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Hermanus, Lauren. "Local governments' changing power in South Africa's energy system: reshaping the regulatory space for renewable energy, from the bottom up." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25323.
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In 1994, South Africa's post-apartheid government inherited a highly-centralised energy sector, in which all aspects including planning, procurement, generation, distribution, pricing, and management were determined through top-down institutional arrangements and investments, centred around Eskom. In 2016, however, following rounds of energy sector reform, and the successful implementation of the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme (REIPPPP), this centralised configuration of power showed signs of disruption. Municipalities began to ambitiously redefine their role by building on opportunities related to renewable energy, resulting in an emergent challenge to centralised energy policy and planning. This dissertation sought to explore how this contestation took shape and to explain how seemingly ad hoc actions have created new possibilities, as well as new regulatory frameworks, by municipalities for municipalities. To achieve this, an analysis of the evolution of decentralised renewable energy generation in South Africa between 2008, when it first began, and 2016, was undertaken, applying the method of process tracing to two case studies. In order to contextualise these bottom-up processes within the national political economy of energy, process tracing was also applied in a high-level analysis of countervailing movements that consolidate centralised energy planning and procurement during the same period, with a particular focus on national plans to undertake massive investments in nuclear energy. It was found that municipalities' bottom-up actions have positioned them to drive renewable energy in such a way that seriously challenges the historical configuration of power that has determined South Africa's energy future up to now.
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Ahmed, Eshita. "Hybrid Renewable Energy System Using Doubly-Fed Induction Generator and Multilevel Inverter." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26501.
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The proposed hybrid system generates AC power by combining solar and wind energy converted by a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). The DFIG, driven by a wind turbine, needs rotor excitation so the stator can supply a load or the grid. In a variable-speed wind energy system, the stator voltage and its frequency vary with wind speed, and in order to keep them constant, variable-voltage and variable-frequency rotor excitation is to be provided. A power conversion unit supplies the rotor, drawing power either from AC mains or from a PV panel depending on their availability. It consists of a multilevel inverter which gives lower harmonic distortion in the stator voltage. Maximum power point tracking techniques have been implemented for both wind and solar power. The complete hybrid renewable energy system is implemented in a PSIM-Simulink interface and the wind energy conversion portion is realized in hardware using dSPACE controller board.
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Maté, Ernest Lyatitima. "Financial and regulatory barriers to renewable energy." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11661.
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Includes abstract.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Climate change necessitates a shift from South Africa’s current fixation on coal fuelled energy to renewable energy. The private sector will play a pivotal role in making this shift. It is argued that there is a legal obligation to invest renewable energy. Such investment must take place within the existing regulatory and policy framework; however this framework is itself a barrier to private sector participation. Finance is the second barrier. An appropriate legal structure and entity must be used to raise the required funding but a variety of funding options exist. This paper examines the above barriers to private sector participation and proposes ways in which to overcome them.
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Mueller, Joshua M. (Joshua Michael) 1982. "Increasing renewable energy system value through storage." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98540.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2015.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 135-143).<br>Intermittent renewable energy sources do not always provide power at times of greatest electricity demand or highest prices. To do so reliably, energy storage is likely required. However, no single energy storage technology is dominant when comparing cost intensities of the energy capacity and power capacity of storage. Past research on energy storage technologies has debated the value of storage technologies for different applications, and has compared the cost structures of different storage technologies without finding generalizable results across both locations and technologies. Here, a single performance metric, the benefit / cost ratio (X) of storage value added is analyzed across six locations globally to show that the relative value of storage technologies is largely location invariant. Electricity price dynamics, specifically the frequency and height of price spikes determine the value of storage, while the duration of price spikes determines the relative value of one technology versus another. We find that cost targets can be set for different technologies with ranging energy and power costs of storage.<br>by Joshua Michael Mueller.<br>S.M. in Technology and Policy
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Renaudineau, Hugues. "Hybrid Renewable Energy Sourced System : Energy Management & Self-Diagnosis." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0336/document.
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Cette thèse a pour but le développement d'une source photovoltaïque autonome ayant des capacités d'auto-diagnostic. Un structure d'hybridation spécifique est proposée consistant en une hybridation DC de sources photovoltaïques, d'une batterie au lithium et de supercondensateurs. Des modèles dynamiques des convertisseurs boost conventionnels et de leur variante avec isolation galvanique sont proposés. Un observateur d'état est ensuite présenté pour estimer en ligne les différents paramètres représentant les pertes des convertisseurs. On montre qu'il est possible d'utiliser ces paramètres estimés pour la gestion de l'énergie dans le système, avec en particulier l'optimisation du rendement de structures parallèles. L'optimisation des sources photovoltaïques est aussi étudiée avec une attention particulière accordée aux phénomènes d'ombrage partiel et le design d'un algorithme de maximisation de la puissance produite (MPPT) dans le cas d'une architecture distribuée série. De part une architecture de puissance spécifique, on propose aussi une méthode d'estimation de l'état de santé (SOH) de la batterie qui est validée sur des cellules de batterie Li - ion et LiFePO4. On montre que le convertisseur Cuk isolé avec inductances couplées est parfaitement adapté pour faire du diagnostic en ligne sur les batteries par injection de courant. Enfin, un schéma de gestion de l'énergie global est proposé, et on vérifie le bon fonctionnement de l'ensemble de la source hybride proposée<br>This thesis interested on developing a stand-alone photovoltaic system with self-diagnosis possibility. A specific structure has been proposed consisting in a DC hybridization of photovoltaic sources, a Lithium-based battery and supercapacitors. Dynamics models of the boost converter and the current-fed dual-bridge DC-DC converter are proposed and an efficient state observer is proposed to estimate the models equivalent losses' parameters online. It is shown that the estimated parameters can be used in the energy management scheme, with in particular optimisation of the efficiency of paralleled structures. The photovoltaic source optimization is also studied with special attention on shading phenomenon and design of MPPT technique especially on the case of distributed series architecture. Through a specific hybridization structure, State-Of-Health estimation is tested on Li-ion and LiFePO4 batteries. It is shown that the isolated coupled-inductors Cuk converter is very efficient for battery estimation through current injection. Finally, a global energy management scheme is proposed, and the developed stand-alone photovoltaic system is validated to operate as supposed
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Corr, Mandi Lee. "Renewable energy in Montana system applications and technlogy /." [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-04212009-123850/unrestricted/Mandi_Corr_Thesis.pdf.
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Kost, Christoph Philipp. "Renewable energy in North Africa." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-176538.
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The transition of the North African electricity system towards renewable energy technologies is analyzed in this thesis. Large potentials of photovoltaics (PV), concentrating solar power (CSP) and onshore wind power provide the opportunity to achieve a long-term shift from conventional power sources to a highly interconnected and sustainable electricity system based on renewable energy sources (RES). A multi-dimensional analysis evaluates the economic and technical effects on the electricity market as well as the socio-economic impact on manufacturing and employment caused by the large deployment of renewable energy technologies.
The integration of renewable energy (RE) into the electricity system is modeled in a linear optimization model RESlion which minimizes total system costs of the long-term expansion planning and the hourly generation dispatch problem. With this model, the long-term portfolio mix of technologies, their site selection, required transmission capacities and the hourly operation are analyzed. The focus is set on the integration of renewable energy in the electricity systems of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt with the option to export electricity to Southern European countries. The model results of RESlion show that a very equal portfolio mix consisting of PV, CSP and onshore wind power is optimal in long-term scenarios for the electricity system. Until the year 2050, renewable energy sources dominate with over 70% the electricity generation due to their cost competiveness to conventional power sources. In the case of flexible and dispatchable electricity exports to Europe, all three RE technologies are used by the model at a medium cost perspective.
The socio-economic impact of the scenarios is evaluated by a decision model (RETMD) for local manufacturing and job creation in the renewable energy sector which is developed by incorporating findings from expert interviews in the RE industry sector. The electricity scenarios are assessed regarding their potential to create local economic impact and local jobs in manufacturing RE components and constructing RE power plants. With 40,000 to 100,000 new jobs in the RE sector of North African countries, scenarios with substantial RE deployment can provide enormous benefits to the labor market and lead to additional economic growth.
The deployment of renewable energy sources in North Africa is consequently accelerated and facilitated by finding a trade-off between an optimal technology portfolio from an electricity system perspective and the opportunities through local manufacturing. By developing two model approaches for evaluating the effects of renewable energy technologies in the electricity system and in the industrial sector, this thesis contributes to the literature on energy economics and energy policy for the large-scale integration of renewable energy in North Africa.
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Stott, Paul Anthony. "Renewable variable speed hybrid system." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4781.
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At present many remote and Island communities rely solely on diesel powered generators to provide electricity. Diesel fuel is both expensive and polluting and the constant speed operation of the diesel engine is inefficient. In this thesis the use of renewable energy sources to help offset diesel fuel usage and an alternative way of running the diesel generator with the aim of reducing electrical energy costs is investigated. Diesel generators have to be sized to meet peak demand, in one or two diesel generator island grids, these generators will be running at a fraction of maximum output for most of the time. A new variable speed diesel generator allows for a reduction in fuel consumption at part load compared to constant speed operation. Combining the variable speed diesel generator with renewable generation should maximise the diesel fuel offsetting of the renewable source due to the increased efficiency at low loads. The stability issues of maintaining transient performance in a renewable variable speed hybrid system have been modelled and simulated. A control strategy has been developed and the use of energy storage as a buffer for any remaining stability problems has been explored. The control strategy has then been experimentally tested along with one of the possible energy storage solutions. An economic feasibility study has been performed on a case study community to validate the main aim of this research of reducing the cost of electrical energy in diesel generator grids.
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Li, Jiangtao. "Transmission use of system charges for a system with renewable energy." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.655726.
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Transmission charges are levied against generators and suppliers for their use of transmission networks. The majority of existing transmission charging methods were designed for a system dominated by conventional and controllable generation. The resultant transmission charges reflect network users’ contribution to the system peak. The integration of renewable generation brings fundamental challenges in transmission planning and charging. Main criteria of transmission planning have changed from meeting system peak demand to the trade-offs between operational and investment costs. Transmission charging is required to effectively reflect these trade-offs. This research work aims to develop novel transmission charging methods for low carbon power systems, reflecting the contribution to transmission investments from different generation technologies, different locations, and critically different times. It firstly identifies the key drivers and key conditions of transmission investments under the economic criteria. In the second step, the key drivers and conditions are reflected in the developing of T-LRIC method, ToU-LRIC method and ToU-ICRP method. Major innovations of the proposed methods include 1. reflecting the trade-offs between operational and investments costs by employing investment time horizons to reflect the impacts of system operation on transmission investments (T-LRIC method and ToU-LRIC method). 2. differentiating various generation technologies by firstly quantifying their impacts on the time horizons of network investments, then translating these impacts to transmission charges (T-LRIC method and ToU-LRIC method). 3. providing time-specific transmission charges, in which Time-of-Use periods are identified by clustering time-series congestion costs or transmission charges, thus reflecting the typical conditions of system congestions and the required transmission investments (ToU-LRIC method and ToU-ICRP method). The main benefits from introducing these innovations are i) to guide the short-run behaviours of network users, thus mitigating transmission congestions and promoting efficient utilization of existing networks; ii) to incentivize appropriate generation expansion, thus reducing or deferring costly future transmission investments.
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Nieh, Tsu-Yuan. "Renewable energy, distributed generation and their application in modern electrical energy system." Thesis, City University London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492348.
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This thesis presents a new approach)o the various kind of renewable technologies, \: especially in wind energy, together with Distribut~d Generation (DG) and how there .. ' ~.- regulation and application in the modern power industry and market. The modern power market is growing in the fastest rate in the last decade, mainly because of the deregulation of the power market. The deregulation induced the competitive, which is supposed to reduce the cost and improve the power quality. However, it is like every other growing industry, there are always flaws exist inside the system or mechanism that compromises the original ta, rget. To ma.ke matters more complex, the environmental and energy exhausting concern produce more issues that required immediately attention, such as insertion of renewable energy,' eHP and DG techllologies that helps to reduce pollution and improve power quality. There are many barriers for applying newly development technologies that stated above, one main barrier is that even though population may understand the importance of energy saving and environmental friendly energy source, they may not know where or how to acquire those energy source. Secondly, applying new technologies on the old power system design will increase additional costs such as new wiring system, new design of control and security, and new expertise opinion on the new technologies to ensure their reliability and consistence. All the additional costs will catch participants' attention and some may think they are not worth of investment. Thirdly, DG will seem to be a favourable technologies for renewable energy to use because their characteristics of small in size and feasible to co-operate with traditional energy sources. However, it will create additional load on the existing distribution system that causes the electrical power to flow back to electrical energy grid, which is not original design of the electrical energy gird. To solve the problem may require redesign of the system, which will have negative effect on investor's decision.
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Robbins, Curt. "Small scale renewable energy storage system using hydrogen combustion." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1456487.
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Ocheme, Simon Eje. "Multiscale, multidimensional renewable energy generation and storage management system." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17698/.
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Hydrogen combined cooling heating and power system provides an efficient and holistic means of meeting multiscale and multidimensional energy demands through short, medium and long term storage. The energy generation consist of solar thermal heat, photovoltaic electricity and wind power. The energy storage consists of short term battery storage, medium term heat storage and long term hydrogen storage. The general focus is on the system level integration and simulation of the entire system and a particular focus on the parabolic trough receiver shape and the control at the low level, high level supervisory logic control that manages the entire system. Furthermore, the fabrication of an experimental rig is performed originally for the validation purposes of the thermal system, in which the heat transfer characteristics of different nanoliquids under different natural light conditions is assessed. The results show a good performance for control reference tracking and disturbance rejection of the solar radiation. Research on the shape optimisation of the receivers of the parabolic trough reveals that the triangular shape provides a superior performance compared to the classical semi-circular shape in absorbing solar radiation. Also, a system level control oriented model, supervisory energy management system and experimental measurement system to study hydrogen combined cooling power system has been developed. The computational and experimental models developed in this research programme provide a strong basis for further studies, including the analysis and operation of hybrid hydrogen combined cooling energy system in the real tracking space and its overall system control and optimisation.
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Gnauck, Robert. "Innovation System Wind Energy Industry." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-149822.
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The wind industry has arrived at a state of technological maturity and is occasionally already today cost-competitive to conventional sources of energy. This thesis investigates the process of innovation that took place within the industry. A theoretical background into economical theory of innovation together with a status quo assessment of today's wind industry serves as introduction to the topic. In the analytical part, inducement mechanisms and functions of technological development will be identified as crucial drivers for innovation within the sector. The key findings of this thesis lead to conclude that it is now the responsibility of the industry to becoming fully cost-competitive to conventional sources. The advancement of technological lifecycle will primarily depend on turbine manufacturers and their capability to drive innovation more independently from governments.
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Kamjoo, Azadeh. "A decision support system for integrated design of hybrid renewable energy system." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2015. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/27224/.
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While large-scale wind farms and solar power stations have been used widely as supplement to the nuclear, fossil fuels, hydro and geothermal power generation, at smaller scales these resources are not reliable to be used independently and may result in load rejection or an over size design which is not cost effective. A possible solution to solve this issue is using them as part of a hybrid power system. Complexity in design and analysis of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) has attracted the attention of many researchers to find better solutions by using various optimisation methods. Majority of the reported researches on optimal sizing of HRES in the literature are either only considering one objective to the optimisation problem or if more than one objective is considered the effect of uncertainties are ignored. This dissertation work investigates deterministic and stochastic approach in design of HRES. In deterministic approach it shows how adding a battery bank to a grid connected HRES might result in more cost effective design depending on different grid electricity prices. This work also investigates the reliability of HRES designed by conventional deterministic design approach and shows the weakness of common reliability analysis. To perform the stochastic approach the renewable resources variation are modelled using time series analysis and statistical analysis of their available historical meteorological data and the results are compared in this work. Chance constrained programming (CCP) approach is used to design a standalone HRES and it is shown that the common CCP approach which solves the problem based on the assumption on the joint distribution of the uncertain variables limits the design space of problem. This work then proposes a new method to solve CCP to improve the size of design space. This dissertation comprises multi-objective optimisation method based on Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) with an innovative method to use CCP as a tool in estimating the expected value of the objective function instead of Monte-Carlo simulation to decrease the computational time.
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Hinke, Themba D. "Hot thermal storage in a variable power, renewable energy system." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/42645.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited<br>This thesis outlines the design of a renewable energy heat generation system with thermal storage for DOD facilities. The DOD is seeking to implement an increased percentage of renewable energy systems at its facilities in order to improve energy security and reduce energy costs. The intermittent nature of renewable energy generation, however, presents a major challenge to full implementation. This shortfall can be overcome by targeted facility-scale energy storage that allows for increased use of renewable-only systems. Since a large percentage of the electric energy used in both residential and commercial facilities is for space and water heating, thermal storage is a viable solution. Presented in this thesis is a method for designing, analyzing, and sizing a facility-scale thermal storage system. The results demonstrate thermal storage is a more cost-effective option when compared to alternatives like battery storage. In addition to being cheaper, thermal storage systems are safer, more reliable, and have a longer life cycle.
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Zeinaldeen, Laith Akeelaldeen. "Estimating the performance of hybrid (monocrystalline PV - cooling) system using different factors." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1862.
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AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OFLaith A. Zeinaldeen, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES – Renewable Energy, presented on November 2, 2020, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale.TITLE: ESTIMATING THE PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID (MONOCRYSTALLINE PV - COOLING) SYSTEM USING DIFFERENT FACTORSMAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Logan O. ParkAmbient temperature significantly affects photovoltaic (PV) panel performance. High temperature reduces PV panel efficiency, fill factor, and maximum power, driving up solar electrical system investment return period by increasing startup cost. Using a proper cooling system to cool down the PV panel temperature, especially during the summer season, will improve the PV panel performance, enhance its longevity, and accelerate the startup cost recovery to the solar electrical system. This dissertation presents two studies about monocrystalline PV panels. The studies used two general objectives: (i) study the best cooling period and water nozzle type to improve the monocrystalline PV panel output; and (ii) evaluating the performance of the monocrystalline PV panel using different cooling systems, other water pump discharge, and various water types during different times of day. In the first study (chapter 4), an experiment was conducted during July 2018 to determine Effect of using different cooling periods and different water nozzle types on the fill factor, efficiency, and the maximum power of monocrystalline PV panel. This experiment used two factors. The first factor was the cooling periods, which included three levels of PV panel cooling periods (5, 15, and 30 minutes). The second factor was water nozzle type: hollow cone and flat fan.In the second study (chapters 5, 6, and 7), an experiment was conducted during July and August 2018 to determine Effect of using different factors on the performance of monocrystalline PV panel at a site belong to the College of Agriculture – Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, IL. This experiment used four factors. The first factor was the time of day, the second factor was the cooling system, the third factor was the water pump discharge, and the fourth factor was the water type. The present studies' principal findings were: (i) the first experiment, the 15 minutes cooling period achieved the highest PV panel fill factor (0.795). In comparison, the 30 minutes cooling period reached the highest panel efficiency (18.6%) and maximum power (92.5 Watt). In contrast, the 5 minutes cooling period achieved the lowest PV panel fill factor (0.720), lowest panel efficiency (12.9%), and most insufficient panel maximum power (63.5 Watt). The hollow cone water nozzle achieved the highest panel fill factor (0.783), highest panel efficiency (16.60%), and the most elevated PV panel maximum power (82.8Watt). Interaction between the cooling and water nozzle types was non-significant on PV panel fill factor, significant on panel efficiency, and highly significant on PV panel maximum power. The interaction results between the cooling period and nozzle type demonstrate that the hollow cone nozzle with 30 minutes cooling period achieved the highest panel fill factor, highest panel efficiency, and the most elevated panel maximum power. The flat fan with a 5-minute cooling period achieved the lowest fill factor, lowest panel efficiency, and most insufficient panel maximum power. Tukey test results showed a highly significant difference (P < 0.0001) between the cooling period and the control treatment, and between the nozzle type treatment and the control treatment on panel fill factor, efficiency, and panel maximum power. Cooling periods have the most considerable effect on panel fill factor, panel efficiency, and maximum panel power, followed by the nozzle type. (ii) The second experiment results showed, the first cooling system (HC1) achieved the highest PV panel maximum power (77.0Watt), highest fill factor (0.745), highest PV panel efficiency (14.75%), highest average net energy (39.5Wh), highest PV panel energy (189.0 Wh) and highest average power gain (34.6Watt) comparing to the rest of the cooling systems. In comparison, the fourth (FtF2) achieved the lowest maximum power (58.0 Watt), lowest fill factor (0.653), lowest average efficiency (11.6%), lowest average net energy (-4.0Wh), lowest average energy (147.5Wh), and lowest average power gain (17.5 Watt). The fifth cooling system (SP) achieved the least average water consumption (2.0 L / hr.), while the second cooling system (HC2) achieved the highest average water consumption (39.0 L / hr.). The medium water pump discharge (M) produced the most elevated PV panel maximum power (67.6 Watt), highest fill factor (0.709), highest average PV panel efficiency (13.28%), highest average PV panel net energy (18 Wh), highest average PV panel energy (169.0Wh) and the highest average PV panel power gain (25.9Watt). High water pump discharge (H) achieved the lowest maximum power (63.8Watt), lowest average panel efficiency (12.48%), lowest average net energy (7.5Wh), lowest average panel energy (159.5Wh), and the lowest average power gain (21.8 Watt). The low water pump discharge (L) achieved the lowest panel fill factor (0.698). Lake water achieved the highest panel maximum power (66.1Watt), lowest PV panel fill factor (0.698), highest panel efficiency (12.94%), lowest net energy (12.8 Wh), highest panel energy (165.2 Wh), and lowest power gain (23.5Watt). In contrast, city water achieved the most elevated PV panel fill factor (0.708), most insufficient panel maximum power (64.8 Watt), highest average PV panel net energy (14.8 Wh), lowest efficiency (12.62%), highest average PV panel power gain (24.25 Watt) and lowest panel energy (162.1 Wh). Tukey post hoc difference testing showed highly significant differences (P < 0.0001) between the time of day, cooling system, water pump discharge, water type treatments, and their control treatment on PV panel maximum power, fill factor, panel efficiency, panel net energy, panel energy, power gain, and the system water consumption. The cooling system has the most considerable effect on PV panel maximum power, panel fill factor, panel efficiency, panel net energy, panel energy, panel power gain, and the system water consumption. In general, using the cooling system improves the PV panel performance through enhancing the PV panel efficiency, maximum panel power, panel fill factor, panel net energy, panel energy, and PV panel power gain. Keywords: Cooling system, cooling periods, water pump discharge, water type, time of day, efficiency, maximum power, fill factor, net energy, panel energy, PV panel power gain, and cooling system water consumption.
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Mendes, Barlach Leonardo. "Dynamic modelling of variable renewable energy generation sources." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112066.
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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, System Design and Management Program, 2017.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (page 56).<br>Renewable energy is one of the most important technologies for decarbonizing the economy and fighting climate change. In recent years, wind energy has become cheaper and more widely adopted. However, the variable nature of wind production creates unique challenges that are not faced by conventional thermal technologies. Several studies to date have showed the decrease in economic value of wind energy as penetration increases due to this variable nature. Plus, they also show that high wind penetration favors intermediate energy sources such as natural gas. I claim however, that few of these studies have considered the dynamic behavior and feedbacks of these systems, including investment delays and learning curves. This thesis uses system dynamics models to simulate the long term changes in the electric grid for Texas. The goal is to test two hypothesis: that the economic value of wind energy decreases as penetration increases, and that variable wind production favors natural gas technologies. It does this by calculating how wind energy changes the shape of the net load duration curve for a given region. This affect changes the profitability of different technologies in unique ways, due to their different fix and variable costs. The conclusions of this thesis are consistent with the literature, with the caveat that they are highly dependent on assumptions regarding the learning curve for energy technologies. The economic value of wind decreases, but this effect can be compensated by lower costs, leading to a continuing adaptation. Faster Wind adoption also reduces the profitably of technologies with high fixed costs such as coal and nuclear, and favors intermediate and peaking sources such as natural gas.<br>by Leonardo Mendes Barlach.<br>S.M. in Engineering and Management
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Anantapatnaikuni, Srikant. "Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy in the future electricity system of Odisha, India." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-252340.
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India ratified the Paris Agreement in 2015. The country’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions includes reduction of emissions intensity by 33-35% in 2030 from the 2005 level and 40% of renewable energy share in the electricity mix by 2030. This study evaluated the future electricity system of Odisha, one of the states in India that is rich in mineral resources. It holds 26% of India’s coal reserves. While the current electricity system of Odisha comprises 95% of coal power generation, the state’s commitments in terms of climate goals and increasing the deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) (i.e., 3 GW by 2022) are aligned with the national goals. To encourage investment in RES and to reduce investment risks, Odisha has also set targets for renewable purchase obligations for utilities and captive consumers. They have to procure 15% of their total electricity consumption from RES (8% solar and 7% non-solar sources) by 2022. The electricity demand in the state is expected to increase due to increased economic growth and the goal to reach 100% energy access (24x7) to households. Besides, there is huge potential for energy savings in the current electricity system through improvement in energy efficiency in the end-use. The increase in electricity demand, high share of fossil in current electricity system, renewable energy target, climate goals and lack of study at the state level are the reasons to assess the future electricity system of Odisha. The study investigated the electricity system in Odisha to meet the increased electricity demand from 2018 until 2050. It estimates the technical, economic and environmental impacts of enhancing energy efficiency and renewable energy on future electricity system of Odisha by using the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System. Odisha’s future electricity system is assessed in four scenarios i.e. no new policies introduced in the future (BAU), high renewable energy share (HRE), improvement in energy efficiency (IEE) and a combination of renewable energy and energy efficiency (CER). The result shows that the energy requirements in the IEE scenario are 26% lower than in the BAU scenario, and the total costs are lower than HRE scenario by 34% and CER scenario by 10%. The CO2 emissions of the IEE scenario are higher than HRE scenario by 10% and CER by 23%. In the HRE scenario, the total costs are higher than BAU scenario by 8% and CER scenario by 26%. The CO2 emissions are lower than BAU by 45% and IEE by 25%. In the CER scenario, the costs are lower than BAU by 20% and HRE by 26%. The CO2 emissions are lower than BAU by 60%, IEE by 44% and HRE by 26%. The energy savings can be achieved by continuing the existing scheme Ujala for subsidised LEDs, extension of Perform Achieve Trade (reduction of specific energy consumption) scheme to medium and small industries. The renewable targets can be achieved through continuation of RPO which reduces the risk of new investors. Capacity auctions could bring down the solar and wind tariffs. The study demonstrate that the RPO for 2022 cannot be achieved with the target RE capacity. The gap must be fulfilled by either procuring renewable electricity from the regional grid or buy renewable energy certificates from the market.<br>Indien ratificerade Parisavtalet 2015. Landets avsedda nationellt fastställda bidrag inkluderar minskning av utsläppsintensiteten med 33-35% år 2030 från 2005 års nivå och 40% av förnybar energiandel i elmixen före 2030. Denna studie utvärderade framtida el system av odisha, en av de stater i india som är rik på mineralresurser. Den rymmer 26% av Indiens kolreservat. Medan Odishas nuvarande elsystem omfattar 95% av koldkraftproduktionen, är statens åtaganden när det gäller klimatmål och ökad utplacering av förnybara energikällor (RES) (dvs 3 GW år 2022) i linje med de nationella målen. För att uppmuntra investeringar i RES och minska investeringsrisker har Odisha också fastställt mål för förnybara köpskyldigheter för verktyg och konsumenter. De måste skaffa 15% av sin totala elförbrukning från RES (8% sol och 7% icke-solkällor). Efterfrågan på el i staten förväntas öka på grund av ökad ekonomisk tillväxt och målet att nå 100% energitillgång (24x7) till hushållen. Dessutom finns det stor potential för energibesparingar i det nuvarande elsystemet genom förbättring av energieffektiviteten. Ökningen av elbehov, hög andel fossil i nuvarande elsystem, mål för förnybar energi, klimatmål och brist på studier på statsnivå är anledningarna till att bedöma Odishas framtida elsystem. Studien undersökte elsystemet i Odisha för att möta den ökade efterfrågan från 2018 fram till 2050. Den uppskattar de tekniska, ekonomiska och miljömässiga konsekvenserna av att öka energieffektiviteten och förnybar energi på Odishas framtida elsystem genom att använda Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning Systemet. Odishas framtida elsystem bedöms i fyra scenarier, dvs ingen ny politik införd i framtiden (BAU), hög förnybar energi andel (HRE), förbättring av energieffektivitet (IEE) och en kombination av förnybar energi och energieffektivitet (CER). Resultatet visar att energikraven i IEE-scenariot är 26% lägre än i BAU-scenariot, medan de totala kostnaderna är lägre än HRE-scenariot med 34% och CER-scenariot med 10%. Koldioxidutsläppen från IEE-scenariot är högre än HRE-scenariot med 10% och CER med 23%. I HRE-scenariot är de totala kostnaderna högre än BAU-scenariot med 8% och CER-scenariot med 26%. Koldioxidutsläppen är lägre än BAU med 45% och IEE med 25%. I CER-scenariot är kostnaderna lägre än BAU med 20% och HRE med 26%. Koldioxidutsläppen är lägre än BAU med 60%, IEE med 44% och HRE med 26%. Energibesparingarna kan uppnås genom att fortsätta det befintliga systemet Ujala för subventionerade lysdioder, förlängning av Perform Achieve Trade (minskning av specifikt energiförbrukning) till medelstora och små industrier. De förnybara målen kan uppnås genom fortsatt RPO, vilket minskar risken för nya investerare. Kapacitetsauktioner kan sänka sol- och vindpriserna. Studien visar att RPO för 2022 inte kan uppnås med mål-RE-kapaciteten. Klyftan måste uppfyllas genom att antingen anskaffa förnybar el från det regionala nätverket eller köpa förnybara energikertifikat från marknaden.
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Xuan, Jin, and 宣晋. "Numerical study of microfluidic electrochemical energy conversion system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46970708.
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Purcell, Fergal. "Sustainable development of Northern Ireland's energy supply system." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284856.
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Ma, Anthony Winston. "Modeling and Analysis of a Photovoltaic System with a Distributed Energy Storage System." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/727.
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As California continues to integrate more renewable energy into its electrical system, the state has experienced a corresponding rise in photovoltaic system installations. PV arrays are a unique source of power generation in that they are affected by the location of the sun, shading, and temperature changes. These characteristics make solar one of the most highly variable forms of renewable energy. In order to improve solar power’s consistency, PV systems require a supplemental source of power. The primary focus of this paper is to determine if distributed energy storage systems can be used to reduce the effect of solar intermittency. This paper examines the test data and system specifications of an experimental DESS. The benefits of using a DESS in a PV system are further studied using computer simulation modeling. This paper also shows through computer simulations how a maximum power point tracker can increase a PV array’s power output. The results of this thesis demonstrate that DESS’s are capable of smoothing out highly variable load profiles caused by intermittent solar power.
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Zhao, Yu. "Reverse osmosis desalination in a mini renewable energy power supply system." Curtin University of Technology, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2006. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18552.
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The design, construction and testing of a reverse-osmosis (PV-RO) desalination system for fresh water shortage area is presented. The system operates from salt water or brackish water and can be embedded in a renewable energy power supply system, since many fresh shortage areas are remote and isolated. Special attention is given to the energy efficiency of small-scale reverse osmosis desalination systems. Limitations of conventional control strategy using toggle control are presented. Based on this, an objective of creating a small-scale reverse osmosis desalination system was set out. Initially, the background information is presented. This includes the natural resources crisis and main desalination technologies and the viability of the integration with renewable energy source. A reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system was assembled and set up at the Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia Supervisor Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system was built using a Human Machine Interface software and a programmable logic controller (PLC). Instrumentation that included signal conditioners was made in analysis of the system characteristics. Initial testing of the system was conducted after the system design and configuration was accomplished. Testing results were used as a guideline for the development of the whole system.<br>Modelling and simulation of the system components in MATLABSimulink is presented, together with a discussion of the control systems modelling and design procedure, in which the aim was to improve the efficiency of the reverse osmosis system. Simulations show the designed reverse osmosis system with Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controller has better performance than other controllers. This consequently leads to a lower overall cost of the water, as well as reducing full maintenance cost of the electric drives in the reverse osmosis unit. Additionally, the configuration of the remote control system through General Package Radio System (GPRS) network is depicted. After the PID control algorithm was programmed into the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), system experiments were carried out in short durations and long durations. System performance was monitored and experimental results prove that the new control strategy applied increase the water productivity and is able to improve the system efficiency up to 35%. Based on the data obtained from the simulations and experiments, Mundoo Island was chosen to be the location for a case study. The electric load profile of the island was derived from the Island Development Committee in Mundoo.<br>A water demand profile was created and modelled in Matlab to be the input of the reverse osmosis system. The electric load of the reverse osmosis system was generated from Matlab simulation. This result was entered in Hybrid Optimisation Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) simulator. Having the designed RO unit as one of the electric loads, the entire remote area power supply (RAPS) system was tested in simulations which shows the energy cost is AUS$0.174 per kWh, lower than the Island Development Committee budget estimation of AUS$0.25 per kWh. The cost of the water treatment is very promising at AUS$0.77 per m3.
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Al-zoheiry, Ahmed M. "Modeling a drip irrigation system powered by a renewable energy source." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1164762929.
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Nellutla, Sharath. "A study of renewable energy internal combustion engine system using TRNSYS." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2005. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433374.
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Murray, Angus. "Modelling and heuristic optimization of a hydrogen producing renewable energy system." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=202138.
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The reliable supply of hydrogen to a vehicle re-fuelling station has been tackled in this thesis. A currently operational system based on supplying energy from a bio-generator, fuelled from biogas generated by organic matter in an Anaerobic Digester, formed the basis of an expanded renewable energy system. The criterion for the new design was the supply of energy to an electrolyser/compressor/storage system at minimum cost and minimum interruption to supply. By separating hydrogen production from energy generation, the operating parameters of the electrolyser and compressor were optimized, leading to an energy load profile that guaranteed a reliable supply of hydrogen sufficient to fuel the daily needs of up to two hydrogen fuelled vehicles. Based on the energy load profile, a renewable energy system was designed around the existing bio-generator. A multi-objective optimization by Genetic Algorithm was employed to design a hybrid renewable energy system that minimized lifetime costs and unmet load. The resulting design consisted of a mixture of wind turbines, batteries, inverters/rectifiers, as well as the bio-generator. A control strategy that directed the interaction of all components was also produced. Multi-objective optimization by Genetic Algorithm was found to be a reliable, efficient method in designing a complex hybrid renewable energy system with non-linear characteristics. The results of modelling and simulation showed that an uninterrupted supply of energy could be produced, based on specific meteorological conditions, at a minimal cost. The research has shown that it is possible to develop a design that produces hydrogen reliably purely from renewable energy sources. The design is flexible enough to integrate other renewable energy sources and technologies as they develop.
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Alsuhaim, Bader Mansour, and Bader Mansour Alsuhaim. "Resilient Power Grid Expansion with Renewable Energy Integration and Storage System." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623157.
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A resilient power grid system is important to ensure the delivery of power to consumers while minimizing the cost of new technologies. Due to the increase of electricity consumption and CO2 emission, renewable energies and energy storage system are a compelling alternative. We started to identify decisions that need to be made, and parameters associated to model a power grid system expansion plan. Then, we investigated a utility company demand for the next 15 years. Also, we identified their current resources, and used that as a starting point. Then, we formulated an optimization model for a power grid expansion with different types of renewable energies, such as solar and wind, to meet the demand and minimize the cost of installation; as well as, a battery storage system (Lithium-ion) that is considered to come up with an optimal solution of a resilient power grid. Moreover, uncertainties of renewables are considered in the model, and robust optimization formulation is used to model them. Existing coal facilities are considered as a part of the model as well, and this part is designed on the optimization model in a way that would help decrease the use of such facilities and still manage them to meet demand. Numerical experiments are performed on several scenarios, and compared to what the utility company has forecasted in terms of cost, and renewable energies integration.A resilient power grid system is important to ensure the delivery of power to consumers while minimizing the cost of new technologies. Due to the increase of electricity consumption and CO2 emission, renewable energies and energy storage system are a compelling alternative. We started to identify decisions that need to be made, and parameters associated to model a power grid system expansion plan. Then, we investigated a utility company demand for the next 15 years. Also, we identified their current resources, and used that as a starting point. Then, we formulated an optimization model for a power grid expansion with different types of renewable energies, such as solar and wind, to meet the demand and minimize the cost of installation; as well as, a battery storage system (Lithium-ion) that is considered to come up with an optimal solution of a resilient power grid. Moreover, uncertainties of renewables are considered in the model, and robust optimization formulation is used to model them. Existing coal facilities are considered as a part of the model as well, and this part is designed on the optimization model in a way that would help decrease the use of such facilities and still manage them to meet demand. Numerical experiments are performed on several scenarios, and compared to what the utility company has forecasted in terms of cost, and renewable energies integration.
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Macbeth, John Noel. "A thermal charge system for variable electrical supplies from renewable sources." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=202380.
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In a time of a fast growing renewable electricity generation sector, there are challenges regarding the integration of such generation with current transmission infrastructure. Such challenges include problems associated with the intermittent power output of renewable energy sources and the inability to control there output to meet varying electrical demand. Using part of this available energy for the provision of domestic heating loads may help bridge the gap between supply and demand. The use of intermittent electrical energy sources for charging water based thermal energy stores was identified as a research gap. This research project studies the use of intermittent electrical supplies from wind turbines for the provision of space heating and hot water in domestic buildings. It also addresses how solar water heating may be incorporated into the same thermal energy storage unit to create a hybrid system. This thesis outlines and analyses two charge strategies that may be used to promote stratification in water based thermal energy stores when adding intermittent electrical energy. The first makes use of multiple heating elements switched on in sequence (direct system) while the second uses buoyancy forces to take cool water from the bottom of the tank, pass it through the heating element and then place it back in at the top of the tank at a higher temperature (side-arm). The research method includes; 1) a simplified theoretical simulation of direct and side-arm configurations in the transient system simulation software (TRNSYS) to identify system performance when charged from wind and solar energy; 2) a detailed theoretical representation of the side-arm charge mechanism with a modulating valve for TRNSYS; 3) an empirical validation of the detailed theoretical model of the side-arm charge cycle. Outcomes from the simplified theoretical model indicate that the side-arm configuration may have benefits over the direct configuration due to reduced heat loss from the tank, reduced auxiliary energy consumption and increased solar collector performance. The detailed theoretical representation of the side-arm was calibrated using the empirical data gathered. From this, important parameters affecting the performance of the side-arm charge cycle are evaluated. These include the effects of tank height, operating temperature and the power range from the intermittent electrical supply. It is identified that the assumptions made in the simple model are not possible to reproduce in real life and that an analysis using the complex model must be made in order to evaluate any potential benefits of the side-arm over a direct configuration.
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Kobayashi, Yuki. "Analysis of Renewable Energy Installationwith Modelling of Electricity Supply System in Japan." Thesis, KTH, Energisystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-288913.
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The Great East Japan Earthquake and tremendous tsunami caused the accident of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in 2011. In response to this accident, the Japanese government stopped almost all nuclear power plants and shifted to an electricity supply system with slight nuclear power genration and mainly with renewable energies. As the result, the ratio of the electricity generation of fossil fuel power increased larger than 25 % to compensate the nuclear power genration although Japan almost totally depends on imports for fossil fuels. Nevertheless, renewable energy technologies have been slowly installed. Those energy conditions have required to immediately create a well-planned electricity supply system to construct an energy-secure and sustainable society. Therefore, the energy best mix with renewable energy technologies must be built to solve the problems. The process to realize the best mix is urgently required to propose with concrete policies. Policies should effectively give the electricity market incentive of enhancing renewable energy technologies, because private companies manage the electricity supply in the free market in Japan. The current carbon tax policy rules that the tax revenue from carbon tax is spent in the energy-oriented CO2 emissions restraint measures. However, the effects of this for the sustainable society are unclear for civilians. Some subsidies are currently provided to the renewable energy installation by both the government and private funds. However, the current installation capacity of renewable energy technologies indicates that they are not enough. Therefore, effects of the circulation of carbon tax and the subsidy for renewable energy technologies (tax-subsidy circulation) are analysed with actual and simple assumptions in this study.The amount of the subsidy depends on the carbon tax rate in this assumption. Therefore, six scenarios are assumed depending on tax rates and provision of the subsidy. The subsidy is assumed to be spent in capital costs and operation and management costs of renewable energy technologies. The electricity supply systems in each scenario are simulated using OSeMOSYS (Open Source Energy Modeling System). Changes in the electricity production, CO2 emission, cost, tax and the subsidy are analysed based on the simulation results.Although the policies without the subsidy can enhance the installation of renewable energy technologies, it costs the market expensive. On the other hand, spending the tax revenue in the subsidy for the renewable energies can make less monetary impacts on the market. Moreover, the renewable energy production is 10 % higher in HTS (High Tax and Subsidy)-Scenario than in LT (Low Tax)-Scenario. HTS-Scenario can restrict the cost less than LT-Scenario despite double increase of the tax rate, so that the impact on the industry and the impression for the customers seems relatively restricted. However, the tax-subsidy circulation does not suppose the CO2 emissions reduction. Furthermore, the intermittency risk tends to be high in the scenarios of high renewable energy ratio. Therefore, several scenarios are created to solve the problems. The first is to achieve the target of Paris Agreement. Although the simulation can be implemented to achieve the Paris agreement with slightly high cost, the policy is difficult to enforce to only limit the emission. The results of the scenarios above show that renewableenergy technologies in stalled in the beginning are not subsidised. Therefore, HPS (High Predicted Subsidy)-scenario assumes providing the subsidy beforehand as an advance investment. In addition that the renewable energy installation is promoted actively, the target of Paris Agreement can be achieved with slightly high costs. However, the decision of the price can lead economic problems such as the lack of financial resources. Therefore, the government should simultaneously promote to develop the storage technology to smooth the renewable energy generation. It also should promote to decrease the emission from the other sector like a transportation. Even if HPS-Scenario is too drastic to implement due to the extremely high tax, the tax-subsidy circulation with the advance investment is worth discussing as one option to create the sustainable society.<br>Jordbävning med en efterföljande tsunamin orsakade stor förädelse vid kärnkraftverket i Fukushima Daiichi i Japan år 2011. Som svar på denna händelse stoppade den japanska regeringen nästan alla kärnkraftverk och övergick till ett elförsörjningssystem med endast en liten andel från kärnkraft och istället främst baserat på förnybara energikällor. Som ett resultat ökade andel elproduktion från fossilt bränsle med över 25% för att kompensera den minskade kärnkraftgenreringen. Trots att Japan nästan är helt beroroende på import av fossila bränslen så har andelen förnybara energikällor och teknik långsamt ökat.. Dessa omställningar i energibehov har krävt att introducera ett strategiskt elförsörjningssystem för att bygga ett energisäkert och hållbart samhälle.Med avseende på ovanstående behövs förnybara energikällor introducerar i energimixen för att kunna möta behovet. För att få igång denna process krävs konkreta policyer; politiker bör ge effektiva incitament för att förbättra de förnybara teknologierna, detta då privata företag är ansvariga för elförsörjningen på den fria marknaden i Japan. Den nuvarande koldioxidskattepolitiken reglerar att skatteintäkterna från kolskatt spenderas i de energiinriktade koldioxidutsläppsåtgärderna; effekterna av detta för at stöjda ett hållbart samhälle är dock oklart för samhället. Subventioner tillhandahålls för närvarande till förnybar energiinstallation av både regeringen och privata fonder. Den nuvarande installationskapaciteten för förnybar energiteknik indikerar dock att dessa incitament inte räcker. I denna studie studeras därför effekterna av cirkulationen av kolskatt och subventionen för förnybar energiteknikmed faktiska och till viss del enkla antaganden.Subventionens storlek beror på kolskattesatsen i detta antagande; således antas sex scenarier beroende på skattesatser och tillhandahållande av subventionen. Subventionen antas spenderas i kapitalkostnader samt drift och förvaltningskostnader för förnybar energiteknik. Elförsörjningssystemet i Japan i varje scenario simuleras med det långsiktiga energimodellerings verktyget OSeMOSYS (Open Source Energy Modeling System). Förändringar i elproduktion, koldioxidutsläpp, kostnad, skatt och subvention analyseras baserat på simuleringsresultatet.Även om en politik utan subvention kan förbättra installationen av förnybar energiteknik, kostar det marknaden dyrt. Å andra sidan kan utgifterna för skatteintäkterna i subventionen för förnybara energikällor få mindre monetära effekter på marknaden. Dessutom visar resultaten på att förnybar energiproduktion är 10% högre i ett HTS (High Tax and Subsidy) -Scenario än i LT (Low Tax) -Scenario. HTS-scenariot kan begränsa kostnaden till mindre grad än LT-scenariot trots en dubbel ökning av skattesatsen, därmed verkar påverkan på industrin och intrycket för kunderna relativt begränsad. Dock antas inte att skattesubventionen sänker koldioxidutsläppen. Vidare, en periodisk risk tenderar att vara hög i scenarierna vid den höga förnybara energikvoten. Därför utvecklas och utforskas flera scenarier för att lösa problemen. Det första är att uppnå målet för Parisavtalet. Även om simuleringen kan utföras för att uppnå Parisavtalet med något hög kostnad är det svårt att införa politiken för att endast begränsa utsläppet. Resultaten av ovanstående scenarier visar att förnybar energiteknik som introducerats i början inte subventioneras. Därför förutsätter HPS (High Predicted Subsidy) -scenario att subventionen ges i förskott. Förutom att introduktionen av förnybar energi främjas aktivt, så kan även målet för Parisavtal uppnås med något höga kostnader. Beslutet om priset kan dock leda till ekonomiska problem som brist på ekonomiska resurser. Därför bör regeringen samtidigt främja utvecklingen av lagringstekniken för att förenkla produktionen av förnybar energi. Vidare bör det även främjas att minska utsläppen från andra sektorer så som transportsektorn den andra sektorn som en transport. Även om HPS-scenariot är för drastiskt att genomföra på grund av den extremt höga skatten, är skattesubventionen med förskottsinvesteringen värd att diskutera som ett alternativ för att skapa ett hållbart samhälle.
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Cvetkovic, Igor. "Modeling, Analysis and Design of Renewable Energy Nanogrid Systems." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34994.
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The thesis addresses electronic power distribution systems for the residential applications. Presented are both, renewable energy ac-nanogrid system along with the vehicle-to-grid technology implementation, and envisioned structure and operation of dc-nanogrid addressing all system components chosen as an inherent part of the future electrical architecture. The large-scale model is built and tested in the laboratory environment covering a few operational modes of the ac-nanogrid, while later in the thesis is shown how dc bus signaling technique could be contemplated for the energy management of the renewable energy sources and their maximal utilization.
Thesis however puts more focus on the dc-nanogrid system to explore its benefits and advantages for the electrical systems of the future homes that can easily impact not only residential, but also microgrid, grid and intergrid levels. Thus, presented is low frequency terminal behavioral modeling of the system components in dc-nanogrid motivated by the fact that system engineers working on the system-level design rarely have access to all the information required to model converters and system components, other than specification and data given in the datasheets. Using terminal behavioral modeling, converters are measured on-line and their low frequency dynamics is identified by the means of the four transfer functions characteristically used in two port network models. This approach could significantly improve system-level design and simulations.
In addition to previously mentioned, thesis addresses terminal behavioral modeling of dc-dc converters with non-linear static behavior showing hybrid behavioral models based on the Hammerstein approach.<br>Master of Science
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Gaslac, Lucero, Sebastian Willis, Grimaldo Quispe, and Carlos Raymundo. "A hybrid energy system based on renewable energy for the electrification of low-income rural communities." Institute of Physics Publishing, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624632.
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Electrification of low-income rural areas that have a limited connection or no access to electrical grids is one of the most demanding challenges in developing countries such as Peru. The international commitment to stop global warming and the reduction in the cost of renewable sources of energy have reduced the prices of fossil fuels in some cases. This has opened the way to the current research which proposes a hybrid energy system (HES) based on the use of renewable sources of energy. Therefore, a renewable electricity system (HRES) was set up at the village of Monte-Catache in the Cajamarca region, which is one of the poorest areas of Peru. Surveys and field studies were used to evaluate the socioeconomic characteristics, availability of renewable energy resources, and energy demand of this region. Potential energy sources were evaluated, and isolated photovoltaic systems with a battery bank were found to be the most appropriate according to the results obtained in the simulation with HOMER. This proposal constitutes an interesting contribution for future energy solutions in isolated and low-income rural areas.<br>Revisión por pares
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Mataifa, Haltor. "Modeling and control of a dual-mode grid-integrated renewable energy system." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2190.
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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.<br>From the electric power generation perspective, the last three decades have been characterized by sustained growth in the amount of Distributed Power Generation (DPG) systems integrated into the electric grid. This trend is anticipated to continue, especially in light of the widespread acceptance of the many benefits envisaged in the increase of renewable-based power generation.
The potential for grid-integrated DPG systems to significantly contribute to electric power supply reliability has consistently attracted extensive research in recent times, although concerns continue to be raised over their adverse impact on the normal grid operation at high penetration levels. These concerns largely stem from the limited controllability of most DPG systems, which tend to exhibit large output impedance variation, and non-deterministic power output characteristics. There has therefore also been a growing need to develop effective control strategies that can enhance the overall impact of the DPG systems on the grid operation, thus improving their synergistic properties, and probably also enabling an even higher penetration level into the utility grid.
In line with this identified need, this thesis discusses the modeling and controller design for an inverter-based DPG system with the capability to effectively operate both in grid-connected and autonomous (i.e. independent of the utility grid) operational modes. The dual-mode operation of the DPG is made possible by incorporating into the inverter interface control scheme the means to ensure seamless transition of the DPG between the grid-connected and autonomous modes of operation. The intention is to have a grid-integrated inverter-based DPG system whose operation approximates that of an online Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) system, in that it is able to sustain power supply to the local load in the absence of the grid supply, which would be desirable for critical loads, for which the level of power supply reliability guaranteed by the grid often falls short of the requirements. The work developed in this thesis considers three of the aspects associated with grid-integrated DPG systems that are equipped with autonomous-mode operation capability.
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Haddad, Maroua. "Sizing and management of hybrid renewable energy system for data center supply." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD036.
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Le secteur du numérique est récemment devenu un secteur majeur de la consommation d’électricité dans le monde, notamment avec l’avènement des data centers qui concentrent un très grand nombre de machines traitant des informations et fournissant des services. L’utilisation de sources d’énergie renouvelables sur site est un moyen prometteur de réduire l’impact écologique des data centers. Cependant, certaines énergies renouvelables comme les énergies solaire et éolienne sont intermittentes, étant liées aux conditions météorologiques. Étant donné qu’un centre de données doit maintenir une certaine qualité de service, l’utilisation efficace de ces sources nécessite l’utilisation de stockages. Cette thèse explore à la fois une méthode dimensionnement et une méthode de gestion optimale d’une infrastructure hybride d’énergie renouvelable, composée de panneaux photovoltaïques, d’éoliennes, de batteries et de système de stockage hydrogène.Une première contribution aborde le problème du dimensionnement de cette infrastructure électrique afin de répondre à la demande du data center. Un outil de dimensionnement est proposé, prenant en compte plusieurs métriques et fournissant trois configurations différentes. L’utilisateur choisit donc la configuration approprié, en fonction de son plan économique global de son écosystème H2. Une deuxième contribution étudie le problème de la gestion de l’énergie par programmation linéaire en nombres entiers. Un outil de gestion optimal est fourni pour trouver différents engagements optimaux des sources en fonction des objectifs de l’utilisateur. Les solutions obtenues sont ensuite discutées avec plusieurs métriques et avec différents horizons temporelles afin de trouver la meilleure solution pour répondre à la demande du data center. Enfin, une troisième contribution vise à prévoir évolution temporelle de l’ensoleillement et de la vitesse du vent à gros grain pour obtenir un dimensionnement plus précis à l’aide du modèle SARIMA<br>Information and communication technologies haverecently become a major sector in energy consumption,particularly with the advent of large platforms on the Internet. These platforms use data centers, which concentrate a very large number of machines processing information and providing services, causing a high energy consumption. The use of renewable energy sources (RES)on-site is then a promising way to reduce their ecological impact. However, some renewable energies such as solar and wind energy are intermittent and uncertain,being related to weather conditions. Since a data center must maintain a certain quality of service, using these sources effectively requires the usage of storage devices.This thesis explores an efficient sizing and management methods for a hybrid renewable energy infrastructure composed of wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, batteries and a hydrogen system..A first contribution addresses the problem of sizing the electrical plateform in order to meet the data center demand. A sizing tool is proposed, taking several metrics into account and providing three different system configurations as solutions. The user therefore chooses an appropriate configuration, according to his global economic plan of his H2 ecosystem. A second contribution studies the problem of energy management using amixed integer linear programming approach. An optimal management tool is therefore provided to find various source schedules according to different user’s objectives.The obtained solutions are discussed with several metrics considering different time horizon in order to find the beststorage management to meet the data center requests.Finally, a third contribution aims to forecast the weather data to obtain a preciser sizing of the sources using SARIMA model in order to reduce forecasts errors
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Zhao, Zheng. "High Efficiency Single-stage Grid-tied PV Inverter for Renewable Energy System." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27520.
Full textAbstract:
A single-phase grid connected transformerless photovoltaic (PV) inverter for residential application is presented. The inverter is derived from a boost cascaded with buck converter along with a line frequency unfolding circuit. Due to its novel operating modes, high efficiency can be achieved because there is only one switch operating at high frequency at a time, and the converter allows the use of power MOSFET and ultra-fast reverse recovery diode. This dissertation begins with theoretical analysis and modeling of this boost-buck converter based inverter. And the model indicates small boost inductance will leads to increase the resonant pole frequency and decrease the peak of Q, which help the system be controlled easier and more stable. Thus, interleaved multiple phases structure is proposed to have small equivalent inductance, meanwhile the ripple can be decreased, and the inductor size can be reduced as well. A two-phase interleaved inverter is then designed accordingly.
The double-carrier modulation method is proposed based on the inverterâ s operation mode. The duty cycle for buck switch is always one if the inverter is running in boost mode. And the duty cycle for boost switches are always zero if the inverter is running in buck mode. Because of this, the carrier for boost mode is stacked on the top of the carrier for buck mode, as a result, there is no need to compare the input and output voltage to decide which mode the inverter should operate in. And the inverter operates smoothly between these two modes. Based on similar concept, three advanced modulation methods are proposed. One of them can help further improve the efficiency, and one of them can help increase the bandwidth and gain, and the last one takes the advantage of both.
Based on similar concept, another three dual-mode double-carrier based SPWM inverters are proposed. With both step-up and step-down functions, this type of inverter can achieve high efficiency in a wide range because only one switch operates at the PWM frequency at a time.
Finally, the simulation and experiment results are shown to verify the concept and the tested CEC (California Energy Commission) efficiency is 97.4%. It performs up to 2% more efficiently better than the conventional solution.<br>Ph. D.
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Hr, Iswadi. "Phasor measurement and stability analysis of power system with renewable energy sources." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.706979.
Full textAbstract:
In order for the island of Ireland to achieve the ambitious government target of 40% of electrical energy from renewable energy sources, mainly from wind turbine generation, significant changes in power system network topology and operational procedure are required. The impact of these changes on power system stability needs to be fully investigated to ensure secure and reliable operation of the power system. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to analyse the impact of wind turbine generation on small signal and frequency stability whilst taking advantage of phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology installed in the All-Island power system for the purpose of stability analysis and parameter estimation. PMU data of active power from the main AC North-South interconnector as well as from fixed-speed and doubly-fed induction generator based wind turbines is employed to obtain the All-Island inter-area and wind turbine oscillation modes. A correlation coefficient analysis between inter-area frequency oscillation and the active power output of thermal power plants and wind turbine generation is conducted to identify the source of the oscillations. A number of case studies with differing operational procedures are simulated using DigSILENT to understand the mechanisms that may influence the small signal stability performance of a power system with high DFIG penetration. The implementation of Prony Analysis to analyse small signal stability is conducted by employing both simulated and actual PMU ringdown data. Both wide-area and single-site PMU based techniques are assessed for purposes of monitoring small signal stability. The frequency response metrics are assessed with respect to the power system’s intertia and system non synchronous penetration to understand the significance of these parameters during frequency events. A method to estimate a synchronous generator’s inertia constant from PMU data during a frequency disturbance is proposed and described.
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Wang, Chen. "Renewable Energy Integrated Power System Stability Assessment with Validated System Model Based on PMU Measurements." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101015.
Full textAbstract:
Renewable energy is playing an increasingly significant role in power system operation and stability assessment with its numerous penetration expansion. This is not only brought by its uncertain power output and inverter-based equipment structures but also its operation characteristics like Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT). It is thus necessary to take these characteristics into consideration and further to find more adaptive schemes to implement them for more effective analysis and safer power system operation. All the aforementioned is based on the accurate identification of the system fundamental information. In this dissertation, a systematic approach is proposed to find the valid system model by estimating the transmission line parameters in the system with PMU measurements. The system transient stability assessment is conducted based on this validated model. The constrained stability region is estimated with Lyapunov functions family based method in the center of angles reference frame considering renewables LVRT as operation limits. In order to integrate the LVRT constraints, a polytopic inner approximation mechanism is introduced to linearize and organize the transformed constraints in state space, which brings much scalability to the whole process. From the voltage stability perspective, an approach to adaptively adjust LVRT settings of the renewable energy sources in the system is formulated to guarantee the system load margin and thus the voltage security. A voltage prediction method is introduced for critical renewable energy sources identification. Estimation methods based on interpolation and sensitivities are developed and conducted for saving computation effort brought by continuation power flows. Multiple test cases are studied utilizing the proposed approaches and results are demonstrated.<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Niaparast, Shervin. "ENERGY ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR BLIND CONCEPT INTEGRATED WITH ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-131419.
Full textAbstract:
The use of an attached sunspace is one of the most popular passive solar heating techniques. One of the main drawbacks of the sunspace is getting over heated by the sun energy during the hot season of the year. Even in northern climates overheating could be problematic and there is a considerable cooling demand. Shading is one of the most efficient and cost effective strategies to avoid overheating due to the high irradiation especially in the summer. Another strategy is using ventilation system to remove the excess heat inside the sunspace. However this rejected energy can be captured and stored for future energy demands of the sunspace itself or nearby buildings. Therefore the Solar blind system has been considered here for the shielding purpose in order to reduce the cooling demand. By considering the PV/T panels as the solar blind, the blocked solar energy will be collected and stored for covering part of the heating demand and the domestic hot water supplies of the adjacent building. From a modeling point of view, the sunspace can be considered as a small-scale closed greenhouse. In the closed greenhouse concept, available excess heat is indeed utilized in order to supply the heating demand of the greenhouse itself as well as neighboring buildings. The energy captured by PV/T collectors and the excess heat from the sunspace then will be stored in a thermal energy storage system to cover the daily and seasonal energy demand of the attached building. In the present study, a residential building with an attached sunspace with height, length and width of 3, 12 and 3.5 meters respectively has been assumed located in two different locations, Stockholm and Rome. Simulations have been run for the Solar blind system integrated with a short-term and a long-term TES systems during a year to investigate the influence of the sunspace equipped with a PV/T Solar blind on the thermal behavior of the adjacent building. The simulated results show that the Solar blind system can be an appropriate and effective solution for avoiding overheating problems in sunspace and simultaneously produce and store significant amount of thermal energy and electricity power which leads to saving considerable amount of money during a year.
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Zhou, Hang. "Modelling and experimental study of PV cells in lens-walled CPC PV system." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35904/.
Full textAbstract:
The concentration photovoltaics (CPV) application promises to produce lower price electricity with less semiconductor usage in comparison with the common flat plate PV module. The compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) shows great potential in both economics and efficiency in low the concentration photovoltaics (LCPV) system because it does not require a tracking system and is able to concentrate light with a large incident angle range. A detailed investigation has previously been carried out regarding the novel CPC module purposed (Su et al., 2012a). The validation of the experiment shows the Lens-Walled CPC gives a superior optical and electrical performance compared with other CPCs. Non-uniform light distribution is a common issue with all CPC designs as it has a major influence on the concentration of solar cell performance. In order to study the effects of non-uniform distributed light on solar cell behavior in-depth, two simulation approaching methods including array modelling and finite element modelling (FEM) were carried out. Both simulation approaches observed a reduction in the solar cell fill factor (FF) under non-uniform distributed light. The high resistive losses in the cell are the main cause of this phenomenon. Three simulation models with different cell grid designs were studied to further study the influence of non-uniform distributed light. The light profiles from three different CPCs were implemented with the FEM model. The result shows although solid CPC has the highest current output in a certain condition, the Lens-Walled CPC has the most uniform light distribution, which reduces the influence from non-uniform light distribution to solar cell performance.
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Taylor, Jennifer M. "The characteristics and perception of small wind system noise." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12614/.
Full textAbstract:
The UK has committed to sourcing 15% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020 and wind turbines have the potential to contribute towards this target. Due to the Feed-In-Tariffs introduced by the UK Government in 2010, the potential uptake of micro-generation methods such as small wind is likely to increase. However, many barriers exist which prevent widespread implementation, such as noise concerns. There is little work available in the open literature quantifying the problem because much of the existing research focuses on large scale turbines. The need for an increase in interdisciplinary research in this area has also been called for. This research fills the gap in the literature by seeking to better understand the noise levels generated by small wind systems, the characteristics of the noise and people’s reactions to this noise. The research is interdisciplinary, incorporating engineering, to measure, characterise and model the noise from small wind systems and psychology, to identify the type of people who are most likely to perceive the noise. Environmental noise measurements have been taken at small wind system installations to quantify and characterise the noise levels. This work included an assessment of the attenuation of the noise. Studies have been carried out on individuals living close to small wind system installations, as well as individuals being played recordings of wind turbine noise to investigate the level and type of noise they perceive and to link this to an individual’s attitude towards wind turbines, personality traits and symptom reporting. CFD has been used to model the flow fields around 2D blade sections to identify the likely noise mechanisms associated with small wind systems by observing the turbulent regions near the aerofoil wall. Finally, a comparison of the three methods has been carried out to identify that the overall level of small wind system noise is low but it is the nature of the sounds that increase the likely perception of the noise.
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Siler-Evans, Kyle. "Evaluating Interventions in the U.S. Electricity System: Assessments of Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy, and Small-‐Scale Cogeneration." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2012. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/119.
Full textAbstract:
There is growing interest in reducing the environmental and human-‐health impacts resulting from electricity generation. Renewable energy, energy efficiency, and energy conservation are all commonly suggested solutions. Such interventions may provide health and environmental benefits by displacing emissions from conventional power plants. However, the generation mix varies considerably from region to region and emissions vary by the type and age of a generator. Thus, the benefits of an intervention will depend on the specific generators that are displaced, which vary depending on the timing and location of the intervention.
Marginal emissions factors (MEFs) give a consistent measure of the avoided emissions per megawatt-‐hour of displaced electricity, which can be used to evaluate the change in emissions resulting from a variety of interventions. This thesis presents the first systematic calculation of MEFs for the U.S. electricity system. Using regressions of hourly generation and emissions data from 2006 through 2011, I estimate regional MEFs for CO2, NOx, and SO2, as well as the share of marginal generation from coal-‐, gas-‐, and oil-‐fired generators. This work highlights significant regional differences in the emissions benefits of displacing a unit of electricity: compared to the West, displacing one megawatt-‐hour of electricity in the Midwest is expected to avoid roughly 70% more CO2, 12 times more SO2, and 3 times more NOx emissions.
I go on to explore regional variations in the performance of wind turbines and solar panels, where performance is measured relative to three objectives: energy production, avoided CO2 emissions, and avoided health and environmental damages from criteria pollutants. For 22 regions of the United States, I use regressions of historic emissions and generation data to estimate marginal impact factors, a measure of the avoided health and environmental damages per megawatt-‐ hour of displaced electricity. Marginal impact factors are used to evaluate the effects of an additional wind turbine or solar panel in the U.S. electricity system. I find that the most attractive sites for renewables depend strongly on one’s objective. A solar panel in Iowa displaces 20% more CO2 emissions than a panel in Arizona, though energy production from the Iowa panel is 25% less. Similarly, despite a modest wind resource, a wind turbine in West Virginia is expected to displace 7 times more health and environmental damages than a wind turbine in Oklahoma.
Finally, I shift focus and explore the economics of small-‐scale cogeneration, which has long been recognized as a more efficient alternative to central-‐station power. Although the benefits of distributed cogeneration are widely cited, adoption has been slow in the U.S. Adoption could be encouraged by making cogeneration more economically attractive, either by increasing the expected returns or decreasing the risks of such investments. I present a case study of a 300-‐kilowatt cogeneration unit and evaluate the expected returns from: demand response, capacity markets, regulation markets, accelerated depreciation, a price on CO2 emissions, and net metering. In addition, I explore the effectiveness of feed-‐in tariffs at mitigating the energy-‐price risks to cogeneration projects.
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Higgins, Ryan H. "Energy Storage in the Golden State: An Analysis of the Regulatory and Economic Landscape." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/105.
Full textAbstract:
On October 1st, 2013, a mandate was adopted by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) requiring that 1.325 GW of energy storage capability be installed on the California electricity grid by 2024, through the actions of the state’s three investor-owned utilities. While this is a bold first step towards mandated energy storage in the United States, it may be only the beginning for an energy storage industry in this state. It has been well established that energy storage would prove to be a useful asset on the California electrical grid, but the development of storage capacity past the requirements of the mandate will depend upon whether storage can be made cost-effective. Much of the value that storage creates is a public good: many storage applications allow the grid to operate more efficiently as a whole, but not necessarily in a way that can be monetized by any particular party. As a public good, these systemic benefits of storage capacity will be supplied sub-optimally in the absence of government intervention. The energy storage industry will accordingly be one that is strongly affected by the tides of change in technology, regulation and economics in the California energy market. This report will focus primarily on the intersection of the second two of these factors, largely leaving the technological questions to more well-informed parties while seeking to establish what regulatory and economic considerations might be undertaken to ensure that the road to deployment of appropriate energy storage systems is made as clear as possible so that this technology can reach the socially efficient level on the California electricity grid. It is the aim of this report not to promote a specific technology or even an energy storage industry, but rather to shed some light on the effects that the development of such an industry could have on the California electricity market and the energy use paradigm that governs modern electricity grids worldwide. With the adoption of AB 2514, a grand experiment was set in motion that will benefit the entire world as California tests the uncharted technological, regulatory and economic territories of grid-scale energy storage capacity. It is a time of change in the electricity industry, and energy storage is a potentially transformative technology that could very well enable the shattering of an energy use paradigm that has held the world captive to fossil fuels for over a century.
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Beyene, Mussie Abraham. "Modelling the Resilience of Offshore Renewable Energy System Using Non-constant Failure Rates." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för elektroteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445650.
Full textAbstract:
Offshore renewable energy systems, such as Wave Energy Converters or an Offshore Wind Turbine, must be designed to withstand extremes of the weather environment. For this, it is crucial both to have a good understanding of the wave and wind climate at the intended offshore site, and of the system reaction and possible failures to different weather scenarios. Based on these considerations, the first objective of this thesis was to model and identify the extreme wind speed and significant wave height at an offshore site, based on measured wave and wind data. The extreme wind speeds and wave heights were characterized as return values after 10, 25, 50, and 100 years, using the Generalized Extreme Value method. Based on a literature review, fragility curves for wave and wind energy systems were identified as function of significant wave height and wind speed. For a wave energy system, a varying failure rate as function of the wave height was obtained from the fragility curves, and used to model the resilience of a wave energy farm as a function of the wave climate. The cases of non-constant and constant failure rates were compared, and it was found that the non-constant failure rate had a high impact on the wave energy farm's resilience. When a non-constant failure rate as a function of wave height was applied to the energy wave farm, the number of Wave Energy Converters available in the farm and the absorbed energy from the farm are nearly zero. The cases for non-constant and an averaged constant failure of the instantaneous non-constant failure rate as a function of wave height were also compared, and it was discovered that investigating the resilience of the wave energy farm using the averaged constant failure rate of the non-constant failure rate results in better resilience. So, based on the findings of this thesis, it is recommended that identifying and characterizing offshore extreme weather climates, having a high repair rate, and having a high threshold limit repair vessel to withstand the harsh offshore weather environment.
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Wymond, David Tyler. "The U.S. small hydropower industry : opportunities for development and barriers to success." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-2874.
Full textAbstract:
With many states recently enacting either renewable energy mandates or goals,the small hydropower industry has a unique opportunity to supply a growing portion of
U.S. electricity supply. But the procedure to obtain a license for project development is unwieldy, increasingly wrought with regulatory hurdles at both the state and Federal levels. Government incentives exist that promote the development of small hydropower,but are insufficient to overcome the regulatory barriers faced by the industry. Although it
is possible for small hydropower to supply a growing share of energy production in the U.S., it is unlikely that the full potential will be realized without substantial changes to the renewable energy regulatory system.
This study describes the current state of the regulatory system governing the development of small hydropower facilities in the United States. A basic overview of
hydroelectric technology is discussed, followed by a detailed description of the process through which a project developer must apply for a Federal license to construct and operate a hydropower project. The current state of the U.S. small hydropower industry is
examined, considering the potential opportunity for the industry to supply a growing
share of the U.S. electricity supply. This analysis is supplemented by a discussion of the
costs of project construction and an investigation into the regulatory barriers to project
development.<br>text
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Thomaides, Anastasia Chrisa. "Trade, climate change and renewable energy: regulatory conflict or convergence?" Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/26717.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Masters of Laws by Coursework and Research Report at the
University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2018<br>The research report seeks to explore the link between trade and the environment, with
a particular focus on the renewable energy sector. The aim is to determine the tensions
and unification amongst the regulatory tools of the World Trade Organisation and
Climate Change Regimes will be discussed, in a manner that shows how trade can
assist in mitigating or adapting to the effects of climate change. As such the intention
of the report is to answer the question of how do we use trade to disseminate energy
technology as set out in the Sustainable Development Goals (“SDGs”) in order to
ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all, in both
an international and South African context. The result, however, lead the need for
more inclusive global regime that is less fragmented, over and above the need for
improvement for domestic laws as well as infrastructure to generate electricity in order
to provide for much more enabling approach to the investment of renewable energy.<br>XL2019
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Chiu, Chun Hsien, and 邱俊賢. "Planning of Hybrid Renewable Energy System." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20777465722617586685.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>南台科技大學<br>電機工程系<br>98<br>This thesis presents optimal planning problem for a stand-alone hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system after considering the system installed cost and reliability constraint. The genetic algorithm (GA) searching method was used to investigate the optimal sizing details during the process of optimization. For different lost of load hours (LOLH) per year, the optimal allocation of photovoltaic array, wind turbine generator and battery bank can be attained. The hourly average meteorological data for wind speed, solar radiation on the horizontal surface and ambient air temperature data from the Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan at 28 sites in the year of 2008 were used to simulate the characteristics of optimal capacity of renewable system. The impacts of LOLH variations to the optimal sizing are detailed investigated and analyzed.
The genetic algorithm (GA) searching method was used to final the global solution of optimal allocation. The constrained reliability function are approached by the curve fitting technique, and the best matching function occurs at Gaussian function, Exponential function, Fourier function and Polynomial function in sequence. Results show the best site among 28 testing weather stations for a hybrid renewable system operation is Pengjiayu. Well complementary characteristics of wind turbine and solar generation results to Pengjiayu is the best site among 28 testing weather stations for operating a hybrid renewable system.
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Mvubu, Nkosinathi. "A comparative analysis of the regulatory framework governing energy sources: coal and renewable energy." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/26824.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Laws by Coursework and Research at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2018<br>As a natural resource coal has for a long time been the bedrock of South Africa’s energy sector. South Africa is one
of the richest countries in the world in terms of coal deposits. This abundance of coal deposits has resulted in coal
playing a very significant role in meeting South Africa’s energy needs, it accounts for 90% of South Africa’s energy
supply. On the other hand, the negative impact that the exploitation of coal continues to have on the environment
poses serious challenges to South Africa’s continued over-reliance on coal as the foundation of the country’s energy
sector. The universally accepted consensus is that greenhouse gas emissions must be kept to a minimum and the
continuing over-reliance on coal, in the way it is currently processed, goes counter to this. The renewable energy
sector in South Africa is still at a nascent stage, how it develops is going to be important in determining whether
South Africa is successful in meeting her energy needs in an environmentally clean and sustainable manner whilst at
the same time maintaining an acceptable degree of energy security. The critical balance between mitigating against
the negative effects of being a coal intensive energy economy and maximizing the generation and intake of
renewable energy onto the grid will only be achieved on the back of a sound regulatory framework, made up of
articulate and effective laws.<br>XL2019
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Zhang, Yu-Xuan, and 張育萱. "A Renewable Energy and Environment Monitoring System." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84963061819685013980.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>大葉大學<br>資訊工程學系碩士班<br>102<br>Renewable energy is one of solutions to relieve the global greenhouse effect. However, in order to improve the efficiency of renewable energy, to realize the relationship between the renewable energy and environment is an important issue. In this paper, we used Arduinos, XBees and sensors to design renewable energy wireless sensor modules. ZigBee is the major transport protocol among the modules. Each module will sense the environmental data and transfer the data to the local computer. A UI interface program in the local computer will display all of the received data.
In addition, for the user's convenience, this system specially sets up a web and database server. The database of local computers will be synchronized with that of the server. And the web service will provide the remote monitoring service to the users.
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Hsieh, Yuan-Hsin, and 謝元信. "Optimized dispatching of mixed renewable energy powered system." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2e3yv6.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>明新科技大學<br>工業工程與管理系碩士在職專班<br>105<br>The evolution of technology and the depletion of traditional energy have increased the demand of energy. In recent years, extreme weather and disasters has caused by global weather change for all of countries. In view of this, the development of green energy has become an international trend, To improve the proportion of renewable energy generation and reduce carbon emissions of global warming efficiently, has become our important goal of green energy development.
In this thesis, we probe into the hybrid power supply system for renewable energy, optimize renewable energy power generation system to join the Taipower power supply system. For the satisfaction of power demand and supply, an optimal power generation dispatching mode, including green power (solar power and wind power), nuclear power, thermal power, pumping and storage of hydroelectric power and steam power generations, had been developed for the minimization of generation cost, carbon emission, and power loss of transmission. The proposed power generation scheduling mode is operated by MATLAB, and the corresponding results are provided to the decision-maker of Tai-power about the power supply and demand planning.
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(9970334), Sofia Paola Espinell Gonzalez. "PUERTO RICO POWER SYSTEM TRANSITION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY." Thesis, 2021.
Find full textAbstract:
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p>Puerto Rico’s lack of effective and affordable energy substitutes after Hurricane Maria resulted
in a mortality increase of 4,970 residents (Verma, Murray, and Mamdani, 2018). Puerto Rico’s
Island dependency on electric power and no energy substitutes available have provoked a risk to
human life after catastrophic events. The problem was measured by comparing Puerto Rico’s
reliance on fossil fuels with accessible and economical renewable energy options. Solar
photovoltaic (PV) technologies are the optimum alternative to transition from fossil fuel usage to
renewable energy. Previous research has demonstrated the impact of using solar panels instead
of an electric grid due to the constant solar radiation throughout the year. The analyzed data and
projections showed a reduction in fossil fuels and carbon dioxide emissions by implementing
solar photovoltaic technologies. The installation of PV systems in landfills, household roofs and
transitioning to solar public lighting positively impacts the atmosphere carbon dioxide emissions.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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Chen, Shin-Bin, and 陳心彬. "Assessment of Autonomous Renewable Energy System for Kinmen." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83635545865948809204.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>康寧大學<br>休閒資源暨綠色產業研究所<br>101<br>Due to pollution from fossil fuel and accelerating climate warming, it has become an importunate trend to develop clean, self-sustaining renewable energy to replace conventional fossil fuel. This research is based on a feasibility study for Kinmen County, deploying EnergyPLAN as tool, to plan an autonomous renewable energy system. The end goal is to fulfill the current demand in electricity for Kinmen County. Firstly, the research performs potential assessment on various forms of renewable energy. The finding indicates that the estimate annual electricity production of renewable energy is approximately 1,071.92GWh – 1.21 times of Kinmen’s annual energy demand. Most significantly, wind, wave, and solar energy is estimated to generate 2.26 times of Kinmen’s annual electricity consumption; Secondly, the research performs hourly simulation analysis on renewable energy through EnergyPLAN. The result shows that there would be shortage in electricity in summer. It is suggested that total biomass potential of 517.86GWh from biomass-fueled power plants would be the best replacement to supplement the gap in electricity demand . The research performs hourly simulation analysis on technology and economic costs of renewable energy through EnergyPLAN. Then, these results are compared to generate the optimal portfolio. When wind and solar energy production accounts for 90% and 10% of electricity demand respectively, it could fulfill 60% of the electricity demand. In turns, annual carbon emission could be reduced by 100,000 tons, with less investment capital. This research validates that annual electricity demand in Kinmen can be 100% fulfilled by renewable energy.
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HSU, YEN-YANG, and 許延仰. "Artificial Renewable Energy Charging System by Fingerprint Identification." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17527685984060850002.
Full textAbstract:
博士<br>聖約翰科技大學<br>電機工程系碩士班<br>102<br>This paper presents a fingerprint with green energy charging system, through the input fingerprint to open systems by the Green movement can charge the battery, the battery will supply the items in the user charge to be due to the unique fingerprint characteristics and cannot easily be replicated in terms of security than with a key or combination lock to be high. The system is divided into three parts, namely, solar charging unit, microprocessor control unit, display unit aims is to achieve three functions, including real-time status display, charging mobile devices, fingerprint identification and a switch opening and closing function. The systems of internal control procedures are written in the microprocessor, the microprocessor to communicate with each other through a fingerprint module, in order to achieve overall control. In the presentation, the user will be informed of the current state of the system through the display when displaying the input fingerprints, the user can input fingerprint, and then into the mobile device can be charged. When retrieved, as long as the input fingerprints again, the system has been compared to the recognition, the user will use the pop-up space, delete the user's fingerprint. Through the wisdom of looking forward to this system can be combined with the green, make life more convenient, and implement the concept of intelligent life, and green energy.