Journal articles on the topic 'Rendón García'

Listado Póster Déficit de vitamina B12 en pacientes con uso crónico de metformina. Prevalencia y factores asociados. Alvarez M, Rincón O. Póster Síndrome glucagonoma: reporte de un caso. Álvarez M, Almánzar A, Sanabria F, Zárate L, Meneses G, Velásquez L. Póster Factores de riesgo asociados a la presencia de hipoglucemia en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardiovascular en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Gómez AM, Pérez-Cely JA, Muñoz-Velandia OM, Fuentes-Castillo OE , Rendón-García NA, Sanko- Posada AA, Robledo-Gómez MA. Póster Subestimación de la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el Caribe colombiano. ¿La “regla de las dos mitades” en diabetes mellitus es aún válida? Miranda Machado P., Salcedo Mejía F., Alvis Guzmán N., De la Hoz Restrepo F. Póster Caracterización de pacientes de 6-16 años con riesgo de obesidad y sobrepeso en una consulta de endocrinología pediátrica en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Mirey Siuffi Póster Alteración de conductas alimentarias asociadas con obesidad y parámetros bioquímicos en estudiantes universitarios. Guzmán Flores JM, Ramírez De los Santos S, López Pulido EI, Gonzáles Sánchez GD, Castellanos Gallegos LG, Barajas Pérez LP, Becerra Hurtado J, Rivas Delgado ME. Póster Espectro clínico y radiológico del síndrome de corea-balismo asociado a hiperglucemia: Revisión sistemática y metanálisis. Gómez Ochoa SA, Espín Chico BB, Téllez Mosquera LE. Póster Hormona luteinizante, obesidad y alteraciones bioquímicas y hormonales en el síndrome de ovario poliquístico. Cruz J, García L, Cabrera M, Monteagudo G, Yanes M, González T. Póster Uso de la tasa metabólica en reposo en la consulta externa de endocrinología en Colombia. Rosero O, F. Póster Factores pronósticos de evolución en la cetoacidosis diabética. González TM, Cruz J, Conesa AI Póster Prevalencia y resultados del embarazo de diabetes gestacional en Cuba, 2008-2016. Cruz J, Lang J, Hernández P, Conesa AI, Padilla L, Márquez A. Póster Complicaciones vasculares y neuropáticas en la prediabetes. Conesa AI, González TM, Cruz J. Póster Factores de riesgo cardiovascular y su relación con los niveles séricos de lecitín colesterol acil transferasa en mujeres posmenopáusicas. Rebolledo Cobos R, Becerra Enríquez J, Suárez Rodríguez A y Sarmiento Rubiano L. Póster Atención preconcepcional y resultados del embarazo de diabetes pregestacional en Cuba, 2008-2016. Cruz J, Lang J, Hernández P, Conesa AI, Iglesias I, Márquez A. Póster El consumo del agraz colombiano vaccinium meridionale Swartz tiene un efecto positivo en marcadores del síndrome metabólico en mujeres sin dislipidemia aterogénica. Espinosa J, Marín C, Galvis Y, Aristizábal JC, Núñez V, Ciro G, Barona J. Póster Niveles saludables de fuerza muscular se asocian con menor riesgo cardiometabólico en universitarios con sobrepeso, pero no en sus contrapartes con obesidad moderada y/o severa. Ramírez Vélez R, Correa Bautista JE, García Hermoso A, Izquierdo M Póster Impacto del ejercicio de alto rendimiento y la ingesta calórica sobre la composición corporal y crecimiento en infantes. Jaramillo AM, Rosero RJ, Cossio I, Palacio JI. Póster Tasa metabólica basal en una población de mujeres con obesidad y/o sobrepeso que asisten a consulta de endocrinología en Villavicencio. Francisco Rosero O, Pantoja D. Póster Sobrepeso, obesidad y resistencia a la insulina en un grupo de mujeres posmenopáusicas del Departamento del atlántico. Sarmiento-Rubiano L, Becerra- J. E, Rebolledo-Cobos R, Angarita J, Suárez-Marenco M. Póster Prevalencia y nivel de correlación entre la neuropatía diabética periférica y sus factores de riesgo en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 del Hospital Universitario Erasmo Meoz. Erazo LN, Martínez JE, Meneses A. Póster Reporte de caso: resistencia a la insulina tipo B. Gómez A, Gómez C, Imitola A, Leguizamón G Frecuencia de síndrome metabólico en mujeres posmenopáusicas de cuatro municipios del departamento del atlántico, Colombia. Suárez Marenco M, Rebolledo-Cobos R, Becerra Enríquez J y Sarmiento Rubiano L. Póster Intentos para perder peso en una población con sobrepeso y obesidad referida a un centro de endocrinología en Colombia. Marín Carrillo LF, Ardila MA, Serrano-Gómez SE, Wandurraga EA Póster Niveles de IGF-1, variables hormonales y metabólicas en hombres obesos con síndrome metabólico comparados con obesos sin síndrome metabólico y hombres sanos con peso normal. Bernal MA, Romero MC, Alzate JP, Caminos E, Franco R. Póster Fenotipo clínico cintura hipertensión y su relación con otros factores cardiometabólicos. Cabrera-Rode E, del Carmen Borja A, Montes de Oca Somoano R, Cubas-Dueñas I, Rodríguez Acosta J, Arnold Domínguez Y, Hernández Rodríguez J, Díaz Díaz D. Póster Correlación entre el índice de masa corporal y densidad mineral ósea en mujeres posmenopáusicas. Jasqui Bucay A, Jasqui Romano S. Póster Factores que inciden en la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico de pacientes con diabetes mellitus. Amador E, Navarro G, Parody A y Montealegre L. Póster Determinación de niveles de glucemia y su asociación con obesidad como factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en niños del Colegio Policarpa Salavarrieta (IED) en Bogotá. Moscoso JM, Méndez WA, Sierra LV, Tello KA. Póster Factores sociodemográficos y estilos de vida relacionados con el riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 en población adulta del barrio Las Flores, Barranquilla, Colombia. Rodríguez M, Mendoza MD. Póster Efectos del consumo del agraz colombiano (vaccinium meridionale swartz) en el perímetro abdominal y la resistencia a la insulina entre hombres y mujeres con síndrome metabólico. Galvis Y, Núñez V, Aristizábal J, Fernández ML, Barona J. Póster Efectos del agraz en inflamación y obesidad abdominal entre hombres y mujeres con síndrome metabólico. Galvis Y, Aristizábal J, Núñez V, Fernández ML, Barona J, Marín Echeverri C. Póster Análisis retrospectivo de datos reales de pacientes colombianos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 tratados con exenatida. Romero ME, Buendía R, Navarrera A, Huérfano LM, Molano M, Romero Y, Vargas M. Póster Comparación de un modelo matemático con el simulador UVa/Padova en relación con el comportamiento de la glucemia en pacientes con DM1. Ramírez Rincón A. Rivadeneira PS, González A. Builes CE. Pizza Restrepo MJ. Póster Caracterización nutricional y antropométrica en una población en edad escolar de un centro educativo de Bogotá. Celis LG, Russi A, Munar LA, Lynett D Póster Caracterización genética de una familia colombiana que presenta obesidad mórbida. Yupanqui H, Yupanqui ME , Álvarez M , Restrepo C, Medina E, García A, Giraldo A , Arias A, Torres C y Celis LG. Póster Hemicorea–hemibalismo secundario a cetoacidosis diabética como presentación inicial de diabetes mellitus. García C.A., Ramírez R. Póster Variables psicológicas asociadas a cronicidad y complicaciones en pacientes con diabetes mellitus 2. Quiñones AT, Ugarte CA, Chávez CC y Mañalich JJ. Póster Caracterización de individuos con riesgo de desarrollar diabetes tipo 2 en la ciudad de Puyo, Ecuador. Espin BB, Mora E Póster Corea de larga duración asociada a hiperglucemia no cetósica en una paciente de etnia indígena. Espín BB, Altamirano A, Proaño SA. Póster Modelo semifísico de base fenomenológica del papel del intestino delgado en la homeostasis de la glucosa en humanos. Lema L, Builes CE, García JF, Ramírez A, Álvarez H. Póster Comparación de la infección urinaria en diabéticos, con otro tipo de infección urinaria complicada, en un hospital de tercer nivel en la ciudad de Barranquilla. Guevara E., González M., Maldonado N., Beltrán C., Osorio E., Patiño J. Póster Espectro clínico y radiológico del síndrome de corea-balismo asociado a hiperglucemia: revisión sistemática y metanálisis. Gómez Ochoa SA, Espín Chico BB, Pinilla Monsalve GD, Téllez Mosquera LE. Póster Interacción génica entre IRX3 y FTO asociada a exceso de peso y alteraciones metabólicas en adultos del Caribe colombiano. Mena Yi D, Ruiz Díaz MS, Gómez Camargo D, Mora García G. Póster Predictores de hipoglucemia en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e historia de hipoglucemia. Gómez AM, Henao DC, Parra DA, Robledo MA, Rebolledo M, Muñoz OM, Rondón M, García- Jaramillo M y León-Vargas F. Póster Prevalencia de obesidad abdominal en una población colombiana. Bolívar A, Rodríguez K, Vesga BE, Vera LM. Póster Implementación práctica de un modelo matemático de predicción de glucemia pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en terapia funcional de insulina. Ramírez Rincón A. Rivadeneira PS, González A, Builes CE y Pizza Restrepo MJ. Póster Factores asociados con alta variabilidad glucémica definida por coeficiente de variación en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y alto riesgo de hipoglucemia. Gómez AM, Henao DC, Rondón M, Muñoz OM, Taboada L, Sanko A, García-Jaramillo M y León- Vargas F. Póster Experiencia en el manejo de pacientes con insulinoma: una serie de casos. Guzmán GE, Victoria AM, Candelo KD, Arguello P, Feriz KM, Casas LA, Arango LG, López A y Martínez V. Póster Correlación de la tasa de filtración glomerular medida versus calculada en obesos. Buenaventura DC, Martínez V, Durán CE, Escalante M, Martínez MF, Maldonado A, Pacheco R, Guzmán GE. Póster Aplicación del “modelo para el estudio de hipersensibilidad a medicamentos basado en bucilamina y el alelo HLa-DRB1*08:02 en poblaciones amerindias colombianas” para demostrar la relación entre la expresión de alelos HLa específicos y la hipersensibilidad a la insulinoterapia. Botero AC, Parga CH, Peñaranda N, Santodomingo NE.

La reciente firma del Acuerdo sobre Víctimas en la Habana el pasado 15 de diciembre de 2015 por parte del Gobierno colombiano y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) pone de presente una vez más la difícil tensión entre los propósitos por lograr una coexistencia pacífica y las exigencias normativas relacionadas con el deber de rendir de cuentas por parte de quienes han cometido graves violaciones de derechos humanos e infracciones al Derecho Internacional Humanitario.Pero, además, presenta un reto adicional: la posibilidad de articular los principios de justicia restaurativa y de justicia transicional.

Telah dilakukan karakterisasi sinter silika dari mata air panas Garara, Kabupaten Solok, dan mata air panas Sapan Maluluang, Kabupaten Solok Selatan, Sumatera Barat. Sinter silika dimurnikan untuk meningkatkan kadar SiO2 menggunakan metode ekstraksi padat-cair. Peningkatan kadar SiO2 dapat dilihat berdasarkan hasil uji XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence). Kadar SiO2 Sampel sinter silika Garara meningkat, dari 54,28 % menjadi 79,034 % setelah pemurnian. Pada sampel sinter silka Sapan Maluluang kadar SiO2 meningkat dari 83,39 %, menjadi 95,216 %. Metode Analisis Termal atau Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) digunakan untuk melihat perubahan fasa kristalin dari sintel silika. Berdasarkan pengujian DTA diperoleh hasil transisi gelas sampel sinter silika Garara dan Sapan Maluluang berturut-turut pada suhu 530,83 °C dan 551,52 °C . Silika Garara mengalami perubahan α→β-quartz pada suhu 643,66 °C dan perubahan β-quartz→ β-trydimite terjadi pada suhu 811,48 °C. Untuk hasil DTA sinter silika Sapan Maluluang terjadi perubahan α→β-quartz pada suhu 657,48 °C dan transisi β-quartz→β-trydimite terjadi pada suhu 700,45 °C . Hal ini memperlihatkan sinter silika dengan kandungan silika yang lebih tinggi dan berstruktur amorf memiliki transisi gelas dan suhu transisi α→β-quartz yang le bih tinggi dan transisi β-quartz→β-trydimite yang lebih rendah dibandingkan sinter silika yang masih mengandung karbonat.Kata Kunci : sinter silika, ekstraksi, pemurnian, analisis termal , mata air panas Garara, mata air panas Sapan Maluluang

El artículo ofrece una revisión historiográfica sobre la construcción de tipológicas regionales del caso colombiano. Tienen en cuenta sus dinámicas y aportes académicos e institucionales, en algunos casos, para rendir cuenta de la limitación de los enfoques, y en otros para ofrecerlo a modo de contexto. Los aportes de la Academia Colombiana de Historia, la Escuela Normal Superior, el Instituto Etnológico Nacional, la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, entre otras instituciones; pero también de académicos como López de Mesa, Zalamea Borda, García Nossa, Vila Dinarés, Hernández de Alba Lesmes, Guhl Nimtz, Fornaguera, Abadía Morales, Jaramillo Uribe, Gutiérrez de Pineda y Fals Borda, entre otros autores, son revisados de modo cronológico y lineal entre 1902-1987. La pregunta central es: ¿cuáles son los inicios, tendencias y fuentes de la regionalización colombiana? Su respuesta se apoya en una revisión bibliográfica crítica de autores y fuentes de los principales exponentes de una visión regional nacional del país. Palabras clave: regionalización, historiografía, región, ciencias sociales y humanas, Colombia Historiography of regionalization in Colombia: an institutional and interdisciplinary approach 1902-1987AbstractThe article offers a historiographical review about construction of regional typologies of the Colombian case. It takes into account its dynamics, and the academic and institutional contributions, in some cases to account for the limitation of the approaches, and in others, to offer them by way of context. The contributions of the Colombian Academy of History, the Superior Normal School, the National Ethnological Institute , National University of Colombia , among other institutions, but also of academic as López de Mesa, Zalamea Borda, García Nossa, Vila Dinarés, Hernandez de Alba Lesmes, Guhl Nimtz, Fornaguera Abbey Morales, Jaramillo Uribe, Gutiérrez de Pineda and Fals Borda, among others, are reviewed in chronological and linear fashion between 1902-1987. The central question is: what are the early, tendencies and sources of regionalization in Colombian? Its answer is based on a critical review of literature authors, and the main sources of the exponents of a regional vision national for the country. Keywords: regionalization, historiography, region, social and human sciences, Colombia.

Basadre en más de una oportunidad se refirió al Perú como al país de las oportunidades perdidas. Una infausta guerra en 1879 nos privó de la senda de progreso que la riqueza del salitre avizoraba para nuestro país, una guerra que nos destrozó económica y moralmente, que nos quitó a muchos jóvenes brillantes y útiles para nuestro patria y donde dieron su cuota de sacrificio, de entrega total e inclusive de su vida, jóvenes alumnos de la Facultad de Medicina, al igual que sus Profesores, González Prada en sus Pájinas Libres nos muestra esta realidad trágica y nos impulsa a salir del marasmo espiritual. Son esos años de la guerra y los posteriores a ella los que forjan a una generación de brillantes médicos, profesores ilustres como Lino Alarco y Néstor J. Corpancho, Constantino T. Carvallo, Ricardo L. Flores, Leónidas Avendaño, Juan M. Byron, Ernesto Odriozola, Julián Arce, Rómulo Eyzaguirre, Max Gonzales Olaechea, Estanislao Pardo Figueroa, Eduardo Bello, Alberto J. Bartón, Enrique León García, Miguel C. Aljovín, Felipe Merkel, Oswaldo Hercelles, Enrique Febres Odriozola, Abel S. Olaechea, Edrítundo Escomel, Juan Boto Bernales, Manuel 0. Tamayo, Ricardo Pazos Varela, Julio Cesar Gastiaburú, Guillermo Castañeda, Carlos Villarán, Daniel Mackehenie y otros distinguidos sanfernandinos, a quienes debemos rendir perenne homenaje.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-4237.2014n16p195"Elegia" é um poema de Cecília Meireles carregado de sentimento. Já em sua dedicatória (À memória de Jacinta Garcia Benevides, Minha avó) fica claro que o leitor está a ponto de entrar uma terra de nostalgia e ‘saudades’ (palavra intraduzível). No poema, Meireles alia a tristeza e a dor pela perda de sua avó a sentimentos relacionados à natureza e à beleza, derivados das memórias com ela a partir das quais aprendeu a contemplar e amar todas as coisas. Esta tradução comentada espera revelar como o tradutor da "Elegia" conseguiu vertê-la para a língua inglesa e criar uma versão que, por um lado, se mantém de pé por si mesma na língua e cultura alvo, e, por outro, permite ao leitor ter o mesmo tato e sentimento em inglês pela poesia de Meireles como os têm os leitores em português.ABSTRACT"Elegia" is a poem written by Cecília Meireles laden with sentiment. From its dedication (In memory of Jacinta Garcia Benevides, my grandmother) it is clear that the reader is entering into a land of nostalgia and ‘saudades’ (an untranslatable word). In this poem Meireles allies the sadness and pain over the loss of her grandmother to feelings of nature and beauty derived from the memories with her grandmother in which she was taught to contemplate and love all things. This translation with commentary hopes to show how the translator of the poem was able to render Cecília Meirele’s "Elegia" into the English language and to create a translation that on one hand stands alone in the target language and culture and on the other allows the reader to get the same feel for Meirele’s poetry in English as they do in Portuguese.Keywords: Cecília Meireles; Elegy; poetry translation; translation with commentary.

<p>Foreign body of the sphenoid sinus is a rare condition and most of the documented cases are shrapnel wounds. The most cases of sinuses foreign bodies are in maxillary and frontal sinus. Very few cases have been reported of lodgment of foreign body in paranasal sinuses. Garces and Norris reported that 70% of these foreign bodies usually appeared after maxillofacial traumas and 30% appeared during or after dental procedures of maxilla. A bullet impacted in the sphenoid sinus case in nineteen-year-old man was reported involving the anterior skull base. The bullet was safely removed with the trans-nasal endoscopic approach preserving the structures around the sphenoid sinus. Proximity of the sphenoid sinus to vital structures such as the optic nerve and internal carotid artery may render life-threatening complications. Adequate knowledge of the anatomical variations with regard to the sphenoid sinus and good preoperative planning are essential to ensure safe removal of foreign bodies, thereby avoiding catastrophic complications.</p>

The Fundamental Concern in Translation Theory, from Saint Jerome to the Present, has Been the Relation Between a Text and its version in another language. This relation is often conceived in the Platonic terms of original and copy: the original is viewed as sacrosanct (especially when it is a sacred text but also when it is not), while the translation is seen, at best, as imperfect and deficient and, at worst, as an adulteration, a profanation, and a betrayal that is captured in the Italian phrase traduttore traditore. Conversely, that relation has on occasion also been inverted in claims that the translation can be superior to the original—for example, Jorge Luis Borges's famous declaration that “the original is unfaithful to the translation” (239) or, less radically, Gabriel García Márquez's reported remark that Gregory Rabassa's translation of One Hundred Years of Solitude is better than the Spanish original (Rabassa 43). At other times, the relation between original and translation is seen as antagonistic, the one trying to displace the other, or as its heir and only chance of survival. In this view, the original is condemned to death and oblivion because it is written in a dead language, a rival language, or a geopolitically weak language. Think of the phenomenon that Abdelfattah Kilito cites of some classical Arabic texts—such as al-Harīrī‘s Maqāmāt (“Assemblies”), written at the height of Arab civilization's power in the twelfth century—which seem to have been composed in such a way as to render their translation impossible (17-18). By contrast, notes Kilito, some contemporary Arab novelists seem to write with their translators in mind, avoiding difficult language and obscure cultural expressions that may reduce their works’ chances of being translated into English or French, the gateway to international success (19n7).

Hoy por hoy, la responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE) es una nueva forma de enfocar las organizaciones, y de tener un poco de conciencia o respeto hacia los diferentes medios o entornos en los cuales éstas desarrollan sus actividades empresariales. Aparte de ello se puede mencionar que, aunque no existe una gran cantidad de organizaciones pertenecientes al sector secundario, encargado de transformar la materia prima en un bien final, existe una amplia cantidad de pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) del sector primario en la región amazónica, que realizan actividades como la extracción de madera, carbón, peces, producción de ganado, entre otras, acciones que perjudican toda la biodiversidad de la Amazonía colombiana. El presente artículo es de enfoque cualitativo y tipo metodológico descriptivo, ya que se buscó caracterizar el impacto de la RSE en la Amazonía colombiana por parte de las pequeñas y medianas empresas. Referencias: Acero, R. (2016). Lineamientos estratégicos para la incorporación congruente de la variable ambiental en los planes y esquemas de ordenamiento territorial de Colombia (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad de Chile. Recuperado de http://mgpa.forestaluchile.cl/Tesis/Acero%20Ronald.pdf Agudelo, E. (2015). Bases científicas para contribuir a la gestión de la pesquería comercial de bagres (familia pimelodidae) en la Amazonía colombiana y sus zonas de frontera. Recuperado de https://ddd.uab.cat/record/142475 Agudelo, S. (2009). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, Una mirada desde Colombia. Revista de Negocios Internacionales, 2(1), 3‐11. Altuna, M. (2013). Los Factores de la Responsabilidad Social: El Análisis de las Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas Manufactureras Guipuzcoanas. Azkoaga, 16, 149-172. Anónimo. (s.f.). La RSE. “Modelo de Buena Práctica Empresarial”. Recuperado de https://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/revistas/index.php/ tgcontaduria/article/viewFile/323512/20780676 Arenas, A., Escobar, E., Acosta, J., Monsalve, L. y Oyola, E. (2012). RSE “Moda o Compromiso Real” (Trabajo de Grado). Universidad de Medellín. Medellín, Colombia. Recuperado de http://repository.udem.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11407/357/ Responsabilidad%20social%20empresarial.%20%E2%80%9CModa% 20o%20compromiso%20 real%E2%80%9D.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Aristimuño, M. y Rodríguez, C. (2014), Responsabilidad social universitaria. Su gestión desde la perspectiva de directivos y docentes. Estudio de caso: una pequeña universidad latinoamericana. Interciencia, 39(6), 375-382. Baltera, P., Díaz, E. y Dussert, J. (2005). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, Alcances y Potencialidades en Materia Laboral. Cuaderno de Investigación N° 25. Recuperado de http://www.dt.gob.cl/portal/1626/articles-88984_recurso_1.pdf Barrena, A. (2012). La protección de las especies silvestres, especial tratamiento de la protección en situ (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Alicante. Recuperada de https://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/28038Bencomo, T. (2007). Desarrollo de las TIC y la formación profesional. http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/handle/123456789/25149/articulo1.pdf; jsessionid=A8697326F48141C4F9366A86EA3CED46?sequence=2 Buriticá, L. (2011). La RSE y su Relación Teórica con la Gestión del Talento Humano. Universidad de Manizales (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad de Manizales. Recuperado de http://ridum.umanizales.edu.co:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/6789/297/Buritica_ Castro_Lida_Marcela_ 2011.pdf?sequence= Camejo, A. y Cejas, M. (2009). Responsabilidad social: factor clave de la gestión de los recursos humanos en las organizaciones del siglo XXI. Nómadas, Critical Journal of Social and Juridical Sciences, 21(1), 127-142. Cardona, C. y Giraldo, L. (2010). Estandarización de Indicadores de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial Propuestas por Organizaciones de Reconocimiento Mundial (Trabajo de Grado). Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Recuperado de http://repositorio.utp.edu.co/dspace/bitstream/handle/11059/1549/ 658408C268. pdf;jsessionid=A24F7FD84FFE4F942F3159EE7AB68BF7?sequence=1 Congreso de la República de Colombia. (2000). Ley 590 de 2000 “por la cual se dicta disposiciones para promover el desarrollo de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas”. Bogotá, Colombia. Recuperada de http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=12672 Curatola, G. (2011). Patrones de distribución espacial de Triplaris Americana en Tambopata, Perú. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Recuperado de http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/454 De La Cuadra, F. (2013). Cambio climático, movimientos sociales y políticas públicas, una vinculación necesaria. Recuperado de https://journals.openedition.org/polis/9651 Delgado, V. y Olarte, M. (2012). Responsabilidad social corporativa en el sector de la televisión. Un estudio longitudinal de las memorias de sostenibilidad. Revista Internacional de Investigación en Comunicación aDResearch ESIC, 6(6), 112-129. Delgado, Y., Herrera, N. y Gallón, C. (2014). La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial: una mirada a la aplicación en el sector transporte público automotor. Trabajos de Grado Contaduría Pública, 8(1), 1-29. Duque, Y., Cardona, M. y Rendón, J. (2013). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial: Teorías, índices, estándares y certificaciones. Cuadernos de Administración, 29(50), 196-206. Escamilla, S., Jiménez, I. y Prado, C. (2013). La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, una forma de crear valor. Madrid, España: Editorial Académica Española. Fernández, C. (2012). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial: Cultura y Medio ambiente (Tesis de Posgrado). Recuperado de http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112084 Franco, C. (s.f.). Dinámica de construcción de una nueva sociedad desde los negocios. Recuperado de http://interamerican-usa.com/articulos/Gob-Corp-Adm/Responsabilidad%20Social%20Carolina%20Franco[1].pdf García, M. y Duque, J. (2012). Gestión Humana y Responsabilidad Social Empresarial: un enfoque estratégico para la vinculación de prácticas responsables a las Organizaciones. Libre Empresa, 17, 13-37. Gil, F. (2013). La responsabilidad social universitaria desde la perspectiva ambiental: universidad y desarrollo sustentable (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Recuperado de http://132.248.9.195/ptd2013/agosto/0700625/0700625.pdf Gómez, M. (2010). La Gestión y la Información sobre la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial de las PYMES: la Necesidad de Diferenciación. Contaduría Universidad de Antioquia, 56, 15-40. Gómez-Villegas, M. y Quintanilla, D. (2012). Los informes de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial: su evolución y tendencias en el contexto internacional colombiano. Cuadernos de Contaduría, 13(32), 121-158. Gómez, H. (2014). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial en la municipalidad de Huehuetenango (Trabajo de Grado). Universidad Rafael Landívar. Recuperado de http://biblio3.url.edu.gt/Tesario/2014/01/01/Gomez-Helen.pdf Guerra, F., Higuera, K., Molina, F. y Villagrán, P. (2015). Estudio comparativo sobre responsabilidad social entre empresas y países. Recuperado de http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/131943/ Estudio%20comparativo %20sobre% 20responsa.pdf Henao, J. (2013). La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial como Estrategia de Gestión en la Organización Pranha S.A. (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Recuperado de http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/12095/1/7711507.2013.pdf Lara, M. (2003). La responsabilidad social de la empresa: implicaciones contables. España: Editorial Edisofer S.L. López, I. (2014). El cambio climático, ¿reto para la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial? Revista Internacional de Organizaciones, 13, 39-53. Mantilla, M. (2012). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y Población Indígena Colombiana. Bogotá, Colombia: Fondo de Publicaciones de la Universidad Sergio Arboleda. Méndez-Beltrán, J. y Peralta-Borray, D. (2014). Reflexiones respecto a la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y la creación de valor económico desde la perspectiva de los proveedores. Cuadernos de Contabilidad, 15(38), 625-645. Meza, A. (2007). La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial como factor de competitividad (Trabajo de Grado). Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. Recuperado de http://www.javeriana.edu.co/biblos/tesis/economia/tesis27.pdf Milian, L. (2015). Responsabilidad social corporativa. Origen y evolución del concepto de RSC en el entorno empresarial europeo y español. Recuperado de https://repositorio.comillas.edu/rest/bitstreams/7232/retrieve Montoya, J. (2011). Plan de educación ambiental para el desarrollo sostenible en los colegios de la institución La Salle. Recuperado de https://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/41714 Montoya, B. y Martínez, P. (Coord.). (2012). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial: Una Respuesta Ética ante los Desafíos Globales. Recuperado de http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_37565-1522-4-30.pdf?140425034037 Navarro, F. (2008). Responsabilidad Social Corporativa: Teoría y Práctica. Recensiones, Revista del Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración, 76, 193-195. Núñez, I., González, E. y Barahona, A. (2003). La biodiversidad: historia y contexto de un concepto. Interciencia, 28(7), 387-393. Observatorio de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa. Comisión Europea. (2001). Libro Verde: Fomentar un Marco Europeo para la Responsabilidad Social de las Empresas. Recuperado de https://observatoriorsc.org/libro-verde-fomentar-un-marco-europeo-para-la-responsabilidad-social-de-las-empresas/ Ortiz, P. (2009). La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial como base de la estrategia competitiva de HZX (Trabajo de Grado). Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia. Recuperado de https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/handle/10554/9169 Pérez, C. (2014). Acuerdos ambientales multilaterales para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Análisis de cumplimiento en Chile (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad de Chile. Recuperado de http://mgpa.forestaluchile.cl/Tesis/Perez%20Cristian.pdf Porter, M. & Kramer, M. (2011). Creating Shared Value. Recuperado de https://hbr.org/2011/01/the-big-idea-creating-shared-value Puentes, R., Antequeras, J. y Velasco, M. (2008). La responsabilidad social corporativa y su importancia en el espacio europeo de educación superior. Recuperado de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2740076 Rodríguez, Y., Alemán, R., Domínguez, J., Soria, S., Hernández, H. Salazar, C. y Jara, A. (2016). Efecto de dos abonos orgánicos (compost y biol) sobre el desarrollo morfológico de Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla bajo condiciones de invernadero. Revista Amazónica Ciencia y Tecnología, 5(2), 103-117. Ruiz, J. (2013). Diseño de Modelo de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial en PYME Constructora Araucana (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Orinoquia. Recuperado de http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/10192/1/7709579.2013.pdf Saavedra, M. (2011). La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y las Finanzas. Cuadernos de administración, 27(46), 39-54. Sabogal, J. (2008). Aproximación y cuestionamientos al concepto RSE. Revista Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, 16(1), 179-195. Sánchez-Calero, J. (2013). La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y la buena administración. GCG Globalización, Competitividad y Gobernabilidad, 7(3), 103-114. Sanín, S. y Redondo, J. (2008). Aplicación de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) en el Proyecto de Infraestructura Vial Concesión Santa Marta - Paraguachón con respecto a los stakeholders comunitarios (Trabajo de Grado). Fundación Universidad del Norte. Barranquilla. Recuperado de http://manglar.uninorte.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10584/ 127/39.773.438.%20doc. pdf? sequence=1 Sarmiento, S. (2011). La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial: gestión estratégica para la supervivencia de las empresas. Revista Dimens, 9(2), 6-15. Vargas, O. (2011). Restauración ecológica: Biodiversidad y conservación. Acta Biológica Colombiana, 16(2), 221-246. Vargas, L. (2017). Estrategias de gestión empresarial sostenible para el complejo turístico Paraíso escondido de la ciudad Ibarra. Recuperado de http://dspace.uniandes.edu.ec/handle/123456789/5827 Vásquez, Y. (2015). Evaluación sociocultural de servicios ecosistémicos del Parque Nacional de Cutervo, región Cajamarca-Perú (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad de Chile. Recuperada de http://mgpa.forestaluchile.cl/Tesis/Vasquez%20Yaneth.pdf Vives, A. y Peinado-Vara, E. (Eds.). (2011). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial. La responsabilidad social de la empresa en América Latina. Recuperado de https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/5383/ La%20responsabilidad%20social%20de%20la%20empresa%20en% 20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina %20.pdf?sequence=1 World Resources Institute (WRI), Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN) y Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA). (1992). Estrategia Global para la Biodiversidad. Guía para quienes toman decisiones. Recuperado de http://pdf.wri.org/estrategiabiodiversidadespguia_bw.pdf

Past Presidents of the PSO-HNS especially founding President Dr. Tierry Garcia, President of the PBO-HNS Dr. Rudy Nonato, Presidents of the chapters and Chairs of the subspecialty groups, co-Fellows of the society, friends, guests, ladies and gentlemen. At the threshold of the 60th anniversary of this venerable society, I stand here today as the humble recipient of your trust and confidence as your President. As a child I have seen the photos of the heroic founders and had been witness to the lasting friendship between them. I was in high school when my father, Dr. Armando T. Chiong, Sr. became the 10th President of the organization. I now follow my brother, President Dr. Armando Chiong, Jr. to continue the programs he started. Such laudable programs started by the past years’ BOT with the advocacy map, public awareness, chapter and institutional initiatives will be continued. With the funding earmarked from the proceeds of the Diamond Jubilee celebration on April 2016, Research and Academic programs will be strengthened and the society’s journal the PJO-HNS will move for even more international recognition. The breadth and the depth of human capacity to help one another is limitless. The same can be said for our organization whose dedicated fellows strive for excellence in their clinical practice with honor and integrity. Make no mistake that it is a privilege being here amongst you my co-dreamers for a society that will be recognized not only for its international standing, its global perspective, its innovations but for its sincere quest for helping raise the quality of lives to heal the sick among our countrymen and render the best ENT care possible at an affordable cost and of wider availability. We thank our mentors for the great example they have given us, their wisdom and good counsel so all of us 694 fellows united can champion the cause of the patients we serve. The PSO-HNS will use all its available resources to move the organization forward to work more closely with partners in industry, government, non-government, academic institutions and each fellow, chapter, and subspecialty group will be supported by your BOT in these endeavors. Lead, we will. Serve with dedication in our best capacity for sure and we trust in your full support of our institution. We stand proud of this prestigious society of the best experts in ENT care. The growth of PSO-HNS from the ‘heroic 9’ to 694 in 60 years is phenomenal. Challenges, there will be always be but in the end we will know that more is yet to be done and the future brilliant because the legacy will always remain. See you all in the anniversary ball in February and the Jubilee celebration in April, 2016 organized by Dr. Dan Poblete. Good evening to you all.

Las empresas agrícolas del cantón Latacunga enfrentan variaciones constantes en su economía a causa de bajos índices de liquidez, crédito y rentabilidad, siendo los principales motivos de la mala gestión de activos. El objetivo de la investigación es analizar la eficiencia y los riesgos financieros en las empresas agrícolas del cantón Latacunga. Se analizó dos tipos de riesgos financieros, que se ven afectadas las organizaciones como el riesgo de liquidez y el riesgo decrédito adicional obedeciendo al nivel correlaciinal de orden cuantitativo. Como resultado principal, la empresa ASVEGETAL S.A tuvo el mejor nivel de liquidez para cubrir sus obligaciones a corto plazo, al contrario de las que necesitan de una gestión financiera. Del mismo modo, se estableció que la empresa LEALPAVE S.A con mayores deficiencias en lo que respecta al riesgo de crédito; por último, se identificó la empresa QUINOA COTOPAXI S.A. que tuvo mejor desempeño y rendimiento. Palabras Clave: Riesgo financiero, Eficiencia, Empresas Agrícolas, Liquidez. Referencias [1]Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, «Agricultura, la base de la economía y la alimentación,» 09 Septiembre 2019. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.agricultura.gob.ec/agricultura-la-base-de-la-economia-y-la-alimentacion/. [Último acceso: 09 de marzo de 2020] [2]S. Ramírez, «La agricultura e industria abarcan el 59% de la economía de Cotopaxi,» Diario El Comercio, 6 Septiembre 2015. [3]J. Arias, K. Alpizar, I. Ávalos, A. Campos , H. Chavarria, M. Garcia, P. Henriquez, M. Núñez, D. Rodriguez, E. Salazar, T. Díaz, J. Meza, L. Meza y S. Salcedo,«Gestión de riesgos de la agricultura familiar en ALC» 01 Noviembre 2015. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www. researchgate.net/publication 284037088_Gestion_de_ riesgos_de_la_agricultura_familiar_en_ALC. [Último acceso: 09 de marzo de 2020] [4]M. Arango, «CAF Banco de Desarrollo de America Latina,» 21 Enero 2019.[En línea]. Disponible: https://www.caf.com/es/conocimiento/visiones/2019/01/el-sector agropecua rio-de-america-latina-necesita-mas-y-mejores-datos/. [Último acceso: 09 de marzo de 2020] [5]F. De Preneuf, «Banco Mundial,» 23 Septiembre 2019. [En línea]. Disponible: bancomundial.org/es/topic/agriculture/overview. [Último acceso: 09 de marzo de 2020] [6]Indexmundi, «Agricultura, valor agregado (% del PIB),» Agosto 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.indexmundi.com/es/datos/indicadores/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS. [Último acceso: 15 de septiembre de 2020] [7]J. Fiallos, «Importancia del Sector Agrícola en una Economía,» Tésis de Pregrado, Departamento de Economía, USFQ, Quito, 2017. [8]Banco Central del Ecuador, «Cuentas Nacionales Trimestrales del Ecuador resultados de las variables macroeconómicas,» 2019. [En línea]. Disponible: https://contenido.bce.fin.ec/home1/estadisticas/cntrimestral/ CNTrimestral.jsp. [Último acceso: 23 de marzo de 2020] [9]Banco Central del Ecuador, «Reporte de Coyuntura Sector Agropecuario,» Abril 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://contenido.bce.fin.ec/documentos/PublicacionesNotas/Catalogo/Encuestas/Coyuntura/Integradas/etc201904.pdf. [Último acceso: 09 de septiembre de 2020] [10]M. Albarracín, «Riesgo financiero: una aproximación cualitativa al interior de las mipymes en Colombia, » Revista Aglala, vol. 8, nº 1, pp. 139-160, 2017. [11] M. Errázuriz, L. Fajury, C. González, E. Hernández, M. Paredes, R. Quirós y J. Sivilá, «Estrategias Innovadoras de gestión de riesgos en mercados financierosexperiencias en América Latina,» pp. 69-85, 2016. [12]Superintendencia de Economia Popular y Solidaria, «Análisis de Riesgo de Liquidez del Sector Financiero Popular y Solidario,» Diciembre 2015. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.seps.gob.ec/documents/20181/26626/Riesgo%20de%20Liquidez%20(Corregido).pdf/71ecd018-0999-4508-8c83-9218d21452c3. [Último acceso: 09 de marzo de 2020] [13]C. Cepeda , . A. Noguera, M. Moreno, N. Chuquin, P. Villagomez y J. Oleas, «The business competitiveness of SMEs through mathematical modeling,» Espirales Rev Multidiscip Investig, vol. 4, nº 32, p. Marzo, 2020. [14]L. Gitman y . C. Zutter, Prinpios de administración financiera, vol. 12, Mexico: Pearson, 2015, pp. 130-142. [15]A. Morales y J. Morales, Administración Financiera, Segunda ed., México: Grupo Editorial Patria, 2016, pp. 152-166. [16]R. Griffin y R. Ebert, "Negocios", Cuarta ed., Mexico: Pearson Educación, 2016, pp. 570-582. [17]D. Emery, J. Finnerty y . J. Stowe, Fundamentos de administración financiera, Segunda ed., Mexico: Pearson Educación, 2017, pp. 188 -224. [18]G. Estrada, J. Cruz, Y. Uribe y J. Rios, «“Innovación tecnológica: Reflexiones teóricas",» Rev. Venez. Gerenc, vol. 24, nº 85, p. 199, Jun 2019. [19]A. Leal, M. Aranguiz y J. Gallegos, «Análisis de riesgo crediticio, propuesta del modelo credit scoring,» Revista Facultad de Ciencias Económicas: Investigación y Reflexión, vol. XXVI, nº 1, pp. 181-207, 2018. [20]R. Sampieri, C. Fernández y P. Baptista, Metodología dela investigación, Sexta ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2019, pp. 8 -60. [21]B. Render, R. Stair, M. Hanna y T. Hale, Métodos cuantitativos para los negocios, Undécima ed., Mexico: Pearson Educación, 2016, pp. 2-11. [22]L. Gitman, Principios de administración financiera, Décimocatorce ed., Mexico: Pearson Educación, 2016, pp. 48-58. [23]M. Córdoba, Gestión financiera, Segunda ed., Bogotá: Ecoe Edici, 2016, pp. 99-111. [24]Superitendencia de Compañias, «Ranking Empresarial 2020,» 21 Marzo 2019. [En línea]. Disponible: appscvs.supercias.gob.ec. [Último acceso: 09 de septiembre de 2020]

The achievement of family well - being is an aspiration of all families including families of migrant workers, to achieve the well - being of one of the ways that the families of migrant workers with the departure of the wife work as domestic servants in various countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze social capital, economic coping, sress symptom’s husband and family subjektive well - being of women migrant workers. This research use cross sectional studies. The location was chosen purposively in Tanggeung Village, Pagermaneuh Village, Margaluyu Village, Karangtengah Village, Tanggeung District and Pasirdalam Village Kadupandak District, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Seventy five families were selected purposively among the families of women migrant workers. The finding indicates that social capital is in the moderate category, the coping economy is in the moderate category, the sress symptom’s husband is in the low category and the family well-being is in the low category. Finding in this study family subjective well-being is influenced by income per capita, sress symptom’s husband and economic coping. Keywords: economic coping, family subjective well-being, social capital, stress symptom Abstrak Kesejahteraan keluarga merupakan sesuatu yang ingin dicapai seluruh keluarga, termasuk keluarga Tenaga Kerja Wanita (TKW), untuk mencapai kesejahteraan tersebut salah satu cara yang dilakukan oleh keluarga TKW adalah mengirim istri sebagai pembantu rumah tangga di berbagai negara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis modal sosial, coping ekonomi, gejala stres suami, dan kesejahteraan subjektif keluarga TKW. Penelitian ini menggunakan cross sectional studies. Lokasi dipilih dengan metode purposive di Provinsi Jawa Barat, Kabupaten Cianjur, Kecamatan Tanggeung, Desa Pagermaneuh, Desa Marguluyu, Desa Karangtengah, Desa Tanggeung, Kecamatan Kadupandak, Desa Pasirdalam. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 75 keluarga TKW dengan metode purposive sampling. Penelitian ini menemukan modal sosial berada pada kategori sedang, coping ekonomi berada pada kategori sedang, gelaja stres suami berada pada kategori rendah, dan kesejahteraan subjektif berada pada kategori rendah. Penelitian ini juga menemukan kesejahteraan keluarga berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan perkapita, gelaja stres suami, dan coping ekonomi. Kata kunci : coping ekonomi, gejala stres, kesejahteraan subjektif, modal sosial. References [BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. 2016. Data provinsi termiskin 2016. Berita Resmi Statistik [internet]. 4 Januari 2016. [diunduh 2016 September 7]; Tersedia pada: http://www.bps.go.id. [BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik Jawa Barat. 2016. Garis Kemiskinan Menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Jawa Barat (Rp/kapita/bulan), 2005-2014. Berita Resmi Statistik [internet]. 4 Januari 2016, [diunduh 2016 September 7]; Tersedia pada: http://jabar.bps.go.id. Alfiasari. 2008. Analisis modal sosial dalam pemberdayaan ekonomi keluarga miskin di Kelurahan Kedung Jaya, Kecamatan Tanah Sareal, Kota Bogor. Vol. 1 no. 1 edisi Januari. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor. Borner, Shively J, Wunder G, Wyman S. 2012. How do rural households respond to economic shocks? Insights from hierarchical analysis using global data. International Association of Agricultural Economists. Casey L. 2013. Stress and wellbeing in Australia survey 2013. Australian Psychological Society Carbonell A F. 2005. Income and well-being: an empirical analysis of the comparison income effect. Journal of Public Economics: 89 (2005) 997 – 1019. Coleman J S. 1988. “Social capital in the creation of human capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94 (Supplement): S95-S120. Celia M, Lenore M. 2004. Somali Women and Well-Being: Social Networks and Social Capital among Immigrant Women in Australia. Human Organization. Vol. 63 :88 Djohan R. 2008. Leader & Social Capital : Lead to Togetherness. Jakarta: Fund Asia Education Debebe Z, Mebratie A, Sparrow R, Abebaw D, Dekker M, Alemu G, Bedi A. 2013. Coping with shocks in rural Ethiopia. Working Paper. African Studies Centre. Dercon S. 2000. Income risk, coping strategies and safety nets. Background paper World Development Report 2000/01: Centre for the Study of African Economies, Oxford University, Department of Economics Diener E, Tay L. 2013. Rising Income and the Subjective Well-Being of Nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Vol. 104, No. 2, 267–276 DOI: 10.1037/a0030487 Dwyer A, Cummings A. 2001. Stress, Self-Efficacy, Social Support, and Coping Strategies in University Students. Canadian Journal of Counselling. Vol. 35:3 Ersado L, Alderman H, Alwang J. 2014. Changes in Consumption and Saving Behavior before and after Economic Shocks: Evidence from Zimbabwe. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/380136 Fujiwara F, Kawachi I. 2008. Social Capital and Health A Study of Adult Twins in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Vol. 35: 2 Garcia M, McDowell T. 2010. Mapping Social Capital: A Critical Contextual Approach For Working with Low-Status Families. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. Vol. 36 No. 1: 96. 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2009.00188.x Grootaert C. 1999. Social capital, household walfare and poverty in Indonesia. Working Paper, No.6. Washington DC, USA: The World Bank. Social Development Department. Hasanah U, Nadiroh, Neolaka A. 2017. The Influence of Couple Interaction, Roles Differences, and Social-Economic Status on Mother’s Stress Coping. American Scientific Publisher. Vol. 23 10868 – 10870. Helliwell J F, Huang H, Wang S. 2013. Social Capital and Well-Being in Times of Crisis. Journal Happiness Study: DOI 10.1007/s10902-013-9441-z Headey B, Wooden Mark. 2004. The Effects of Wealth and Income on Subjective Well-Being and Ill-Being. Melbourne Institute of Applied and Social Research: IZA DP No. 1032. Hyyppa M. T, Maki J. (2003). Social participation and health in a community rich in stock of social capital. Health Education Research, 18(6), 770–779. Hossain S. 2006. Poverty, household strategies, and coping with urban life: examining livelihood framework in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology, Vol. 2, No. 1. Jain A K, Giga S I, Cooper C L. 2013. Stress, Health and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Employee and Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health: doi:10.3390/ijerph10104907 Jaya, Sumertajaya I M, 2008, Pemodelan persamaan struktural dengan partial least square. Semnas Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika. Vol. 1 118 - 132 Jha R, Nahrajan H K, Pradhan K. 2012. Household Coping Strategies and Welfare: Does Governance Matter? NCAER Working Papers on Decentralisation and Rural Governance in India. Krantz. 2001. The Sustainable Livelihood Approach to Poverty Reduction. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Kawachi I. 2006 Commentary: social capital and health: making the connections one step at a time. Int J Epidemiol. Vol. 35:989 –93. Lazarus, R S, Folkman, S, 1984. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer. Mohnen S, Beate V B, Flap H, Subramanian S, Groenewegen P. 2015. The Influence of Social Capital on Individual Health: Is it the Neighbourhood or the Network?. Soc Indic Res. Vol. 121:195–214 DOI 10.1007/s11205-014-0632-8 Markovic, M, Manderson, L. (2002). Crossing national boundaries: Social identity formation among recent immigrant women in Australia from former Yugoslavia. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 2, 303-316. Puspitawati H. 2012. Gender dan Keluarga. Bogor (ID): IPB Press. ____________. 2013. Ekologi Keluarga: Konsep dan Lingkungan. Bogor (ID): IPB Press. ____________. 2013. Pengantar Studi Keluarga. Bogor (ID): IPB Press. Puspitawati H, Herawati T. 2013. Metode Penelitian Keluarga. Bogor (ID): IPB Press. Rebecca P, Crnic K A, Cox M J, Mills W R. 2013. The Family Model Stress and Maternal Psychological Symptoms: Mediated Pathways From Economic Hardship to Parenting. Journal of Family Psychology: DOI: 10.1037/a0031112 Rosidah U, Hartoyo, Istiqlaliyah. 2012. Kajian strategi koping dan perilaku investasi anak pada keluarga buruh pemetik melati gambir. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen, Vol. 5, No. 1. Stevenson B, Wolfers J. 2013. Subjective Well-Being and Income: Is There Any Evidence of Satiation? American Economic Review. 103(3): 598–604 http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.598 Welsh J A, Berry H L. 2009. Social capital and mental health and well-being. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University Wills E, Orozco L, Forero C, Pardo O, Andonova V. 2011. The relationship between perceptions of insecurity, social capital and subjective well-being: Empirical evidences from areas of rural conflict in Colombia. The Journal of Socio-Economics. Vol. 40 88–96 Yip W, Subramanian S. V, Mitchell A D, Lee D, Wang J, Kawachi I. 2007. Does social capital enhance health and well-being? Evidence from rural China. Journal Social Science & Medicine: 35 – 49

Background: Several mutation classes e.g. epigenetic (e.g. ASXL2), kinase (e.g. KIT, JAK2 or 3), cohesion etc. have been implicated with poorer outcome of patients with core binding factor acute myelogenous leukemia (CBF-AML). Most of these patients have been treated with a cytarabine and anthracycline '3+7' based induction and high dose cytarabine based consolidations. Fludarabine, high dose cytarabine and G-CSF (FLAG) based regimens have shown better relapse free survivals indicating deeper remissions. Presence of unique transcripts render CBF-AML amenable to be monitored by quantitative reduction of transcripts. Limited information is available about correlation of optimal transcript reduction with baseline mutation classes among CBF-AML patients treated with a highly effective regimen. We reported RTPCR values of ≤0.1 at end of induction and ≤0.01 at 2-3 months of remission as optimal transcript reduction in bone marrow for our patients treated with FLAG based regimen. Method: We analyzed 88 consecutive patients with CBF-AML treated with a FLAG based regimen who also had baseline mutation analysis of a minimum of 24 gene myeloid leukemia relevant next generation sequencing based panel and serial CBF-AML specific fusion transcript monitoring by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Mutation classes analyzed were epigenetic (TET2, IDH1 and 2, DNMT3A, ASXL1 and 2, EZH2), transcription factor (RUNX1, CEBPA, NPM1, MLL, NOTCH1), signal transduction (FLT3, NRAS, KRAS, KIT, JAK2, PTPN11). Cohesin mutation data was available from 30 most recently treated patients. Results: Median age was 51 years (range, 22-78 years), 80 patients had idarubicin added to the FLAG regimen (FLAG-Ida) and 8 patients had gemtuzumab ozogamicin added to FLAG (FLAG-GO) after reapproval of GO in the US. With a median follow up of 4+ years, median overall survival (OS) is not reached (NR), with a 3 year OS of 75%. Median remission duration (68% at 3 years) and relapse free survival (RFS) (60% at 3 years) has not been reached. Mutations in signal transduction pathways were seen in 61%, epigenetic regulators in 41% and transcription factors in 22%. Presence of signal transduction (p=0.4), epigenetic (p= 0.8) and transcription factor (p=1) did not predict for optimal CBF-AML specific transcript reduction either at end of cycle 1 of treatment or at 2-3 months of remission. While signal transduction mutations did not predict for RFS, presence of RAS mutations trended for better RFS (p=0.06, median NR versus 43 mos) and KIT mutations (p=0.4) did not impact RFS. Conclusions: Impact of adverse mutations on outcomes in CBF-AML can potentially be overcome with effective treatment regimen. Disclosures Borthakur: PTC Therapeutics: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Abbvie: Research Funding; Jannsen: Research Funding; GSK: Research Funding; Cyclacel: Research Funding; BioLine Rx: Research Funding; BMS: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Polaris: Research Funding; Xbiotech USA: Research Funding; Oncoceutics: Research Funding; Curio Science LLC: Consultancy; FTC Therapeutics: Consultancy; Argenx: Consultancy; PTC Therapeutics: Consultancy; BioLine Rx: Consultancy; BioTherix: Consultancy; Nkarta Therapeutics: Consultancy; Treadwell Therapeutics: Consultancy. Kadia:Pulmotec: Research Funding; Ascentage: Research Funding; JAZZ: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Cellenkos: Research Funding; Genentech: Honoraria, Research Funding; Abbvie: Honoraria, Research Funding; Cyclacel: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Astellas: Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria; BMS: Honoraria, Research Funding; Astra Zeneca: Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding. Garcia-Manero:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Genentech: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Amphivena Therapeutics: Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Merck: Research Funding; Helsinn Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Onconova: Research Funding; Acceleron Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria; AbbVie: Honoraria, Research Funding; Astex Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; H3 Biomedicine: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Pemmaraju:Celgene: Honoraria; AbbVie: Honoraria, Research Funding; Samus Therapeutics: Research Funding; SagerStrong Foundation: Other: Grant Support; MustangBio: Honoraria; Pacylex Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Daiichi Sankyo: Research Funding; Plexxikon: Research Funding; Stemline Therapeutics: Honoraria, Research Funding; Blueprint Medicines: Honoraria; Roche Diagnostics: Honoraria; DAVA Oncology: Honoraria; Affymetrix: Other: Grant Support, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Incyte Corporation: Honoraria; LFB Biotechnologies: Honoraria; Cellectis: Research Funding. Daver:Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Karyopharm: Research Funding; Servier: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Astellas: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novimmune: Research Funding; Gilead: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Trovagene: Research Funding; Fate Therapeutics: Research Funding; ImmunoGen: Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Jazz: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Trillium: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Syndax: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; KITE: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Agios: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. DiNardo:MedImmune: Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Agios: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Jazz: Honoraria; ImmuneOnc: Honoraria; Notable Labs: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Syros: Honoraria; Calithera: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy. Jabbour:Genentech: Other: Advisory role, Research Funding; Adaptive Biotechnologies: Other: Advisory role, Research Funding; AbbVie: Other: Advisory role, Research Funding; Takeda: Other: Advisory role, Research Funding; BMS: Other: Advisory role, Research Funding; Amgen: Other: Advisory role, Research Funding; Pfizer: Other: Advisory role, Research Funding. Ravandi:Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Macrogenics: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Consultancy, Honoraria; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Xencor: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Astellas: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Orsenix: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Kantarjian:Actinium: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Jazz Pharma: Research Funding; BMS: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; AbbVie: Honoraria, Research Funding; Daiichi-Sankyo: Research Funding; Agios: Honoraria, Research Funding; Immunogen: Research Funding; Cyclacel: Research Funding; Ariad: Research Funding; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Astex: Research Funding.

IntroductionIf human beings have become a geophysical force, capable of impacting the very crust and atmosphere of the planet, and if geophysical forces become objects of study, presences able to be charted over millions of years—one of our many problems is a 'naming' problem. - Bethany NowviskieThe anthropocene "denotes the present time interval, in which many geologically significant conditions and processes are profoundly altered by human activities" (S.Q.S.). Although the narrative and terminology of the anthropocene has not been officially legitimized by the scientific community as a whole, it has been adopted worldwide by a plethora of social and cultural studies. The challenges of the anthropocene demand interdisciplinary efforts and actions. New contexts, situations and environments call for original naming propositions: new terminologies are always illegitimate at the moment of their first appearance in the world.Against the background of the naming challenges of the anthropocene, we will map the emergence and tell the story of a tiny world within the world of media studies: the world of the term 'nanomedia' and its hyphenated sister 'nano-media'. While we tell the story of the uses of this term, its various meanings and applications, we will provide yet another possible interpretation and application to the term, one that we believe might be helpful to interdisciplinary media studies in the context of the anthropocene. Contemporary media terminologies are usually born out of fortuitous exchanges between communication technologies and their various social appropriations: hypodermic media, interactive media, social media, and so on and so forth. These terminologies are either recognised as the offspring of legitimate scientific endeavours by the media theory community, or are widely discredited and therefore rendered illegitimate. Scientific legitimacy comes from the broad recognition and embrace of a certain term and its inclusion in the canon of an epistemology. Illegitimate processes of theoretical enquiry and the study of the kinds of deviations that might deem a theory unacceptable have been scarcely addressed (Delborne). Rejected terminologies and theories are marginalised and gain the status of bastard epistemologies of media, considered irrelevant and unworthy of mention and recognition. Within these margins, however, different streams of media theories which involve conceptual hybridizations can be found: creole encounters between high culture and low culture (James), McLuhan's hybrid that comes from the 'meeting of two media' (McLuhan 55), or even 'bastard spaces' of cultural production (Bourdieu). Once in a while a new media epistemology arises that is categorised as a bastard not because of plain rejection or criticism, but because of its alien origins, formations and shape. New theories are currently emerging out of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary thinking which are, in many ways, bearers of strange features and characteristics that might render its meaning elusive and obscure to a monodisciplinary perspective. Radical transdisciplinary thinking is often alien and alienated. It results from unconventional excursions into uncharted territories of enquiry: bastard epistemologies arise from such exchanges. Being itself a product of a mestizo process of thinking, this article takes a look into the term nanomedia (or nano-media): a marginal terminology within media theory. This term is not to be confounded with the term biomedia, coined by Eugene Thacker (2004). (The theory of biomedia has acquired a great level of scientific legitimacy, however it refers to the moist realities of the human body, and is more concerned with cyborg and post-human epistemologies. The term nanomedia, on the contrary, is currently being used according to multiple interpretations which are mostly marginal, and we argue, in this paper, that such uses might be considered illegitimate). ’Nanomedia’ was coined outside the communications area. It was first used by scientific researchers in the field of optics and physics (Rand et al), in relation to flows of media via nanoparticles and optical properties of nanomaterials. This term would only be used in media studies a couple of years later, with a completely different meaning, without any acknowledgment of its scientific origins and context. The structure of this narrative is thus illegitimate, and as such does not fit into traditional modalities of written expression: there are bits and pieces of information and epistemologies glued together as a collage of nano fragments which combine philology, scientific literature, digital ethnography and technology reviews. Transgressions Illegitimate theories might be understood in terms of hybrid epistemologies that intertwine disciplines and perspectives, rendering its outcomes inter or transdisciplinary, and therefore prone to being considered marginal by disciplinary communities. Such theories might also be considered illegitimate due to social and political power struggles which aim to maintain territory by reproducing specific epistemologies within a certain field. Scientific legitimacy is a social and political process, which has been widely addressed. Pierre Bourdieu, in particular, has dedicated most of his work to deciphering the intricacies of academic wars around the legitimacy or illegitimacy of theories and terminologies. Legitimacy also plays a role in determining the degree to which a certain theory will be regarded as relevant or irrelevant:Researchers’ tendency to concentrate on those problems regarded as the most important ones (e.g. because they have been constituted as such by producers endowed with a high degree of legitimacy) is explained by the fact that a contribution or discovery relating to those questions will tend to yield greater symbolic profit (Bourdieu 22).Exploring areas of enquiry which are outside the boundaries of mainstream scientific discourses is a dangerous affair. Mixing different epistemologies in the search for transversal grounds of knowledge might result in unrecognisable theories, which are born out of a combination of various processes of hybridisation: social, technological, cultural and material.Material mutations are happening that call for new epistemologies, due to the implications of current technological possibilities which might redefine our understanding of mediation, and expand it to include molecular forms of communication. A new terminology that takes into account the scientific and epistemological implications of nanotechnology applied to communication [and that also go beyond cyborg metaphors of a marriage between biology and cibernetics] is necessary. Nanomedia and nanomediations are the terminologies proposed in this article as conceptual tools to allow these further explorations. Nanomedia is here understood as the combination of different nanotechnological mediums of communication that are able to create and disseminate meaning via molecular exchange and/ or assembly. Nanomediation is here defined as the process of active transmission and reception of signs and meaning using nanotechnologies. These terminologies might help us in conducting interdisciplinary research and observations that go deeper into matter itself and take into account its molecular spaces of mediation - moving from metaphor into pragmatics. Nanomedia(s)Within the humanities, the term 'nano-media' was first proposed by Mojca Pajnik and John Downing, referring to small media interventions that communicate social meaning in independent ways. Their use of term 'nano-media' proposes to be a revised alternative to the plethora of terms that categorise such media actions, such as alternative media, community media, tactical media, participatory media, etc. The metaphor of smallness implied in the term nano-media is used to categorise the many fragments and complexities of political appropriations of independent media. Historical examples of the kind of 'nano' social interferences listed by Downing (2),include the flyers (Flugblätter) of the Protestant Reformation in Germany; the jokes, songs and ribaldry of François Rabelais’ marketplace ... the internet links of the global social justice (otromundialista) movement; the worldwide community radio movement; the political documentary movement in country after country.John Downing applies the meaning of the prefix nano (coming from the Greek word nanos - dwarf), to independent media interventions. His concept is rooted in an analysis of the social actions performed by local movements scattered around the world, politically engaged and tactically positioned. A similar, but still unique, proposition to the use of the term 'nano-media' appeared 2 years later in the work of Graham St John (442):If ‘mass media’ consists of regional and national print and television news, ‘niche media’ includes scene specific publications, and ‘micro media’ includes event flyers and album cover art (that which Eshun [1998] called ‘conceptechnics’), and ‘social media’ refers to virtual social networks, then the sampling of popular culture (e.g. cinema and documentary sources) using the medium of the programmed music itself might be considered nano-media.Nano-media, according to Graham St John, "involves the remediation of samples from popular sources (principally film) as part of the repertoire of electronic musicians in their efforts to create a distinct liminalized socio-aesthetic" (St John 445). While Downing proposes to use the term nano-media as a way to "shake people free of their obsession with the power of macro-media, once they consider the enormous impact of nano-technologies on our contemporary world" (Downing 1), Graham St John uses the term to categorise media practices specific to a subculture (psytrance). Since the use of the term 'nano-media' in relation to culture seems to be characterised by the study of marginalised social movements, portraying a hybrid remix of conceptual references that, if not completely illegitimate, would be located in the border of legitimacy within media theories, I am hereby proposing yet another bastard version of the concept of nanomedia (without a hyphen). Given that neither of the previous uses of the term 'nano-media' within the discipline of media studies take into account the technological use of the prefix nano, it is time to redefine the term in direct relation to nanotechnologies and communication devices. Let us start by taking a look at nanoradios. Nanoradios are carbon nanotubes connected in such a way that when electrodes flow through the nanotubes, various electrical signals recover the audio signals encoded by the radio wave being received (Service). Nanoradios are examples of the many ways in which nanotechnologies are converging with and transforming our present information and communication technologies. From molecular manufacturing (Drexler) to quantum computing (Deutsch), we now have a wide spectrum of emerging and converging technologies that can act as nanomedia - molecular structures built specifically to act as communication devices.NanomediationsBeyond literal attempts to replicate traditional media artifacts using nanotechnologies, we find deep processes of mediation which are being called nanocommunication (Hara et al.) - mediation that takes place through the exchange of signals between molecules: Nanocommunication networks (nanonetworks) can be used to coordinate tasks and realize them in a distributed manner, covering a greater area and reaching unprecedented locations. Molecular communication is a novel and promising way to achieve communication between nanodevices by encoding messages inside molecules. (Abadal & Akyildiz) Nature is nanotechnological. Living systems are precise mechanisms of physical engineering: our molecules obey our DNA and fall into place according to biological codes that are mysteriously written in our every cell. Bodies are perfectly mediated - biological systems of molecular communication and exchange. Humans have always tried to emulate or to replace natural processes by artificial ones. Nanotechnology is not an exception. Many nanotechnological applications try to replicate natural systems, for example: replicas of nanostructures found in lotus flowers are now being used in waterproof fabrics, nanocrystals, responsible for resistance of cobwebs, are being artificially replicated for use in resistant materials, and various proteins are being artificially replicated as well (NNI 05). In recent decades, the methods of manipulation and engineering of nano particles have been perfected by scientists, and hundreds of nanotechnological products are now being marketed. Such nano material levels are now accessible because our digital technologies were advanced enough to allow scientific visualization and manipulation at the atomic level. The Scanning Tunneling Microscopes (STMs), by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (1986), might be considered as the first kind of nanomedia devices ever built. STMs use quantum-mechanical principles to capture information about the surface of atoms and molecules, allowed digital imaging and visualization of atomic surfaces. Digital visualization of atomic surfaces led to the discovery of buckyballs and nanotubes (buckytubes), structures that are celebrated today and received their names in honor of Buckminster Fuller. Nanotechnologies were developed as a direct consequence of the advancement of digital technologies in the fields of scientific visualisation and imaging. Nonetheless, a direct causal relationship between nano and digital technologies is not the only correlation between these two fields. Much in the same manner in which digital technologies allow infinite manipulation and replication of data, nanotechnologies would allow infinite manipulation and replication of molecules. Nanocommunication could be as revolutionary as digital communication in regards to its possible outcomes concerning new media. Full implementation of the new possibilities of nanomedia would be equivalent or even more revolutionary than digital networks are today. Nanotechnology operates at an intermediate scale at which the laws of classical physics are mixed to the laws of quantum physics (Holister). The relationship between digital technologies and nanotechnologies is not just instrumental, it is also conceptual. We might compare the possibilities of nanotechnology to hypertext: in the same way that a word processor allows the expression of any type of textual structure, so nanotechnology could allow, in principle, for a sort of "3-D printing" of any material structure.Nanotechnologies are essentially media technologies. Nanomedia is now a reality because digital technologies made possible the visualization and computational simulation of the behavior of atomic particles at the nano level. Nanomachines that can build any type of molecular structure by atomic manufacturing could also build perfect replicas of themselves. Obviously, such a powerful technology offers medical and ecological dangers inherent to atomic manipulation. Although this type of concern has been present in the global debate about the social implications of nanotechnology, its full implications are yet not entirely understood. A general scientific consensus seems to exist, however, around the idea that molecules could become a new type of material alphabet, which, theoretically, would make possible the reconfiguration of the physical structures of any type of matter using molecular manufacturing. Matter becomes digital through molecular communication.Although the uses given to the term nano-media in the context of cultural and social studies are merely metaphorical - the prefix nano is used by humanists as an allegorical reference of a combination between 'small' and 'contemporary' - once the technological and scientifical realities of nanomedia present themselves as a new realm of mediation, populated with its own kind of molecular devices, it will not be possible to ignore its full range of implications anymore. A complexifying media ecosystem calls for a more nuanced and interdisciplinary approach to media studies.ConclusionThis article narrates the different uses of the term nanomedia as an illustration of the way in which disciplinarity determines the level of legitimacy or illegitimacy of an emerging term. We then presented another possible use of the term in the field of media studies, one that is more closely aligned with its scientific origins. The importance and relevance of this narrative is connected to the present challenges we face in the anthropocene. The reality of the anthropocene makes painfully evident the full extent of the impact our technologies have had in the present condition of our planet's ecosystems. For as long as we refuse to engage directly with the technologies themselves, trying to speak the language of science and technology in order to fully understand its wider consequences and implications, our theories will be reduced to fancy metaphors and aesthetic explorations which circulate around the critical issues of our times without penetrating them. The level of interdisciplinarity required by the challenges of the anthropocene has to go beyond anthropocentrism. Traditional theories of media are anthropocentric: we seem to be willing to engage only with that which we are able to recognise and relate to. Going beyond anthropocentrism requires that we become familiar with interdisciplinary discussions and perspectives around common terminologies so we might reach a consensus about the use of a shared term. For scientists, nanomedia is an information and communication technology which is simultaneously a tool for material engineering. For media artists and theorists, nano-media is a cultural practice of active social interference and artistic exploration. However, none of the two approaches is able to fully grasp the magnitude of such an inter and transdisciplinary encounter: when communication becomes molecular engineering, what are the legitimate boundaries of media theory? If matter becomes not only a medium, but also a language, what would be the conceptual tools needed to rethink our very understanding of mediation? Would this new media epistemology be considered legitimate or illegitimate? Be it legitimate or illegitimate, a new media theory must arise that challenges and overcomes the walls which separate science and culture, physics and semiotics, on the grounds that it is a transdisciplinary change on the inner workings of media itself which now becomes our vector of epistemological and empirical transformation. A new media theory which not only speaks the language of molecular technologies but that might be translated into material programming, is the only media theory equipped to handle the challenges of the anthropocene. ReferencesAbadal, Sergi, and Ian F. Akyildiz. "Bio-Inspired Synchronization for Nanocommunication Networks." Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM), 2011.Borisenko, V. E., and S. Ossicini. What Is What in the Nanoworld: A Handbook on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2005.Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Specificity of the Scientific Field and the Social Conditions of the Progress of Reason." Social Science Information 14 (Dec. 1975): 19-47.---. La Distinction: Critique Sociale du Jugement. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1979. Delborne, Jason A. "Transgenes and Transgressions: Scientific Dissent as Heterogeneous Practice". Social Studies of Science 38 (2008): 509.Deutsch, David. The Beginning of Infinity. London: Penguin, 2011.Downing, John. "Nanomedia: ‘Community’ Media, ‘Network’ Media, ‘Social Movement’ Media: Why Do They Matter? And What’s in a Name? Mitjans Comunitaris, Moviments Socials i Xarxes." InCom-UAB. Barcelona: Cidob, 15 March 2010.Drexler, E.K. "Modular Molecular Composite Nanosystems." Metamodern 10 Nov. 2008. Epstein, Steven. Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. Vol. 7. U of California P, 1996.Hara, S., et al. "New Paradigms in Wireless Communication Systems." Wireless Personal Communications 37.3-4 (May 2006): 233-241.Holister, P. "Nanotech: The Tiny Revolution." CMP Cientifica July 2002.James, Daniel. Bastardising Technology as a Critical Mode of Cultural Practice. PhD Thesis. Wellington, New Zealand, Massey University, 2010.Jensen, K., J. Weldon, H. Garcia, and A. Zetti. "Nanotube Radio." Nano Letters 7.11 (2007): 3508–3511. Lee, C.H., S.W. Lee, and S.S. Lee. "A Nanoradio Utilizing the Mechanical Resonance of a Vertically Aligned Nanopillar Array." Nanoscale 6.4 (2014): 2087-93. Maasen. Governing Future Technologies: Nanotechnology and the Rise of an Assessment Regime. Berlin: Springer, 2010. 121–4.Milburn, Colin. "Digital Matters: Video Games and the Cultural Transcoding of Nanotechnology." In Governing Future Technologies: Nanotechnology and the Rise of an Assessment Regime, eds. Mario Kaiser, Monika Kurath, Sabine Maasen, and Christoph Rehmann-Sutter. Berlin: Springer, 2009.Miller, T.R., T.D. Baird, C.M. Littlefield, G. Kofinas, F. Chapin III, and C.L. Redman. "Epistemological Pluralism: Reorganizing Interdisciplinary Research". Ecology and Society 13.2 (2008): 46.National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). Big Things from a Tiny World. 2008.Nowviskie, Bethany. "Digital Humanities in the Anthropocene". Nowviskie.org. 15 Sep. 2014 .Pajnik, Mojca, and John Downing. "Introduction: The Challenges of 'Nano-Media'." In M. Pajnik and J. Downing, eds., Alternative Media and the Politics of Resistance: Perspectives and Challenges. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Peace Institute, 2008. 7-16.Qarehbaghi, Reza, Hao Jiang, and Bozena Kaminska. "Nano-Media: Multi-Channel Full Color Image with Embedded Covert Information Display." In ACM SIGGRAPH 2014 Posters. New York: ACM, 2014. Rand, Stephen C., Costa Soukolis, and Diederik Wiersma. "Localization, Multiple Scattering, and Lasing in Random Nanomedia." JOSA B 21.1 (2004): 98-98.Service, Robert F. "TF10: Nanoradio." MIT Technology Review April 2008. Shanken, Edward A. "Artists in Industry and the Academy: Collaborative Research, Interdisciplinary Scholarship and the Creation and Interpretation of Hybrid Forms." Leonardo 38.5 (Oct. 2005): 415-418.St John, Graham. "Freak Media: Vibe Tribes, Sampledelic Outlaws and Israeli Psytrance." Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies 26. 3 (2012): 437–447.Subcomission on Quartenary Stratigraphy (S.Q.S.). "What Is the Anthropocene?" Quaternary.stratigraphy.org.Thacker, Eugene. Biomedia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004.Toffoli, Tommaso, and Norman Margolus. "Programmable Matter: Concepts and Realization." Physica D 47 (1991): 263–272.Vanderbeeken, Robrecht, Christel Stalpaert, Boris Debackere, and David Depestel. Bastard or Playmate? On Adapting Theatre, Mutating Media and the Contemporary Performing Arts. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University, 2012.Wark, McKenzie. "Climate Science as Sensory Infrastructure." Extract from Molecular Red, forthcoming. The White Review 20 Sep. 2014.Wilson, Matthew W. "Cyborg Geographies: Towards Hybrid Epistemologies." Gender, Place and Culture 16.5 (2009): 499–515.

The release in 2004 of Gurinder Chadha’s Bride and Prejudice marked yet another contribution to celluloid’s Austen mania that began in the 1990s and is still going strong. Released almost simultaneously on three different continents (in the UK, US, and India), and in two different languages (English and Hindi), Bride and Prejudice, however, is definitely not another Anglo-American period costume drama. Described by one reviewer as “East meets West”, Chadha’s film “marries a characteristically English saga [Austen’s Pride and Prejudice] with classic Bollywood format “transforming corsets to saris, … the Bennetts to the Bakshis and … pianos to bhangra beats” (Adarsh). Bride and Prejudice, thus, clearly belongs to the upcoming genre of South Asian cross-over cinema in its diasporic incarnation. Such cross-over cinema self-consciously acts as a bridge between at least two distinct cinematic traditions—Hollywood and Bollywood (Indian Hindi cinema). By taking Austen’s Pride and Prejudice as her source text, Chadha has added another dimension to the intertextuality of such cross-over cinema, creating a complex hybrid that does not fit neatly into binary hyphenated categories such as “Asian-American cinema” that film critics such as Mandal invoke to characterise diaspora productions. An embodiment of contemporary globalised (post?)coloniality in its narrative scope, embracing not just Amritsar and LA, but also Goa and London, Bride and Prejudice refuses to fit into a neat East versus West cross-cultural model. How, then, are we to classify this film? Is this problem of identity indicative of postmodern indeterminacy of meaning or can the film be seen to occupy a “third” space, to act as a postcolonial hybrid that successfully undermines (neo)colonial hegemony (Sangari, 1-2)? To answer this question, I will examine Bride and Prejudice as a mimic text, focusing specifically on its complex relationship with Bollywood conventions. According to Gurinder Chadha, Bride and Prejudice is a “complete Hindi movie” in which she has paid “homage to Hindi cinema” through “deliberate references to the cinema of Manoj Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Yash Chopra and Karan Johar” (Jha). This list of film makers is associated with a specific Bollywood sub-genre: the patriotic family romance. Combining aspects of two popular Bollywood genres, the “social” (Prasad, 83) and the “romance” (Virdi, 178), this sub-genre enacts the story of young lovers caught within complex familial politics against the backdrop of a nationalist celebration of Indian identity. Using a cinematic language that is characterised by the spectacular in both its aural and visual aspects, the patriotic family romance follows a typical “masala” narrative pattern that brings together “a little action and some romance with a touch of comedy, drama, tragedy, music, and dance” (Jaikumar). Bride and Prejudice’s successful mimicry of this language and narrative pattern is evident in film reviews consistently pointing to its being very “Bollywoodish”: “the songs and some sequences look straight out of a Hindi film” says one reviewer (Adarsh), while another wonders “why this talented director has reduced Jane Austen’s creation to a Bollywood masala film” (Bhaskaran). Setting aside, for the moment, these reviewers’ condemnation of such Bollywood associations, it is worthwhile to explore the implications of yoking together a canonical British text with Indian popular culture. According to Chadha, this combination is made possible since “the themes of Jane Austen’s novels are a ‘perfect fit’ for a Bollywood style film” (Wray). Ostensibly, such a comment may be seen to reinforce the authority of the colonial canonical text by affirming its transnational/transhistorical relevance. From this perspective, the Bollywood adaptation not only becomes a “native” tribute to the colonial “master” text, but also, implicitly, marks the necessary belatedness of Bollywood as a “native” cultural formation that can only mimic the “English book”. Again, Chadha herself seems to subscribe to this view: “I chose Pride and Prejudice because I feel 200 years ago, England was no different than Amritsar today” (Jha). The ease with which the basic plot premise of Pride and Prejudice—a mother with grown-up daughters obsessed with their marriage—transfers to a contemporary Indian setting does seem to substantiate this idea of belatedness. The spatio-temporal contours of the narrative require changes to accommodate the transference from eighteenth-century English countryside to twenty-first-century India, but in terms of themes, character types, and even plot elements, Bride and Prejudice is able to “mimic” its master text faithfully. While the Bennets, Bingleys and Darcy negotiate the relationship between marriage, money and social status in an England transformed by the rise of industrial capitalism, the Bakshis, Balraj and, yes, Will Darcy, undertake the same tasks in an India transformed by corporate globalisation. Differences in class are here overlaid with those in culture as a middle-class Indian family interacts with wealthy non-resident British Indians and American owners of multinational enterprises, mingling the problems created by pride in social status with prejudices rooted in cultural insularity. However, the underlying conflicts between social and individual identity, between relationships based on material expediency and romantic love, remain the same, clearly indicating India’s belated transition from tradition to modernity. It is not surprising, then, that Chadha can claim that “the transposition [of Austen to India] did not offend the purists in England at all” (Jha). But if the purity of the “master” text is not contaminated by such native mimicry, then how does one explain the Indian anglophile rejection of Bride and Prejudice? The problem, according to the Indian reviewers, lies not in the idea of an Indian adaptation, but in the choice of genre, in the devaluation of the “master” text’s cultural currency by associating it with the populist “masala” formula of Bollywood. The patriotic family romance, characterised by spectacular melodrama with little heed paid to psychological complexity, is certainly a far cry from the restrained Austenian narrative that achieves its dramatic effect exclusively through verbal sparring and epistolary revelations. When Elizabeth and Darcy’s quiet walk through Pemberley becomes Lalita and Darcy singing and dancing through public fountains, and the private economic transaction that rescues Lydia from infamy is translated into fisticuff between Darcy and Wickham in front of an applauding cinema audience, mimicry does smack too much of mockery to be taken as a tribute. It is no wonder then that “the news that [Chadha] was making Bride and Prejudice was welcomed with broad grins by everyone [in Britain] because it’s such a cheeky thing to do” (Jha). This cheekiness is evident throughout the film, which provides a splendid over-the-top cinematic translation of Pride and Prejudice that deliberately undermines the seriousness accorded to the Austen text, not just by the literary establishment, but also by cinematic counterparts that attempt to preserve its cultural value through carefully constructed period pieces. Chadha’s Bride and Prejudice, on the other hand, marries British high culture to Indian popular culture, creating a mimic text that is, in Homi Bhabha’s terms, “almost the same, but not quite” (86), thus undermining the authority, the primacy, of the so-called “master” text. This postcolonial subversion is enacted in Chadha’s film at the level of both style and content. If the adaptation of fiction into film is seen as an activity of translation, of a semiotic shift from one language to another (Boyum, 21), then Bride and Prejudice can be seen to enact this translation at two levels: the obvious translation of the language of novel into the language of film, and the more complex translation of Western high culture idiom into the idiom of Indian popular culture. The very choice of target language in the latter case clearly indicates that “authenticity” is not the intended goal here. Instead of attempting to render the target language transparent, making it a non-intrusive medium that derives all its meaning from the source text, Bride and Prejudice foregrounds the conventions of Bollywood masala films, forcing its audience to grapple with this “new” language on its own terms. The film thus becomes a classic instance of the colony “talking back” to the metropolis, of Caliban speaking to Prospero, not in the language Prospero has taught him, but in his own native tongue. The burden of responsibility is shifted; it is Prospero/audiences in the West that have the responsibility to understand the language of Bollywood without dismissing it as gibberish or attempting to domesticate it, to reduce it to the familiar. The presence in Bride and Prejudice of song and dance sequences, for example, does not make it a Hollywood musical, just as the focus on couples in love does not make it a Hollywood-style romantic comedy. Neither The Sound of Music (Robert Wise, 1965) nor You’ve Got Mail (Nora Ephron, 1998) corresponds to the Bollywood patriotic family romance that combines various elements from distinct Hollywood genres into one coherent narrative pattern. Instead, it is Bollywood hits like Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge (Aditya Chopra, 1995) and Pardes (Subhash Ghai, 1997) that constitute the cinema tradition to which Bride and Prejudice belongs, and against which backdrop it needs to be seen. This is made clear in the film itself where the climactic fight between Darcy and Wickham is shot against a screening of Manoj Kumar’s Purab Aur Paschim (East and West) (1970), establishing Darcy, unequivocally, as the Bollywood hero, the rescuer of the damsel in distress, who deserves, and gets, the audience’s full support, denoted by enthusiastic applause. Through such intertextuality, Bride and Prejudice enacts a postcolonial reversal whereby the usual hierarchy governing the relationship between the colony and the metropolis is inverted. By privileging through style and explicit reference the Indian Bollywood framework in Bride and Prejudice, Chadha implicitly minimises the importance of Austen’s text, reducing it to just one among several intertextual invocations without any claim to primacy. It is, in fact, perfectly possible to view Bride and Prejudice without any knowledge of Austen; its characters and narrative pattern are fully comprehensible within a well-established Bollywood tradition that is certainly more familiar to a larger number of Indians than is Austen. An Indian audience, thus, enjoys a home court advantage with this film, not the least of which is the presence of Aishwarya Rai, the Bollywood superstar who is undoubtedly the central focus of Chadha’s film. But star power apart, the film consolidates the Indian advantage through careful re-visioning of specific plot elements of Austen’s text in ways that clearly reverse the colonial power dynamics between Britain and India. The re-casting of Bingley as the British Indian Balraj re-presents Britain in terms of its immigrant identity. White British identity, on the other hand, is reduced to a single character—Johnny Wickham—which associates it with a callous duplicity and devious exploitation that provide the only instance in this film of Bollywood-style villainy. This re-visioning of British identity is evident even at the level of the film’s visuals where England is identified first by a panning shot that covers everything from Big Ben to a mosque, and later by a snapshot of Buckingham Palace through a window: a combination of its present multicultural reality juxtaposed against its continued self-representation in terms of an imperial tradition embodied by the monarchy. This reductionist re-visioning of white Britain’s imperial identity is foregrounded in the film by the re-casting of Darcy as an American entrepreneur, which effectively shifts the narratorial focus from Britain to the US. Clearly, with respect to India, it is now the US which is the imperial power, with London being nothing more than a stop-over on the way from Amritsar to LA. This shift, however, does not in itself challenge the more fundamental West-East power hierarchy; it merely indicates a shift of the imperial centre without any perceptible change in the contours of colonial discourse. The continuing operation of the latter is evident in the American Darcy’s stereotypical and dismissive attitude towards Indian culture as he makes snide comments about arranged marriages and describes Bhangra as an “easy dance” that looks like “screwing in a light bulb with one hand and patting a dog with the other.” Within the film, this cultural snobbery of the West is effectively challenged by Lalita, the Indian Elizabeth, whose “liveliness of mind” is exhibited here chiefly through her cutting comebacks to such disparaging remarks, making her the film’s chief spokesperson for India. When Darcy’s mother, for example, dismisses the need to go to India since yoga and Deepak Chopra are now available in the US, Lalita asks her if going to Italy has become redundant because Pizza Hut has opened around the corner? Similarly, she undermines Darcy’s stereotyping of India as the backward Other where arranged marriages are still the norm, by pointing out the eerie similarity between so-called arranged marriages in India and the attempts of Darcy’s own mother to find a wife for him. Lalita’s strategy, thus, is not to invert the hierarchy by proving the superiority of the East over the West; instead, she blurs the distinction between the two, while simultaneously introducing the West (as represented by Darcy and his mother) to the “real India”. The latter is achieved not only through direct conversational confrontations with Darcy, but also indirectly through her own behaviour and deportment. Through her easy camaraderie with local Goan kids, whom she joins in an impromptu game of cricket, and her free-spirited guitar-playing with a group of backpacking tourists, Lalita clearly shows Darcy (and the audience in the West) that so-called “Hicksville, India” is no different from the so-called cosmopolitan sophistication of LA. Lalita is definitely not the stereotypical shy retiring Indian woman; this jean-clad, tractor-riding gal is as comfortable dancing the garbha at an Indian wedding as she is sipping marguerites in an LA restaurant. Interestingly, this East-West union in Aishwarya Rai’s portrayal of Lalita as a modern Indian woman de-stabilises the stereotypes generated not only by colonial discourse but also by Bollywood’s brand of conservative nationalism. As Chadha astutely points out, “Bride and Prejudice is not a Hindi film in the true sense. That rikshawallah in the front row in Patna is going to say, ‘Yeh kya hua? Aishwarya ko kya kiya?’ [What did you do to Aishwarya?]” (Jha). This disgruntlement of the average Indian Hindi-film audience, which resulted in the film being a commercial flop in India, is a result of Chadha’s departures from the conventions of her chosen Bollywood genre at both the cinematic and the thematic levels. The perceived problem with Aishwarya Rai, as articulated by the plaintive question of the imagined Indian viewer, is precisely her presentation as a modern (read Westernised) Indian heroine, which is pretty much an oxymoron within Bollywood conventions. In all her mainstream Hindi films, Aishwarya Rai has conformed to these conventions, playing the demure, sari-clad, conventional Indian heroine who is untouched by any “anti-national” western influence in dress, behaviour or ideas (Gangoli,158). Her transformation in Chadha’s film challenges this conventional notion of a “pure” Indian identity that informs the Bollywood “masala” film. Such re-visioning of Bollywood’s thematic conventions is paralleled, in Bride and Prejudice, with a playfully subversive mimicry of its cinematic conventions. This is most obvious in the song-and-dance sequences in the film. While their inclusion places the film within the Bollywood tradition, their actual picturisation creates an audio-visual pastiche that freely mingles Bollywood conventions with those of Hollywood musicals as well as contemporary music videos from both sides of the globe. A song, for example, that begins conventionally enough (in Bollywood terms) with three friends singing about one of them getting married and moving away, soon transforms into a parody of Hollywood musicals as random individuals from the marketplace join in, not just as chorus, but as developers of the main theme, almost reducing the three friends to a chorus. And while the camera alternates between mid and long shots in conventional Bollywood fashion, the frame violates the conventions of stylised choreography by including a chaotic spill-over that self-consciously creates a postmodern montage very different from the controlled spectacle created by conventional Bollywood song sequences. Bride and Prejudice, thus, has an “almost the same, but not quite” relationship not just with Austen’s text but also with Bollywood. Such dual-edged mimicry, which foregrounds Chadha’s “outsider” status with respect to both traditions, eschews all notions of “authenticity” and thus seems to become a perfect embodiment of postcolonial hybridity. Does this mean that postmodern pastiche can fulfill the political agenda of postcolonial resistance to the forces of globalised (neo)imperialism? As discussed above, Bride and Prejudice does provide a postcolonial critique of (neo)colonial discourse through the character of Lalita, while at the same time escaping the trap of Bollywood’s explicitly articulated brand of nationalism by foregrounding Lalita’s (Westernised) modernity. And yet, ironically, the film unselfconsciously remains faithful to contemporary Bollywood’s implicit ideological framework. As most analyses of Bollywood blockbusters in the post-liberalisation (post-1990) era have pointed out, the contemporary patriotic family romance is distinct from its earlier counterparts in its unquestioning embrace of neo-conservative consumerist ideology (Deshpande, 187; Virdi, 203). This enthusiastic celebration of globalisation in its most recent neo-imperial avatar is, interestingly, not seen to conflict with Bollywood’s explicit nationalist agenda; the two are reconciled through a discourse of cultural nationalism that happily co-exists with a globalisation-sponsored rampant consumerism, while studiously ignoring the latter’s neo-colonial implications. Bride and Prejudice, while self-consciously redefining certain elements of this cultural nationalism and, in the process, providing a token recognition of neo-imperial configurations, does not fundamentally question this implicit neo-conservative consumerism of the Bollywood patriotic family romance. This is most obvious in the film’s gender politics where it blindly mimics Bollywood conventions in embodying the nation as a woman (Lalita) who, however independent she may appear, not only requires male protection (Darcy is needed to physically rescue Lakhi from Wickham) but also remains an object of exchange between competing systems of capitalist patriarchy (Uberoi, 207). At the film’s climax, Lalita walks away from her family towards Darcy. But before Darcy embraces the very willing Lalita, his eyes seek out and receive permission from Mr Bakshi. Patriarchal authority is thus granted due recognition, and Lalita’s seemingly bold “independent” decision remains caught within the politics of patriarchal exchange. This particular configuration of gender politics is very much a part of Bollywood’s neo-conservative consumerist ideology wherein the Indian woman/nation is given enough agency to make choices, to act as a “voluntary” consumer, within a globalised marketplace that is, however, controlled by the interests of capitalist patriarchy. The narrative of Bride and Prejudice perfectly aligns this framework with Lalita’s project of cultural nationalism, which functions purely at the personal/familial level, but which is framed at both ends of the film by a visual conjoining of marriage and the marketplace, both of which are ultimately outside Lalita’s control. Chadha’s attempt to appropriate and transform British “Pride” through subversive postcolonial mimicry, thus, ultimately results only in replacing it with an Indian “Bride,” with a “star” product (Aishwarya Rai / Bride and Prejudice / India as Bollywood) in a splendid package, ready for exchange and consumption within the global marketplace. All glittering surface and little substance, Bride and Prejudice proves, once again, that postmodern pastiche cannot automatically double as politically enabling postcolonial hybridity (Sangari, 23-4). References Adarsh, Taran. “Balle Balle! From Amritsar to L.A.” IndiaFM Movie Review 8 Oct. 2004. 19 Feb. 2007 http://indiafm.com/movies/review/7211/index.html>. Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. 1813. New Delhi: Rupa and Co., 1999. Bhabha, Homi. “Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse.” The Location of Culture. Routledge: New York, 1994. 85-92. Bhaskaran, Gautam. “Classic Made Trivial.” The Hindu 15 Oct. 2004. 19 Feb. 2007 http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/15/stories/ 2004101502220100.htm>. Boyum, Joy Gould. Double Exposure: Fiction into Film. Calcutta: Seagull Books, 1989. Bride and Prejudice. Dir. Gurinder Chadha. Perf. Aishwarya Ray and Martin Henderson. Miramax, 2004. Deshpande, Sudhanva. “The Consumable Hero of Globalized India.” Bollyworld: Popular Indian Cinema through a Transnational Lens. Eds. Raminder Kaur and Ajay J. Sinha. New Delhi: Sage, 2005. 186-203. Gangoli, Geetanjali. “Sexuality, Sensuality and Belonging: Representations of the ‘Anglo-Indian’ and the ‘Western’ Woman in Hindi Cinema.” Bollyworld: Popular Indian Cinema through a Transnational Lens. Eds. Raminder Kaur and Ajay J. Sinha. New Delhi: Sage, 2005. 143-162. Jaikumar, Priya. “Bollywood Spectaculars.” World Literature Today 77.3/4 (2003): n. pag. Jha, Subhash K. “Bride and Prejudice is not a K3G.” The Rediff Interview 30 Aug. 2004. 19 Feb. 2007 http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/aug/30finter.htm>. Mandal, Somdatta. Film and Fiction: Word into Image. New Delhi: Rawat Publications, 2005. Prasad, M. Madhava. Ideology of the Hindi Film: A Historical Construction. New Delhi: Oxford UP, 1998. Sangari, Kumkum. Politics of the Possible: Essays on Gender, History, Narratives, Colonial English. New Delhi: Tulika, 1999. Uberoi, Patricia. Freedom and Destiny: Gender, Family, and Popular Culture in India. New Delhi: Oxford UP, 2006. Virdi, Jyotika. The Cinematic Imagination: Indian Popular Films as Social History. Delhi: Permanent Black, 2003. Wray, James. “Gurinder Chadha Talks Bride and Prejudice.” Movie News 7 Feb. 2005. 19 Feb. http://movies.monstersandcritics.com/news/article_4163.php/ Gurinder_Chadha_Talks_Bride_and_Prejudice>. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Mathur, Suchitra. "From British “Pride” to Indian “Bride”: Mapping the Contours of a Globalised (Post?)Colonialism." M/C Journal 10.2 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/06-mathur.php>. APA Style Mathur, S. (May 2007) "From British “Pride” to Indian “Bride”: Mapping the Contours of a Globalised (Post?)Colonialism," M/C Journal, 10(2). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/06-mathur.php>.