Journal articles: 'Removal order'

1

Chin, Wei-Ngan, and John Darlington. "A higher-order removal method." Lisp and Symbolic Computation 9, no. 4 (December 1996): 287–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01806315.

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Guo, Yu, and Kok Kiong Tan. "Order-crossing removal in Gabor order tracking by independent component analysis." Journal of Sound and Vibration 325, no. 1-2 (August 2009): 471–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2009.03.003.

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ANDERSSON, MATTIAS, JOACHIM GUDMUNDSSON, and CHRISTOS LEVCOPOULOS. "RESTRICTED MESH SIMPLIFICATION USING EDGE CONTRACTIONS." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 19, no. 03 (June 2009): 247–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195909002940.

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We consider the problem of simplifying a planar triangle mesh using edge contractions, under the restriction that the resulting vertices must be a subset of the input set. That is, contraction of an edge must be made onto one of its adjacent vertices, which results in removing the other adjacent vertex. We show that if the perimeter of the mesh consists of at most five vertices, then we can always find a vertex not on the perimeter which can be removed in this way. If the perimeter consists of more than five vertices such a vertex may not exist. In order to maintain a higher number of removable vertices under the above restriction, we study edge flips which can be performed in a visually smooth way. A removal of a vertex which is preceded by one such smooth operation is called a 2-step removal. Moreover, we introduce the possibility that the user defines "important" vertices (or edges) which have to remain intact. Given m such important vertices, or edges, we show that a simplification hierarchy of size O(n) and depth O( log (n/m)) can be constructed by 2-step removals in O(n) time, such that the simplified graph contains the m important vertices and edges, and at most O(m) other vertices from the input graph. In some triangulations, many vertices may not even be 2-step removable. In order to provide the option to remove such vertices, we also define and examine k-step removals. This increases the lower bound on the number of removable vertices.

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Dang, Dung, and Wenbin Luo. "Impulse noise removal utilizing second-order difference analysis." Signal Processing 87, no. 9 (September 2007): 2017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2007.01.032.

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You, Y. L., and M. Kaveh. "Fourth-order partial differential equations for noise removal." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 9, no. 10 (2000): 1723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/83.869184.

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Acuna-Askar, K., J. F. Villarreal-Chiu, M. V. Gracia-Lozano, M. T. Garza-Gonzalez, B. Chavez-Gomez, I. P. Rodriguez-Sanchez, and H. A. Barrera-Saldana. "BTE-OX biodegradation kinetics with MTBE through bioaugmentation." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0313.

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The biodegradation kinetics of BTE-oX and MTBE, mixed all together, in the presence of bioaugmented bacterial populations as high as 880 mg/L VSS was evaluated. The effect of soil in aqueous samples and the effect of Tergitol NP-10 on substrate biodegradation rates were also evaluated. Biodegradation kinetics was evaluated for 36 hours, every 6 hours. Benzene and o-xylene biodegradation followed a first-order one-phase kinetic model, whereas toluene and ethylbenzene biodegradation was well described by a first-order two-phase kinetic model in all samples. MTBE followed a zero-order removal kinetic model in all samples. The presence of soil in aqueous samples retarded BTE-oX removal rates, with the highest negative effect on o-xylene. The presence of soil enhanced MTBE removal rate. The addition of Tergitol NP-10 to aqueous samples containing soil had a positive effect on substrate removal rate in all samples. Substrate percent removals ranged from 95.4-99.7% for benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene. O-xylene and MTBE percent removals ranged from 55.9-90.1% and 15.6-30.1%, respectively.

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Jiang, Le, Jin Huang, Jun Liu, and Xiao-Guang Lv. "A combined first-order and second-order variation approach for multiplicative noise removal." ANZIAM Journal 56 (January 15, 2015): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.21914/anziamj.v56i0.7505.

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JIANG, LE, JIN HUANG, JUN LIU, and XIAO-GUANG LV. "A COMBINED FIRST-ORDER AND SECOND-ORDER VARIATION APPROACH FOR MULTIPLICATIVE NOISE REMOVAL." ANZIAM Journal 56, no. 2 (October 2014): 116–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181114000339.

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AbstractDenoising of images corrupted by multiplicative noise is an important task in various applications, such as laser imaging, synthetic aperture radar and ultrasound imaging. We propose a combined first-order and second-order variational model for removal of multiplicative noise. Our model substantially reduces the staircase effects while preserving edges in the restored images, since it combines advantages of the first-order and second-order total variation. The issues of existence and uniqueness of a minimizer for this variational model are analysed. Moreover, a gradient descent method is employed to solve the associated Euler–Lagrange equation, and several numerical experiments are given to show the efficiency of our model. In particular, a comparison with an existing model in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity index is provided.

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Liu, Tianhua, and Zhaoyin Xiang. "Image Restoration Combining the Second-Order and Fourth-Order PDEs." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/743891.

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A noise removal technique using partial differential equations (PDEs) is proposed. It combines a second-order filter with a fourth-order filter. The combined method takes the advantage of both filters since it can preserve edges and at the same time avoid the blocky effects in smooth regions. The experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the model in image restoration.

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Acuna-Askar, K., M. A. de la Torre-Torres, M. J. Guerrero-Munoz, M. T. Garza-Gonzalez, B. Chavez-Gomez, I. P. Rodriguez-Sanchez, and H. A. Barrera-Saldana. "Biodegradation kinetics of BTE-OX and MTBE by a diesel-grown biomass." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 11 (May 1, 2006): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.353.

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The biodegradation kinetics of BTE-oX and MTBE, mixed all together in the presence of diesel-grown bioaugmented bacterial populations as high as 885 mg/L VSS, was evaluated. The effect of soil in aqueous samples and the effect of Tergitol NP-10 on substrate biodegradation rates were also evaluated. Biodegradation kinetics was evaluated for 54 h, every 6 h. All BTE-oX chemicals followed a first-order two-phase biodegradation kinetic model, whereas MTBE followed a zero-order removal kinetic model in all samples. BTE-oX removal rates were much higher than those of MTBE in all samples. The presence of soil in aqueous samples retarded BTE-oX and MTBE removal rates. The addition of Tergitol NP-10 to aqueous samples containing soil had a positive effect on substrate removal rate in all samples. Substrate percent removals ranged between 64.8–98.9% for benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene. O-xylene and MTBE percent removals ranged between 18.7–40.8% and 7.2–10.3%, respectively.

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Lim, Myong Cheol, Yong Jung Song, Dong Ock Lee, Dae Chul Jung, Chong-Woo Yoo, and Sang-Yoon Park. "Appendectomy in retrograde order for complete removal of endometriosis." Gynecological Endocrinology 25, no. 12 (November 12, 2009): 844–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09513590903056142.

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Yang, Yu-Qian, and Cheng-Yi Zhang. "Kernel-based fourth-order diffusion for image noise removal." International Journal of Computer Mathematics 92, no. 1 (March 27, 2014): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207160.2014.888420.

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13

Park, Chul-Won. "Advanced DC Offset Removal Filter of High-order Configuration." Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/kieep.2013.62.1.012.

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Huck, Peter M., Shulin Zhang, and Michael L. Price. "BOM removal during biological treatment: a first-order model." Journal - American Water Works Association 86, no. 6 (June 1994): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1994.tb06210.x.

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Acuna-Askar, K., M. V. Gracia-Lozano, J. F. Villarreal-Chiu, J. G. Marmolejo, M. T. Garza-Gonzalez, and B. Chavez-Gomez. "Effect of soil and a nonionic surfactant on BTE-oX and MTBE biodegradation kinetics." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 8 (October 1, 2005): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0237.

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The biodegradation kinetics of BTE-oX and MTBE, mixed all together, in the presence of 905mg/L VSS of BTEX-acclimated biomass was evaluated. Effects of soil and Tergitol NP-10 in aqueous samples on substrate biodegradation rates were also evaluated. Biodegradation kinetics was evaluated for 36 hours, every 6 hours. MTBE biodegradation followed a first-order one-phase kinetic model in all samples, whereas benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene biodegradation followed a first-order two-phase kinetic model in all samples. O-xylene biodegradation followed a first-order two-phase kinetic model in the presence of biomass only. Interestingly, o-xylene biodegradation was able to switch to a first-order one-phase kinetic model when either soil or soil and Tergitol NP-10 were added. The presence of soil in aqueous samples retarded benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene removal rates. O-xylene and MTBE removal rates were enhanced by soil. The addition of Tergitol NP-10 to aqueous samples containing soil had a positive effect on substrate removal rate in all samples. Substrate percent removals ranged 77–99.8% for benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene. O-xylene and MTBE percent removals ranged 50.1–65.3% and 9.9–43.0%, respectively.

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Silva, S. A., R. de Oliveira, J. Soares, D. D. Mara, and H. W. Pearson. "Nitrogen removal in pond systems with different configurations and geometries." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0501.

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Nitrogen removal in its various chemical forms was evaluated in a complex of waste stabilisation ponds comprising ponds of different depths and geometries. TKN and ammonia removal reached 78.5% and >90%, respectively, in the 5-pond systems with overall retention times of only 19 days. Removals were highest in the maturation ponds, and shallow maturation ponds were the most efficient. In terms of optimum pond geometry, high nitrogen and ammonia removal was compatible with optimal BOD5 removal and faecal coliform die-off. TKN and ammonia removal in these ponds could be modelled using conventional first-order equations.

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Mena, J., R. Gómez, J. Villaseñor, and A. de Lucas. "Influence of polyphenols on low-loaded synthetic winery wastewater constructed wetland treatment with different plant speciesA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36, no. 4 (April 2009): 690–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-004.

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Synthetic wastewaters simulating physically pre-treated low-loaded winery effluents were treated for four months with five pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF-CWs) using different plants. Species under study were Phragmites australis (HSSF-CW2), Lythrum salicaria (HSSF-CW3), Cladium mariscus (HSSF-CW4), and Iris pseudacorus (HSSF-CW5). The designation HSSF-CW1 was not planted, and was used as a control. The mean dissolved oxygen and oxidation–reduction potential values in all HSSF-CWs indicated anaerobic conditions in the bulk liquid. High pollutant-removal efficiencies were obtained. Apparently, the species with higher growth (Phragmites, Lythrum, and particularly Iris) improved total nitrogen (TN) and nitrogen as ammonium (N-NH4+) removals, but adversely affected sulphate (SO42–) anaerobic reduction. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies were high, although there were no clear indications how the kinds of plants might have influenced this parameter. A statistical analysis of variance indicated that only N-NH4+ removal efficiencies were statistically different owing to the influence of the different plants. In a second 6 month experimental period, polyphenols (13 mg L–1) were added to the synthetic wastewater to study possible inhibition effects. The addition of polyphenols did not seem to cause inhibition effects on COD, TN, and N-NH4+ removals, but clearly negatively affected SO42– removal. A new two-way analysis of variance confirmed that only SO42– removal was negatively affected by polyphenols, while the effects of the different plants were only significant for N-NH4+ removal. Polyphenols were nearly completely removed. First order rate constants obtained for COD, TN, SO42–, and polyphenol removals were similar to those reported by other authors.

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Gerba, C. P., J. A. Thurston, J. A. Falabi, P. M. Watt, and M. M. Karpiscak. "Optimization of Artificial Wetland Design for Removal of Indicator Microorganisms and Pathogenic Protozoa." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1999): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0611.

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The enhancement of water quality by artificial wetland systems is increasingly being employed throughout the world. Three wetlands were studied in Tucson, AZ to evaluate their individual performance in the removal of indicator bacteria (coliforms), coliphage, and enteric pathogens (Giardia and Cryptosporidium). A duckweed-covered pond, a multi-species subsurface flow (SSF) and a multi-species surface flow (SF) wetland were studied. Removal of the larger microorganisms, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, was the greatest in the duckweed pond at 98 and 89 percent, respectively. The lowest removal occurred in the SF wetland, 73 percent for Giardia and 58 percent removal for Cryptosporidium. In contrast, the greatest removal of coliphage, total and fecal coliforms occurred in the SSF wetland, 95, 99, and 98 percent respectively, whereas the pond had the lowest removals (40, 62, and 61 percent, respectively). Sedimentation may be the primary removal mechanism within the duckweed pond since the removal was related to size, removal of the largest organisms being the greatest. However, the smaller microorganisms were removed more efficiently in the SSF wetland, which may be related to the large surface area available for adsorption and filtration. This study suggests that in order to achieve the highest treatment level of secondary unchlorinated wastewater, a combination of aquatic ponds and subsurface flow wetlands may be necessary.

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Stuart-Smith, K., and P. M. Vanhoutte. "Airway epithelium modulates the responsiveness of porcine bronchial smooth muscle." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 721–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.2.721.

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The effect of epithelium removal on the responses of porcine airways to exogenously applied agonists and nerve stimulation was examined. Paired rings of third- (segmental), fourth- and fifth-order (subsegmental) bronchi, with and without epithelium, were placed in organ chambers in physiological salt solution (95% O2-5% CO2, 37 degrees C). Removal of the epithelium caused a leftward shift in the concentration-effect curve for acetylcholine (3rd and 4th order). A similar shift occurred for histamine (3rd and 5th order). The relaxation to isoproterenol was reduced by epithelium removal in a similar fashion in the three orders. Removal of the epithelium reduced the maximal response to KCl (3rd and 4th order) and acetylcholine (5th order). The peak response to nerve stimulation showed a significant rightward shift in the absence of epithelium. In fifth-order bronchi, tissues with epithelium showed a significantly greater degree of fade of the response to sustained electrical stimulation. Thus both epithelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors may be released in porcine airways.

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Tong, Zhu, and F. J. Sikora. "Ammonium and nitrate removal in vegetated and unvegetated gravel bed microcosm wetlands." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0144.

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A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Tennessee Valley Authority, Alabama, USA, in the summer of 1993 to investigate ammonium and nitrate removal processes in constructed wetlands. Microcosm wetlands cells were used in the study and consisted of plastic containers with 0.4 × 0.35 m2 surface area and 0.5 m depth. Two separate experiments were conducted. One experiment analyzed NH4-N removal and the other analyzed NO3-N removal. Nutrient solutions containing approximately 48 mg/l NH4-N or NO3-N were added in a batch mode to the wetland microcosms and the solution chemistry was analyzed with time. Treatments consisted of unplanted cells or cells planted with canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea), reed (Phragmites communis), bulrush (Scirpus atrovirens georgianus) or typha (Typha latifolia). Another treatment consisted of added nutrient solutions containing or not containing C at 112 mg/l. In the NH4-N removal experiment, the rate of NH4-N removal occurred in the order: reed > canarygrass = bulrush > typha ≫ unplanted in wetland cells with and without C. The order of NH4-N removal was believed to be associated with the density of root biomass in the gravel. The greater the root biomass, the greater the chance for plant N uptake or nitrification mediated by O2 transport to the rhizosphere. In the NO3-N experiment, the rate of NO3-N removal occurred in the order: reed = canarygrass > typha = bulrush > unplanted cells. Labelled K15NO3 was used to trace the NO3-N removal process. By measuring the 15N in the plant biomass, the quantity of NO3-N removed via plant uptake was delineated from combined removal processes of denitrification and immobilization. In the treatments with C, 55 to 70% of the NO3-N was removed via denitrification and immobilzation. For bulrush, reed and typha, the quantity of NO3-N removed via denitrification and immobilization without added C was reduced to 14 to 30%. However, NO3-N removal via denitrification and immobilization remained high at 72% of added NO3-N in canarygrass cells due to high concentrations of organic C released from the canarygrass roots (15-20 mg/l C) that apparently did not limit denitrification or immobilization.

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Han, Ying, Zhong Lin Chen, Ji Min Shen, and Yue Liu. "Effect of Liquid Properties on the Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine with Zinc(0)." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4757–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4757.

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The effect of the common cations, anions and humic acid on the reduction of NDMA with zinc(0) was investigated. The NDMA removals were not the influenced greatly by the cations. All the anions depressed the NDMA final removal in the order of SO42-＜Cl-＜HCO3-=NO3-＜S2-. The humic acid of the varied concentrations inhibited the NDMA final removal. The initial NDMA removals were enhanced by several ions and the humic acid. The enhancements could be due to the promotion of the passive film breakage, the generation of reactive sites or the inhibition of the passive film formation. The final removal decrease may be caused by the diminishing reactive sites or the competing effects from the ions.

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Shrivastava, Priyanka, Uday Pratap Singh, and Vineet Richhariya. "Removal of Impulse Noise using First Order Neighborhood Mean Filter." International Journal of Computer Applications 87, no. 4 (February 14, 2014): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/15199-3585.

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James Hu, Sau-Lon, Xingxian Bao, and Huajun Li. "Model order determination and noise removal for modal parameter estimation." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 24, no. 6 (August 2010): 1605–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2010.01.005.

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Huang, Baoxiang, Yunping Mu, Zhenkuan Pan, Li Bai, Huan Yang, and Jinming Duan. "Speckle Noise Removal Convex Method Using Higher-Order Curvature Variation." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 79825–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923067.

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Zeng, Weili, Xianghua Tan, and Xiaobo Lu. "Non-linear fourth-order telegraph-diffusion equation for noise removal." IET Image Processing 7, no. 4 (June 1, 2013): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-ipr.2012.0155.

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Liu, Pengfei. "Hybrid higher-order total variation model for multiplicative noise removal." IET Image Processing 14, no. 5 (April 17, 2020): 862–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-ipr.2018.5930.

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Barbu, Tudor. "Second-order Anisotropic Diffusion-based Technique for Poisson Noise Removal." IFAC-PapersOnLine 52, no. 18 (2019): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.12.226.

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Hajiaboli, Mohammad Reza. "An Anisotropic Fourth-Order Diffusion Filter for Image Noise Removal." International Journal of Computer Vision 92, no. 2 (March 31, 2010): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11263-010-0330-1.

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Arias, C. A., H. Brix, and N. H. Johansen. "Phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater in an experimental two-stage vertical flow constructed wetland system equipped with a calcite filter." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0279.

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Laboratory studies have indicated that calcite may be used in separate, exchangeable filter units in constructed wetland systems to remove phosphorus. Based on these studies we built a full-scale experimental constructed wetland with a calcite-based filter unit to study its performance, under real-life conditions. The system consists of a 2-m3 sedimentation tank and two vertical flow constructed wetlands. The system has three 0.09 m3 calcite filter-units to study phosphorus removal. The hydraulic loading rate varied between 1.7 and 6.2 m3/d. The residence time in filters ranged from 28 to 99 minutes. Overall the system removed 62 ± 18% of phosphorus. The removal in the calcite filter was initially good, but after three months all P-filters were saturated. The calcite increased pH by approximately half a unit and released calcium. A total of about 2.2 kg P/m3 calcite was removed by the filter. The first-stage bed receiving effluent from the sedimentation tank consistently removed phosphorus, whereas the second bed sometimes released phosphorus. The first order area-based removal rate constant for total-P in the vertical bed averaged 0.24 ± 0.20 m/d and was highly dependent on the loading rate. This shows that first order removal kinetics do not satisfactorily describe removal of phosphorus in vertical flow constructed wetland systems with unsaturated flow.

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Tommey, A. M., and E. J. Evans. "Analysis of post-flowering compensatory growth in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus)." Journal of Agricultural Science 118, no. 3 (June 1992): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600070660.

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SUMMARYPatterns of assimilate distribution in single plants of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cv. Mikado, following a reduction in sink capacity at flowering were investigated in two field experiments during the 1985/86 and 1986/87 growing seasons at Cockle Park Experimental Station, Northumberland. Plants demonstrated considerable compensatory growth following the removal of flowers from the terminal raceme and primary branches.Flower removal from lower branches did not significantly reduce total seed weight. Plants with a pod-bearing terminal raceme and one, two or three productive higher-order branches yielded a similar amount of seed. When seed production was confined to the terminal raceme and first four primary branches, seed yield per plant was greatly increased. Removal of flowers from the terminal raceme and uppermost branches of plants increased the number and productivity of lower-order branches but not enough to offset the overall loss in seed yield potential per plant. Indeed, when flowers were removed from higher-order racemes, the reduction in total seed weight per plant, was directly related to the degree of flower removal. The additional seed yield obtained from individual branches of modified plants in both experiments arose largely through an increase in fertile pod number and seed number per pod. Flower removal treatments did not greatly influence mean seed weight.The results clearly demonstrated that the loss of flowers from lower-order branches could be tolerated and may even be beneficial. Conversely, the removal of flowers from higher-order branches resulted in significant yield reductions. The production of lower branches should be restricted, therefore, in order to increase the superiority of the terminal raceme and uppermost branches and to increase the overall production efficiency of the crop canopy.

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Fan, Jie, Han Hu, Ying Zhang, and Lei Zhu. "Biological Phosphorus Removal Combined with Ferrous Chemical Phosphorus Removal." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 3339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3339.

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Chemical phosphorus removal is widely applied to enhance the biological phosphorus removal in order to meet the discharge requirement. Performance change caused by ferrous sulfate was investigated in this study. Compared to the control system which was not chemically dosed, pH and SVI slightly decreased while conductivity increased. The correlation between phosphorus and conductivity was weakened. The release and uptake of potassium declined, illustrating a negative impact of chemical precipitant on phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAO). The phosphorus uptake decreased while phosphorus release fluctuated. The phosphorus was not suitable for revealing the metabolic activity of PAO due to formation of ferric phosphate and ferric hydroxide.

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Aryal, A., and A. Sathasivan. "Importance of the order in enhancing EfOM removal by combination of BAC and MIEX®." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 11 (December 1, 2011): 2325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.817.

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Biological activated carbon (BAC) is operationally a simple treatment which can be employed to remove effluent organic matter (EfOM) from secondary wastewater effluent (SWWE). Unfortunately, BAC removes only a limited amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Thus, maximizing DOC removal from SWWE using BAC is a major concern in wastewater reuse. This study has investigated a hybrid system of BAC and Magnetic Ion Exchange Resin (MIEX®) for the enhanced removal of DOC. Performance of both BAC prior to MIEX® (BAC/MIEX®) and reverse (MIEX®/BAC) combination was evaluated in terms of DOC removal. The BAC/MIEX® showed much better DOC removal. This is because microbial activity in the BAC bed converted MIEX® non-amenable DOC to MIEX® amenable DOC. As a result, BAC/MIEX® combination synergised DOC removal. In addition, BAC was also found to be highly effective in reducing MIEX® dose for a given DOC removal from SWWE.

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Xie, Qing Jie. "Study on the Alage Removal by Microwave Irradiation." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.87.

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The microwave irradiation (MI) was found that it had significantly treatment efficiency for pollutants removal. It was developed to treat the alage in this paper. The granular activated carbon (GAC) was used as catalyst. The effect of the acting time, MI power, GAC amount and the initial concentration on alage removal were studied. The results showed: with the increasing of the acting time, MI power, GAC amount the alage removal rate were increased, but the effect of the initial concentration to alage removal was opposite; the optimum value of acting time, MI power and GAC amount were 5min, 450W and 3g respectively with the alage removal efficiency reached up to 100%. It also showed that with the alage removed under the MI the COD, SS were removed too. It was discovered that the oxidation process was basically in conformity with the first-order dynamic reaction(ln(C/C0)＝-0.9371t+0.6744（R2=0.9472）).

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Cui, Ming Xian, Wei Song, and Zong Yu Liu. "Kinetics Analysis of Wheat Straw Pulping Process." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1012.

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This paper analyzes the delignification mechanism of wheat straw pulping process. The lignin removal of pulping process is left in black liquor. The higher the black liquor lignin content is, the bigger the lignin of paper pulp is removed. The relations of black liquor lignin content and alkali concentration to pulping time are described in detail. The results show that delignification process is divided into two stages: quick and slow stage. The lignin removal rate in the first stage is much higher than the second, that is, lignin has been removed more sufficiently after quick stage. In first stage, reaction order of delignification is 1.0, and 0.7 with respect to OH-, the activation energy is 38.62 kJ • mol-1. The latter delignification also belongs to the first-order reaction and 4.4 with respect to OH-, the activation energy is 75.56 kJ • mol-1. Apparently, slow stage needs to consume large amounts of energy to removal lignin.

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Berman, Jesse D., Thomas M. Peters, and Kirsten A. Koehler. "Optimizing a Sensor Network with Data from Hazard Mapping Demonstrated in a Heavy-Vehicle Manufacturing Facility." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 62, no. 5 (March 17, 2018): 547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxy020.

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Abstract Objectives To design a method that uses preliminary hazard mapping data to optimize the number and location of sensors within a network for a long-term assessment of occupational concentrations, while preserving temporal variability, accuracy, and precision of predicted hazards. Methods Particle number concentrations (PNCs) and respirable mass concentrations (RMCs) were measured with direct-reading instruments in a large heavy-vehicle manufacturing facility at 80–82 locations during 7 mapping events, stratified by day and season. Using kriged hazard mapping, a statistical approach identified optimal orders for removing locations to capture temporal variability and high prediction precision of PNC and RMC concentrations. We compared optimal-removal, random-removal, and least-optimal-removal orders to bound prediction performance. Results The temporal variability of PNC was found to be higher than RMC with low correlation between the two particulate metrics (ρ = 0.30). Optimal-removal orders resulted in more accurate PNC kriged estimates (root mean square error [RMSE] = 49.2) at sample locations compared with random-removal order (RMSE = 55.7). For estimates at locations having concentrations in the upper 10th percentile, the optimal-removal order preserved average estimated concentrations better than random- or least-optimal-removal orders (P < 0.01). However, estimated average concentrations using an optimal-removal were not statistically different than random-removal when averaged over the entire facility. No statistical difference was observed for optimal- and random-removal methods for RMCs that were less variable in time and space than PNCs. Conclusions Optimized removal performed better than random-removal in preserving high temporal variability and accuracy of hazard map for PNC, but not for the more spatially homogeneous RMC. These results can be used to reduce the number of locations used in a network of static sensors for long-term monitoring of hazards in the workplace, without sacrificing prediction performance.

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Chen, Bo, Jin-Lin Cai, Wen-Sheng Chen, and Yan Li. "A Multiplicative Noise Removal Approach Based on Partial Differential Equation Model." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/242043.

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Multiplicative noise, also known as speckle noise, is signal dependent and difficult to remove. Based on a fourth-order PDE model, this paper proposes a novel approach to remove the multiplicative noise on images. In practice, Fourier transform and logarithm strategy are utilized on the noisy image to convert the convolutional noise into additive noise, so that the noise can be removed by using the traditional additive noise removal algorithm in frequency domain. For noise removal, a new fourth-order PDE model is developed, which avoids the blocky effects produced by second-order PDE model and attains better edge-preserve ability. The performance of the proposed method has been evaluated on the images with both additive and multiplicative noise. Compared with some traditional methods, experimental results show that the proposed method obtains superior performance on different PSNR values and visual quality.

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Davidescu, Corneliu Mircea, Andreea Gabor, Adina Negrea, Mihaela Ciopec, Petru Negrea, and Marilena Motoc. "Novel Adsorbent Used for Cesium Removal from Aqueous Solutions." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 3 (April 15, 2017): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.3.5480.

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Cesium (Cs) removal from wastewater becomes an emerging issue after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant disaster. Cs(I) is an metal ion present in high level radioactive waste and has to be removed for a better disposal in geological formation. The present study investigates the adsorption process of Cs(I) from aqueous solutions on an novel adsorbent material. The novelty of this material is that the solid support, magnesium silicate, is doped with a new extractant, thiourea dissolved in ethyl alcohol. In order to establish the adsorption capacities of the adsorbent material, it was used in the removal process of metal ions. Kinetically, the adsorption process of this metal ion has the best fit for the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The removal process through adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous due to the thermodynamic studies. Equilibrium studies were also carried out for the Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips model. The new doped material proves to be favourable as adsorbent material in the removal of Cs(I) from polluted water.

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Lv, Xiao-Guang, Jiang Le, Jin Huang, and Liu Jun. "A Fast High-Order Total Variation Minimization Method for Multiplicative Noise Removal." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/834035.

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Multiplicative noise removal problem has received considerable attention in recent years. The total variation regularization method for the solution of the noise removal problem can preserve edges well but has the sometimes undesirable staircase effect. In this paper, we propose a fast high-order total variation minimization method to restore multiplicative noisy images. The proposed method is able to preserve edges and at the same time avoid the staircase effect in the smooth regions. An alternating minimization algorithm is employed to solve the proposed high-order total variation minimization problem. We discuss the convergence of the alternating minimization algorithm. Some numerical results show that the proposed method gives restored images of higher quality than some existing multiplicative noise removal methods.

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Chang, L. "On the CMP Material Removal at the Molecular Scale." Journal of Tribology 129, no. 2 (November 13, 2006): 436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2647829.

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Understanding of the mechanisms of material removal is of fundamental importance in chemical-mechanical planarization of semiconductor wafers. A plausible mechanism at work is that the material is removed at the molecular scale by debonding the chemistry-weakened molecules at the wafer surface. A sequence of order-of-magnitude calculations is carried out to substantiate this mechanism of chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) materials removal. The analysis may lend further credence to the mechanism in addition to its underlying theoretical foundation.

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Viraraghavan, T., and K. R. Ramakrishna. "Fly Ash for Colour Removal from Synthetic Dye Solutions." Water Quality Research Journal 34, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1999.024.

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Abstract Fly ash was investigated for its ability to adsorb dyes from aqueous solutions. Batch pH, kinetic and isotherm studies were performed on a laboratory scale with synthetic dye solutions made up of four different commercial grade dyes. Fly ash samples with differing compositions and particle sizes were employed to understand the effect of fly ash composition and particle size on their dye removal capacity. The first-order rate equation by Lagergren was tested on the kinetic data, and isotherm data was analyzed for possible agreement with the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm equations. The removal capacity of fly ash for the different dyes was compared with that of granular activated carbon under identical conditions. Results showed that fly ash exhibited reasonably good dye removals for Basic Blue 9, Acid Blue 29 and Acid Red 91, while the removals by fly ash exceeded that of granular activated carbon for Disperse Red 1. Lime content in fly ash seemed to influence dye adsorption to a significant degree — better adsorption was observed at lower particle sizes because of the increased external surface area available for adsorption. Acid Blue 29 adsorption by fly ash provided the best fit for the Lagergren first-order plot. Because high pH and heavy metals (leached from fly ash) in the treated wastewater may exceed the limits set in municipal sewer-use bylaws, engineering and economic feasibility assessment should include these aspects when considering fly ash for colour removal.

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Lamarre, Michel, and Michel J. Lareau. "INFLUENCE OF WINTER PROTECTION ON EARLINESS OF STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 480e—480. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.480e.

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A 3-year study was carried out on the use of row covers as a substitute to straw for winter protection of five strawberry cultivars. Seven cover treatments were tested: “Agronet” removed on May 2, 12 and 19; “Kimberlay farms” removed May 19; perforated polyethylene removed May 16; conventionnal straw mulch removed in mid-April, and no row cover protection. Row covers advanced first harvest for all cultivars. There was a 10-day gain in earliness with perforated polyethylene followed in decreasing order by “Kimberley farms”, “Agronet”, straw mulch, and no protection. Treatments favoring early yields tended to shorten the period of production and to reduce total yield. Of the “Agronet” treatments, the May 12 removal increased the yield for the first 4 harvests compared to the May 2 and May 19 removals.

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Barmala, Molood, and Mohammad Behnood. "Modeling and Optimization of BT and DBT Photooxidation over Multiwall Carbon Nanotube-Titania Composite by Response Surface Methodology." International Journal of Photoenergy 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9716383.

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This study investigates optimization of benzothiophene (BT) and dibenzothiophene (DBT) removal via a photocatalytic process by using central composite design (CCD) method. Temperature, pH, and p-25 to MWCNT ratio (g/g) in the composite structure are considered as design factors. According to the results, temperature has the greatest impact on removal rate. In optimal condition, after being exposed to UV lamps (9 W) for 20 min, 59.8% of the solutions’ BT was removed, while DBT was completely removed. Although the generated structure band gap is 3.4, but due to the presence of MWCNTs in the structure, it is capable of absorbing visible light, and this leads to complete removal of DBT and 42% removal of BT under visible light radiation (in similar circumstances). Kinetics analysis of thiophene’s reaction showed that, in the presence of visible light, first order removal rate constants for DBT and BT are 7.98 and 0.953 1/h, respectively.

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Bamberg, K. M., W. T. Winter, and J. P. Nakas. "Removal of lead and cadmium by derivatized polysaccharides from Klebsiella oxytoca." Biofilms 1, no. 1 (January 2004): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479050504001085.

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Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) from Klebsiella oxytoca was chemically modified to increase net negative charge in order to expand the efficiency of metal binding. Chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) or a complex of dimethylformamide and sulfur trioxide (DMF–SO3) was used to introduce sulfate substituents onto the native polymer. Additionally, sequential treatment with divinylsulfone (DVS) and glycine or DVS and iminodiacetic acid (IDA) was used to introduce carboxyl residues. Native EPS exhibited a molecular mass distribution of 1500–1700 kDa and removed 38% and 19%, respectively, of lead and cadmium ions. Modification with CSA resulted in a reduction of molecular mass to 450–600 kDa and a removal from solution of lead and cadmium of 75% and 66%, respectively. Modification of EPS with the DMF–SO3 complex, while it did not affect the molecular mass of the polymer, resulted in decreased levels of lead and cadmium removal. Covalent substitution of EPS with DVS–glycine resulted in an increase of molecular mass to 3000 kDa and lead and cadmium removals of 46% and 47%, respectively. Modification of EPS with DVS–IDA increased molecular mass to 2200 kDa and demonstrated lead and cadmium removals of 57% each. Immobilization of native EPS and of the CSA and DVS–IDA modifications to oxirane–acrylic beads resulted in significant increases in metal binding per gram of bound polymer. This suggests a method for metal ion recovery using chelate desorption.

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Çeçen, F., and I. E. Gönenç. "Nitrogen removal characteristics of nitrification and denitrification filters." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1994): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0786.

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The kinetics of nitrogen removal was studied in upflow submerged nitrification and denitrification filters in series. Nitrification followed first-, half-, and zero-order kinetics. For the half-order range the half-order rate constant was about 0.9gNH4-N1/2m−1/2d−1. The zero-order rate constants for the DO ranges of 2-3 mg/L and 4-5 mg/L were found as 0.47 gNH4-Nm−2d−1 and 1.82 gNH4-Nm−2d−1, respectively. In the zero-order region ammonia removal proceeded as a half-order reaction in oxygen concentration and the half-order rate constants were about 1.4-2.7 gO21/2m−1/2d−1. Nitrite accumulation reached a considerable degree at bulk oxygen to bulk ammonia ratios lower than 5 since the formation of nitrate was inhibited. Similar to nitrification half- and zero-order kinetic regions were also observed in denitrification. The half- and zero-order rate constants for carbon unlimited cases (influent COD/NOx-N>5) were about 0.23 gNOx-N1/2m−1/2d−1 and 1.9 gNOx-Nm−2d−1, respectively. The nitrite produced in the nitrification stage could be reduced in denitrification. The removal kinetics in the presence of nitrite was found to be similar to the kinetics when the influent consisted of nitrate only.

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Ikelle, Luc T., Graham Roberts, and Arthur B. Weglein. "Source signature estimation based on the removal of first‐order multiples." GEOPHYSICS 62, no. 6 (November 1997): 1904–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444291.

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The estimation of the source signature is often one of the necessary first steps in the processing of seismic reflection data, especially if the processing chain includes prestack multiple removal. However, most methods for source estimation are based on poststack data or assume that the earth is 1-D. In this work, a new source estimation method for prestack data is presented. It consists of finding the source signature that permits the removal of events attributable to the first‐order free‐surface reflections (i.e., first‐order multiples). The method exploits the formulation of the relationship between the free‐surface reflections and the source signature as a scattering Born series. In this formulation, the order of the scattering series coincides with that of the free‐surface reflections, and the series is constructed exclusively with seismic data and the source signature without any knowledge of the subsurface other than the velocity of sea water. By restricting the problem to first‐order free‐surface reflections, we have rendered the relationship between free‐surface reflections and the source signature linear, which also corresponds to a truncation of the scattering Born series to its first two terms. Thus, the source signature estimation can be formulated as a linear inverse problem. Assuming that the removal of first‐order free‐surface events produces a significant reduction in the energy of the data, we posed the inverse problem as finding the source signature that minimizes this energy. The optimization leads to an iterative solution. The iterations are needed to correct for the truncation effects. Synthetic and real data examples show the applicability and stability of the source estimation method as well as its use for attenuating free‐surface multiples.

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Liu, Pengfei, and Liang Xiao. "Efficient multiplicative noise removal method using isotropic second order total variation." Computers & Mathematics with Applications 70, no. 8 (October 2015): 2029–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2015.08.014.

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Liu, Chuan Qing, and Zuo Yun Mei. "Analytical Investigation of Progressive Collapse Resistance Mechanism in Steel Moment Frame with Fiber Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 1848–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.1848.

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In order to investigate the resistance mechanism of steel frame structure in progressive collapse, an advanced finite element model(FEM) is presented based on fiber beam-column element. Using this FEM, non-linear static pushdown analysis of a ten-story structure was carried out by the alternate load path method, in the two cases that two different columns are removed respectively. Analytical results show that residual structure has the different resistance mechanism for the different column removal case. In the initial stage, bending resistance mechanism can provide dominate resistance capacity in the structural progressive collapse, after both middle and side columns are removed. However, when the bending resistance is out of work, the catenary action is induced in the case of the middle column removal only, which is not developed after the side column is removed. It can be seen that steel frame structure has higher collapse risk in the case of the side column removal than in the case of the middle column removal.

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la Cour Jansen, Jes, and Poul Harremoës. "Removal of Soluble Substrates in Fixed Films." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 2-3 (February 1, 1985): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0115.

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Experimental results with removal of soluble substrates in fixed films are presented. Experiments are performed with denitrification and with oxidation of methanol, acetic acid and glucose in a laboratory fixed film reactor. The experiments confirm the predictions of the half order reaction model, taking diffusion of the substrates and zero order intrinsic reaction rate of the bacteria as the dominating processes in the film. The experiments enable calculation of the kinetic parameters: diffusion coefficients, intrinsic reaction rates and half order rate constants for nitrate, methanol, acetic acid, glucose and oxygen within fixed films.

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Free, Michael L. "Enhanced Nanoparticle Removal Using Surfactants." MRS Advances 1, no. 31 (2016): 2213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.294.

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ABSTRACTNanoparticles are used in chemical mechanical planarization for semiconductor manufacturing as well as in other precision manufacturing operations. Particles used in processing need to be removed from surfaces in order to enhance yields. Nanoparticles are difficult to remove from surfaces during cleaning due to the high van der Waals attractive forces between particles and surfaces relative to the low fluid drag forces that are used for typical removal methods. Ionic surfactant molecules can adsorb on particles and surfaces to create an electrostatic repulsion between particles and surfaces as well as provide a steric barrier to mitigate adsorption and adhesion. The effectiveness of the surfactant in enhancing particle removal is related to surfactant properties, and it can be correlated with and modeled relative to the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant. The general approach for modeling will be discussed, and the model will be compared with particle removal data.

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Zhu, Hong, and Hong Xu Qiao. "Kinetics Research of Wheat Straw Atmospheric Pressure Pulping with Microwave Radiation." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1726–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1726.

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The lignin removal of pulping process is left in black liquor, and with relation to the paper pulp lignin. The higher the black liquor lignin content is, the bigger the lignin of paper pulp is removed. This paper analyzes the delignification mechanism of wheat straw atmospheric pressure pulping with microwave radiation. The relations of black liquor lignin content and alkali concentration to pulping time are described in detail. The results show that delignification process is divided into two stages: quick stage and residual stage. The lignin removal rate in the first stage is much higher than the second stage, that is, lignin has been removed more sufficiently after quick stage. In first stage, reaction order of delignification is 1.0, and 0.7 with respect to OH-, the activation energy is 38.62 kJ • mol-1. The latter delignification also belongs to the first-order reaction and 4.4 with respect to OH-, the activation energy is 75.56 kJ • mol-1. Apparently, residual stage needs to consume large amounts of energy to removal lignin.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Removal order'

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