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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Remote sensing indicators'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Bater, Christopher William. "Assessing indicators of forest sustainability using lidar remote sensing." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/599.

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The Province of British Columbia is developing a suite of attributes to assess and monitor forest sustainability. Each attribute is in turn evaluated using a variety of indicators. Recently, digital remote sensing technologies have emerged as both alternative and supplement to traditional monitoring techniques, with light detection and ranging (lidar) in particular showing great promise for estimating a variety of indicators. The goal of this thesis was to review and assess the ability of lidar to estimate selected indicators of forest sustainability. Specifically, digital elevation model (DEM

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Ivits-Wasser, Eva. "Potential of remote sensing and GIS as landscape structure and biodiversity indicators." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11259425.

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Charnock, Rebecca Brigid. "Assessment of remote sensing attributes as biodiversity indicators on a European protected raised bog." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/540a622d-ad36-453d-b64d-c45faa77e15a.

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Biodiversity is declining globally primarily because of climatic change and anthropogenic impacts. In Europe, protected sites (e.g. Natura 2000) have been established to prevent further loss of biodiversity and protect key habitats from further deterioration, including from previous detrimental management practices. In the UK and particularly Wales, even protected habitats lack a coherent management approach leaving conservation bodies to work with communities to protect their biodiversity. Few systems exist for consistently, routinely and spatially quantifying biodiversity, assessing impacts

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Rodriguez, Wilfrid. "Remote sensing and landscape analysis of indicators of estuarine condition in the Northeastern United States /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2003. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3112127.

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5

Gusmawati, Niken Financia. "Which remote sensing indicators to survey shrimp farms in activity and to rehabilitate abandoned sites?" Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NCAL0008/document.

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La production de crevettes en Indonésie est en constante augmentation de part sa surface et l'intensification de ses élevages. Cette filière contribue au développement économique en milieu rural, à la sécurité alimentaire nationale, à l'emploi et au commerce extérieur. Cependant, ce développement rapide s'est accompagné d'effets écologiques et sociaux négatifs. Le développement de maladies dans les élevages ainsi que la dégradation de l'environnement côtier a conduit à l'abandon de 250 000 hectares de bassins dans le pays. Leur réhabilitation dans le cadre d'une activité durable est aujourd'hu

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Motswaledi, Mokhine. "Using remote sensing indices to evaluate habitat intactness in the Bushbuckridge area : a key to effective planning." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96798.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Anthropological influences are threatening the state of many savanna ecosystems in most rural landscapes around the world. Effective monitoring and management of these landscapes requires up to date maps and data on the state of the environment. Degradation data over a range of scales is often not readily available due to a lack of financial resources, time and technical capabilities. The aim of this research was to use a medium resolution multispectral SPOT 5 image from 2010 and Landsat 8 images from 2014 to map habitat intactn

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House, Matthew Neal. "Identifying Forest Conversion Hotspots in the Commonwealth of Virginia using Multitemporal Landsat Data and Known Change Indicators." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86139.

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This study examines the effectiveness of using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from 1326 different Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper images in finding isolated housing starts within the Commonwealth of Virginia's forests. Individual NDVI images were stacked by year for the years 1995-2011 and the yearly maximum for each pixel was extracted, resulting in a 17-year image stack of all yearly maxima (a 98.7% data reduction). Using location data from housing starts and well permits, known previously forested housing starts were isolated from all other fo

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Gapper, Justin J. "Bias Reduction in Machine Learning Classifiers for Spatiotemporal Analysis of Coral Reefs using Remote Sensing Images." Chapman University Digital Commons, 2019. https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cads_dissertations/2.

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This dissertation is an evaluation of the generalization characteristics of machine learning classifiers as applied to the detection of coral reefs using remote sensing images. Three scientific studies have been conducted as part of this research: 1) Evaluation of Spatial Generalization Characteristics of a Robust Classifier as Applied to Coral Reef Habitats in Remote Islands of the Pacific Ocean 2) Coral Reef Change Detection in Remote Pacific Islands using Support Vector Machine Classifiers 3) A Generalized Machine Learning Classifier for Spatiotemporal Analysis of Coral Reefs in the Red Sea

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Furberg, Dorothy. "Satellie Monitoring of Urban Growth and Indicator-based Assessment of Environmental Impact." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-157669.

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One of the major consequences of urbanization is the transformation of land surfaces from rural/natural environments to built-up land that supports diverse forms of human activity. These transformations impact the local geology, climate, hydrology, flora and fauna and human-life supporting ecosystem services in the region. Mapping and analysis of land use/land cover change in urban regions and tracking their environmental impact is therefore of vital importance for evaluating policy options for future growth and promoting sustainable urban development. The overall objective of this research is

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Grecchi, Rosana Cristina. "Land-use and environmental changes in the Cerrados of South-Eastern Mato Grosso - Brazil." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2833.

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The human-induced changes of the Earth's land surfaces have been unprecedented, with outcomes often indicating degradation and loss of environmental quality. Mato Grosso State in Brazil, location of the study area, underwent extensive land-use and land-cover changes in recent decades with the rates, patterns and consequences poorly documented until now. In this context, the aim of the present research is to propose a multidisciplinary approach for quantifying historical land-use and environmental changes in the southeast part of this State, where the Cerrado biome (Brazilian savannas) has been

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Nunes, Sâmia do Socorro Serra. "Estimativas de biomassa e carbono e indicadores para restauração de florestas secundárias em Paragominas, Pará." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-24052011-140946/.

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Os ecossistemas florestais são considerados reservatórios de carbono e têm sido apontados como alternativas para redução de gases do efeito estufa, principais responsáveis pelas mudanças climáticas globais, devido ao acúmulo de biomassa em seus tecidos durante seu desenvolvimento. Assim, surgiu uma grande demanda por pesquisas que quantifiquem o potencial dos ecossistemas florestais - principalmente as florestas secundárias - em sequestrar carbono da atmosfera e por investimentos em recuperação de áreas degradadas. Desta forma, este estudo tem como objetivo comparar florestas do município de P

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12

Klintenberg, Patrik. "More Water, Less Grass? : An assessment of resource degradation and stakeholders’ perceptions of environmental change in Ombuga Grassland, Northern Namibia." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6707.

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Wendelberger, Kristie Susan. "Evaluating plant community response to sea level rise and anthropogenic drying: Can life stage and competitive ability be used as indicators in guiding conservation actions?" FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2558.

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Increasing sea levels and anthropogenic disturbances have caused the world’s coastal vegetation to decline 25-50% in the past 50 years. Future sea level rise (SLR) rates are expected to increase, further threatening coastal habitats. In combination with SLR, the Everglades ecosystem has undergone large-scale drainage and restoration changing Florida’s coastal vegetation. Everglades National Park (ENP) has 21 coastal plant species threatened by SLR. My dissertation focuses on three aspects of coastal plant community change related to SLR and dehydration. 1) I assessed the extent and direction c

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Zhang, Li. "Remote sensing of wilting in sugar beet as an indicator for spatially variable irrigation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439853.

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Simon, Elliot. "Determination of an Optimum Sector Size for Plan Position Indicator Measurements using a Long Range Coherent Scanning Atmospheric Doppler LiDAR." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295081.

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As wind energy plants continue to grow in size and complexity, advanced measurement technologies such as scanning Doppler LiDAR are essential for assessing site conditions and prospecting new development areas. The RUNE project was initiated to determine best practices for the use of scanning LiDARs in resource assessments for near shore wind farms. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the optimum configuration for the plan position indicator (PPI) scan type of a scanning LiDAR. A task specific Automated Analysis Software (AAS) is created, and the sensitivity of the integrated velocity

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Weddell, Chad Allen. "Evaluation of Soil as a Risk Indicator for Human Leptospirosis in Coastal, Rural Ecuador." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5795.

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Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic spirochete bacteria (family Leptospiraceae, genus Leptospira), is endemic in developing tropical regions of the world. It occurs in epidemics and is endemic in Ecuador where environmental conditions are ideal for maintenance. The role of soil as a long term reservoir has been previously been documented. Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technology was used in our study to further explore the role of soil as an environmental reservoir and its potential use as a static risk indicator for disease. Red, Green, Blue (R

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Komba, Mayossa Prune Christobelle. "Dégradation du couvert forestier liée à la culture du palmier à huile par télédétection en milieu tropical humide : application au bassin du Congo." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0414.

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L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier la dégradation du couvert forestier liée à la culture industrielle du palmier à huile par télédétection dans le bassin du Congo, particulièrement la palmeraie de la SOCAPALM-Kienké au Cameroun. Pour caractériser la dégradation, afin de mettre en évidence le lien systémique existant entre la dégradation du couvert forestier et l’évolution de la palmeraie et de la structure paysagère, l’approche fonctionnelle de l’écologie du paysage a été couplée à l’approche spatiale de la télédétection. Pour atteindre cet objectif, plusieurs traitements intégrant des in

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Laureano-Rosario, Abdiel Elias. "Evaluating Beach Water Quality and Dengue Fever Risk Factors by Satellite Remote Sensing and Artificial Neural Networks." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7323.

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Climatic variations, together with large-scale environmental forces and human development affect the quality of coastal recreational waters, creating potential risks to human health. These environmental forces, including increased temperature and precipitation, often promote specific vector-borne diseases in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. Human activities affect water quality through discharges from urban areas, including nutrient and other pollutants derived from wastewater systems. Both water quality of recreational beaches and vector-borne diseases can be better managed by understanding

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Zhang, Chao. "The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) as an indicator of changes in photosynthetic dynamics and gross primary productivity in response to climate change." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457747.

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Quantificar les dinàmiques fotosintètiques des de diferents escales espacio-temporals és molt important en la recerca de l’absorció de carboni, particularment en les condicions actuals de canvi climàtic. L’índex de reflectància fotoquímica (PRI) ha demostrat ser útil per estimar de forma remota el funcionament la vegetació i constitueix un mètode prometedor per estimar la productivitat primària bruta (GPP) a escala global. Als últims anys, diversos treballs han presentat possibles millores en la comprensió i formulació del PRI per tal de millorar la seva aplicabilitat a escales espacials i te

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20

Swoish, Michael Joseph. "Technological Innovations for Mid-Atlantic Cropping Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104449.

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Greater projected demand for food, fuel, and fiber will require substantial increases in global agricultural production over the next three decades. Climate change is also forecasted to make weather events more extreme and variable. Efficiency will become more important as demand for food products increases and the availability of fertilizer and land decreases. Technology may be of paramount importance for pushing the boundaries of production while remaining sustainable for generations to come. The first chapter of this dissertation investigated the importance of rate and timing of the plant g

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Aleman, Julie. "Structure de la végétation en Afrique centrale : rôles des forçages anthropiques et naturels." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998484.

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La compréhension des facteurs qui déterminent la nature et la dynamique du couvert végétal en Afrique centrale représente un enjeu important face aux changements climatiques et à la pression sociale en cours. Forêt et savane sont souvent considérées comme deux états alternatifs stables et très contrastés, déterminés par de complexes interactions entre le couple sol-climat et les perturbations. Les liens actuels entre structure du couvert arboré et déterminants (déficit hydrique annuel, fréquence des feux, densité de population, intensité d'utilisation des terres et type de sol) ont été caracté

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Messias, Pereira Nogueira Joana. "Apports de la télédétection globale pour la caractérisation et modélisation du régime des incendies au Brésil : vers une approche des patchs de feux." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT126.

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Les incendies sont des perturbations intrinsèques au fonctionnement des écosystèmes agissant sur la distribution des espèces, les cycles biogéochimiques et les interactions biosphère/atmosphère. La distribution spatiale et temporelle des surfaces brûlées résulte principalement d'un compromis entre la disponibilité en biomasse combustible et son état hydrique. Ainsi, caractériser et modéliser un régime d'incendie repose donc sur une évaluation principalement de la saisonnalité et l'intensité de la sécheresse. Dans les écosystèmes fortement soumis aux incendies comme les savanes, biome le plus a

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Fox, John Tyler. "Spatiotemporal Patterns and Drivers of Surface Water Quality and Landscape Change in a Semi-Arid, Southern African Savanna." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81462.

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The savannas of southern Africa are a highly variable and globally-important biome supporting rapidly-expanding human populations, along with one of the greatest concentrations of wildlife on the continent. Savannas occupy a fifth of the earth's land surface, yet despite their ecological and economic significance, understanding of the complex couplings and feedbacks that drive spatiotemporal patterns of change are lacking. In Chapter 1 of my dissertation, I discuss some of the different theoretical frameworks used to understand complex and dynamic changes in savanna structure and composition.

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Pagani, V. "INTEGRATION OF COMPONENTS FOR THE SIMULATION OF BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESSES IN MODEL-BASED YIELD FORECASTING SYSTEMS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/487500.

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The raising global demand for agricultural products and the exacerbated inter-annual fluctuations of food productions due to climate change are increasing world food price volatility and threatening food security in developing countries. In this context, the availability of reliable operational yield forecasting systems would allow policy makers to regulate agricultural markets. However, the reliability of the current approaches (the most sophisticated being based on crop models) is undermined by different sources of uncertainty. In particular, large area simulations can be affected by errors

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Upegui, Cardona Erika. "Télédétection et épidémiologie en zone urbaine : de l'extraction de bâtiments à partir d'images satellite à très haute résolution à l'estimation de taux d'incidence." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1015/document.

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En épidémiologie, une connaissance précise des populations à risque constitue un pré requis aucalcul d'indicateurs de l’état de santé d’une communauté (taux d'incidence). Néanmoins, les effectifsde population peuvent être indisponibles, ou peu fiables, ou insuffisamment détaillés pour un usageépidémiologique.L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'obtenir des taux d'incidence en l'absence de donnéesdémographiques, à une échelle spatiale infra-communale. Les objectifs secondaires sont d'estimerles populations humaines par l'intermédiaire de données satellitaires à très haute résolution spatial

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Thompson, Shanley Dawn. "Mapping and monitoring indicators of terrestrial biodiversity with remote sensing." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/6957.

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Biodiversity is a complex concept incorporating genes, species, ecosystems, composition, structure and function. The global scientific and political community has recognized the importance of biodiversity for human well-being, and has set goals and targets for its conservation, sustainable use, and benefit sharing. Monitoring biodiversity will help meet conservation goals and targets, yet observations collected in-situ are limited in space and time, which may bias interpretations and hinder conservation. Remote sensing can provide complementary datasets for monitoring biodiversity that are spa

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Gittings, John. "A Contemporary Investigation on Phytoplankton Ecological Indicators in the Red Sea." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/666328.

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Ecological indicators are defined as quantifiable metrics that can be used to monitor the state of ecosystems and their response to environmental perturbations. In the global oceans, commonly used indicators are typically based on the presence and distribution of phytoplankton (as indexed by the concentration of chlorophyll-a [Chl-a]), which form the base of oceanic food webs. Phytoplankton phenology (the timing of phytoplankton growth) and phytoplankton size structure are particularly important ecological indicators that can be derived via ocean colour remote sensing. Phytoplankton phen

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(6620090), Anthony A. Hearst. "Remote Sensing of Soybean Canopy Cover, Color, and Visible Indicators of Moisture Stress Using Imagery from Unmanned Aircraft Systems." Thesis, 2019.

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Crop improvement is necessary for food security as the global population is expected to exceed 9 billion by 2050. Limitations in water resources and more frequent droughts and floods will make it increasingly difficult to manage agricultural resources and increase yields. Therefore, we must improve our ability to monitor agronomic research plots and use the information they provide to predict impacts of moisture stress on crop growth and yield. Towards this end, agronomists have used reductions in leaf expansion rates as a visible ‘plant-based’ indicator of moisture stress. Also, modeling rese

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Holmes, Keith Richard. "Forecasting impacts of climate change on indicators of British Columbia’s biodiversity." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/4353.

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Understanding the relationships between biodiversity and climate is essential for predicting the impact of climate change on broad-scale landscape processes. Utilizing indirect indicators of biodiversity derived from remotely sensed imagery, we present an approach to forecast shifts in the spatial distribution of biodiversity. Indirect indicators, such as remotely sensed plant productivity metrics, representing landscape seasonality, minimum growth, and total greenness have been linked to species richness over broad spatial scales, providing unique capacity for biodiversity modeling. Our goal

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Luus, Kristina. "Analyzing pan-Arctic 1982–2006 trends in temperature and bioclimatological indicators (productivity, phenology and vegetation indices) using remote sensing, model and field data." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4656.

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Warming induced changes in Arctic vegetation have to date been studied through observational and experimental field studies, leaving significant uncertainty about the representativeness of selected field sites as well as how these field scale findings scale up to the entire pan-Arctic. The purposes of this thesis were therefore to 1) analyze remotely-sensed/modeled temperature, Normalized Difference Vegeta- tion Indices (NDVI) and plant Net Primary Productivity (NPP) to assess coarse- scale changes (1982–2006) in vegetation; and 2) compare field, remote sensing and model outputs to estimate li

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Harter, B. Britten. "Black Guillemots as indicators of change in the near-shore Arctic marine ecosystem." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/2826.

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This study attempted to explain an apparent inverse relationship between pack ice proximity and breeding success of Black Guillemots (Cepphus grylle) on Cooper Island, a barrier island in the western Beaufort Sea near Barrow, AK. I elucidated the first linear relationship between energy density and body size for the elusive Arctic Cod (Boreogadus saida). I discovered and ground-truthed the existence of previously unknown guillemot foraging habitat on small 50 m2 ice floes distant from the pack ice. I developed new daily metrics for quantifying the provisioning to linear (8 d – 18 d) and Post-

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Ivits-Wasser, Eva [Verfasser]. "Potential of remote sensing and GIS as landscape structure and biodiversity indicators : methodological study relating field data to visually interpreted and segmented landscape objects and image grey values / vorgelegt von Eva Ivits-Wasser." 2004. http://d-nb.info/971750610/34.

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Pedro, Inês de Castro Silva Miranda. "O uso da Deteção Remota para a extração de Indicadores Urbanos." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/14703.

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Nas últimas décadas o aumento da expansão das áreas urbanas conduziu a rápidas mudanças nos ambientes urbanos. Estas mudanças necessitam de uma observação e compreensão, por forma a permitir a monitorização e avaliação do processo de planeamento urbano. A utilização de dados obtidos por Deteção Remota (DR), aliada aos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG), surge como uma fonte de informação válida para modelar, recolher, armazenar, exibir e analisar os sistemas urbanos. Neste contexto, a informação planimétrica e altimétrica recolhida por sensores remotos pode ser explorada por forma a extra

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Mashele, Dumisani Solly. "The potential of hyperspectral remote sensing in determining water turbidity as a water quality indicator." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9874.

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Globally, water turbidity remains a crucial parameter in determining water quality. South Africa is largely regarded as arid and is often characterised by limited but high intensity rainfall. This characteristic renders most of the country’s water bodies turbid. Consequently, the use of turbidity as a measure of water quality is of great relevance in a South African context. Generally, turbidity alters biological and ecological characteristics of water bodies by inducing changes in among others temperature, oxygen levels and light penetration. These changes may affect aquatic life, ecosystem f

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GUASCONI, FEDERICO, and SIMONE ORLANDINI. "Applicazione di tecniche di agricoltura di precisione e indicatori ambientali per la valutazione della sostenibilità della produzione del frumento duro in Val d’Orcia." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1006355.

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The study analyzed and evaluated the quality and sustainability of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf., Triticum turgidum L. subsp. Duro) grown in Val d'Orcia, with the use of the different techniques integration, such as remote sensing, modeling and CF (Carbon Footprint) analysis and other environmental indicators through the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), whose results were compared with the data collected by monitoring ground and laboratory analysis. In particular, to assess the durum wheat production sustainability, the work has chosen to consider the aspect of the importance of the nitrogen f

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Manyashi, Enoch Khomotso. "Assessment of foliar nitrogen as an indicator of vegetation stress using remote sensing : the case study of Waterberg region, Limpopo Province." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20066.

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Vegetation status is a key indicator of the ecosystem condition in a particular area. The study objective was about the estimation of leaf nitrogen (N) as an indicator of vegetation water stress using vegetation indices especially the red edge based ones, and how leaf N concentration is influenced by various environmental factors. Leaf nitrogen was estimated using univariate and multivariate regression techniques of stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and random forest. The effects of environmental parameters on leaf nitrogen distribution were tested through univariate regression and an

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Manyashi, Enoch Khomotšo. "Assessment of foliar nitrogen as an indicator of vegetation stress using remote sensing : the case study of Waterberg region, Limpopo Province." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20066.

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Vegetation status is a key indicator of the ecosystem condition in a particular area. The study objective was about the estimation of leaf nitrogen (N) as an indicator of vegetation water stress using vegetation indices especially the red edge based ones, and how leaf N concentration is influenced by various environmental factors. Leaf nitrogen was estimated using univariate and multivariate regression techniques of stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and random forest. The effects of environmental parameters on leaf nitrogen distribution were tested through univariate regression and an

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Mashala, Makgabo Johanna. "Assessment and mapping of wetland vegetation as an indicator of ecological productivity in Maungani Wetland in Limpopo, South Africa." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/3478.

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Thesis (M.Sc. (Geography)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020<br>Wetland vegetation provides a variety of goods and services such as carbon sequestration, flood control, climate regulation, filtering contamination, improve and maintain water quality, ecological functioning. However, changes in land cover and uses, overgrazing and environmental changes have resulted in the transformation of the wetland ecosystem. So far, a lot of focus has been biased towards large wetlands neglecting wetlands at a local scale. Smaller wetlands continue to receive massive degradation by the surrounding communities.

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