evaluated the effects of A1AdoR, captopril, furosemide and their association on animal's survival. In HTA, we used SHR rats. We studied neurohormonal stimulation, cardiovascular remodelling, and the cardia and vascular reactivity in combination with low doses of bisoprolol-hydrochlorotiazide. The neurohormonal system plays an important part in cardiovascular remodelling and diuretics combination with different mechanisms of action represents a pharmacological and therapeutic way to explore
Lawson, Roland Fabrice. "Implication de la sérotonine et des récepteurs 5-HT2 dans le remodelage valvulaire cardiaque." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ076/document.
Full textSeveral studies have reported a strong correlation between the development of cardiac valve injury and some dysfunctions of the serotonergic system. Valve lesions are observed during the chronic use of some 5-HT2 receptors agonists (ergot derivates or fenfluramine derivatives) or are secondary to metastatic carcinoid tumours (with increased circulating 5-HT amount). These lesions show fibrosis, with thickened leaflets, valves stenosis and/or regurgitation followed by several cardiovascular complications. There is no medical treatment to stop or alter the natural course of the lesions. Surgical replacement by prosthesis is the only effective therapy. Our study based on animal and cellular pharmacological models, demonstrates the serotonergic system contribution through 5-HT2B and 5-HT2A receptors in the pathogenesis of valve degeneration. Histological analysis of the lesions reveals the contribution of endothelial cells to the initiation process. These cells are probably endothelial progenitors (CD34+) recruited inside the valve implying a NO-dependent mechanism. Further studies will characterize the specific cells to find biomarkers of valve remodelling initiation and at term, will identify best therapeutic targets around the serotonergic system
Mauffray, Marion. "Influence du facteur neurotrophique Neurturine dans les cellules nerveuses et immunitaires lors de l'inflammation des voies respiratoires." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ069/document.
Full textAllergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in response to allergens and environmental irritants. The pathophysiology of asthma is defined by airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. Interestingly, it has been shown that there is a link between neurogenic and immune airway inflammation. Moreover studies suggest that neurotrophic factors participate in the pathogenesis of many features and symptoms of asthma.Neurturin (NTN) is a neurotrophic factor which could be involved in the modulation of many symptoms of asthma through the GDNF family receptor alpha 2 (GFRalpha2) and the proto-oncogene RET co-receptor. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. By studying WT and NTN-/- mice after acute and chronic airway inflammation protocols induced by the allergens ovalbumin or house dust mite, we investigated how NTN is able to modulate the level of Th2 responses through neurogenic inflammation and immune cells’ regulation. We analysed its relationship with structural airway remodelling and we also tested the potential anti-inflammatory role of NTN in vitro.The achievements suggest that Neurturin acts in vivo and in vitro as an anti-inflammatory mediator
Hua, Yue. "Modélisation de l'influence des sollicitations mécaniques dynamiques sur les phénomènes de remodelage et de croissance des vaisseaux sanguins des membres supérieurs." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0134/document.
Full textHand-Arm Vibration syndrome (HAVS) is usually caused by long-term use of hand-held power tools. It typically occurs after exposure to cold, causing an abnormally strong vasoconstriction of blood vessels. A model predicting the geometrical and structural changes of the arterial walls caused by vibration exposure is developed for the first time in this thesis. The medical context of HAVS is first recalled, especially the underlying pathological mechanisms. The constitutive models for the finger pulp and the growth of the vessel wall from the literature are used as a basis for the modeling of the arterial wall remodeling under exposure to vibration. The elastic and viscous parameters of the fingertip have been identified by adjusting the simulation results of a 2D model of fingertip cross-section to available experimental data. The last part of the thesis develops a first attempt to build the growth model of capillary induced by the tool vibration, considering multiscale spatial and temporal aspects. The two-scale spatial problem is solved by a structure focus, the deformation field computed at the macro level defining the boundary condition next applied at the microscopic level. The two-scale time problem is solved by transforming the dynamic problem into a quasi-static problem. The results obtained show that vibration induces an increase of the thickness of the capillary's wall. Parametric analyses were carried out to study the relationships between the capillary growth and their localization within finger’s pulp, the vibration frequency, the magnitude of the static preload and the vibration dose
Amissi, Said. "Potentiel de la formulation EPA/DHA 6/1 à prévenir la dysfonction endothéliale et le remodelage cardiopulmonaire dans l’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire chez le rat." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ048/document.
Full textPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by remodeling of the small pulmonary arteries leading to a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular failure. Pulmonary endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and oxidative stress promote the development of pulmonary hypertension. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) have been shown to protect the cardiovascular system and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. The present study evaluate the potential of EPA:DHA 6:1 to prevent monocrotaline-induced PAH in rats. EPA:DHA 6:1 treatment (500 mg/kg/d, p.o) prevented the MCT-induced mean pulmonary arterial pressure, right ventricular systolic pressure and decreased cardiac output. EPA:DHA 6:1 also attenuated right ventricular hypertrophy by reducing Fulton’s index and pulmonary arterial remodeling, decreased lymphocytes T and macrophages infiltration. EPA:DHA 6:1 treatment significantly reduced MCT-induced vascular oxidative stress and improved endothelial function in pulmonary arteries. The protective effect of EPA:DHA 6:1 was associated with the prevention of the MCT-induced upregulation of NADPH oxidase subunits (p22phox and p47phox), COX-1 and COX-2, endothelin A and B receptors and uncoupled eNOS in pulmonary arterioles. Our studies show that the EPA:DHA 6:1 formulation exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and has a protective vascular effect in the pulmonary arteries, which may contribute to prevent and potentially cure pulmonary hypertension induced by MCT in rat
Fleury, Audrey. "Caractérisation et fonction des vésicules extracellulaires sur le métabolisme adipocytaire : rôle du morphogène Sonic Hedgehog." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0079/document.
Full textExtracellular vesicles (EV), including microparticles (MP) and exosomes, are able to modulate target cell function through exchange or transfer of biological material. Although EV are present in the blood of healthy individuals, an elevated quantity of circulating EV is associated with cardiovascular diseases, which obesity is a major cardiovascular risk factor. Nevertheless, few studies have reported the ability of adipocytes to release EV and their implication in adipose tissue metabolism. First of all, we could determine morphological and biochemical features of adipocyte-derived exosomes and MP through a combination of methods. We were able to demonstrate an increase in adipocyte EV production in a murine model of obesity. Proteomic analysis of adipocyte EV further revealed a specific enrichment of proteins crucial for glucose and lipid metabolism and related to inflammation in MP and exosomes respectively. We then evaluated the ability of lymphocytes-derived MP harboring the Sonic Hedgehog morphogen to control adipocyte differentiation. Activation of the Hedgehog canonical pathway inhibited adipogenesis, as did MPHh+. Surprisingly, although Smo dependent, inhibitory potential of such MP did not involve the Gli transcription factors. We show that MPHh+ inhibit adipocyte differentiation through a Smo/Lkb1/Ampk axis as does a new agonist of Smo, GSA-10. Our results demonstrate, on one hand, the ability of adipocyte to release EV and on the other hand, the capacity of MPHh+ to control adipogenesis through a non-canonical Hh signaling pathway. In conclusion, EV might contribute to obesity related metabolic dysfunctions through systemic regulation of metabolic pathways
Laurette, Patrick. "Epigenetic regulation of gene expression during melanocyte and melanoma development." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ049/document.
Full textMalignant melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer due to its quick metastatic spread and the development of resistance to available treatments. MITF (Micropthalmia-associated Transcription Factor) is a transcription factor and master regulator of melanocyte lineage development and melanoma physiopathology. In order to investigate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of MITF activity and stability, we identified its numerous partners by tandem affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry, which include several subunits of the PBAF and NURF ATP-dependant chromatin remodelling complexes. The present work characterizes the role and extent of cooperation between BRG1/PBAF and several key transcription factors including MITF and SOX10 in melanoma cell function, that actively recruit BRG1 to chromatin to establish the epigenetic landscape of proliferative melanoma cells. Furthermore, using different mouse models we revealed the distinct but complementary functional contribution of these two MITF-associated chromatin remodelers in vivo at three majors stages of melanocyte lineage development: embryonic development of melanocytes, their differentiation and during melanomagenesis. Thus, this work contributes to a better understanding of processes regulating the biological function of melanocytes, melanoma and more widely chromatin remodelling events in eukaryotes