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Journal articles on the topic 'Renaissance science and medicine'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Stuard, Susan Mosher, and Katharine Park. "Doctors and Medicine in Early Renaissance Florence." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 17, no. 2 (1986): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204783.

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Webster, Charles. "Religion and Neoplatonism in Renaissance Medicine. Walter Pagel , Marianne WinderFrom Paracelsus to Van Helmont: Studies in Renaissance Medicine and Science. Walter Pagel , Marianne Winder." Isis 78, no. 4 (December 1987): 631–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/354596.

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3

Savoia, Paolo. "Men’s health: Renaissance medicine and the male body." Metascience 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-016-0088-3.

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4

Suitner, Riccarda. "Radical Reformation and Medicine in the Late Renaissance." Nuncius 31, no. 1 (2016): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03101003.

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This paper, which presents first results of a wider book project, will reconstruct the influence of the so-called ‘radical wing’ of the Reformation, above all Anabaptism, Socinianism, and Antitrinitarism, on the tradition of natural philosophy that had established itself in particular in Veneto through the works of Pietro Pomponazzi, Agostino Nifo, and Giacomo Zabarella. Italian physicians and foreign students at the University of Padua developed theories that anticipated many scientific innovations of the 17th century (especially with regard to blood circulation). Often they were forced into exile, persecuted by the Inquisition and by political authorities of Protestant territories. In my article, I would like to give an overview of the education and European peregrinations of some of these heterodox physicians, in whose work medical, theological, and philosophical theory, religious dissent, conversion, and exile were remarkably entangled. I will focus on their international correspondence networks and on their relationship with political and religious authorities, with diplomats and with physicians from other confessions.
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5

Hoeniger (book author), F. David, and Richard Spacek (review author). "Medicine and Shakespeare in the English Renaissance." Renaissance and Reformation 30, no. 1 (January 21, 2009): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v30i1.11479.

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6

Finucci (book author), Valeria, and John Mastrogianakos (review author). "The Prince’s Body: Vincenzo Gonzaga and Renaissance Medicine." Renaissance and Reformation 38, no. 2 (October 5, 2015): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v38i2.25634.

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7

Walbridge, John. "Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance." Early Science and Medicine 12, no. 4 (2007): 440–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338207x231440.

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Szentpéteri, Márton. "Cornelius Gemma. Cosmology, Medicine and Natural Philosophy in Renaissance Louvain." Intellectual History Review 21, no. 2 (June 2011): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17496977.2011.574430.

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9

Popov, Roman, Girish Karadka Shankara, Clemens von Bojničić-Kninski, and Alexander Nesterov-Mueller. "Renaissance Distribution for Statistically Failed Experiments." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13 (July 2, 2019): 3250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133250.

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Much of the experimental data, especially in life sciences, is considered to be useless if it demonstrates a large standard deviation from the mean value. The Renaissance distribution, as presented in this study, allows one to extract true values from such statistical data with large noise. To obtain proof of the Renaissance distribution, high-throughput synthesis of deep substitutions for a target amino acid sequence was performed, and the known epitope was identified in assay with human serum antibodies. In addition, the Renaissance distribution was shown to approach the epitope affinity maturation by the deep alanine substitution. The Renaissance distribution may have an impact in the development of novel specific drugs.
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10

Yerxa, Elizabeth J. "Occupational science: a renaissance of service to humankind through knowledge." Occupational Therapy International 7, no. 2 (May 2000): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oti.109.

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11

Barbara J. Bono and James J. Bono. "Medicine and Shakespeare in the English Renaissance (review)." Literature and Medicine 12, no. 2 (1993): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lm.2011.0124.

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12

Catanorchi, Olivia. "Disreputable Bodies: Magic, Medicine, and Gender in Renaissance Natural Philosophy." Early Science and Medicine 16, no. 4 (2011): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338211x585885.

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13

Maclean, Ian. "Evidence, Logic, the Rule and the Exception in Renaissance Law and Medicine." Early Science and Medicine 5, no. 3 (2000): 227–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338200x00209.

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AbstractThis article sets out to investigate aspects of the uptake of Renaissance law and medicine from some of the logical and natural-philosophical components of the university arts course. Medicine is shown to have a much laxer operative logic than law, reflecting its commitment to the theory of idiosyncrasy as opposed to the demands made upon the law by the need for a uniform application of justice. Symptomatic of the different uptake arc the contrasting meanings of "regulariter" and "generaliter" in the two disciplines. Whereas the law treats the rule as inviolable and the exception as only valid if made explicit in due legal form, medicine is able to conceive of a nature as a field of knowledge broader than that encompassed by its rules of art. Both law and medicine approach evidence
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14

Bono, James J. "Reform and the languages of renaissance theoretical medicine: Harvey versus fernel." Journal of the History of Biology 23, no. 3 (1990): 341–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00136375.

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15

Ciancio, Luca. "Promoting Empirical Knowledge in Habsburg Europe." Nuncius 36, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-bja10009.

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Abstract Recent studies on the functions performed by natural and mathematical sciences in Renaissance courts have shown how closely and extensively the domains of medicine, astrology and politics interacted with each other. The dedicatory letters to Cardinal and Prince-Bishop Bernardo Cles printed in works of medicine, astronomy and natural philosophy by scholars like Marco Antonio Rozoni (1524), Sebastian Münster (1527), Luca Gaurico (1531) Pietro Antonio Mattioli (1533) and Ludovico Nogarola (1536) reveal how much attention Ferdinand I’s Supreme Chancellor, a prelate and politician of unquestioned authority and power, devoted to such influential domains of natural science. In particular, they suggest that Bernardo was not unfavorable to a view of natural knowledge inspired by the anti-astrological skepticism of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. What is more, his intellectual proximity to learned physicians working in the wake of Nicolò Leoniceno’s medical humanism lends credit to the image of a patron, and a ruler, who was oriented to rely preferably on natural knowledge grounded in repeatable sensorial experience.
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16

Guerrini, Anita. "Anatomizing the Renaissance." Early Science and Medicine 6, no. 1 (2001): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338201x00037.

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17

Osler, Margaret J., and Nancy G. Siraisi. "Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 22, no. 3 (1992): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204994.

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18

Tyler, Christopher W. "The Intersection of Visual Science and Art in Renaissance Italy." Perception 49, no. 12 (December 2020): 1265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006620974973.

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In the time of the Renaissance, a major aspect of vision science was understanding how spatial information projected to the viewpoint of the observer, that is, visual perspective, which is one of the primary cues to depth perception. Perspective representation was thus an early form of virtual reality. Although accurate perspective representation was developed earlier in the 15th century, the first analytic perspective scheme was developed by Piero della Francesca, whose chef d’oeuvre is in the Church of San Francesco, Arezzo, in which the present lecture took place. The focus of the lecture was to evaluate some of the contributions of Piero della Francesca and his 15th-century contemporaries to the visual science, art and symbolism of his era, and its significance for the perception of depth structure from two-dimensional images.
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19

Tubbs, R. Shane, Sanjay Linganna, and Marios Loukas. "Matteo Realdo Colombo (c. 1516–1559): The Anatomist and Surgeon." American Surgeon 74, no. 1 (January 2008): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480807400120.

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Matteo Realdo Colombo (c. 1516–1559) was one of the great anatomists and teachers of the Renaissance period. He has created a lasting reputation by both challenging incorrect medical convention and influencing the great artwork of the time. Although Colombo's contemporaries are often held in greater esteem, the accomplishments of this anatomist helped set the stage for modern medicine. The story of Colombo's life provides the modern surgeons and anatomist with valuable lessons regarding the nature of orthodoxy, conflict, and the evolving nature of “truth” in science.
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20

Crone, Hugh, and Philip Ball. "The Devil's Doctor: Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science." Health and History 8, no. 1 (2006): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40111533.

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21

FitzGerald, Garret. "The devil’s doctor: Paracelsus and the world of Renaissance magic and science." Journal of Clinical Investigation 117, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci31235.

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22

Di Matteo, Berardo, Vittorio Tarabella, Giuseppe Filardo, Anna Viganò, Patrizia Tomba, and Maurilio Marcacci. "Art and Science in the Renaissance: The Case of Walther Hermann Ryff." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 472, no. 6 (April 17, 2014): 1689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11999-014-3605-y.

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23

Cardoso, Adelino. "O Sonho na Medicina do Renascimento." Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy 7, no. 14 (1999): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philosophica199971422.

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Cette étude pose la question, devenue de plus en plus actuelle, de la pertinence du rêve dans la clinique médicale. En fait, de nos jours, un siècle après la publication de la Traumdeutung freudienne, on peut constater la réhabilitation du rêve comme objet scientifique, doué d’une signification immanente. L’auteur envisage la question posée dans une période - la Renaissance - difficile à cerner en vertu de son caractère même, hétéroclite, où la science et la magie se mêlent sans réussir à élaborer une vraie synthèse. Il se propose de saisir l’intelligibilité scientifique de la Renaissance en tant que telle, dans son originalité propre, en dénonçant les contresens qui découlent d’un examen rétrospectif de cette intelligibilité. On prend comme paradigmatique de cette science l’effort d’élargir la conception de nature dans le dessein d’intégrer les mirabilia au dedans, qui est mené par Pomponaizzi dans son oeuvre De incantationibus. Ce n’est pas un hasard qu’il s’agit d’une oeuvre médicale, car la Médecine occupe une place centrale dans l’intelligibilité scientifique de cette époque: c’est dans le cadre du savoir et de la praxis médicaux qu’on essaie de construire une science autonome, à la mesure de l’homme, une science conjecturelle et pratique, une ars. Dans son parcours, la recherche a suivi le chemin d ’Amador Arrais dans ses Dialogues (1589) et celui de Francisco Sanches dans son Commentaire à la devination par le rêve, contre Aristote (circa 1600). La position sur l’usage médical du rêve et sur le modèle épistémiq ue sousjace nt est, surprenamment, très proche dans les deux penseurs choisis. On appronfondit surtout la pensée de Sanches selon laqu elle le rêve manifeste l'état global du sujet. Cette conception joue admirablement avec la compréhension sanchesienne de la médecine comme un art du sentir (ars sensualis).
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24

Isman, Murray B. "A renaissance for botanical insecticides?" Pest Management Science 71, no. 12 (August 27, 2015): 1587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.4088.

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25

Szulakowska, Urszula. "Renaissance Theories of Vision." Early Science and Medicine 16, no. 6 (2011): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338211x607835.

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26

Touwaide, Alain. "Printing Greek Medicine in the Renaissance. Scholars, Collections, Opportunities, and Challenges Introduction." Early Science and Medicine 17, no. 4 (2012): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573382320120001.

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27

Albury, W. R., and G. M. Weisz. "Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466–1536): Renaissance Advocate of the Public Role of Medicine." Journal of Medical Biography 11, no. 3 (August 2003): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096777200301100304.

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The great Renaissance scholar Erasmus of Rotterdam was a pioneering advocate of the importance of medicine for social as well as individual welfare. Erasmus' “Oration in praise of the art of medicine” (1518) illustrates his literary approach to this topic. Although the original version of his text did not address the state's role in promoting the health of the populace, Erasmus inserted new material on this topic into the “Oration” for a 1529 edition. This new material and references in some of his other writings from the same period indicate that it was in the 1520s that Erasmus first became a strong advocate of government intervention in public health matters. It is suggested that medical events in Erasmus' own life — his experiences both as a patient and as an observer of diseases — may explain why his interest in public health legislation increased significantly around this time.
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28

Hodson, Niall. "Communities of Learned Experience: Epistolary Medicine in the Renaissance - by Nancy G. Siraisi." Centaurus 55, no. 4 (November 2013): 435–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12028.

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29

Dhaouadi, Mahmoud. "Reflections into the Spirit of the Islamic Corpus of Knowledge and the Rise of the New Science." American Journal of Islam and Society 10, no. 2 (July 1, 1993): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v10i2.2504.

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There is no question that contemporary western civilization has beendominant in the field of science since the Renaissance. Western scientificsuperiority is not limited to specific scientific disciplines, but is rather anovetall scientific domination covering both the so-called exact and thehuman-social sciences. Western science is the primary reference for specialistsin such ateas as physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, economics,psychology, and sociology. It is in this sense that Third World underdevelopmentis not only economic, social, and industrial; it also suffersfrom scientific-cultutal underdevelopment, or what we call "The OtherUnderdevelopment" (Dhaouadi 1988).The imptessive progress of western science since Newton and Descartesdoes not meari, however, that it has everything tight or perfect. Infact, its flaws ate becoming mote visible. In the last few decades, westernscience has begun to experience a shift from what is called classical scienceto new science. Classical science was associated with the celestialmechanics of Copernicus, Kepler, Newton, the new physics of Galileo,and the philosophy of Descartes. Descartes introduced a radical divisionbetween mind and matter, while Newton and his fellows presented a newscience that looked at the world as a kind of giant clock The laws of thisworld were time-reversible, for it was held that there was no differencebetween past and future. As the laws were deterministic, both the pastand the future could be predicted once the present was known.The vision of the emerging new science tends to heal the division betweenmatter and spirit and to do away with the mechanical dimension ...
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Nagai, Tsuneji. "Renaissance in Natural Products Drug Science to be the Focus of Drug Delivery." Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 3, no. 4 (January 1998): xi—xii. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10837459809028621.

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31

Likhtshangof, Alexander Zinovievich. "Periodization of the history of the world and Russian homeopathic medicine." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 5, no. 1 (March 15, 2014): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped51132-139.

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During the last two centuries homeopathy is a part of Russian medicine in whole, that’s why its development must be studied by historical medical science. There are following main stages in the development and dissemination of homeopathic medicine in Russia: 1) 1820ies-1860ies: penetration of homeopathic ideas into Russia - since the first physicians who practiced homeopathy in treatment up to organization of the first homeopathic societies and journals; 2) the end of 1860ies-1918: this stage was characterized by strengthening of homeopathy positions in Russia - since the organization of the first homeopathic societies and journals up to radical political changes in Russia which influenced on the government attitude to homeopathic medicine; 3) 1918 - second half of 1980ies - these years were a severe time for homeopathy, when it was nearly underground; 4) since the end of the 1980ies till nowadays - this period is characterized by rapid development of homeopathic medicine, including its recognition by physicians and people. The same four stages (start, spreading, decline and renaissance) can be seen in the history of homeopathy in the most developed countries as well.
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32

Lines, David A. "Natural Philosophy in Renaissance Italy: the University of Bologna and the Beginnings of Specialization." Early Science and Medicine 6, no. 4 (2001): 267–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338201x00163.

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AbstractIn the Italian universities, there was traditionally a strong alliance between natural philosophy and medicine, which however was all to the advantage of the latter; its teachers were better regarded and better paid than others in the faculty of Arts and Medicine, and this led to career paths that sought out the teaching of medicine as soon as possible. This article examines a reversal of this trend observable in sixteenth-century Bologna and some other Italian universities (Pisa and Padua), leading to careers concentrating on natural philosophy and on the interpretation of Aristotelian works. It appears that financial incentives were part of the context leading to specialization in philosophy. An appendix listing the careers of nearly 200 teachers of natural philosophy in Bologna between 1340 and 1600 illustrates the developments.
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33

Opie, John. "Renaissance Origins of the Environmental Crisis." Environmental Review: ER 11, no. 1 (1987): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3984216.

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34

Martin, Craig. "Astrological Debates in Italian Renaissance Commentaries on Aristotle’s Meteorology." Early Science and Medicine 24, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 311–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-00244p01.

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Abstract From the time of Albertus Magnus, medieval commentators on Aristotle regularly used a passage from Meteorology 1.2 as evidence that the stars and planets influence and even govern terrestrial events. Many of these commentators integrated their readings of this work with the view that planetary conjunctions were causes of significant changes in human affairs. By the end of the sixteenth century, Italian Aristotelian commentators and astrologers alike deemed this passage as authoritative for the integration of astrology with natural philosophy. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, however, criticized this reading, contending that Aristotle never used the science of the stars to explain meteorological phenomena. While some Italian commentators, such as Pietro Pomponazzi dismissed Pico’s contentions, by the middle of the sixteenth century many reevaluated the medieval integration. This reevaluation culminated in Cesare Cremonini, who put forth an extensive critique of astrology in which he argued against the idea of occult causation and celestial influence, as he tried to rid Aristotelianism of its medieval legacy.
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35

Siddiqui, Mumtaz A., Nirav J. Mehta, and Ijaz A. Khan. "Paracelsus: the Hippocrates of the Renaissance." Journal of Medical Biography 11, no. 2 (May 2003): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096777200301100207.

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Paracelsus lived during the Renaissance. His sober spirit of scientific observation and critical reason were accompanied by emotional turbulence and a volcanic temperament. He remains both a mystery and an object of nostalgia. Paracelsus is today celebrated as the first modern medical scientist. Paracelsus' early life, achievements and latter years are described.
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36

Padfield, Adrian. "Book Review: The Renaissance of American Medicine: A Century of New Learning and Caring." Journal of Medical Biography 10, no. 1 (February 2002): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096777200201000113.

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37

Antic, Radisa. "The role of Christianity in the development of European and Serbian medieval medicine." Archive of Oncology 18, no. 4 (2010): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo1004111a.

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Being conceived in the name of Christianity, the Church quickly mastered all of Western Europe, including medicine, which was developed in monasteries at first and at universities later on. The first hospitals were built within monasteries, and were used to treat monks and the general population in later times. With the founding of the first universities, medicine claimed its place in the world next to law, philosophy, and theology. In its early days, it was studied only as a theoretical science, but soon practical classes on cadavers were added. Universities were completely ruled by the Church, which meant that the curriculum had to be pre-approved by the Church, even the diplomas were presented by a bishop in a religious ceremony. Development of Serbian medieval medicine was under the influence of Byzantine and Italian (mainly Salernian) medicine. The greatest role in transfer of medical knowledge from the Byzantine Empire belonged to Serbian and Byzantine monks, while Italian doctors working in Serbia were responsible for the transfer of the Western medical knowledge. Serbian monarchs quickly started founding hospitals, both in and out of their domains, with the most famous ones being within monasteries such as Hilandar, Studenica, Pantokrator, Visoki Decani, Sveti Arhangel, etc. In addition to those, there were two more hospitals not related to monasteries in Kotor and Belgrade, named after Stefan Lazarevic. This contribution of Christianity to European medicine created a basis for a sudden development of medical science in the Renaissance.
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Long, Pamela. "Culture and Machines in Renaissance Europe." Early Science and Medicine 14, no. 4 (2009): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338209x433507.

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Reeves, Eileen. "Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes." Early Science and Medicine 14, no. 4 (2009): 561–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338209x434713.

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40

Pamela H. Smith. " The Devil's Doctor: Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science (review)." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 82, no. 2 (2008): 442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.0.0056.

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41

Cooper, Glen M. "Approaches to the Critical Days in Late Medieval and Renaissance Thinkers." Early Science and Medicine 18, no. 6 (2013): 536–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-0186p0003.

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Galen’s astrological doctrine of the critical days, as found in his De diebus decretoriis (Critical Days), Book III, was at the center of a long discussion in the Latin West about the relationship between astrology and medicine. The main problem was that Galen’s views could not be made to square with the prevailing cosmology, which derived both from Aristotle and Abū Maʿshar. The views of selected Latin thinkers concerning the critical days, from Pietro d’Abano, down through Girolamo Cardano, are considered in the context of a fourfold scheme that aims to classify the main approaches to the critical days. The criticisms of Pico della Mirandola are discussed, as well as two kinds of responses to him: the progressive views of Giovanni Mainardi and Girolamo Fracastoro, as well as the conservative views of Thomas Bodier and Girolamo Cardano.
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42

Huzain, Muh. "PENGARUH PERADABAN ISLAM TERHADAP DUNIA BARAT." Tasamuh: Jurnal Studi Islam 10, no. 2 (November 7, 2018): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32489/tasamuh.41.

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The emergence of Islam influenced the revolution and made a wave of culture toward a new world when experiencing an era of darkness. The progress of Greek civilization in the West could not be continued by the Roman empire and Roman domination in the classical era until the middle ages; which was then the rise of the West in the era of renaissance in the 14-16th century. This paper will reveal the influence of Islam on the development of the Western world, since the emergence of contact between Islam with the West in the Classical era until the middle ages. There are different opinions among historians about who and when the first contact between Islam and the West took place. The first contact, however, occurred when the areas of East Roman government (Byzantium), Syria (638) and Egypt (640) fell into the hands of the Islamic government during the reign of Caliph 'Umar bin Khaţţāb. The Second contact, at the beginning of the eighth and ninth centuries occurred when the kings of Islam were able to rule Spain (711-1472), Portugal (716-1147), and important Mediterranean islands such as Sardinia (740-1050), Cicilia (827-1091), Malta (870-1090) as well as several small areas in Southern Italy and French Southern France. The third contact, took place in Eastern Europe from the fourteenth to early twentieth century when the Ottoman empire ruled the Balkan peninsula (Eastern Europe) and Southern Russia. The Ottoman empire's powers in Europe covered Yunāni, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, parts of Rhode, Cyprus, Austria and parts of Russia. Of the three periods of contact, the greatest influence was in the second contact period, where the decline of Western science in the dark era, while in the Islamic world developed advanced and produces scientists, thinkers and intellectuals in various sciences. This influence can be seen from the sending of students studying to the university of Islamic area, the establishment of the university, the translation and copying of various scientific literature such as natural science (Science of astronomy, Mathematics, Chemistry, Pharmacy, medicine, architecture etc) and Social Science history, philosophy, politics, economics, earth sciences, sociology, law, culture, language, literature, art, etc.). The Historians recognize that the influence of Islamic civilization is very great on the development of the West, which culminated in the renaissance or rise of Western civilization in Europe after the dark era.
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Huzain, Muh. "Pengaruh Peradaban Islam Terhadap Dunia Barat." TASAMUH: Jurnal Studi Islam 10, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47945/tasamuh.v10i2.77.

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The emergence of Islam influenced the revolution and made a wave of culture toward a new world when experiencing an era of darkness. The progress of Greek civilization in the Westcould not be continued by the Roman empire and Roman domination in the classical era until the middle ages; which was then therise of the West in the era of renaissance in the 14-16th century.This paper will reveal the influence of Islam on the development of the Western world, since the emergence of contact between Islam with the West in the Classical era until the middle ages. There are different opinions among historians about who and when the first contact between Islam and the West took place. The first contact, however, occurred when the areas of East Roman government (Byzantium), Syria (638) and Egypt (640) fell into the hands of the Islamic government during the reign of Caliph 'Umar bin Khaţţāb. The Second contact, at the beginning of the eighth and ninth centuries occurred when the kings of Islam were able to rule Spain (711-1472), Portugal (716-1147), and important Mediterranean islands such as Sardinia (740-1050), Cicilia (827-1091), Malta (870-1090) as well as several small areas in Southern Italy and French Southern France. The third contact, took place in Eastern Europe from the fourteenth to early twentieth century when the Ottoman empire ruled the Balkan peninsula (Eastern Europe) and Southern Russia. The Ottoman empire's powers in Europe covered Yunāni, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, parts of Rhode, Cyprus, Austria and parts of Russia. Of the three periods of contact, the greatest influence was in the second contact period, where the decline of Western science in the dark era, while in the Islamic world developed advanced and produces scientists, thinkers and intellectuals in various sciences. This influence can be seen from the sending of students studying to the university of Islamic area, the establishment of the university, the translation and copying of various scientific literature such as natural science (Science of astronomy, Mathematics, Chemistry, Pharmacy, medicine, architecture etc) and Social Science history, philosophy, politics, economics, earth sciences, sociology, law, culture, language, literature, art, etc.). The Historians recognize that the influence of Islamic civilization is very great on the development of the West, which culminated in the renaissance or rise of Western civilization in Europe after the dark era.
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Lewis, Richard A., Peter Ertl, Nadine Schneider, and Nikolaus Stiefl. "Reducing the Concepts of Data Science and Machine Learning to Tools for the Bench Chemist." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 73, no. 12 (December 18, 2019): 1001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2019.1001.

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Machine Learning and Data Science have enjoyed a renaissance due to the availability of increased computational power and larger data sets. Many questions can be now asked and answered, that previously were beyond our scope. This does not translate instantly into new tools that can be used by those not skilled in the field, as many of the issues and traps still exist. In this paper, we look at some of the new tools that we have created, and some of the difficulties that still need to be taken care of during the transition from a project run by an expert, to a tool for the bench chemist.
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45

Cannon, Geoffrey. "The rise and fall of dietetics and of nutrition science, 4000 BCE–2000 CE." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 6a (September 2005): 701–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005766.

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AbstractObjectiveTo outline the history of dietetics since its beginnings in recorded history, and of nutrition science in its first phase beginning in the mid-nineteenth century and then its second phase in the second half of the twentieth century.MethodThree narrative overviews: of dietetics from its beginnings until after the end of the mediaeval and then Renaissance periods in Europe; of nutrition science in its first phase from its beginnings in the mid-nineteenth century until the middle of the twentieth century, with reasons for its rise; and of nutrition science in its second phase in the second half of the twentieth century, with reasons for its decline.ConclusionsIn its third phase in the twenty-first century, the new nutrition science should regain much of the vision and scope of its preceding disciplines.
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46

Nicoli, Elena. "Reading Lucretius in the Renaissance. I Tatti Studies in Italian Renaissance History, written by Ada Palmer, 2014." Early Science and Medicine 21, no. 1 (February 22, 2016): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-00211p09.

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Weibel, Ewald R. "Contributions of Electron Microscopy to Biology and Medicine." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (August 12, 1990): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100178781.

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In the development of the biological and medical sciences, morphology has traditionally served as pacemaker, from the Renaissance on when Vesalius founded Anatomy as a science.The invention of the microscope brought observation into the range of invisible structures. This ended around the middle of the last century when the cell was discovered as the fundamental unit of living matter, and also as the site of disease, causing “numoral” pathology to be replaced by cellular pathology (Virchow).At the same time, microscopic methods had reached their limit. The chemical revolution stepped in and biochemistry became the pacemaker in biology and medicine; we seemed to move back to “humoral pathology”.When electron microscopy was applied in biological studies after 1950 a new “invisible world” was discovered: the power of morphological observation was extended to the molecular level. Membranes were discovered as boundaries of the cell and as barriers between compartments: cell function was seen as a highly ordered process. Step by step with ever more refined techniques, cellular organization was unravelled. Today's picture is that of a totally ordered cell with precise relationships to its neighbors. The structure of bacteria and viruses and the pattern of their interaction with cells and tissues was revealed. The diversity of cells became reduced to variations over a common basic scheme.
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Retief, Francois P., and Louise C. Cilliers. "Astrology and medicine in antiquity and the middle ages." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 29, no. 1 (January 13, 2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v29i1.2.

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Astrology is a pseudo-science based on the assumption that the well-being of humankind, and its health in particular, is influenced in a constant and predictable fashion by the stars and other stellar bodies. Its origins can probably be traced back to Mesopotamia of the 3rd millennium BC and was particularly popular in Graeco-Roman times and the Medieval Era. Astrology in Western countries has always differed from that in the Far East, and while it largely lost its popularity in the West after the Renaissance, it still remains of considerable significance in countries like China and Tibet. Astrology took on a prominent medical component in the Old Babylonian Era (1900-1600 BC) when diseases were first attributed to stellar bodies and associated gods. In the Neo-Babylonian Era (6th century BC) the zodiac came into being: an imaginary belt across the skies (approximately 16o wide) which included the pathways of the sun, moon and planets, as perceived from earth. The zodiac belt was divided into 12 equal parts (“houses” or signs), 6 above the horizon and 6 below. The signs became associated with specific months, illnesses and body parts – later with a number of other objects like planets, minerals (e.g. stones) and elements of haruspiction (soothsaying, mantic, gyromancy). In this way the stellar objects moving through a zodiac “house” became associated with a multitude of happenings on earth, including illness. The macrocosm of the universe became part of the human microcosm, and by studying the stars, planets, moon, etcetera the healer could learn about the incidence, cause, progress and treatment of disease. He could even predict the sex and physiognomy of unborn children. The art of astrology and calculations involved became very complex. The horoscope introduced by the 3rd century BC (probably with Greek input) produced a measure of standardisation: a person’s position within the zodiac would be determined by the date of birth, or date of onset of an illness or other important incident, on which information was needed. Egyptian astrological influence was limited but as from the 5th century BC onwards, Greek (including Hellenistic) input became prominent. In addition to significant contributions to astronomy, Ptolemy made a major contribution to astrology as “science” in his Tetrabiblos. Rational Greek medicine as represented by the Hippocratic Corpus did not include astrology, and although a number of physicians did make use of astrology, it almost certainly played a minor role in total health care. Astrology based on the Babylonian-Greek model also moved to the East, including India where it became integrated with standard medicine. China, in the Far East, developed a unique, extremely complex variety of astrology, which played a major role in daily life, including medicine. During Medieval times in the West, astrology prospered when the original Greek writings (complemented by Arabic and Hebrew contributions) were translated into Latin. In the field of medicine documents falsely attributed to Hippocrates and Galen came into circulation, boosting astrology; in the young universities of Europe it became taught as a science. It was, however, opposed by the theologians who recognised a mantic element of mysticism, and it lost further support when during the Renaissance, the spuriousness of the writings attributed to the medical icons, Hippocrates and Galen, became evident. Today Western standard medicine contains no astrology, but in countries like China and Tibet it remains intricately interwoven with health care. In common language we have a heritage of words with an astrological origin, like “lunatic” (a person who is mentally ill), “ill-starred”, “saturnine” (from Saturn, the malevolent plant) and “disaster” (from dis, bad, and astra, star).
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Muratori, Cecilia. "The body speaks Italian: Giuseppe Liceti and the conflict of philosophy and medicine in the Renaissance." Intellectual History Review 27, no. 4 (May 3, 2017): 473–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17496977.2017.1294848.

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Blatt, Sidney J. "A Psychoanalytic Appreciation of Giotto's Mode of Artistic Representation and its Implications for Renaissance Art and Science." Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 49, no. 1 (January 1994): 365–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1994.11823069.

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