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Journal articles on the topic 'Renal Microperfusion'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Burg, Maurice B. "Origins of Isolated Tubule Microperfusion Methodology." Physiology 3, no. 4 (1988): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1988.3.4.176.

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Understanding of renal function has been facilitated by the technique of perfusion of isolated renal tubule segments in vitro. The basic technology originated in the Laboratory of Kidney and Electrolyte Metabolism of the National Institutes of Health in the early 1960s and then was expanded to apply a variety of analytical methods to single tubules.

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2

CHEN, Chun-guang, and Yi-ping WANG. "Magnesium lithospermate B ameliorates renal cortical microperfusion in rats1." Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 27, no. 2 (2006): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00225.x.

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3

Ott, Christian, Joanna M. Harazny, Axel Schmid, et al. "Retinal microperfusion after renal denervation in treatment-resistant hypertensive patients." Clinical Research in Cardiology 104, no. 9 (2015): 782–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00392-015-0845-0.

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4

Capasso, Giovambattista, Caterina Saviano, Francesca Ciani, Florian Lang, Ferdinando Russo, and Natale G. De Santo. "A decrease in renal medullary tonicity stimulates anion transport in Henle’s loop of rat kidneys." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 274, no. 4 (1998): F693—F699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1998.274.4.f693.

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To investigate the effect of reduction in renal medulla osmolality on loop of Henle (LOH) net bicarbonate reabsorption, clearance and microperfusion experiments were performed on Sprague-Dawley rats. The decrease of renal medulla osmolality was induced by intravenous infusion of either a large dose of mannitol (mannitol protocol) or a hypotonic solution (hypotonic protocol) delivered at a rate to match the sodium and bicarbonate load of the control period. During the mannitol protocol, clearance data demonstrated a rise in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow, urine pH, and frac

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5

Regus, Susanne, Felix Klingler, Werner Lang, et al. "Pilot study using intraoperative fluorescence angiography during arteriovenous hemodialysis access surgery." Journal of Vascular Access 20, no. 2 (2018): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1129729818791989.

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Introduction: In this pilot study, we used indocyanine green fluorescence angiography during hemodialysis access surgery. The aim was to evaluate its relevance as a diagnostic tool to visualize changes in hand microperfusion. Patients and methods: In this prospective single-center study, 47 adult patients (33 male, 14 female) with renal disease (24 preemptive, 23 endstage) were enrolled. Surgical creation of an arteriovenous fistula was performed (22 forearm, 25 upper arm). Microperfusion of the ipsilateral hand and fingers was evaluated intraoperatively using indocyanine green fluorescence an

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6

Deng, Aihua, and Scott C. Thomson. "Renal NMDA receptors independently stimulate proximal reabsorption and glomerular filtration." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 296, no. 5 (2009): F976—F982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.90391.2008.

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N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDA) are expressed in the kidney, where little is known of their functional role. Several series of micropuncture experiments were performed in hydropenic rats using the NMDA channel blocker, MK801, and the NMDA coagonist, l-glycine, to probe NMDA for effects on single-nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) and proximal reabsorption ( Jprox). During intravenous infusion of MK801 or l-glycine, Henle's loop was perfused to manipulate SNGFR via tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), thereby facilitating analysis of glomerulotubular balance. To confirm local actions

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7

Walter, S. J., D. G. Shirley, and R. J. Unwin. "Effect of vasopressin on renal lithium reabsorption: a micropuncture and microperfusion study." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 271, no. 1 (1996): F223—F229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1996.271.1.f223.

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Micropuncture techniques were used to investigate the nephron site(s) responsible for the vasopressin-induced reductions in lithium clearance and fractional lithium excretion (FELi) in anesthetized Brattleboro rats lacking endogenous vasopressin. In rats treated intravenously with the vasopressin analogue 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP; 40 pg/min), FELi was significantly lower than in untreated animals (0.23 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.28 +/- 0.02, P < 0.05). Free-flow micropuncture showed that fractional lithium delivery (FDLi) to late proximal convolutions was identical in the two groups,

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8

Kirchner, K. A. "Increased loop chloride uptake precedes hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 262, no. 2 (1992): R263—R268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.262.2.r263.

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When studied at equivalent renal perfusion pressures, loop segment chloride reabsorption is greater in hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive (S) than Dahl salt-resistant (R) rats. To determine whether this difference in loop reabsorption is present before the onset of hypertension, volume expanded and euvolemic Dahl rats maintained on low NaCl diets were examined using micropuncture and in vivo microperfusion techniques. Neuroendocrine differences between groups were eliminated by renal denervation and fixing plasma aldosterone, norepinephrine, and vasopressin levels. After volume expansion, urinar

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9

Fischer, Krisztina, F. Can Meral, Yongzhi Zhang, et al. "High-resolution renal perfusion mapping using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in ischemia-reperfusion injury monitors changes in renal microperfusion." Kidney International 89, no. 6 (2016): 1388–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2016.02.004.

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10

Bank, N., H. S. Aynedjian, and B. F. Mutz. "Microperfusion study of proximal tubule bicarbonate transport in maleic acid-induced renal tubular acidosis." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 250, no. 3 (1986): F476—F482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1986.250.3.f476.

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Microperfusion studies were carried out in rats to examine the abnormality in proximal tubule HCO3- transport caused by maleic acid administration. Permeability of the proximal tubule to HCO-3 was measured by perfusing proximal tubules with a HCO3- -free low-buffer isotonic equilibrium solution containing acetazolamide after plasma [HCO3-] had been raised by intravenous NaHCO3 infusion. Insulin recovery in the collected perfusate was approximately 100% in control and maleic acid-treated rats. CO2 influx measured by microcalorimetry was not significantly different in control vs. maleic acid-tre

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11

Lessa, Lucília M. A., Luciene R. Carraro-Lacroix, Renato O. Crajoinas, et al. "Mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of uroguanylin on NHE3 transport activity in renal proximal tubule." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 303, no. 10 (2012): F1399—F1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00385.2011.

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We previously demonstrated that uroguanylin (UGN) significantly inhibits Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE)3-mediated bicarbonate reabsorption. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of UGN on NHE3 in rat renal proximal tubules and in a proximal tubule cell line (LLC-PK1). The in vivo studies were performed by the stationary microperfusion technique, in which we measured H+ secretion in rat renal proximal segments, through a H+-sensitive microelectrode. UGN (1 μM) significantly inhibited the net of proximal bicarbonate reabsorption. The inhibitory effect

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12

Quan, Albert, and Michel Baum. "Renal nerve stimulation augments effect of intraluminal angiotensin II on proximal tubule transport." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 282, no. 6 (2002): F1043—F1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00279.2001.

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The proximal tubule synthesizes and secretes angiotensin II into the lumen, where it regulates transport. Renal denervation abolishes the effect of angiotensin II on proximal tubule transport. Using in vivo microperfusion, we examined whether renal nerve stimulation modulates the effect of angiotensin II on transport. The effect of angiotensin II was assessed by measuring the decrease in volume reabsorption with the addition of 10−4M luminal enalaprilat. Luminal enalaprilat did not alter volume reabsorption (2.80 ± 0.18 vs. 2.34 ± 0.14 nl · mm−1 · min−1). However, with renal nerve stimulation,

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13

Wang, Tong, Hyacinth Sterling, Wei A. Shao, et al. "Inhibition of heme oxygenase decreases sodium and fluid absorption in the loop of Henle." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 285, no. 3 (2003): F484—F490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00135.2003.

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We previously demonstrated that carbon monoxide (CO) stimulates the apical 70-pS K+ channel in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of the rat kidney (Liu HJ, Mount DB, Nasjletti A, and Wang WH. J Clin Invest 103: 963-970, 1999). Because the apical K+ channel plays a key role in K+ recycling, we tested the hypothesis that heme oxygenase (HO)-dependent metabolites of heme may affect Na+ transport in the TAL. We used in vivo microperfusion to study the effect of chromium mesoporphyrin (CrMP), an inhibitor of HO, on fluid absorption ( Jv) and Na+ absorption ( JNa) in the loop of Henle and renal clearan

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14

Gong, Yongfeng, Nina Himmerkus, Abby Sunq, et al. "ILDR1 is important for paracellular water transport and urine concentration mechanism." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 20 (2017): 5271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701006114.

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Whether the tight junction is permeable to water remains highly controversial. Here, we provide evidence that the tricellular tight junction is important for paracellular water permeation and that Ig-like domain containing receptor 1 (ILDR1) regulates its permeability. In the mouse kidney, ILDR1 is localized to tricellular tight junctions of the distal tubules. Genetic knockout of Ildr1 in the mouse kidney causes polyuria and polydipsia due to renal concentrating defects. Microperfusion of live renal distal tubules reveals that they are impermeable to water in normal animals but become highly

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15

Okusa, M. D., R. J. Unwin, H. Velazquez, G. Giebisch, and F. S. Wright. "Active potassium absorption by the renal distal tubule." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 262, no. 3 (1992): F488—F493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1992.262.3.f488.

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Maintenance of potassium homeostasis during potassium depletion appears to involve an active potassium absorptive mechanism in the distal nephron. Direct demonstration of such a pathway in the distal tubule of the rat has been lacking. The purpose of the current study was to examine the hypothesis that an ATP-dependent active transport mechanism plays a role in potassium absorption by the rat distal tubule. We utilized in vivo microperfusion techniques in Sprague-Dawley rats maintained on a regular diet of low-potassium diet for 3-4 wk. The effect of a selective inhibitor of the gastric H-K-ad

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16

Kauker, M. L., L. M. Castle, L. Haag, and E. T. Zawada. "Microperfusion studies of the effect of a calcium antagonist, nisoldipine on the renal tubular efflux of calcium." European Journal of Pharmacology 183, no. 4 (1990): 1155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(90)94243-q.

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17

Müller-Berger, S., I. Samarzija, M. Kunimi, H. Yamada, E. Frömter, and G. Seki. "A stop-flow microperfusion technique for rapid determination of HCO3 – absorption/H+ secretion by isolated renal tubules." Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 439, no. 1 (1999): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004249900171.

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18

Wei, Jin, Jinxiu Zhu, Jie Zhang, et al. "Aging Impairs Renal Autoregulation in Mice." Hypertension 75, no. 2 (2020): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13588.

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Impaired renal autoregulation permits more transmission of disturbance in systemic blood pressure, which initiates barotrauma in intrarenal microvasculatures such as glomerular and tubulointerstitial capillaries, contributing to the development of kidney damage and deterioration in renal function, especially under the conditions with high blood pressure. Although it has been postulated that autoregulatory efficiency is attenuated in the aging kidney, direct evidence remains lacking. In the present study, we measured the autoregulation of renal blood flow, myogenic response of afferent arteriol

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19

Stanton, Bruce A. "Renal potassium transport: the pioneering studies of Gerhard Giebisch." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 298, no. 2 (2010): F233—F234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00669.2009.

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This essay looks at the historical significance of six APS Classic Papers that are freely available on line: Malnic G, Klose RM, Giebisch G. Micropuncture study of renal potassium excretion in the rat. Am J Physiol 206: 674–686, 1964 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/206/4/674 ). Malnic G, Klose RM, Giebisch G. Micropuncture study of distal tubular potassium and sodium transport in rat nephron. Am J Physiol 211: 529–547, 1966 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/211/3/529 ). Malnic G, Klose RM, Giebisch G. Microperfusion study of distal tubular potassium and sodium transfe

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20

Blantz, R. C., O. W. Peterson, and S. C. Thomson. "Tubuloglomerular feedback responses to acute contralateral nephrectomy." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 260, no. 5 (1991): F749—F756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1991.260.5.f749.

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After unilateral nephrectomy adaptive events must occur in the remaining kidney within the first 12-14 h in anticipation of an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and eventual renal hypertrophy. Utilizing micropuncture and microperfusion techniques in the rat, we have examined tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) and single-nephron GFR (SNGFR) responses while the late proximal tubule was microperfused [late proximal tubule flow (VLP)] from 0 to 40 nl/min in 10 nl/min intervals at 2-4 and 12 h after contralateral nephrectomy. Urinary excretion increased, but SNGFR derived from distal collec

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21

Peti-Peterdi, János. "Multiphoton imaging of renal tissues in vitro." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 288, no. 6 (2005): F1079—F1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00385.2004.

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The highly inhomogeneous and light-scattering structure of living renal tissue makes the application of conventional imaging techniques more difficult compared with other parenchymal organs. On the other hand, key physiological processes of the kidney, such as regulation of glomerular filtration, hemodynamics, concentration, and dilution, involve complex interactions between multiple cell types and otherwise inaccessible structures that necessitate visual approaches. An ideal solution is multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy, a state-of-the-art imaging technique superior for deep opti

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22

Salmond, R., and F. D. Seney. "Reset tubuloglomerular feedback permits and sustains glomerular hyperfunction after extensive renal ablation." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 260, no. 3 (1991): F395—F401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1991.260.3.f395.

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To determine the contribution of the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) system to glomerular hyperfunction after extensive loss of renal mass, TGF was assessed in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats 7 days after 5/6 reduction of renal mass (2/3 infarction of 1 kidney plus contralateral nephrectomy) or sham surgery. Five-sixths renal ablation significantly increased single-nephron (SN) glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 57%, late proximal tubule fluid flow 58-63%, and maximal proximal tubule stop-flow pressure (PSF) 24%. Despite these increments, 5/6 ablation did not increase TGF activation, as judged

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23

Müller-Berger, S., I. Samarzija, M. Kunimi, H. Yamada, E. Frömter, and G. Seki. "A stop-flow microperfusion technique for rapid determination of HCO 3 - absorption/H + secretion by isolated renal tubules." Pfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology 439, no. 1-2 (1999): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004240051146.

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24

Welch, William J., Akihiro Tojo, and Christopher S. Wilcox. "Roles of NO and oxygen radicals in tubuloglomerular feedback in SHR." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 278, no. 5 (2000): F769—F776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.5.f769.

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The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has enhanced tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) responses and diminished buffering by juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)-derived nitric oxide (NO) despite enhanced expression of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms in the JGA. We tested the hypothesis that the enhanced TGF response is due to inactivation of NO by oxygen radicals ([Formula: see text]). SHR had significantly ( P< 0.05) greater expression of the peroxynitrate reaction product, nitrotyrosine, in renal cortex. A membrane-permeant, metal-independent superoxide dismutase mimetic, tempol, was used to test t

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25

DESCHÊNES, GEORGES, MONIKA WITTNER, ANTONIO DI STEFANO, SYLVIE JOUNIER, and ALAIN DOUCET. "Collecting Duct Is a Site of Sodium Retention in PAN Nephrosis: A Rationale for Amiloride Therapy." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 12, no. 3 (2001): 598–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v123598.

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Abstract. Micropuncture studies of the distal nephron and measurements of Na,K-ATPase activity in microdissected collecting tubules have suggested that renal retention of sodium in puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephrotic rats originates in the collecting duct. The present study demonstrated this hypothesis by in vitro microperfusion and showed that amiloride was able to restore sodium balance. Indeed, isolated perfused cortical collecting ducts from PAN-treated rats exhibited an abnormally high transepithelial sodium reabsorption that was abolished by amiloride, and in vivo administration of

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26

Kinoshita, Y., and F. G. Knox. "Response of superficial proximal convoluted tubule to decreased and increased renal perfusion pressure. In vivo microperfusion study in rats." Circulation Research 66, no. 5 (1990): 1184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.res.66.5.1184.

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27

Pallone, T. L. "A simplified device for injection of paraffin wax blockades." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 266, no. 4 (1994): F681—F683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1994.266.4.f681.

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Microperfusion of renal tubules and microvessels in vivo requires occlusion of the lumen with a reliable blockade. Paraffin wax serves this purpose but requires specialized hydraulic or mechanical devices to stably hold a micropipette while this solid material is extruded through micron-sized tips. This communication describes the construction of a simple and very inexpensive wax injector from commercially available parts. The rear of an aluminum holder is threaded so that a thumbscrew can be used to push a stiff wire into the lumen of a micropipette. A solder cast of the micropipette lumen is

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28

Welch, William J., Akihiro Tojo, Jong-Un Lee, Dae Gil Kang, Christine G. Schnackenberg, and Christopher S. Wilcox. "Nitric oxide synthase in the JGA of the SHR: expression and role in tubuloglomerular feedback." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 277, no. 1 (1999): F130—F138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1999.277.1.f130.

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The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has an enhanced tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) and a diminished buffering by juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)-derived NO. We examined the hypothesis that these effects are due to decreases in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression or limited availability of l-arginine or tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). SHR had significantly ( P < 0.05) greater mRNA abundance (by RT-PCR) or protein (by Western analysis) for neuronal NOS (nNOS, or type I) and endothelial cell NOS (ecNOS, or type III) in renal cortex or isolated glomeruli, respectively. There was prominent e

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29

Vehaskari, V. M., and J. Herndon. "Role of mineralocorticoids in adaptation of rabbit cortical collecting duct after loss of renal mass." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 260, no. 6 (1991): F793—F799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1991.260.6.f793.

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The mechanism of compensatory adaptation and hypertrophy of the cortical collecting duct (CCD) was studied by in vitro microperfusion technique after surgical loss of functioning nephrons in the rabbit. Sodium transport was increased at 1 wk (lumen-to-bath sodium transport of 127 +2- 9 vs. 61 +/- 11 pmol.mm-1.min-1 in sham-operated animals, P less than 0.01) and 3 wk (111 +/- 19 vs. 54 +/- 7 pmol.mm-1.min-1, P less than 0.05) but not 16 h (81 +/- 13 vs. 78 +/- 8 pmol.mm-1.min-1) after loss of renal mass. The functional adaptation was accompanied by an increase in the size of the CCD. A rise in

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30

Wang, T. "Nitric oxide regulates HCO3- and Na+ transport by a cGMP-mediated mechanism in the kidney proximal tubule." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 272, no. 2 (1997): F242—F248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1997.272.2.f242.

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The effects of nitric oxide (NO) on blood pressure and renal hemodynamics are well established, but those of NO on renal tubule HCO3- and Na+ transport are not fully understood. In this study, we combined renal clearance and in situ microperfusion techniques to investigate the effects of NO on the renal excretion of Na (FE(Na%)) and the rates of renal tubule absorption of fluid (J(V)) and bicarbonate (J(HCO3)) in the rat kidney. Administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 6 mg/kg iv bolus) did not change mean blood pressure and glomerular

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31

Velazquez, H., A. Bartiss, P. Bernstein, and D. H. Ellison. "Adrenal steroids stimulate thiazide-sensitive NaCl transport by rat renal distal tubules." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 270, no. 1 (1996): F211—F219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1996.270.1.f211.

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The current experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that adrenal steroids increase thiazide-sensitive Na and Cl transport by the mammalian renal distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were adrenalectomized and received steroid hormones by osmotic pumps. Six groups of animals were studied as follows: group I, no hormones; group II, replacement levels of dexamethasone only; group III, replacement levels of aldosterone only; group IV, replacement levels of both hormones; group V; replacement levels of aldosterone and high levels of dexamethasone; and group VI, replaceme

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32

Bencsath, P., G. Szenasi, and L. Takacs. "Water and electrolyte transport in Henle's loop and distal tubule after renal sympathectomy in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 249, no. 2 (1985): F308—F314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1985.249.2.f308.

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The effect of acute renal denervation (AD) on transtubular movement of water and electrolytes in Henle's loop (LH) and distal tubule (DT) of superficial nephrons was studied by the technique of in vivo microperfusion in Inactin-anesthetized hydropenic male rats. In time-control experiments (n = 6) no changes in either whole kidney or single nephron function were detected. Predenervation results of denervation experiments (n = 10) were similar to those of the time-control series. AD resulted in increased urine, sodium, and potassium excretion in the absence of changes of either arterial blood p

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33

Christensen, E. I., J. Gliemann, and S. K. Moestrup. "Renal tubule gp330 is a calcium binding receptor for endocytic uptake of protein." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 40, no. 10 (1992): 1481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/40.10.1382088.

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gp330, a large glycoprotein located in renal proximal tubules, has sequence similarities with the low-density lipoprotein receptor and the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. The 40 KD human alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein is a newly discovered heparin binding protein homologous to a major rat Heymann nephritis factor and exhibiting high affinity binding to the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor. The present study shows by ligand blotting, light and electron microscopic autoradiography, and cytochemistry that gp330 located in coated ap

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34

Peti-Peterdi, János, James L. Burford, and Matthias J. Hackl. "The first decade of using multiphoton microscopy for high-power kidney imaging." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 302, no. 2 (2012): F227—F233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00561.2011.

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In this review, we highlight the major scientific breakthroughs in kidney research achieved using multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and summarize the milestones in the technological development of kidney MPM during the past 10 years. Since more and more renal laboratories invest in MPM worldwide, we discuss future directions and provide practical, useful tips and examples for the application of this still-emerging optical sectioning technology. Advantages of using MPM in various kidney preparations that range from freshly dissected individual glomeruli or the whole kidney in vitro to MPM of the int

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35

Mehrabi, A., M. Golling, M. Korting, et al. "Different impact of normo- and hypotensive brain death on renal macro- and microperfusion--an experimental evaluation in a porcine model." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 19, no. 10 (2004): 2456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfh424.

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36

Chatsudthipong, V., and Y. L. Chan. "Inhibitory effect of angiotensin II on renal tubular transport." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 260, no. 3 (1991): F340—F346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1991.260.3.f340.

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This study was designed to examine the intracellular mechanism of inhibitory action of high concentration of angiotensin II (ANG II) on proximal tubular transport in rat kidneys by microperfusion methods. Perfusion of ANG II (10(-6) M) to peritubular capillaries caused a reduction of both fluid and HCO3- transport (Jv and JHCO3-, respectively) by 33 and 26%, respectively. These inhibitory effects were blocked by the ANG II-receptor antagonist [Sar1, Ile8]ANG II (10(-5) M). Similar degrees of inhibition on Jv and JHCO3- were observed when ionomycin (10(-7) and 10(-6) M), a Ca2+ ionophore, was a

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37

Pollock, D. M., and W. J. Arendshorst. "Native tubular fluid attenuates ANF-induced inhibition of tubuloglomerular feedback." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 258, no. 1 (1990): F189—F198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1990.258.1.f189.

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The effect of atrial natriuretic factor [ANF-(1–28); 0.25 microgram.kg-1.min-1] on tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) and the efficiency of renal blood flow (RBF) autoregulation was determined in anesthetized euvolemic rats. In microperfusion studies, ANF dramatically inhibited (greater than 80%) feedback-mediated decreases in single-nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) and stop-flow pressure (Psf) when Henle's loop was perfused at 0–48 nl/min with artificial fluid. The sigmoidal relationship between Psf and loop perfusion during control was shifted to a linear relation during ANF; reactivi

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Velazquez, H., and F. S. Wright. "Effects of diuretic drugs on Na, Cl, and K transport by rat renal distal tubule." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 250, no. 6 (1986): F1013—F1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1986.250.6.f1013.

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Diuretic drugs were used to characterize mechanisms involved in transporting sodium, chloride, and potassium across the wall of surface distal tubules of the rat kidney using in vivo microperfusion techniques. Both furosemide and chlorothiazide inhibited sodium and chloride absorption but did not affect the rate of potassium secretion or the transepithelial voltage. However, chlorothiazide inhibited sodium and chloride absorption more completely than furosemide and was additive to the effect of furosemide; furosemide was ineffective if chlorothiazide was already present. In contrast to the eff

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Inoue, Bruna H., Leonardo dos Santos, Thaissa D. Pessoa, et al. "Increased NHE3 abundance and transport activity in renal proximal tubule of rats with heart failure." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 302, no. 1 (2012): R166—R174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00127.2011.

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Heart failure (HF) is associated with a reduced effective circulating volume that drives sodium and water retention and extracellular volume expansion. We therefore hypothesized that Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), the major apical transcellular pathway for sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule, is upregulated in an experimental model of HF. HF was induced in male rats by left ventricle radiofrequency ablation. Sham-operated rats (sham) were used as controls. At 6 wk after surgery, HF rats exhibited cardiac dysfunction with a dramatic increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure

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Frank, Amy E., Charles S. Wingo, and I. David Weiner. "Effects of ammonia on bicarbonate transport in the cortical collecting duct." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 278, no. 2 (2000): F219—F226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.2.f219.

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Both acidosis and hypokalemia stimulate renal ammoniagenesis, and both regulate urinary proton and potassium excretion. We hypothesized that ammonia might play an important role in this processing by stimulating H+-K+-ATPase-mediated ion transport. Rabbit cortical collecting ducts (CCD) were studied using in vitro microperfusion, bicarbonate reabsorption was measured using microcalorimetry, and intracellular pH (pHi) was measured using the fluorescent, pH-sensitive dye, 2′,7′-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). Ammonia caused a concentration-dependent increase in net bicarbona

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Liu, F. Y., and M. G. Cogan. "Atrial natriuretic factor does not inhibit basal or angiotensin II-stimulated proximal transport." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 255, no. 3 (1988): F434—F437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1988.255.3.f434.

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Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) can functionally overcome the effects of angiotensin II in several tissues. Since ANF and angiotensin II in physiological concentrations have opposite effects on renal sodium excretion, we evaluated whether functional antagonism of the two hormones occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule, as has been recently reported with use of the shrinking split-droplet technique. We used the more conventional technique of in vivo microperfusion to measure the response to systemic ANF (0.5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) when the endogenous angiotensin II level and proximal transpor

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Jutabha, Promsuk, Chaivat Toskulkao, and Varanuj Chatsudthipong. "Effect of stevioside on PAH transport by isolated perfused rabbit renal proximal tubule." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 78, no. 9 (2000): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y00-051.

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Stevioside, a non-caloric sweetening agent, is used as a sugar substitute. An influence of stevioside on renal function has been suggested, but little is known about its effect on tubular function. Therefore, the present study was designed to explore the direct effect of stevioside on transepithelial transport of p-aminohippurate (PAH) in isolated S2 segments of rabbit proximal renal tubules using in vitro microperfusion. Addition of stevioside at a concentration of 0.45 mM to either the tubular lumen, bathing medium, or both at the same time had no effect on transepithelial transport of PAH.

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Tripathi, S., E. L. Boulpaep, and A. B. Maunsbach. "Isolated perfused Ambystoma proximal tubule: hydrodynamics modulates ultrastructure." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 252, no. 6 (1987): F1129—F1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1987.252.6.f1129.

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A method using a pressure-sensing servo-pipette is described for measuring downstream transepithelial pressure within isolated renal tubules perfused at flow rates designed to keep luminal solution composition constant. The hydrodynamics of in vitro microperfusion of isolated proximal tubules of Ambystoma tigrinum was varied and different states of transepithelial hydrostatic pressure difference, axial tubule flow, and transepithelial transport were correlated with epithelial ultrastructure. Tubules analyzed by ultrastructural morphometry were as follows: unperfused with and without ouabain, p

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Velazquez, H., D. H. Ellison, and F. S. Wright. "Chloride-dependent potassium secretion in early and late renal distal tubules." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 253, no. 3 (1987): F555—F562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1987.253.3.f555.

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Potassium transport by subsegments of the rat surface distal tubule was studied using a modified in vivo microperfusion method. The nephron segments between 14 and 38% and between 62 and 83% of total distal length distance between macula densa region and confluence of tubule with another) were perfused separately. The first of these two segments is composed primarily of distal convoluted tubule (DCT) cells; the more distal segment is made up primarily by initial collecting tubule (ICT) epithelium. Experiments were performed to measure potassium secretion via two pathways: a diffusion mechanism

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Borges-Júnior, Flávio A., Danúbia Silva dos Santos, Acaris Benetti, et al. "Empagliflozin Inhibits Proximal Tubule NHE3 Activity, Preserves GFR, and Restores Euvolemia in Nondiabetic Rats with Induced Heart Failure." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 32, no. 7 (2021): 1616–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2020071029.

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BackgroundSGLT2 inhibitors reduce the risk of heart failure (HF) mortality and morbidity, regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes, but the mechanisms underlying this benefit remain unclear. Experiments with nondiabetic HF rats tested the hypothesis that the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin (EMPA) inhibits proximal tubule (PT) NHE3 activity and improves renal salt and water handling.MethodsMale Wistar rats were subjected to myocardial infarction or sham operation. After 4 weeks, rats that developed HF and sham rats were treated with EMPA or untreated for an additional 4 weeks. Immunoblot

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Chambrey, Régine, Dominique Goossens, Soline Bourgeois, et al. "Genetic ablation of Rhbg in the mouse does not impair renal ammonium excretion." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 289, no. 6 (2005): F1281—F1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00172.2005.

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NH4+ transport by the distal nephron and NH4+ detoxification by the liver are critical for achieving regulation of acid-base balance and to avoid hyperammonemic hepatic encephalopathy, respectively. Therefore, it has been proposed that rhesus type B glycoprotein (Rhbg), a member of the Mep/Amt/Rh NH3 channel superfamily, may be involved in some forms of distal tubular acidosis and congenital hyperammonemia. We have tested this hypothesis by inactivating the RHbg gene in the mouse by insertional mutagenesis. Histochemical studies analyses confirmed that RHbg knockout (KO) mice did not express R

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MacLaughin, M., and M. Mello Aires. "Renal Acidification Defect Induced by Lithium in Control and Acidotic Rats." Clinical Science 79, no. 1 (1990): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0790023.

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1. The aim of this work was to contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism by which Li+ administration impairs renal tubular acidification. 2. The kinetics of tubular acidification in the mid-proximal and distal convoluted tubules were studied by measuring intratubular pH using Sb microelectrodes during stopped-flow microperfusion with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (30 mmol/l) buffer. Four groups of male Wistar rats were utilized in this study: control, control plus lithium (C + Li+; one intraperitoneal injection of LiCl of 4 mmol l−1 day−1 kg−1 for 4 days), acidotic and acidotic plus lit

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Ullrich, K. J., and G. Rumrich. "Contraluminal transport systems in the proximal renal tubule involved in secretion of organic anions." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 254, no. 4 (1988): F453—F462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1988.254.4.f453.

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The transport of organic anions in the proximal tubule occurs primarily through the epithelial cells. This process involves movement across both the luminal and contraluminal membranes via specialized transport systems. Although some of the organic anions are taken up into the cell from the lumen, they can also be accumulated in tubule cells from the interstitial compartment by a variety of transporters. The relative affinities of anions for the different luminal and contraluminal transporters in concert with their conjugate driving forces determine the net directional movement, i.e., organic

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Ellison, D. H., H. Velazquez, and F. S. Wright. "Stimulation of distal potassium secretion by low lumen chloride in the presence of barium." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 248, no. 5 (1985): F638—F649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1985.248.5.f638.

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Potassium secretion into the renal distal tubule is increased when chloride in the tubule fluid is replaced by another anion. The present experiments were done to determine whether this increment in transported potassium traverses a conductive pathway from cell to lumen. Transport rates of potassium, sodium, chloride, and fluid by the renal distal tubule of rats were examined in vivo by continuous microperfusion. The effects of substituting gluconate for chloride in the presence and absence of 5 mM barium in the perfusion fluid were determined. When gluconate replaced chloride in the perfusion

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Ellison, D. H., H. Velazquez, and F. S. Wright. "Unidirectional potassium fluxes in renal distal tubule: effects of chloride and barium." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 250, no. 5 (1986): F885—F894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1986.250.5.f885.

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Low luminal concentrations of chloride stimulate net potassium secretion by the renal distal tubule, independent of changes in transepithelial voltage. These effects are not prevented by the luminal application of the potassium channel blocking agent barium. Because net potassium secretion comprises secretory and absorptive components, we sought to evaluate the effects of chloride and barium on unidirectional potassium fluxes in the renal distal tubule. In vivo microperfusion methods were used in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Perfusion solutions contained either 42K or 86Rb as tracers for

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