Academic literature on the topic 'Ren min wen xue'

Abstract ABSTRACT Background: Breast cancer has become the most common cancer worldwide and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype due to the lacks of hormone receptors and HER2 expression. Increasing rate of breast cancer metastasis also need to be solved. Nearly one in four breast cancer patients developed metastasis after treatment, which attributed to 90% cancer related death. Considering highly aggressive pattern of TNBC, TNBC showed higher metastasis probability rather than other subtypes. Therefore, exploring more biomarkers and therapeutic targets are on urgent. Methods: We profiled the transcriptomes of 59646 cells from 12 primary and 4 metastatic tumor samples from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). Results: Comparing with primary site, metastatic site was predominated with immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In brief, metastatic samples showed increasing numbers of macrophages, lower anti-tumor microenvironment scores, higher malignant cell properties scores, less effective T cells and macrophages, enhanced immune escape potential tumor cells and a later pseudotime state of malignant cells, compared with primary samples. Remarkably, metastatic samples exhibited a stronger interaction of THBS1-SDC1 axis between macrophage subcluster named angiogenesis-1 and malignant cell subcluster named CDKN2A epithelial cells. We subsequently confirmed that higher THBS1-SDC1 expression indicated with poor overall survival and distant metastatic free survival of TNBC patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) TNBC cohort. Conclusion: Our immune landscape of TNBC ecosystem provide deeper insights into tumor metastasis and offer potential biomarkers and therapeutic target for TNBC. Key words: Breast cancer; immune-microenvironment; THBS1; SDC1; metastasis Citation Format: Liyi Zhang, Qi Zhang, Pei Li, Min Xiong, Yue Zhou, Jingyan Xue, Ming Chen, Wei-Ru Chi, Hengyu Ren, Chih Wan Goh, Douwaner Liu, Liren Wangxu, Yayun Chi, Bingqiu Xiu, Jiong Wu. scRNA-seq profiling reveals different tumor immune-microenvironment in triple negative breast cancer and decodes pivotal role of THBS1- SDC1 axis in tumor metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-05-46.

Abstract Background: -Trastuzumab-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy has shown to have remarkable clinical benefits for HER2-positive breast cancer patients who had higher tumor burden. -Patients who achieved pathological complete response (pCR) are known to have better prognosis. -However, certain patients have little response or are not sensitive to trastuzumab-based treatment regimens. -Understanding the mechanism of trastuzumab resistance is crucial for the development of new therapeutic strategy. Objectives: To investigate the role of TCEAL9 in developing trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer Methods: A total of 83 patients who received paclitaxel, carboplatin and trastuzumab neoadjuvant chemotherapy in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center(FUSCC) from 2016 to 2018 were enrolled in this study. After completed neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery, gene expressions were compared between the pCR and non-pCR groups. Total RNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections was isolated and RNA-sequencing was performed. Gene sets from GEO dataset GSE52707 were used to analyze TCEAL9 expression in resistant and non-resistant cell lines. Gene expression levels were converted into log2 values and row-wised standardized. BT-474 and SK-BR-3 cell lines were transduced with each expression lentivirus, followed by selection with puromycin for stable expression. TCEAL9 mRNA and protein level evaluation was evaluated by qPCR and western blot. The influence of TCEAL9 expression on proliferation and sensitivity to HER2-targeted therapy was evaluated by CCK8. BT-474 and SK-BR-3 transfected cells were plated in 96-well plates with 4,000 cells per well. After 3 or 5 days of incubation with trastuzumab, pertuzumab or lapatinib, the viability of cells was measured using Cell Proliferation Assay. Comparisons between Kaplan-Meier curves were performed using the long-rank test. Results: TCEAL9 was elevated significantly (P< 0.05) in non-pCR patients in the FUSCC cohort and was associated with lapatinib resistance in GSE52707 from GEO datasets. Patients with elevated TCEAL9 expression had worse recurrence-free survival (RFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and progression-free survival (PPS) (all P< 0.05)by using KM-plotter. Overexpression of TCEAL9 was associated with lapatinib(IC50= 5.56 vs 10.90nM) and trastuzumab + pertuzumab(IC50= 745 vs 635nM) resistance in BT-474 and SK-BR-3 respectively, but has no influence in proliferation. In this study, we found that TCEAL9 could induce HER2-positive breast cancer cells resistance to HER2-targeted therapy through the activation of mTOR signaling pathway. After EGFR stimulation, TCEAL9 has a higher mTOR phosphorylation level in BT-474 cells. TCEAL9 elevation also increased HER2 and mTOR phosphorylation after lapatinib treatment in SK-BR-3 cells. In addition, the elevation of TCEAL9 has a positive correlation with HER2 signaling pathways such as EGFR, PIK3R1, FOXO1 and AKT3 in TCGA datasets. Conclusions: TCEAL9 expression correlates with trastuzumab resistance and high TCEAL9 expression is associated with poor prognosis in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Citation Format: Chih Wan Goh, Wei-Ru Chi, Liyi Zhang, Qi Zhang, Ming Chen, Min Xiong, Douwaner Liu, Hengyu Ren, Bingqiu Xiu, Jingyan Xue, Yayun Chi, Jiong Wu. Elevated TCEAL9 Expression Is Correlated With Trastuzumab-based Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Resistance In HER2-positive Breast Cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-13-15.

In this paper, heavy metal oxide glasses co-doped with erbium and holmium ions have been synthesized. Glass composition, based on the bismuth and germanium oxides, has been selected in terms of high thermal stability (delta T = 125 °C), high refractive index (n = 2.19) and low maximum phonon energy (hvmax = 724 cm-1). Up-conversion luminescence spectra under the 980 nm laser diode excitation have been observed as a result of radiative transitions within the quantum energy level structures of Er3+ and Ho3+ ions. Optimization of rare earth ions content has been conducted, the highest emission intensity in the visible wavelength range has been observed in glass co-doped with molar concentration 0.5 Er2O3 / 0.5 Ho2O3. Full Text: PDF ReferencesF. Zhang, Z. Bi, A. Huang, Z. Xiao, "Visible luminescence properties of Er3+?Pr3+ codoped fluorotellurite glasses", Opt. Materials 41, 112 (2014). CrossRef S. Li, S. Ye, T. Liu, H. Wang, D. Wang, "Enhanced up-conversion emissions in ZnO-LiYbO2:RE3+ (RE = Er or Ho) hybrid phosphors through surface modification", J. All. Comp. 658, 85 (2016). CrossRef J. Fu, X. Zhang, Z. Chao, Z. Li, J. Liao, D. Hou, H. Wen, X. Lu, X. Xie, "Enhanced upconversion luminescence of NaYF4:Yb, Er microprisms via La3+ doping", Opt. Laser Tech. 88, 280 (2017). CrossRef Y. Tian, R. Xu, L. Hu, J. Zhang, "2.7 ?m fluorescence radiative dynamics and energy transfer between Er3+ and Tm3+ ions in fluoride glass under 800 nm and 980 nm excitation", J. Quant. Spec. Rad. Tra. 113, 87 (2012). CrossRef M. Zhang, A. Yang, Y. Peng, B. Zhang, H. Ren, W. Guo, Y. Yang, C. Zhai, Y. Wang, Z. Yang, D. Tang, "Dy3+-doped Ga?Sb?S chalcogenide glasses for mid-infrared lasers", Mat. Res. Bul. 70, 55 (2015). CrossRef G. Yang, T. Li, "Broadband 1.53 ?m emission in Er3+-doped Ga-Bi-Pb-Ge heavy metal oxide glasses", J. Rare Earths 26, 924 (2008). CrossRef Y. Guo, Y. Tian, L. Zhang, L. Hu, J. Zhang, "Erbium doped heavy metal oxide glasses for mid-infrared laser materials", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 377, 119 (2013). CrossRef Z. Hou, Z. Xue, F. Li, M. Wang, X. Hu, S. Wang, "Luminescence and up-conversion mechanism of Er3+/Ho3+ co-doped oxyfluoride tellurite glasses and glass?ceramics", J. All. Comp. 577, 523 (2013). CrossRef X. Li, Q. Nie, S. Dai, T. Xu, L. Lu, X. Zhang, "Energy transfer and frequency upconversion in Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped bismuth-germanate glasses", J. All. Comp. 454, 510 (2008). CrossRef S.S. Rojas, J.E. De Souza, M.R.B. Andreeta, A.C. Hernandes, "Influence of ceria addition on thermal properties and local structure of bismuth germanate glasses", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 356, 2942 (2010). CrossRef M.S. Ebrahim, Irina, Mid-infrared coherent sources and applications, Springer (2008). CrossRef T. Ragin, J. Zmojda, M. Kochanowicz, P. Miluski, P. Jelen, M. Sitarz, D. Dorosz, "Enhanced mid-infrared 2.7 ?m luminescence in low hydroxide bismuth-germanate glass and optical fiber co-doped with Er3 +/Yb3 + ions", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 457, 169 (2017). CrossRef K. Biswas, A.D. Sontakke, R. Sen, K. Annapurna, "Enhanced 2 ?m broad-band emission and NIR to visible frequency up-conversion from Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped Bi2O3?GeO2?ZnO glasses", Spectr. Acta. Part A, Mol. Biomol. Spectr. 112, 301-308 (2013). CrossRef R.S. Romaniuk, D. Dorosz, J. Żmojda, M. Kochanowicz, W. Mazerski, "Upconversion luminescence in tellurite glass codoped with Yb3+/Ho3+ ions", Proc. of SPIE 8903, 890307 (2013). CrossRef

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 鍾嶸論任昉詩風特點有四：一曰拓體淵雅，二曰善銓事理，三曰競須新事，四曰詞不貴奇。拓體淵雅，即文體和正，聲調雅致。善銓事理，即依事行文，文理相合。任昉將這兩種“筆法”用於寫詩，對南朝詩歌的“筆化”、“文化”起到了推動作用。此外，任昉還將肇於建安，興於晉宋，經傅咸、應璩、顏延之、謝靈運、謝莊、劉駿等人發揚的指事之法引入齊梁詩壇，成任昉詩派。任昉作詩喜引新事，不拘外家内家、正史别史，都拓體淵雅，近於儒家，與追求直致與奇格的道家詩風有别。Zhong Rong (fl. 502-519) summed up four main aspects in his discussion of the characteristics of Ren Fang’s (460-508) poetry: 1) erudition and refinement, 2) clear expression, 3) an effort to use new allusions, and 4) no pursuit for the grotesque. “Erudition and refinement” referred to the elegant style and harmonious sound of Ren’s poetry, while “clear expression” meant Ren’s ability to give a realistic representation of the object. These two aspects were important features of prose writing, yet Ren applied these techniques to poetry composition. As a result, he made a significant contribution to Southern dynasties poetry by initiating a change in style from shi (verse) to bi (essay) and wen (prose). He also founded a Ren Fang “school” by introducing the technique of using allusions in the Qi-Liang poetic arena. The practice of using allusions in poetic works began in the Jian’an era (196-220), and thrived during the Jin and Song dynasties (265-479) in the hands of Fu Xian (239-294), Ying Qu (190-252), Yan Yanzhi (384-456), Xie Lingyun (385-433), Xie Zhuang (421-466), and Liu Jun (430-464). Ren Fang was fond of many different kinds of new allusions to sources by various scholars and historians. His poetic style was profound and refined. It was close to Confucianism but different from Daoism, which pursued straightforwardness and the grotesque.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus , is causing a serious worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of strains with rapid spread and unpredictable changes is the cause of the increase in morbidity and mortality rates. A number of drugs as well as vaccines are currently being used to relieve symptoms, prevent and treat the disease caused by this virus. However, the number of approved drugs is still very limited due to their effectiveness and side effects. In such a situation, medicinal plants and bioactive compounds are considered a highly valuable source in the development of new antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes medicinal plants and bioactive compounds that have been shown to act on molecular targets involved in the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2. Keywords: Medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, antivirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 References [1] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. 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Tencomnao, Anti-COVID-19 Drug Candidates: A Review on Potential Biological Activities of Natural Products in the Management of New Coronavirus Infection, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Vol. 11, 2021, pp. 144-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.12.001.[6] R. E. Ferner, J. K. Aronson, Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Covid-19, BMJ, Vol. 369, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1432[7] J. Remali, W. M. Aizat, A Review on Plant Bioactive Compounds and Their Modes of Action Against Coronavirus Infection, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 11, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.589044.[8] Y. Chen, Q. Liu, D. Guo, Emerging Coronaviruses: Genome Structure, Replication, and Pathogenesis, Medical Virology, Vol. 92, 2020, pp. 418‐423. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681.[9] B. Benarba, A. Pandiella, Medicinal Plants as Sources of Active Molecules Against COVID-19, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01189.[10] N. T. Chien, P. V. Trung, N. N. Hanh, Isolation Tribulosin, a Spirostanol Saponin from Tribulus terrestris L, Can Tho University Journal of Science, Vol. 10, 2008, pp. 67-71 (in Vietnamese).[11] V. Q. Thang Study on Extracting Active Ingredient Protodioscin from Tribulus terrestris L.: Doctoral dissertation, VNU University of Science, 2018 (in Vietnamese).[12] Y. H. Song, D. W. Kim, M. J. C. Long, H. J. Yuk, Y. Wang, N. Zhuang et al., Papain-Like Protease (Plpro) Inhibitory Effects of Cinnamic Amides from Tribulus terrestris Fruits, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, Vol. 37, No. 6, 2014, pp. 1021-1028, https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b14-00026.[13] D. Dermawan, B. A. Prabowo, C. A. Rakhmadina, In Silico Study of Medicinal Plants with Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex as The Potential Inhibitors Against SARS-Cov-2 Main Protease (Mpro) and Spike (S) Receptor, Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, Vol. 25, 2021, pp. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2021.100645.[14] R. Dang, S. Gezici, Immunomodulatory Effects of Medicinal Plants and Natural Phytochemicals in Combating Covid-19, The 6th International Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MESMAP-6), Izmir, Selcuk (Ephesus), Turkey, 2020, pp. 12-13.[15] G. Jiangning, W. Xinchu, W. Hou, L. Qinghua, B. Kaishun, Antioxidants from a Chinese Medicinal Herb–Psoralea corylifolia L., Food Chemistry, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005, pp. 287-292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.04.029.[16] B. Ruan, L. Y. Kong, Y. Takaya, M. Niwa, Studies on The Chemical Constituents of Psoralea corylifolia L., Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2007, pp. 41-44, https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020500289618.[17] D. T. Loi, Vietnamese Medicinal Plants and Herbs, Medical Publishing House, Hanoi, 2013 (in Vietnamese).[18] S. Mazraedoost, G. Behbudi, S. M. Mousavi, S. A. Hashemi, Covid-19 Treatment by Plant Compounds, Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2021, pp. 23-33, https://doi.org/10.47277/AANBT/2(1)33.[19] B. A. Origbemisoye, S. O. Bamidele, Immunomodulatory Foods and Functional Plants for COVID-19 Prevention: A Review, Asian Journal of Medical Principles and Clinical Practice, 2020, pp. 15-26, https://journalajmpcp.com/index.php/AJMPCP/article/view/30124[20] A. Mandal, A. K. Jha, B. Hazra, Plant Products as Inhibitors of Coronavirus 3CL Protease, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 12, 2021, pp. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.583387[21] N. H. Tung, V. D. Loi, B. T. Tung, L.Q. Hung, H. B. Tien et al., Triterpenen Ursan Frame Isolated from the Roots of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge Growing in Vietnam, VNU Journal of Science: Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2016, pp. 58-62, https://js.vnu.edu.vn/MPS/article/view/3583 (in Vietnamese).[22] J. Y. Park, J. H. Kim, Y. M. Kim, H. J. Jeong, D. W. Kim, K. H. Park et al., Tanshinones as Selective and Slow-Binding Inhibitors for SARS-CoV Cysteine Proteases. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 20, No. 19, 2012, pp. 5928-5935, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.038.[23] F. Hamdani, N. Houari, Phytotherapy of Covid-19. A Study Based on a Survey in North Algeria, Phytotherapy, Vol. 18, No. 5, 2020, pp. 248-254, https://doi.org/10.3166/phyto-2020-0241.[24] P. T. L. Huong, N. T. Dinh, Chemical Composition And Antibacterial Activity of The Essential Oil From The Leaves of Regrowth Eucalyptus Collected from Viet Tri City, Phu Tho Province, Vietnam Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2020, pp. 54-61 (in Vietnamese).[25] M. Asif, M. Saleem, M. Saadullah, H. S. Yaseen, R. Al Zarzour, COVID-19 and Therapy with Essential Oils Having Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Properties, Inflammopharmacology, Vol. 28, 2020, pp. 1153-1161, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-020-00744-0.[26] I. Jahan, O. Ahmet, Potentials of Plant-Based Substance to Inhabit and Probable Cure for The COVID-19, Turkish Journal of Biology, Vol. 44, No. SI-1, 2020, pp. 228-241, https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-2005-114.[27] A. D. Sharma, I. Kaur, Eucalyptus Essential Oil Bioactive Molecules from Against SARS-Cov-2 Spike Protein: Insights from Computational Studies, Res Sq., 2021, pp. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.21203/ rs.3.rs-140069/v1. [28] K. Rajagopal, P. Varakumar, A. Baliwada, G. Byran, Activity of Phytochemical Constituents of Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) and Andrographis Paniculata Against Coronavirus (COVID-19): An in Silico Approach, Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-020-00126-x[29] J. Lan, J. Ge, J. Yu, S. Shan, H. Zhou, S. Fan et al., Structure of The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Bound to The ACE2 Receptor, Nature, Vol. 581, No. 7807, 2020, pp. 215-220, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5.[30] M. Letko, A. Marzi, V. Munster, Functional Assessment of Cell Entry and Receptor Usage for SARS-Cov-2 and Other Lineage B Betacoronaviruses, Nature Microbiology, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2020, pp. 562-569, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y.[31] C. Yi, X. Sun, J. Ye, L. Ding, M. Liu, Z. Yang et al., Key Residues of The Receptor Binding Motif in The Spike Protein of SARS-Cov-2 That Interact with ACE2 and Neutralizing Antibodies, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2020, pp. 621-630, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0458-z.[32] N. T. Thom, Study on The Composition and Biological Activities of Flavonoids from The Roots of Scutellaria baicalensis: Doctoral Dissertation, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 2018 (in Vietnamese).[33] Y. J. Tang, F. W. Zhou, Z. Q. Luo, X. Z. Li, H. M. Yan, M. J. Wang et al., Multiple Therapeutic Effects of Adjunctive Baicalin Therapy in Experimental Bacterial Meningitis, Inflammation, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2010, pp. 180-188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-009-9172-9.[34] H. Liu, F. Ye, Q. Sun, H. Liang, C. Li, S. Li et al., Scutellaria Baicalensis Extract and Baicalein Inhibit Replication of SARS-Cov-2 and Its 3C-Like Protease in Vitro, Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2021, pp. 497-503, https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2021.1873977.[35] Z. Iqbal, H. Nasir, S. Hiradate, Y. Fujii, Plant Growth Inhibitory Activity of Lycoris Radiata Herb. and The Possible Involvement of Lycorine as an Allelochemical, Weed Biology and Management, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2006, pp. 221-227, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2006.00217.x.[36] S. Y. Li, C. Chen, H. Q. Zhang, H. Y. Guo, H. Wang, L. 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Shunmugiah, Ethnomedicines of Indian Origin for Combating COVID-19 Infection by Hampering The Viral Replication: Using Structure-Based Drug Discovery Approach, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 13, 2020, pp. 4594-4609, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1778537.[43] N. P. L. Laksmiani, L. P. F. Larasanty, A. A. G. J. Santika, P. A. A. Prayoga, A. A. I. K. Dewi, N. P. A. K. Dewi, Active Compounds Activity from The Medicinal Plants Against SARS-Cov-2 Using in Silico Assay, Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2020, pp. 873-881, https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1953.[44] N. A. Murugan, C. J. Pandian, J. Jeyakanthan, Computational Investigation on Andrographis Paniculata Phytochemicals to Evaluate Their Potency Against SARS-Cov-2 in Comparison to Known Antiviral Compounds in Drug Trials, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 12, 2020, pp. 4415-4426, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1777901.[45] S. Hiremath, H. V. 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The Man Mo Temple（文武廟）Compound on Hollywood Road, Sheung Wan, which comprises three blocks, namely Man Mo Temple, Lit Shing Kung （列聖宮） and Kung Sor（公所）, were built in 1847 . The Temple was built mainly for the worship of Man Cheong (God of Literature, 文昌) and Mo Tai (God of Martial Arts, 武帝). It was important assembly hall where Chinese people discussed issues and resolved disputes in early colonial period. The Temple represented the traditional social organization and religious practices of the Chinese community in the past. The aim of this study examines the development of Man Mon Temple from 1840s to 1908. This thesis contains six main chapters. The first chapter is literature review of previous researches for Man Mo Temple, as well as presents the objectives and methodology of the thesis. The second chapter explores the reasons for its establishment. The third chapter describes the development of architecture of temple. The forth chapter describes and analyses the Guandi worship （關帝信仰）and Wenchang belief （文昌信仰）in Hong Kong. The fifth chapter evaluates the significance of Man Mo Temple on different periods. The temple provided religious service, also as sponsor the charitable work of the Chinese community. It analyses the change of the temple’s function in colonial period. The final chapter is a conclusion how the Man Mo Temple shift to accommodate changing needs of the colonial development.
published_or_final_version
Chinese Historical Studies
Master
Master of Arts

We found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 3545) that the superiority of KH over NaH in the Williamson ether synthesis was particularly marked with congested partners such as 1. Geert-Jan Boons of the University of Georgia described (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4636) the selective removal of each of the several orthogonal protecting groups decorating the disaccharide 3. Yutaka Nishiyama of Kansai University reported (Synlett 2010, 3089) a Re catalyst for the selective acylation of an ether 5, to give the ester 6, from the less substituted side. Duen-Ren Hou of National Central University showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 6143) that triphenylphosphine hydrobromide was a convenient reagent for debenzylation, converting 7 into 8. Junghyun Chae of Sungshin Women’s University established (Synlett 2010, 1651) that simply microwaving an aromatic methyl ether 9 in an ionic liquid led to smooth demethylation. Allylic selenides such as 11 can serve as masked allylic alcohols. Wei-Ming Xu of Hangzhou Normal University demonstrated (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4431) that the polystyrene-supported Se resin facilitated the purification of 11. Oxidation followed by sigmatropic rearrangement then installed the axial secondary alcohol. Clemens Richert of the Universität Stuttgart devised (Synlett 2010, 2267) a reagent 13 for the one-step protection of an amine 14 as its azidomethyl carbamate 15. Xueshun Jia of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 6049) that a substoichiometric quantity of Sm metal was sufficient to mediate the acylation of the congested amine 16. Frederik Rombouts of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, and Andrés A. Trabanco of Johnson & Johnson, Toledo, found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 4815) that the triflic acid debenzylation of 18 was also promoted by microwave irradiation. Mark D. Spicer and John A. Murphy of the University of Strathclyde designed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 15462) a stoichiometric Ni reagent that deprotected even the unreactive sulfonamide 20. Steven M. Weinreb of Pennsylvania State University showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 3555) that an oxime can be deprotected by Fe-mediated reduction of the pivalate 22. David A. Colby of Purdue University protected (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 5588) the ketone of 24 by forming the adduct with methoxymethylamine, allowing selective addition to the ester, to give 25.