Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rendement potentiel'
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Kone, Marihouma. "Évaluation du potentiel agronomique de fourrages riches en tanins condensés ou en lactones sesquiterpènes dans quatre régions du Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36620.
Full textThe objective was to evaluate the agronomic potential, namely establishment, winter survival, biomass production, and nutritive value of novel forage species with a high content of condensed tanins or sesquiterpene lactones grown in pure stand or in mixture with two forage grasses, timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratense Huds.), under pasture management in four climatic regions of Quebec. The field experiment took place in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue (Montreal region), Saint-Augustin-de- Desmaures (Capitale-Nationale region), La Pocatière (Bas-Saint-Laurent region), and Normandin (Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region), over two years (2016 and 2017). At all study sites in 2017, chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) had satisfactory yields compared to alfalfa at all sites, while sainfoin (Onobrychis vicifolia Scop.) did not perform well. Sainfoin had the highest content of condensed tanins (average of 10.7 g kg-1 dry matter) and moderately and slowly degradable proteins.
Pillatsch, Lex. "Bombardement ionique O‾, F‾, Br‾ et l‾ en SIMS : génération par duoplasmatron et étude du potentiel analytique." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL052N/document.
Full textSecondary Ion Mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a powerful surface analysis technique. The ionisation probability strongly depends on the chemical surface state. The generation of positive secondary ions can be enhanced by surface bombardment with electronegative elements.Due to the optical configuration of the CAMECA NanoSIMS 50, that necessitates an opposite polarity of incoming and ejected ions, analyses of positive ions are realized with primary O- ions, generated in a duoplasmatron ion source. As a consequence of the low O- brightness of the duoplasmatron source, the lateral resolution of the analyses on the NanoSIMS 50 is not satisfactory in the positive secondary mode. In this work, we studied the feasibility of different alternative negative primary ion beams. We investigated the possibility of F-, Cl-, Br- and I- ion generation with a duoplasmatron as a function of the source parameters, notably the magnetic field strength, the arc current and the total gas pressure. The ion current and the beam diameter were measured in order to determine the F-, Cl-, Br- and I- brightness of the source. A comparative study with the O- brightness demonstrates an increase of the F- brightness by a factor of 5.By using the F-, Cl-, Br- and I- bombardment, the sputtering yield, the concentration of implanted primary ions and the useful yield of different semi-conductor and metal samples were analysed. As a consequence of a low halogen concentration, related to etching effects, no enhancement of the useful yield could be noticed for the semi-conductors. For metals however (e.g. Ni, Cu and Ag), useful yield enhancements by up to a factor of 100 compared to the O- bombardment could be demonstrated
Rioux, Patrice. "Caractérisation du potentiel papetier des pâtes à haut rendement en vue de leur utilisation dans les papiers impression-écriture." Grenoble INPG, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPG0053.
Full textGuay, Jean-Marc. "L'actualisation du potentiel intellectuel, l'efficience cognitive et le rendement scolaire chez des élèves de niveau collégial à risque d'abandon scolaire." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ37850.pdf.
Full textThivierge, Marie-Noëlle. "Le millet perlé sucré et le sorgho sucré comme cultures énergétiques en conditions québécoises : potentiel de production, utilisation de l'azote, morphologie des racines et apport de carbone au sol." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26494.
Full textSweet pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.BR.] and sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are annual crops from which the sweet sap can be fermented to ethanol. They appear to have a high nitrogen (N) use efficiency, but this remains to be demonstrated in eastern Canada. Studying the morphological traits of their rooting system could help understanding their N use efficiency. The main objectives of this study were to (i) compare both species for yield and N use efficiency, (ii) determine their response to increasing mineral N rate, (iii) compare their response to mineral vs. organic N sources (liquid swine and liquid dairy manures), (iv) compare their root morphological traits with those of grain corn (Zea Mays L.), the sole feedstock used for ethanol production in eastern Canada, and (v) compare annual carbon input to soil from these three species. Species were grown at two experimental sites in Quebec. The N rates that led to maximum sugar yield for sweet pearl millet and sweet sorghum were 86 and 91 kg N ha-1, depending on site. Mineral N fertilization resulted in greater yields than the liquid manures, which showed fertilizer N equivalences varying from 15 to 52%. Fifty-four to 82% of applied mineral N fertilizer was recovered in the aboveground biomass of sweet pearl millet and sweet sorghum. While root biomass and annual carbon input were greater with corn, the length of the rooting system and the proportion of very fine roots were greater with sweet pearl millet and sweet sorghum. Our results show a high N use efficiency of sweet pearl millet and sweet sorghum, and therefore indicate low environmental risk associated with their fertilization. Moreover, our results suggest that the peculiar root morphology of these crops contribute to their high N use efficiency.
Smaoui, Maroua. "Étude de l’effet d’interaction de la température et du potentiel agricole sur l’incidence des conflits armés." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/12000.
Full textMéthot, Johane. "Évaluation du potentiel de croissance et de rendement d'une culture de tomates biologiques cultivées dans une serre climatisée à l'aide d'un système géothermique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26753.
Full textThis project aims to compare the agronomic effects of an organic tomato semi-closed greenhouse that was fitted with a geothermal air conditioning system to a naturally ventilated greenhouse. Two greenhouses of 228 and 230 m2 were equipped with an air exchanger system using geothermal to cool and dehumidify greenhouse air (semi-closed greenhouse) and natural ventilation (open greenhouse). Comparisons were made during 2012 and 2013 when treatments were permutated. Parameters such as plant growth, yield, fruit caliber and physico-chemical properties were measured. The results demonstrated that the geothermal system has no significant effect on these parameters. The two greenhouses had CO2 concentration targets between 450 µL L-1 and 1000 µL L-1 depending on solar radiation. The quantity of CO2 injected was 11 kg/m2 and 15 kg/m2 in 2012 and 2013 in the semi-closed greenhouse respectively as compared to 24 kg/m2 and 25 kg/m2 in the open greenhouse for the same period. Although CO2 is less injected in the semi-closed greenhouse, concentrations were kept at 638 µL L-1in 2012 and 593 µL L-1in 2013. These concentrations were higher than those obtained in the open greenhouse which were respectively 385 µL L-1and 486 µL L-1in 2012 and 2013. Associated cost of carbon enrichment, was therefore 1,6 to 2,0 higher in the open greenhouse than the semi-closed greenhouse.
Salazar, Diaz Ricardo. "Effet de la diversité végétale sur la production des systèmes de culture multi-espèces, cas des systèmes agroforestiers de Talamanca, Costa Rica." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT099/document.
Full textAdding plant diversity is increasingly presented as a mean to improve the sustainability of agrosystems. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on how plant functional diversity alters processes that support production. Because they cover a broad range of plant diversity, agroforestry systems in the tropics are a good case study to better understand the diversity-production relation. Agroforestry systems in the Talamanca region in Costa Rica are particularly interesting because among the cultivated plants they encompass, banana and cacao are two cash crops of major importance and for which production can easily be quantified and analyzed. Another specificity of these systems is that their vertical and horizontal organization is particularly diverse. Understanding how plant diversity and its organization alter the performances of these complex systems is particularly challenging and requires developing new approaches. The objectives of this thesis were to address the following questions: i) Which factors affect the relationship between plant diversity and productivity? ii) How plant diversity influences the global productivity of agroforestry systems? and iii) How the spatial structure of the plant community affects yields?First, a meta-analysis was carried out to address the diversity-production issue among a very broad range of systems world-wide. This analysis focused on how latitude, climate, and canopy structure modify the effect of plant richness on productivity of agricultural and natural ecosystems. It showed that the gain per unit of diversity added decreased as plant richness increased. Our findings also showed that the response of productivity to plant richness largely depends on the type of plants in the community, especially if the community includes trees.Then, we extensively studied the diversity and the productivity of 180 plots located within 20 fields in the Talamanca region. A global evaluation of the productivity of these systems was possible with the estimation of the production of each plant during 1 year. This production was converted into income according to local market prices. While we observed a global positive effect of plant diversity on global income, this effect was contrasted according to the functional group considered (banana, cacao, other fruits, timber, firewood. When considering the functional group separately, there was a positive effect of plant diversity for higher strata groups and a negative effect for lower strata groups. This suggested that complementarity between plants was stronger than competition for those plants occupying the higher strata of the canopy but that competition was stronger than complementarity for plants occupying the lower strata of the canopy.The second part of the analysis of the Talamanca fields dataset focused on the effect of neighbouring plants on the production of banana and cacao plants. An individual-based analysis was developed to determine whether the number of neighbouring plants of a given functional groups explained the potential yield of each banana or cacao plant. We found that the distance at which other plants alters the yield of banana or cacao plants was greater for larger functional groups (fruit or wood trees) than for smaller ones (cacao trees or banana plants). Interestingly, higher strata trees had a smaller effect than lower strata trees, suggesting that moderate densities of tall trees could be compatible with high banana and cacao production. These findings were discussed in terms of complementary and competition with respect to the availability of light at higher and lower strata of the canopy. On an applied perspective, our results suggest that productivity could be maximized by a reasonably number of plant species, and then we proposed new direction to organize fields in order to maximize the production of cash crops while providing supplementary income for farmers and ecosystem services
REKIKA, DJAMILA. "Identification et analyse genetique des caracteres physiologiques lies au rendement en conditions de secheresse chez le ble dur. Interet potentiel des especes sauvages apparentees pour l'amelioration de ces caracteres." Montpellier, ENSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ENSA0020.
Full textMariotto, Christian. "Production d'acides organiques a partir de substrats monocarbones par eubacterium limosum." Toulouse, INSA, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ISAT0023.
Full textGrignon-Massé, Laurent. "Développement d'une méthodologie d'analyse coût-bénéfice en vue d'évaluer le potentiel de réduction des impacts environnementaux liés au confort d'été : cas des climatiseurs individuels fixes en France métropolitaine." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00006187.
Full textAlix, Hugo. "Le sorgho et le millet perlé sucrés comme substituts potentiels au maïs fourrager au Canada." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35021.
Full textSweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and sweet pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum(L.) R. BR.) are two drought-resistant annual grasses that are suitable for ethanol production.However, their potential for animals feeding was only observed through the by-product of ethanol industries : the bagasse. The objective of this study was to determine if sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet are sustainable alternatives to corn forage in terms of yield, nutritive value, and ensilability in the Canadian dairy context. Two sweet sorghum hybrids BMR, one sweet pearl millet hybrid, and one forage corn hybrid were compared for two years in five Canadian ecozones. Overall, at the recommended forage corn’s harvesting stage, sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet had equivalent yields than forage corn in three ecozones. In the five ecozones, the average dry matter (DM) of sweet pearl millet (290 g kg-1) was higher than sweet sorghum hybrids (250g kg-1) and lower than corn (330g kg-1). The in vitrodigestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDFd) was higher for sweet sorghum (710 g kg-1 NDF) than forage corn (590g kg-1 NDF), while total digestible nutrient (TDN) concentration was similar for sweet sorghum (530g kg-1 DM) and forage corn (550 g kg-1 DM). Across all ecozones, sweet pearl millet had lower TDN concentration and lower NDFd than forage corn. The fermentation process of forage to silage was successfully completed for all hybrids after 90 days in mini laboratory-silos. Sweet sorghum hybrids would represent viable substitutes to forage corn, as long as their DM concentration reaches at least 300 g kg-1 at harvest.
Laveilhé, Arnaud. "Etude du potentiel d'un inoculum mixte dans l'amélioration de la santé du colza." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0252/document.
Full textAgricultural production is changing. Now, this way of production includes new considerations as ethics and sustainable development. The main question is not any more “how to produce more” but “how to produce better?” The use of chemicals inputs cannot remain a solution to yield well and alternatives methods based on the recent scientific results are under investigation.One of these solutions is a better understanding of the mechanisms governing the microbial interactions in the rhizosphère. This soil fraction is characterized by an intense biological activity where plant and microorganisms interact. Beneficial microorganisms, called PGPR, are able to use root exudates as sole carbon and energy source and produce beneficial molecules stimulating directly or indirectly plant growth.Seven bacterial strains have been tested for their phytobeneficial abilities and their effect on rapeseed growth. The main objective of this study was to propose a mixt inoculum able to generate complementary phytobeneficial effects on rapeseed. Several trials have been carried out to evaluate the capacity of the inoculated strains to persist and grow in a non-sterile soil and their impact on the endogenous microbiota.This work has been completed by an evaluation of the expression of phytobeneficial genes in P. brassicacearum co-cultivated with plant pathogen fungi and two other rhizobacteria in presence or absence of plant, as well as in relation to iron availability.A better understanding of the microbial phytobeneficial mechanisms acting in the rhizosphere is a prerequisite of a successful application of microbial inoculation to face new challenges of modern agriculture
Debusschere, Vincent. "Contributions méthodologiques à l'éco-conception des convertisseurs électromagnétiques d'énergie." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00443702.
Full textBoyard-Micheau, Joseph. "Prévisibilité potentielle des variables climatiques à impact agricole en Afrique de l'Est et application au sorgho dans la région du mont Kenya." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS075/document.
Full textIn Southern countries with rural low income populations, the vulnerability of rainfed agriculture to rainfall variability requires effective solutions to mitigate the effects of climatic hazards on crops. Predicting the characteristics of rainy seasons some time before they start should help the establishment of agricultural adaptation strategies to rainfall hazards. This is the objective of the present study, focused on East Africa (Kenya and northern Tanzania), and divided in three parts:- Define and document intra-seasonal descriptors (ISD) that will be considered in the predictability study. A new methodological approach has been developed in order to define the onset date (ORS) and the cessation date (CRS) of the rainy seasons at the regional level. Based on a multivariate analysis, it eliminates the subjective choice of rainfall thresholds imposed by the definitions commonly used in agroclimatology. An analysis of spatial coherence at interannual time-scale shows that for the two rainy seasons ("long rains" and "short rains"), the seasonal amount and the number of rainy days have a high spatial coherence, while it is medium for the onset and cessation dates and low for the average daily rainfall intensity.- Analyze the predictability of the ISD at both regional and local scales based on numerical simulations from the global climate model ECHAM 4.5. Daily precipitation simulated by the model, even after bias correction, do not correctly capture the IDS interannual variability. A specification of the ORS and CRS variability using statistical models applied to observed climate indices, suggests quite a low predictability of the descriptors at the local (regional) scale, regardless of the season. The development of statistical-dynamical models from wind fields simulated by ECHAM 4.5, in experiments forced by either observed or predicted sea temperatures, also shows quite poor skills locally and regionally.- Explore how the space-time variability of climatic and environmental factors modulate the variations of sorghum yields. Crop yields are simulated by the agronomic model SARRA-H using observed climate data (1973-2001) at three stations located at different elevations along the eastern slopes of Mt Kenya. The seasonal rainfall accumulation and the duration of the season account for a large part of the yields variability. Other rainfall variables also play a significant role, among which the number of rainy days, the average daily intensity and some ISD related to the temporal organization of rainfall within the season. The influence of other meteorological variables is only found during the long rains, in the form of a negative correlation between yields and both maximum temperature and global radiation. Sowing dates seem to play a role in modulating yields for high and medium altitude stations, but with notable differences between the two rainy seasons
Galinier, Thomas. "Analyse multifactorielle de la performance des cultures - Méthodes et automatisation pour l’intégration de données agronomiques, environnementales, sociales et économiques - Exemple du maïs grain non-irrigué en Amérique du Nord." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC026.
Full textThe global demand for food and energy is constantly increasing. As access to spare arable land is limited, growers will have to produce about 70% more per hectare by 2050. Optimization and rationalization of the agricultural production systems is then critical to ensure food security under sustainable conditions. The agricultural community would be in a position to optimize crop performance by better understanding the cropping systems, especially regarding potential production and limiting factors. In this context, the ability to characterize crop growing conditions in regards to their impacts on potential yield and yield gap is important in order to identify margins of progress and propose improved farming systems.An approach is proposed to characterize the crop environment of large geographical areas taking into consideration the impact on crop performance of the key resources for plant development (temperature, solar radiation, water and nitrogen). The level of availability of each resource was estimated by using crop modeling approaches integrating weather data and soil characteristics as inputs. The efficiency of use of the available resources was characterized by crop practices, grower strategy and grower technical environment. A generic integration procedure was established and used to describe corn production for grain in North America from 1991 to 2013. The resulting dataset covers 84% of the total corn planted area, deciphered in 1,558 elementary spatial units, for a total of 28,303 independent scenarios. Such a method combines and harmonizes, at scale, yield observations from agricultural statistics with a large set of relevant descriptors of growing conditions.A subset of 21 main limiting factors was identified through variable-selection analysis to explain 66% of the observed yield-gap variability. The relaxed lasso method resulted in an interesting compromise between interpretability and prediction ability. The selected descriptors highlighted the contribution of crop management in yield-gap variability, especially regarding levels of crop intensification and the technical environment of growers. The third main factor is water availability and resulting drought. The integration of knowledge in crop physiology into descriptor design significantly improved the interpretability of the proposal and the confidence of end-users in the approach.Yield-gap patterns were used to identify the set of most frequent Environment Types. Two approaches were proposed: one focused on crop physiology drivers and another also considered market-size homogeneity among Environment Types. This resulted in 11 Environment Types based on crop physiology drivers and 8 Environment Types when combining crop physiology drivers and market constraints. Crop-physiology Environment Types are very informative on the historical evolution of cultural practices and the changes in grower strategies over the studied period. Such categorization of growing conditions demonstrated the ability to reproduce field expertise and support genotype evaluation. Three business Use Cases were used to illustrate the interest of the approach in (i) describing the environmental history of a market, (ii) defining relevant Target Population Environments (TPE) and (iii) evaluating the environmental sampling relevance of Multi-Environment Trials (MET)
Kanike, Vanaja. "“Acid-spike” effect in spurs/tracks of the low/high linear energy transfer radiolysis of water : potential implications for radiobiology and nuclear industry." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9711.
Full textAbstract : Hydronium ions (H3O+) are formed within spurs or tracks of the low or high linear energy transfer (LET) radiolysis of pure, deaerated water at early times. The in situ radiolytic formation of H3O+ renders the spur and track regions temporarily more acid than the surrounding medium. Although experimental evidence for an acidic spur has already been reported, there is only fragmentary information on its magnitude and time dependence. In this work, spur or track H3O+ concentrations and the corresponding pH values are obtained from our calculated yields of H3O+ as a function of time, using Monte Carlo track chemistry simulations. We selected four impacting ions and we used two different spur and track models: 1) an isolated “spherical” spur model characteristic of low-LET radiation and 2) an axially homogeneous “cylindrical” track model for high-LET radiation. Very good agreement was found between our calculated time evolution of G(H3O+) in the radiolysis of pure, deaerated water by 300-MeV incident protons (which mimic 60Co gamma/fast electron irradiation) and the available experimental data at 25 °C. For all cases studied, an abrupt transient acid pH effect, which we call an “acid spike”, is observed during and shortly after the initial energy release. This acid-spike effect is virtually unexplored in water or in a cellular environment subject to the action of ionizing radiation, especially high-LET radiation. In this regard, this work raises a number of questions about the potential implications of this effect for radiobiology, some of which are briefly evoked. Our calculations were then extended to examine the effect of temperature from 25 to 350 °C on the yield of H3O+ ions that are formed in spurs of the low-LET radiolysis of water. The results showed an increasingly acidic spike response at higher temperatures. As many in-core processes in a water-cooled nuclear reactor critically depend on pH, the question here is whether these variations in acidity, even highly localized and transitory, contribute to material corrosion and damage.
Marteau, Romain. "Cohérence spatiale et prévisibilité potentielle des descripteurs intrasaisonniers de la saison des pluies en Afrique Soudano-Sahélienne : application à la culture du mil dans la région de Niamey." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00556514.
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