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1
Kallies, Anne. "New Directions of Legal Reform for Renewable Energy in Europe: From Single-Plant Support to Whole-of-System Approaches." Climate Law 6, no. 3-4 (2016): 353–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00603009.
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As the proportion of renewable energy in the electricity system increases, a new suite of barriers becomes apparent. These include the unsuitability of traditional network configurations for often remote renewable resources, and the need to develop a diverse range of renewable-energy sources to ensure electricity system stability and security. Substantial legal reform will be necessary to develop an electricity system that can accommodate high volumes of renewable energy. This paper analyses recent legal reforms for renewable energy in the United Kingdom and Germany to illuminate a regulatory shift away from single-plant support to whole-of-system approaches to electricity system development. Regulatory attention has shifted to reform regulatory frameworks for electricity networks to be more accommodating of renewable energy, rather than simply providing financial support for renewable sources. These changes have been supported by a high-level commitment to develop an electricity system that is both efficient and sustainable.
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Hvelplund, Frede, and Søren Djørup. "Multilevel policies for radical transition: Governance for a 100% renewable energy system." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 35, no. 7 (2017): 1218–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654417710024.
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Transition from the stored energy of fossil fuel-based systems to fluctuating renewable energy sources requires a fundamental change in both the energy supply system and governance arrangements. According to analyses made using the Aalborg University Energy PLAN model, the infrastructure required to handle fluctuating energy – such as goals for further expanding the exploitation of wind power towards 50% of energy consumption – necessitates the integration of power, district heating, transportation and biomass production, which should be geographically distributed. To enhance our understanding of this paradigmatic technological change, this article presents both a general analysis of the regulatory consequences and a specific analysis of the immediate challenges involved in the transition process, framed within the Danish context. The general conclusion is that the required distributed, local and regional technological energy system needs a bottom up and interactive regulatory framework, where the central government should have a more reflexive and communicative role, providing services and national coordination for an energy system that contains a large share of fluctuating renewable energy sources. A specific conclusion is that the present Danish tariff principles and energy tax system should be fundamentally altered in order to better facilitate the coordination of the heat and electricity sectors, to incentivise the creation of the necessary integration infrastructure.
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Doronina, Iryna. "Regulatory and legal support for the development of the renewable energy sector in Ukraine." Public administration and local government 44, no. 1 (2020): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/102005.
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Energy independence was chosen by Ukraine as one of its development priorities; it covers the reduction of gas consumption and the gas replacement, increase of the energy efficiency in various public life spheres, development of the renewable energy sector. Many published papers of Ukrainian scientists, as well as expert’s reports are dedicated to the challenges in the rollout of the renewable energy sector, however the regulatory and legal support for the development of the aforementioned sector has been considered only fragmentary. Therefore, the issue of the legislative control of the renewable energy sector development under the current European integration conditions requires further research and systematization. Purpose of the article is to determine the major contradictions reflecting the current status of the regulatory and legal control in the renewable energy sector development, to research and propose the corresponding improvement prospects. The article is presenting the regulatory basis assessment and systematization of the Ukrainian renewable energy sector legislation. Insights are given to major contradictions observed in the regulatory and legal provisions of the governmental regulation related to the renewable energy development. Practical proposals are made for the improvement of the legislation related to the provisioning of the Ukrainian United Energy Power System operational safety during the peak-load hours through introduction of the electrical energy storage system. Over the past years, Ukrainian authorities have made several important efforts towards the creation and development of the legislative basis in the renewable energy sector, however this sector is still considered in the context of the alternative energy development, which becomes a prospect for further investigations.
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Gailani, Ahmed, Tracey Crosbie, Maher Al-Greer, Michael Short, and Nashwan Dawood. "On the Role of Regulatory Policy on the Business Case for Energy Storage in Both EU and UK Energy Systems: Barriers and Enablers." Energies 13, no. 5 (2020): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051080.
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This paper presents a SWOT analysis of the impact of recent EU regulatory changes on the business case for energy storage (ES) using the UK as a case study. ES technologies (such as batteries) are key enablers for increasing the share of renewable energy generation and hence decarbonising the electricity system. As such, recent regulatory changes seek to improve the business case for ES technologies on national networks. These changes include removing double network charging for ES, defining and classifying ES in relevant legislations, and clarifying ES ownership along with facilitating its grid access. However, most of the current regulations treat storage in a similar way to bulk generators without paying attention to the different sizes and types of ES. As a result, storage with higher capacity receives significantly higher payment in the capacity market and can be exempt from paying renewable energy promotion taxes. Despite the recent regulatory changes, ES is defined as a generation device, which is a barrier to a wide range of revenue streams from demand side services. Also, regulators avoid disrupting the current energy market structure by creating an independent asset class for ES. Instead, they are encouraging changes that co-exist with the current market and regulatory structure. Therefore, although some of the reviewed market and regulatory changes for ES in this paper are positive, it can be concluded that these changes are not likely to allow a level playing field for ES that encourage its increase on energy networks.
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Marchenko, Oleg V., and Sergei V. Solomin. "Efficiency Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources." E3S Web of Conferences 114 (2019): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911405001.
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A review of the methods and models used at the ESI SB RAS to assess the effectiveness of renewable energy sources (RES) was carried out. Criteria were formulated and calculation formulas were given for a preliminary assessment of the competitiveness of renewable energy sources as compared to alternative energy supply options. A mathematical model of the world energy system was considered, where renewable energy sources were described by averaged indicators. The model allows for different scenarios of external conditions to explore the prospects for the development of energy technologies, including renewable energy sources. For the analysis of autonomous energy systems with RES, a simulation model was developed so as to treat the processes of production, consumption, and energy storage in their dynamics. The optimization version of the mathematical model eliminates the need for a pre-assignment of the energy flow control algorithm. In this case, it is possible to study systems with the simultaneous presence of several units of energy storage of various types. For the study of renewable energy sources under market conditions, a model was developed so as to take into account the presence of various decision-making hubs, as well as the impact of governmental regulatory bodies in the market. It was shown that the most efficient mechanism for encouraging the development of renewable energy sources is the creation of a market for "green certificates", with the least efficient renewable energy sources to be subsidized.
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Michalski, Julie. "Microgrids for Micro-Communities: Reducing the Energy Burden in Rural Areas." Michigan Technology Law Review, no. 26.1 (2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.36645/mtlr.26.1.microgrids.
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Rural communities currently face some of the highest energy costs and lowest reliability in the country, due in part to long transmission distances and low population densities. The North American Supergrid (“NAS”) has been proposed as a solution for increased grid stability, resiliency, and renewable generation with decreased carbon emissions and energy cost across the lower 48 states. Although the NAS could help with these energy goals, it is likely that benefits of the NAS would bypass many rural or isolated communities outside of the transmission step-down points. As the NAS will not help rural communities, states can take regulatory action aimed at promoting microgrid systems of locally generated renewable energy. Remote communities in Alaska have already taken advantage of microgrid systems, and Alaska’s microgrid policies could serve as a model for rural communities in the lower 48. This Note proposes regulatory changes to states’ microgrid policies, based on Alaska’s policies, to bolster renewable generation based microgrid system development for rural communities by (1) identifying and clearly defining important factors affecting microgrid implementation, (2) setting high renewable portfolio standards, (3) increasing financial investment, and (4) collaborating with other states and interest groups to share information. By considering Alaska’s policies as a prototype, states across the country can increase rural residents’ access to affordable energy.
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Talhar, Archana Sudhakar, and Sanjay B. Bodkhe. "The Global Survey of the Electrical Energy Distribution System: A Review." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 4 (2019): 2247. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i4.pp2247-2255.
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This paper gives a review of energy scenario in India and other countries. Today’s demand of the world is to minimize greenhouse gas emissions, during the production of electricity. Henceforth over the world, the production of electrical power is changing by introducing abundantly available renewable energy sources like sun and wind. But, because of the intermittent nature of sustainable power sources, the electrical power network faces many problems, during the transmission and distribution of electricity. For resolving these issues, Electrical Energy Storage (EES) is acknowledged as supporting technology. This paper discusses about the world electrical energy scenario with top renowned developed countries in power generation and consumption. Contribution of traditional power sources changed after the introduction of renewable energy sources like sun and wind. Worldwide Agencies are formed like International Energy Agency (IEA), The Central Intelligence Agency, (CIS) etc. The main aim of these agencies is to provide reliable, affordable and clean energy. This paper will discuss about the regulatory authority and government policies/incentives taken by different countries. At the end of this paper, author focuses on obstacles in implementation, development and benefits of renewable energy.
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Gorbach, Oliver Gregor, Noha Saad Hussein, and Jessica Thomsen. "Impact of Internal Carbon Prices on the Energy System of an Organisation’s Facilities in Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom Compared to Potential External Carbon Prices." Energies 14, no. 14 (2021): 4094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144094.
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Organisations attempt to contribute their share towards fighting the climate crisis by trying to reduce their emission of greenhouse gases effectively towards net zero. An instrument to guide their reduction efforts is internal carbon pricing. Next to choosing the right pricing tool, defining the exact value of an internal carbon price, especially against the background of potential regulatory external carbon prices, and assessing its impact on business units’ energy systems poses a challenge for organisations. The academic literature has so far not examined the impact differences of an internal carbon price across different countries, which this paper addresses by using an optimisation model. First, it analyses the energy system cost increase of a real-world facility based on an internal carbon price compared to a potential regulatory carbon price within a country. Second, we evaluate the energy system cost increase based on an internal carbon price across different countries. The results show that with regard to internal carbon prices the additional total system cost compared to potential external carbon prices stays within 9%, 15%, and 59% for Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom, respectively. The increase in the energy system cost in each country varies between 3% and 93%. For all countries, the cost differences can be reduced by allowing the installation of renewables. The integration of renewables via energy storage and power-to-heat technologies depends on the renewable potentials and the availability of carbon capture and storage. If organisations do not account for these differences, it might raise the disapproval of internal carbon prices within the organisation.
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Martinot, Eric, Akanksha Chaurey, Debra Lew, José Roberto Moreira, and Njeri Wamukonya. "Renewable Energy Markets in Developing Countries." Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 27, no. 1 (2002): 309–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.27.122001.083444.
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▪ Abstract Renewable energy is shifting from the fringe to the mainstream of sustainable development. Past donor efforts achieved modest results but often were not sustained or replicated, which leads now to greater market orientation. Markets for rural household lighting with solar home systems, biogas, and small hydro power have expanded through rural entrepreneurship, government programs, and donor assistance, serving millions of households. Applications in agriculture, small industry, and social services are emerging. Public programs resulted in 220 million improved biomass cook stoves. Three percent of power generation capacity is largely small hydro and biomass power, with rapid growth of wind power. Experience suggests the need for technical know-how transfer, new replicable business models, credit for rural households and entrepreneurs, regulatory frameworks and financing for private power developers, market facilitation organizations, donor assistance aimed at expanding sustainable markets, smarter subsidies, and greater attention to social benefits and income generation.
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Arango-Manrique, Adriana, Sandra Ximena Carvajal-Quintero, and Camilo Younes-Velosa. "How to promote distributed resource supply in a Colombian microgrid with economic mechanism?: System dynamics approach." DYNA 82, no. 192 (2015): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v82n192.48564.
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<p>Distributed generation currently has caused an increase in the installation or renewable energy generation resources near the consumption centers and the ability to operate in the event of a failure of the interconnected system in isolation mode. However, this type of generation and operation has not progressed significantly in Colombia due to the lack of financial mechanisms. This paper presents a model in System Dynamics that proposed a mechanism for the promotion of distributed resources by including regulatory incentives known as Renewable Energy Premium Tariff and incentives for providing technical support for the distribution and transmission system. Proposed mechanisms help to promote the use of renewable energy in Colombia and further enhance the tools so that grid operators can avoid accidental disconnection.</p>
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Z. Daniel, Deng, Carlson Thomas J., Fu Tao, et al. "Design and Implementation of a Marine Animal Alert System to Support Marine Renewable Energy." Marine Technology Society Journal 47, no. 4 (2013): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.47.4.2.
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AbstractPower extracted from fast-moving tidal currents has been identified as a potential commercial-scale source of renewable energy. Marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) device developers and utilities are pursuing deployment of prototype tidal turbines to assess technology viability, site feasibility, and environmental interactions. Deployment of prototype turbines requires environmental review and permits from a range of regulatory authorities. Ensuring the safety of marine animals, particularly those under protection of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, has emerged as a key regulatory challenge for initial MHK deployments. The greatest perceived risk to marine animals is from strike by the rotating blades of tidal turbines. Development of the marine animal alert system (MAAS) was undertaken to support monitoring and mitigation requirements for tidal turbine deployments. The prototype system development focused on the Southern Resident killer whale (SRKW), an endangered population that frequents Puget Sound, Washington, and is seasonally present in the part of the sound where deployment of prototype tidal turbines is being considered. Passive acoustics were selected as the primary means to detect the SRKWs because of the vocal nature of these animals. The MAAS passive acoustic system consists of a two-stage process involving the use of an energy detector and a spectrogram-based classifier to distinguish between SKRW calls and background noise. A prototype consisting of two 2D symmetrical star arrays separated by 20 m center to center was built and evaluated successfully in the waters of Sequim Bay, Washington, using whale-call playback.
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Pavić, Ivan, Zora Luburić, Hrvoje Pandžić, Tomislav Capuder, and Ivan Andročec. "Defining and Evaluating Use Cases for Battery Energy Storage Investments: Case Study in Croatia." Energies 12, no. 3 (2019): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030376.
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Battery energy storage systems (BESS) and renewable energy sources are complementary technologies from the power system viewpoint, where renewable energy sources behave as flexibility sinks and create business opportunities for BESS as flexibility sources. Various stakeholders can use BESS to balance, stabilize and flatten demand/generation patterns. These applications depend on the stakeholder role, flexibility service needed from the battery, market opportunities and obstacles, as well as regulatory aspects encouraging or hindering integration of storage technologies. While developed countries are quickly removing barriers and increasing the integration share of BESS, this is seldom the case in developing countries. The paper identifies multiple case opportunities for different power system stakeholders in Croatia, models potential BESS applications using real-world case studies, analyzes feasibility of these investments, and discusses financial returns and barriers to overcome.
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Eltamaly, Ali M., Yehia Sayed Mohamed, Abou-Hashema M. El-Sayed, and Amer Nasr A. Elghaffar. "Reliability / Security of Distribution System Network under Supporting by Distributed Generation." Insight - Energy Science 2, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/i-es.v2i1.181.
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<p>This paper discusses the impact of Distributed Generator (DG) on the power system for enhancing the power system quality by improving the voltage profile and power losses reduction. With the increasing on the demand power and the power system extension, the distributed renewable energy technologies are becoming increasingly important in the energy supply systems of many countries. DGs units can be defined as a small-units that generate electric power near to the location of customers based on the renewable energy techniques, including wind energy, solar energy, and geothermal energy. Interconnecting DG to an existing distribution system provides various benefits to several entities as for example the owner, utility and the final user. DG provides an enhanced power quality, higher reliability of the distribution system and can peak shaves and fill valleys. However, the integration of DG into existing networks has associated several technical, economic and regulatory questions. Also, this paper uses the power system IEEE-12 busses for an example to illustrate the voltage control and decreases the active and reactive power losses by adding the wind generation DGs with the distribution network. </p>
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Bizon, Nicu, Mircea Raceanu, Emmanouel Koudoumas, Adriana Marinoiu, Emmanuel Karapidakis, and Elena Carcadea. "Renewable/Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System Operation Using Two Search Controllers of the Optimal Power Needed on the DC Bus." Energies 13, no. 22 (2020): 6111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226111.
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In this paper, the optimal and safe operation of a hybrid power system based on a fuel cell system and renewable energy sources is analyzed. The needed DC power resulting from the power flow balance on the DC bus is ensured by the FC system via the air regulator or the fuel regulator controlled by the power-tracking control reference or both regulators using a switched mode of the above-mentioned reference. The optimal operation of a fuel cell system is ensured by a search for the maximum of multicriteria-based optimization functions focused on fuel economy under perturbation, such as variable renewable energy and dynamic load on the DC bus. Two search controllers based on the global extremum seeking scheme are involved in this search via the remaining fueling regulator and the boost DC–DC converter. Thus, the fuel economy strategies based on the control of the air regulator and the fuel regulator, respectively, on the control of both fueling regulators are analyzed in this study. The fuel savings compared to fuel consumed using the static feed-forward control are 6.63%, 4.36% and 13.72%, respectively, under dynamic load but without renewable power. With renewable power, the needed fuel cell power on the DC bus is lower, so the fuel cell system operates more efficiently. These percentages are increased to 7.28%, 4.94% and 14.97%.
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Pati, Sutapa. "Socio-Technical Drivers for Community Renewable Energy Systems – Analysis of Case Studies from India." Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 3 (2017): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v10n3p143.
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Renewable energy sector of India has the potential to be a credible alternative for households and communities. The sector accounts for approximately 13 per cent of the national energy capacity, including technologies such as solar grid/ off – grid generation, wind power, small hydro power, biomass/ biogas, and waste to energy. Statistics related to implementation illustrate the scope of tapping the renewable energy sector comprehensively, esp. for decentralized, household and community level applications. This paper analyses on – ground case studies and projects from various renewable energy categories, specifically the socio – technical and community aspects that play a significant role in successful Renewable Energy Technologies (henceforth RET) implementation. The distilled positive and negative drivers include technical, economic considerations, policy and regulatory, environmental aspects, market/ business models, and social/ community linked aspects. Case studies describe the need for a system based and stakeholder engagement approach where all possible stakeholders and their issues are envisaged and taken into account. Use of an evaluating framework is suggested to ensure successful community models of RETs and mass adoption of renewable technologies.
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Marín Durán, Gracia. "SHELTERING GOVERNMENT SUPPORT TO ‘GREEN’ ELECTRICITY: THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 67, no. 1 (2018): 129–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589317000537.
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AbstractSince the Canada – Renewable Energy (2013) dispute at the World Trade Organization (WTO), the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) has been the focal point of academic debate on the trade-environment interface, with a growing consensus that WTO subsidy rules need to be revisited with a view to securing ‘policy space’ for government support for renewable energy. This article explores whether, as suggested by some scholars, the European Union (EU)’s system of justifications for renewable energy aid could serve as a source of inspiration for the WTO. While this proposition may appear attractive at first sight, it is hardly conceivable, or even desirable, that the EU's approach to sheltering government support for renewable energy could be transposed to the WTO. This is because the two systems of subsidy control are fundamentally different in both substantive and procedural terms and, importantly, these differences reflect distinct objectives and political/institutional contexts. Nonetheless, this comparative analysis sheds light on where the key challenges lie for the WTO in ensuring that international trade rules and climate change mitigation objectives are mutually supportive. It is argued that the case for reviewing the SCM Agreement cannot be made by simply forging parallels with the EU's regulatory model, but needs to be carefully construed on the basis of a proper understanding of whether and how green policy space is actually constrained under the current WTO subsidy and trade remedy rules. However, this requires better information on existing WTO members’ practice in relation to renewable energy subsidies, as well as on their environmental effectiveness and possible trade-distortive impact. In this sense, the most valuable lesson that the WTO can draw from the EU's regulatory experience is the imperative of improving the transparency and knowledge-enhancing elements of its subsidy control system.
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Gostomczyk, Waldemar. "System aukcyjny jako nowy sposób wspierania OZE." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 3 (2018): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.3.71.
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The article analyzes both existing and proposed legal acts in the field of promoting and generating energy from renewable sources. The model of energy management based on renewable sources is implemented differently in individual countries. With the increasing share of renewable energy and the level of objectives for the coming years, it is essential that they are achieved with the lowest possible cost of support from public funds. For this reason, many countries have decided to gradually move to the auction system, giving control over the costs, structure and capacity increase of new RES installations. The research problem is the evaluation of the effectiveness of the auction system against the background of the instruments used so far, both in terms of the increase in new generation capacities and the costs of achieving the intended objectives. These issues, due to the short period of functioning of the new system, have not been properly identified yet. The study uses data from the years 2010-2018. The spatial range was mainly in Poland, but examples from other countries around the world were also used. The research and analysis used a comparative method and a list of individual renewable energy production technologies according to the analyzed values. It has been hypothesized that an auction system based on competitive principles, more effectively and with lower support of public funds will allow for achieving goals related to the promotion of renewable energy sources. The aim of the article is to present the current and new RES support system, prices obtained in auctions and the first experience in its implementation. The research material were Eurostat and GUS statistical materials, documents from the European Commission, the Ministry of Energy, the Energy Regulatory Office, reports on support systems from European countries and Poland. Research methods used in the work include analysis of documents, normative acts, subsequent amendments to the Act on renewable energy sources and regulations issued on their basis. The assessment and recognition of the level of support in the auction system in countries that have been using this instrument for many years was also made. These analyses allowed the assessment of the effects of the auctions carried out, their advantages and disadvantages, and helped formulate conclusions in the field of organizational changes ensuring efficient functioning of the auction system.
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Bryans, Declan, Véronique Amstutz, Hubert Girault, and Léonard Berlouis. "Characterisation of a 200 kW/400 kWh Vanadium Redox Flow Battery." Batteries 4, no. 4 (2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries4040054.
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The incessant growth in energy demand has resulted in the deployment of renewable energy generators to reduce the impact of fossil fuel dependence. However, these generators often suffer from intermittency and require energy storage when there is over-generation and the subsequent release of this stored energy at high demand. One such energy storage technology that could provide a solution to improving energy management, as well as offering spinning reserve and grid stability, is the redox flow battery (RFB). One such system is the 200 kW/400 kWh vanadium RFB installed in the energy station at Martigny, Switzerland. This RFB utilises the excess energy from renewable generation to support the energy security of the local community, charge electric vehicle batteries, or to provide the power required to an alkaline electrolyser to produce hydrogen as a fuel for use in fuel cell vehicles. In this article, this vanadium RFB is fully characterised in terms of the system and electrochemical energy efficiency, with the focus being placed on areas of internal energy consumption from the regulatory systems and energy losses from self-discharge/side reactions.
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Giwa, Saidat Olanipekun, Abel Adekanmi Adeyi, and Abdulwahab Giwa. "Application of Model Predictive Control to Renewable Energy Development via Reactive Distillation Process." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 27 (December 2016): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.27.95.
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Reactive distillation is a process that combines chemical reaction and separation in a single piece of equipment (distillation column). The process has a lot of benefits especially for those reactions occurring at conditions suitable for the distillation of the process components, and these result in significant economic advantages. However, owing to the complexities resulting from the integration of reaction and separation, its control is still a challenge to process engineers because it requires a control method that is robust enough to handle its complexities. Therefore, in this work, model predictive control (MPC) has been applied to a reactive distillation process used for developing a renewable energy known as biodiesel. The control algorithm of the MPC was formulated with the aid of MPC toolbox of MATLAB/Simulink in which the closed-loop models of the process were developed and simulated. The analysis of the results obtained from the simulations carried out for the optimization of the tuning parameters revealed that, among the tuning parameters considered, integral absolute error of the control system was less affected by the control horizon because its p-value was greater than 0.05 based on 95% confidence level. Furthermore, the simulation of the closed-loop system of the process using model predictive control tuned with control horizon of 11, prediction horizon of 18, weight on manipulated variable rate of 0.05 and weight on output variable of 2.17, which were the optimum parameters obtained using Excel Solver, showed that the system was well handled by the controller under servo control because it was able to get settled at desired mole fractions within 60 min. However, the settling time recorded in the case of regulatory control system of the process with the same controller was found not to be encouraging. Therefore, it is recommended that further work should be carried out on this subject matter in an attempt to obtain tuning parameters that will make the settling time of the closed-loop system of the process under regulatory control simulation very reasonable.
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Nataliia, Riazanova, and . "Institutional Support of the Renewable Energy Industry in Ukraine." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.3 (2018): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.3.19833.
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The article considers the institutional aspect of the renewable power industry development in Ukraine as a complex of formal and informal institutions, certain rules that actively influence the development and implementation of technologies. The development of the renewable energy industry through institutional transformations should be at the highest hierarchical level. The factors hindering the development of renewable energy sources (RES) are highlighted and systematized. In order to eliminate these factors, significant institutional changes that can not be carried out outside targeted state policies are needed, including financial support for the industry, the elimination of regulatory barriers, and the formation of demand for equipment by the strengthening of environmental norms and other tools for stimulating the development of renewable energy power industry and coordination of energy market participants. Key segments that influence the development of RES are formulated. Certain institutional transformations are needed for qualitative development of renewable energy power industry in Ukraine. Necessary institutional changes in energy supply, and now the state needs to systematize and harmonize the RES-policy. Institutional transformations are reduced to the problems of the development of renewable energy power industry in Ukraine, the ways of their solution are determined. The actions of economic entities in the economic space with the distribution (regulation) of each of them for the stable functioning of the system, which are the basis of the institutional relationship of renewable energy sources in Ukraine for the purpose of energy saving, are presented.
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Blanco-Díez, Patricia, Montserrat Díez-Mediavilla, and Cristina Alonso-Tristán. "Review of the Legislative Framework for the Remuneration of Photovoltaic Production in Spain: A Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (2020): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031214.
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Spain is among the European countries with the greatest photovoltaic potential. During the first decade of the 2000s, Spain was a European leader in installed photovoltaic power and job creation in the renewable energy sector, strongly influenced by a very favorable regulatory framework and public subsidies at a time of economic growth. That situation would be completely reversed with the regulatory changes introduced in 2012 to combat the tariff deficit and the instability in the electricity supply system, problems accentuated by the economic crisis. The main objective of this study is to present an exhaustive review of the legislative changes that have affected photovoltaic energy in Spain. Using real data on electricity production and the remuneration of a typical photovoltaic plant, we show that there was a very significant fall in the economic returns that investors had come to expect, within a system that prioritized, first and foremost, the initial investment rather than the levels of electricity production. The changes to the legislative framework affecting a typical 100 kWp photovoltaic (PV) facility that entered into service before 2007 provoked a significant decrease of 8.7% in expected revenues, calculated from real data of production and income. These economic losses can be even higher, with a drop in revenue of almost 25% if the entire period of the installation’s useful life is analyzed. Public support for renewable energy is important for its introduction into the electricity market, but so is regulatory stability that offers investment security and predictability for maintaining investment and development in the renewable energy sector.
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Wilkinson, Sam, Michele John, and Gregory M. Morrison. "Rooftop PV and the Renewable Energy Transition; a Review of Driving Forces and Analytical Frameworks." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (2021): 5613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105613.
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Rooftop solar photovoltaics (PV) are accelerating the transition towards low carbon electricity systems in many countries, particularly in Australia. This review paper provides an overview of the (1) technical, (2) economic, (3) socio-political, and (4) regulatory and institutional aspects that should be considered concurrently when navigating the transition towards a rooftop PV-dominated electricity system. We consider the suitability of two prominent long-range transitions theories for understanding the importance and interaction of elements within these four aspects during the transition. The multi-level perspective (MLP) of transitions theory is considered best suited for this task as it addresses fundamental shifts in the socio-technical systems, rather than being weighted towards technological and/or economic solutions. We find that relatively little research has been undertaken where the renewable energy transition is being driven by the uptake of rooftop PV within the distribution network of established islanded electricity systems. These islanded electricity systems will be the first to experience system impacts from high levels of rooftop PV. This review provides further analysis of important gaps in understanding the rooftop-PV-led energy transition and the implications for policy makers in maintaining stable electricity supplies during the transition.
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Jiao, Jian, and Xian Jia Wang. "Electricity Market Reforms and Sustainable Development in China." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 1710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.1710.
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Since the 1980s, China's power industry has undergone a series of reforms, as the goal of improving efficiency. By reforms, the central planning system was broken up and the market-oriented modern enterprise system is being established. This paper reviews the three main stages of the reforms of China's power and introduces related reform measures. The reforms include the separation of government and power enterprises, the division between power generation firms and power grids, electricity regulatory and other aspects. Electricity is the most important energy in modern society, while production of electricity with renewable energy can reduce pollution. As a focus of both domestic and international concerns with greenhouse gas emissions, utilization of renewable energy is one of the important ways for China to realize sustainable development.
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Taşkın, Dilvin, Gülin Vardar, and Berna Okan. "Does renewable energy promote green economic growth in OECD countries?" Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 11, no. 4 (2020): 771–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-04-2019-0192.
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Purpose The development of green economy is of academic and policy importance to governments and policymakers worldwide. In the light of the necessity of renewable energy to sustain green economic growth, this study aims to examine the relationship between renewable energy consumption and green economic growth, controlling for the impact of trade openness for Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries over the period 1990-2015, within a multivariate panel data framework. Design/methodology/approach To investigate the long-run relationship between variables, panel cointegration tests are performed. Panel Granger causality based on vector error correction models is adopted to understand the short- and long-run dynamics of the data. Furthermore, ordinary least square (OLS), dynamic OLS and fully modified OLS methods are used to confirm the long-run elasticity of green growth for renewable energy consumption and trade openness. Moreover, system generalized method of moment is applied to eliminate serial correlation, heteroscedasticity and endogeneity problems. The authors used the panel Granger causality test developed by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) to infer the directionality of the causal relationship, allowing for both the cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity. Findings The results suggest that renewable energy consumption and trade openness exert positive effects on green economic growth. The results of long-run estimates of green economic growth reveal that the long-run elasticity of green economic growth for trade openness is much greater than for renewable energy consumption. The estimated results of the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) test reveal bidirectional causality between green economic growth and renewable energy consumption, providing support for the feedback hypothesis. Practical implications This paper provides strong evidence of the contribution of renewable energy consumption on green economy for a wide range of countries. Despite the costs of establishing renewable energy facilities, it is evident that these facilities contribute to the green growth of an economy. Governments and public authorities should promote the consumption of renewable energy and should have a support policy to promote an active renewable energy market. Furthermore, the regulators must constitute an efficient regulatory framework to favor the renewable energy consumption. Social implications Many countries focus on increasing their GDP without taking the environmental impacts of the growth process into account. This paper shows that renewable energy consumption points to the fact that countries can still increase their economic growth with minimal damage to environment. Despite the costs of adopting renewable energy technologies, there is still room for economic growth. Originality/value This paper provides evidence on the contribution of renewable energy consumption on green economic growth for a wide range of countries. The paper focuses on the impact of renewable energy on economic growth by taking environmental degradation into consideration on a wide scale of countries.
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Bizon, Nicu, Mihai Oproescu, Phatiphat Thounthong, et al. "Improving the Fuel Economy and Battery Lifespan in Fuel Cell/Renewable Hybrid Power Systems Using the Power-Following Control of the Fueling Regulators." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (2020): 8310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228310.
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In this study, the performance and safe operation of the fuel cell (FC) system and battery-based energy storage system (ESS) included in an FC/ESS/renewable hybrid power system (HPS) is fully analyzed under dynamic load and variable power from renewable sources. Power-following control (PFC) is used for either the air regulator or the fuel regulator of the FC system, or it is switched to the inputs of the air and hydrogen regulators based on a threshold of load demand; these strategies are referred to as air-PFC, fuel-PFC, and air/fuel-PFC, respectively. The performance and safe operation of the FC system and battery-based ESS under these strategies is compared to the static feed-forward (sFF) control used by most commercial strategies implemented in FC systems, FC/renewable HPSs, and FC vehicles. This study highlights the benefits of using a PFC-based strategy to establish FC-system fueling flows, in addition to an optimal control of the boost power converter to maximize fuel economy. For example, the fuel economy for a 6 kW FC system using the air/fuel-PFC strategy compared to the strategies air-PFC, fuel-PFC, and the sFF benchmark is 6.60%, 7.53%, and 12.60% of the total hydrogen consumed by these strategies under a load profile of up and down the stairs using 1 kW/2 s per step. For an FC/ESS/renewable system, the fuel economy of an air/fuel-PFC strategy compared to same strategies is 7.28%, 8.23%, and 13.43%, which is better by about 0.7% because an FC system operates at lower power due to the renewable energy available in this case study.
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Kim, Seong Cheol, Papia Ray, and S. Surender Reddy. "Features of Smart Grid Technologies: An Overview." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 17, no. 2 (2019): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2019172.215478.
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This paper presents an overview of smart grid (SG) technology features such as two-way communication, advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) system, integration of renewable energy, advanced storage techniques, real time operation and control, data management and processing, physical and cyber security, and self-healing, etc. The SG technology allows twoway communications for better reliability, control, efficiency and economics of the power system. With these new SG technologies, consumers have many energy choices, such as use of renewable energy, usage management, flexible rates, electric vehicles (EVs), etc. The requirement of these technologies is the real time operation, and the SG accommodates this realtime operation and control. SG technology allows distributed generation through demand response and energy efficiency technologies to shed the load demand. However, it’s very difficult to adopt these changes to the conventional grids. Utility companies, governments, independent system operators (ISOs) and energy regulatory commissions need to agree on the scope and time frame of these changes.
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Wallsgrove, Richard, Jisuk Woo, Jae-Hyup Lee, and Lorraine Akiba. "The Emerging Potential of Microgrids in the Transition to 100% Renewable Energy Systems." Energies 14, no. 6 (2021): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061687.
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International, national, and subnational laws and policies call for rapidly decarbonizing energy systems around the globe. This effort relies heavily on renewable electricity and calls for a transition that is: (i) flexible enough to accommodate existing and new electricity end uses and users; (ii) resilient in response to climate change and other threats to electricity infrastructure; (iii) cost-effective in comparison to alternatives; and (iv) just in the face of energy systems that are often the result of—or the cause of—procedural, distributive, and historical injustices. Acknowledging the intertwined roles of technology and policy, this work provides a cross-disciplinary review of how microgrids may contribute to renewable electricity systems that are flexible, resilient, cost-effective, and just (including illustrative examples from Korea, California, New York, the European Union, and elsewhere). Following this review of generalized microgrid characteristics, we more closely examine the role and potential of microgrids in two United States jurisdictions that have adopted 100% renewable electricity standards (Hawai‘i and Puerto Rico), and which are actively developing regulatory regimes putatively designed to enable renewable microgrids. Collectively, this review shows that although microgrids have the potential to support the transition to 100% renewable electricity in a variety of ways, the emerging policy structures require substantial further development to operationalize that potential. We conclude that unresolved fundamental policy tensions arise from justice considerations, such as how to distribute the benefits and burdens of microgrid infrastructure, rather than from technical questions about microgrid topologies and operating characteristics. Nonetheless, technical and quantitative future research will be necessary to assist regulators as they develop microgrid policies. In particular, there is a need to develop socio–techno–economic analyses of cost-effectiveness, which consider a broad range of potential benefits and costs.
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MUZYCHENKO, Anatoliy, and Yulia GAVRILUK. "DIVERSIFICATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES BY AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, no. 3 (2019): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-3-22.
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The literature analysis has made it possible to determine that the efficiency problems of oilseeds production remain insufficiently covered in the context of systematic assessment of the ecological consequences of the agricultural enterprises development processes and export orientation of the oil and fat subcomplex. The article deals with the legislative and regulatory acts governing the process of biofuels production by Ukrainian enterprises. A number of measures for state support of enterprises in the field of energy efficiency of Ukraine have been analyzed and reported. The main instruments for stimulating the development of biofuels production by agricultural enterprises in Ukraine are outlined. А number of advantages of the cluster organization for increasing the competitiveness of the biofuel enterprises were proposed, вased on the conducted research as a strategic direction, implemented through the mastering innovative developments in the field of bioenergy. The article deals with the interpretation of content filling of processes of cooperation, horizontal and vertical integration and cluster organization of production in the system of enterprises for the production of oilseeds and products of their processing. A system of measures on possible options for efficient production of biofuels and restraint of growing areas of oilseed crops is proposed. The prospects of building an effective entrepreneurial environment in the field of biofuel production have been determined, provided the formation of functional economic mechanisms for its stimulation, in particular: cheaper loans; exemption from taxation of the profit part received from the implementation of energy efficient and energy-saving technologies. Keywords: biofuels, energy, state support, public-private partnership, cluster, integration.
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Sparks, Debbie, Amos Madhlopa, Samantha Keen, et al. "Renewable energy choices and their water requirements in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 4 (2014): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i4a2241.
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South Africa is an arid country, where water supply is often obtained from a distant source. There is increasing pressure on the limited water resources due to economic and population growth, with a concomitant increase in the energy requirement for water production. This problem will be exacerbated by the onset of climate change. Recently, there have been concerns about negative impacts arising from the exploitation of energy resources. In particular, the burning of fossil fuels is significantly contributing to climate change through the emission of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. In addition, fossil fuels are being depleted, and contributing to decreased energy security. As a result of this, the international community has initiated various interventions, including the transformation of policy and regulatory instruments, to promote sustainable energy. With this in mind, South Africa is making policy and regulatory shifts in line with international developments. Renewable energy is being promoted as one way of achieving sustainable energy provision in the country. However, some issues require scrutiny in order to understand the water footprint of renewable energy production. Due to the large gap that exists between water supply and demand, trade-offs in water allocation amongst different users are critical. In this vein, the main objective of this study was to investigate and review renewable energy choices and water requirements in South Africa. Data were acquired through a combination of a desktop study and expert interviews. Water withdrawal and consumption levels at a given stage of energy production were investigated. Most of the data was collected from secondary sources. Results show that there is limited data on all aspects of water usage in the production chain of energy, accounting in part for the significant variations in the values of water intensity that are reported in the literature. It is vital to take into account all aspects of the energy life cycle to enable isolation of stages where significant amounts of water are used. It is found that conventional fuels (nuclear and fossil fuels) withdraw significant quantities of water over the life-cycle of energy production, especially for thermoelectric power plants operated with a wet-cooling system. The quality of water is also adversely affected in some stages of energy production from these fuels. On the other hand, solar photovoltaic and wind energy exhibit the lowest demand for water, and could perhaps be considered the most viable renewable options in terms of water withdrawal and consumption.
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Wang, Kong, E, Sun, and Zhang. "Research on Multi-Energy Coordinated Intelligent Management Technology of Urban Power Grid Under the Environment of Energy Internet." Applied Sciences 9, no. 13 (2019): 2608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132608.
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Integrated energy systems (IES) are an important physical carrier of the energy Internet, which undertakes the tasks of energy conversion, distribution, and storage of electricity, heat and cold. From the perspective of energy Internet, this paper studies the optimal operation scheduling of an urban power grid with a high proportion of clean energy and proposes a multi-energy coordinated intelligent management method for the urban power grid. Firstly, the structure and typical characteristics of urban energy Internet are researched. On this basis, the regulatory capacity of the adjustable generator set and the regenerative equipment is used to offset the volatility of renewable energy, the internal operating system, and network stable operation constraints are considered. To solve the model, alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is used. Finally, a real-time power grid example is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Nawaz, Shahzada M. Naeem, Zubair Khalid Saleemi, and Muhammad Nadeem. "TRANSFORMING ENERGY SECTOR IMPACT FOR SUPPORTING CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION: THE CASE OF PAKISTAN." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (2021): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9329.
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Purpose of the study: This study attempts to provide an analysis of the energy sector of Pakistan including generation and quality of electricity, and potential of renewables for climate change mitigation.
 Methodology: The study used a quantitative approach for analysis. Primary and secondary data sources are used.
 Main Findings: According to the quantitative analysis institutions fail to meet the growing demand due to insignificant or no increase in capacity to produce power. CO2 emissions are rising because of increased reliance on coal and other thermal sources for electricity generation.
 Applications of this study: It proposes to increase the reliance on renewable resources and align the policy and regulatory framework for setting a sustainable economic system. The government should also plan for a rigorous electric supply system that would ensure the quality and sustainability of the electricity supply.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: It sets a benchmark analysis and sets the direction for the policymakers especially at the stage when the country has settled the shortage issue, but at the cost of increasing fossils share in the fuel mix, whereas the transmission and distribution of electricity supply are ignored.
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Kyriakopoulos, Grigorios L., and Garyfallos Arabatzis. "Electrical energy storage systems in electricity generation: Energy policies, innovative technologies, and regulatory regimes." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56 (April 2016): 1044–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.046.
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Moncecchi, Matteo, Stefano Meneghello, and Marco Merlo. "A Game Theoretic Approach for Energy Sharing in the Italian Renewable Energy Communities." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (2020): 8166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228166.
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With the Clean Energy Package, the European Union introduced the concept of Renewable Energy Communities: groups of citizens, small and medium enterprises and local authorities that decide to join forces to equip themselves with systems to produce and share energy from renewable energy sources. The Italian legislation recently started an experimental phase in which renewable energy communities receive an incentivising tariff for the energy produced and shared within the community. This paper faces the problem of creating a new renewable energy community in two steps. First, a mathematical model of the energy flows among the members of the community is characterised according to the Italian schema. This model is used to find the optimal portfolio for the energy community, given energy requests and local source availability. Secondly, the Shapley value, a particular solution of cooperative games known to be the most fair method to allocate costs and profits of shared infrastructures, is proposed to distribute benefits among community members. The methodology has been applied to a case study based on a real low voltage network, and the economics for consumers and producers in participating to the project have been evaluated. The proposed solution, simulated adopting real economic parameters defined in the Italian regulatory framework, results to be economically viable from the point of view of the investors with a profitability index of 1.36 and, at the same time, aligned with the social purposes of the energy communities.
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PRATES, GLAUCIA APARECIDA, and ERICH GOMES SCHAITZA. "Wood gasification energy micro-generation system in Brazil- a Monte Carlo viability simulation." Independent Journal of Management & Production 9, no. 1 (2018): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v9i1.678.
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The penetration of renewable energy into the electricity supply in Brazil is high, one of the highest in the World. Centralized hydroelectric generation is the main source of energy, followed by biomass and wind. Surprisingly, mini and micro-generation are negligible, with less than 2,000 connections to the national grid. In 2015, a new regulatory framework was put in place to change this situation. In the agricultural sector, the framework was complemented by the offer of low interest rate loans to in-farm renewable generation. Brazil proposed to more than double its area of planted forests as part of its INDC- Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to the UNFCCC-U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This is an ambitious target which will be achieved only if forests are attractive to farmers. Therefore, this paper analyses whether planting forests for in-farm energy generation with a with a woodchip gasifier is economically viable for microgeneration under the new framework and at if they could be an economic driver for forest plantation. At first, a static case was analyzed with data from Eucalyptus plantations in five farms. Then, a broader analysis developed with the use of Monte Carlo technique. Planting short rotation forests to generate energy could be a viable alternative and the low interest loans contribute to that. There are some barriers to such systems such as the inexistence of a mature market for small scale equipment and of a reference network of good practices and examples.
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Leary, David, and Miguel Esteban. "Climate Change and Renewable Energy from the Ocean and Tides: Calming the Sea of Regulatory Uncertainty." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 24, no. 4 (2009): 617–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092735209x12499043518269.
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AbstractWe examine the state of ocean energy in 2009 and consider its potential as a source of renewable energy. We provide a background on the current state of technology and commercial development, and examine the implications for law and policy of the re-emergence of ocean energy as a source of renewable energy in 2009. In the 1970s much of the academic and policy literature highlighted jurisdictional uncertainty surrounding ocean energy under international law. This is not the case today. Although some questions remain with respect to navigation rights, most questions surrounding the nature and extent of coastal State jurisdiction in relation to ocean energy have been resolved by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Instead we argue that one of the biggest challenges faced by ocean energy today is the uncertain state of regulation under domestic legal systems. We highlight issues requiring attention by policy-makers and legislators, including managing hazards to navigation, providing further financial incentives for wide-scale commercialisation of this technology (such as increased research and development funding and feed-in tariffs) and managing ocean energy's relatively benign environmental impacts.
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Schnuelle, Christian, Kasper Kisjes, Torben Stuehrmann, et al. "From Niche to Market—An Agent-Based Modeling Approach for the Economic Uptake of Electro-Fuels (Power-to-Fuel) in the German Energy System." Energies 13, no. 20 (2020): 5522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205522.
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The transition process towards renewable energy systems is facing challenges in both fluctuating electricity generation of photovoltaic and wind power as well as socio-economic disruptions. With regard to sector integration, solutions need to be developed, especially for the mobility and the industry sector, because their ad hoc electrification and decarbonization seem to be unfeasible. Power-to-fuel (P2F) technologies may contribute to bridge the gap, as renewable energy can be transferred into hydrogen and hydrocarbon-based synthetic fuels. However, the renewable fuels production is far from economically competitive with conventional fuels. With a newly developed agent-based model, potential developments in the German energy markets were simulated for a horizon of 20 years from 2016 to 2035. The model was constructed through a participatory modeling process with relevant actors and stakeholders in the field. Model findings suggest that adjusted regulatory framework conditions (e.g., exemptions from electricity surtaxes, accurate prices for CO2-certificates, strong start-up subsidies, and drastic emission reduction quotas) are key factors for economically feasible P2F installations and will contribute to its large-scale integration into the German energy system. While plant capacities do not exceed 0.042 GW in a business-as-usual scenarios, the above-mentioned adjustments lead to plant capacities of at least 3.25 GW in 2035 with concurrent reduction in product prices.
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Guðmundsdóttir, Hrönn, Wim Carton, Henner Busch, and Vasna Ramasar. "Modernist dreams and green sagas: The neoliberal politics of Iceland's renewable energy economy." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 1, no. 4 (2018): 579–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848618796829.
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Transitioning to renewable energy is an imperative to help mitigate climate change, but such transitions are inevitably embedded in broader socio-ecological and political dynamics. Recent scholarship has focused on these more-than-technological dimensions of energy transitions to help understand their promises and drawbacks. This article contributes to this research agenda by highlighting the importance of considering not only who benefits from renewable energy development, but also what renewable energy is for. We analyse two cases in Iceland, the Kárahnjúkar hydropower project and Hellisheiði geothermal energy plant, in which renewable energy was used to attract heavy industry investments in the form of aluminium smelters. Attractive regulatory conditions in the form of ‘minimal red tape’, low electricity prices and an industry-friendly tax regime led to significant profits for the aluminium industry but questionable benefits for the state and the people of Iceland. Renewable energy development in this way put Iceland's nature to use for private gain, while marginalizing alternative ideas of what that nature is for. Our analysis underlines the need to pursue perspectives that recognize the complex political and socio-ecological nature of energy systems, which includes attention to the political economy of industrial energy consumption.
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Schlacke, Sabine, and Michèle Knodt. "The Governance System of the European Energy Union and Climate Action." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 16, no. 4 (2019): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01604002.
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On 24 December 2018, the Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 on the governance system of the Energy Union and Climate Action entered into force. The Governance Regulation provides the European Union with a new regulatory regime for renewable energies and energy efficiency. It has the function of an ‘Umbrella Regulation’ which aims at the overarching control of energy and climate policies for the period 2021 to 2030. Its target is to implement the climate protection goals of the Paris Agreement. At the same time, it represents a compromise and compensation for the European Union’s lack of competences in the area of energy supply, especially concerning the determination of the energy mix of the Member States. Despite choosing a Regulation (which applies automatically) as the legislative tool, its steering and sanctioning mechanisms are in this respect rather ‘soft’: The Regulation gives the Member States a wide scope of decision-making. Which goals and instruments are established by the Governance Regulation, which scope of decision making remains at the national level, how Germany exercises its decision making powers and how it should be exercised are key questions addressed in this article.
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Hinrichs-Rahlwes, Rainer. "Energy Policies at Crossroads − Will Europe's 2030 targets and framework be in line with the Paris Climate Agreement?" Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 4 (2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2019001.
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In November 2016, the European Commission presented the Clean-Energy-for-all-Europeans Package. It consists of eight legislative proposals which should define targets and policy and regulatory frameworks for the EU's climate and energy policies up to 2030 and beyond. Recasts of the existing Renewable Energies Directive and the Energy Efficiency Directive, as well as proposals for a new energy market design, which should be fit for renewables, are among the key elements of the package, which aims at replacing the existing 2020-framework. The package includes 2030-targets for Greenhouse Gas Reduction (at least 40%), Energy Efficiency (at least 27/30%), and the share of Renewables in Gross Final Energy Consumption (at least 27%). In contrast to the 2020-framework, the EU-wide renewables-target would no longer be underpinned by binding national targets but should be reached in a joint effort with a new governance system. Since the proposal was submitted to the European Parliament and the European Council for the legislative procedures which must end in an agreement before the next elections for the European Parliament in 2019, controversial debates are taking place. The intention is to finalise the legal procedures before the end of 2018. Parliament and Council had planned to decide about their respective opinions about the various pieces by February 2018. Afterwards, probably not finished before the end of 2018, compromise negations will take place, before the whole package will eventually be accepted by both bodies. Among the most controversially discussed topics is the ambition level of the proposals and whether or not it is in line with the commitments signed by the EU and all its Member States in the context of the Paris Agreement. Industry stakeholders not only from the renewable energy sector and environmental NGOs have proposed significantly higher targets in order to stay “well below 2 °C” of global warming before the end of the century. They also suggested continuing binding national targets or − as a compromise − enacting a very strict governance system. I shall present and evaluate the state of play of the 2030-framework decision process. And I shall end with some policy recommendation still to be considered in the ongoing debate.
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Wang, Naiyu, Xiao Zhou, Xin Lu, et al. "When Energy Trading Meets Blockchain in Electrical Power System: The State of the Art." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (2019): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081561.
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With the rapid growth of renewable energy resources, energy trading has been shifting from the centralized manner to distributed manner. Blockchain, as a distributed public ledger technology, has been widely adopted in the design of new energy trading schemes. However, there are many challenging issues in blockchain-based energy trading, e.g., low efficiency, high transaction cost, and security and privacy issues. To tackle these challenges, many solutions have been proposed. In this survey, the blockchain-based energy trading in the electrical power system is thoroughly investigated. Firstly, the challenges in blockchain-based energy trading are identified and summarized. Then, the existing energy trading schemes are studied and classified into three categories based on their main focuses: energy transaction, consensus mechanism, and system optimization. Blockchain-based energy trading has been a popular research topic, new blockchain architectures, models and products are continually emerging to overcome the limitations of existing solutions, forming a virtuous circle. The internal combination of different blockchain types and the combination of blockchain with other technologies improve the blockchain-based energy trading system to better satisfy the practical requirements of modern power systems. However, there are still some problems to be solved, for example, the lack of regulatory system, environmental challenges and so on. In the future, we will strive for a better optimized structure and establish a comprehensive security assessment model for blockchain-based energy trading system.
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Hansson, Lisa, and Lena Nerhagen. "Regulatory Measurements in Policy Coordinated Practices: The Case of Promoting Renewable Energy and Cleaner Transport in Sweden." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (2019): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061687.
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International organisations, such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU), are seeking to implement a cohesive Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) system in order to achieve better regulation and increased unity and transparency. Central to these evaluations is the use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and related tools. A comprehensive analysis of the use of impact assessment in the EU shows that many assessments lack important economic components. This paper draws on an extensive document study of the Swedish policy making process related to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. The aim of the paper is to examine how CBA is presented, negotiated and accounted for by central actors within a policy setting influenced by negotiation and policy coordination. The paper departs from a theoretical perspective on policy coordination and shows how this factor must be considered when explaining the low use of CBA. It concludes that the Swedish policy tradition, wherein the national government relies on consensus-based coordination between agencies, might counteract a more explicit assessment of different policy options. The paper also proposes a model that can be used for further studies on CBA and policy coordination.
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Tomazic, Luka Martin. "Local-level Nudging for Renewables in Slovenia: Organisational Aspects and Legal Limitations." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 18, no. 3 (2020): 523–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/18.3.523-556(2020).
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Proliferation of renewable energy is high on the agenda of the European Union. In it, local government plays an important role. Besides traditional regulatory approaches such as legislation, nudging could have a positive effect on achieving the desired policy goals. This article analyses the legal framework within which the local-level practice of nudging is embedded in the Republic of Slovenia. Since EU-level legislation and ECHR aspects are analysed as well, the application of findings is broader than merely the national legal system. Nudging could be performed either by using the existing infrastructure or through the creation of local energy organisations. Three main groups of legal limitations are identified, namely state-level limitations, GDPR-related concerns and constitutional or human rights considerations. Defaults and individualised informing are emphasized as two of the most promising nudge-types in the field of renewable energy.
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Roth, Stefan, Paul Schott, Katharina Ebinger, et al. "The Challenges and Opportunities of Energy-Flexible Factories: A Holistic Case Study of the Model Region Augsburg in Germany." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (2020): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010360.
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Economic solutions for the integration of volatile renewable electricity generation are decisive for a socially supported energy transition. So-called energy-flexible factories can adapt their electricity consumption process efficiently to power generation. These adaptions can support the system balance and counteract local network bottlenecks. Within part of the model region Augsburg, a research and demonstration area of a federal research project, the potential, obstacles, effects, and opportunities of the energy-flexible factory were considered holistically. Exemplary flexibilization measures of industrial companies were identified and modeled. Simulations were performed to analyze these measures in supply scenarios with advanced expansion of fluctuating renewable electricity generation. The simulations demonstrate that industrial energy flexibility can make a positive contribution to regional energy balancing, thus enabling the integration of more volatile renewable electricity generation. Based on these fundamentals, profiles for regional market mechanisms for energy flexibility were investigated and elaborated. The associated environmental additional expenses of the companies for the implementation of the flexibility measures were identified in a life-cycle assessment, with the result that the negative effects are mitigated by the increased share of renewable energy. Therefore, from a technical perspective, energy-flexible factories can make a significant contribution to a sustainable energy system without greater environmental impact. In terms of a holistic approach, a network of actors from science, industry, associations, and civil society organizations was established and actively collaborated in a transdisciplinary work process. Using design-thinking methods, profiles of stakeholders in the region, as well as their mutual interactions and interests, were created. This resulted in requirements for the development of suitable business models and reduced regulatory barriers.
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Anaya, Karim L., and Michael G. Pollitt. "The Role of Regulators in Promoting the Procurement of Flexibility Services within the Electricity Distribution System: A Survey of Seven Leading Countries." Energies 14, no. 14 (2021): 4073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144073.
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This paper identifies and explores regulatory issues that may have an impact on the use of flexibility services by distribution utilities to solve grid constraints. This can be done by flexible distributed energy resources which can be instructed, for instance, to reduce export generating capacity or increasing consumption. We want to identify how regulation can better support the development of the future distribution utility in its role as neutral market facilitator, enabling more competition in local flexibility markets and optimal use of resources. A set of questionnaires were designed to capture the insights around important aspects of the regulation of flexibility markets (utilities’ network incentives, network tariff structure, market design for flexibility markets, etc.). These were sent to distribution utilities, energy regulators, energy marketplaces, energy associations and relevant experts from seven jurisdictions. The responses suggest a collective interest in the procurement of flexibility services by distribution utilities from distributed energy resources. New regulations, the adaptation of current rules and recent consultations reflect this. However, the amount of progress with and preferences for key regulatory changes differ across jurisdictions.
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Satpute, Vaibhav, and Anand Jawanjal. "Tapping Sun Energy coupled with affordable Energy Storage – Future Game Changer." IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 7, no. 2 (S) (2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.icsesd201707.
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Sun provides abundant source of renewable energy that can be integrated with the electrical grid. Climate change issues have compelled policy makers to look into various ways to reduce carbon footprint and use green, renewable energy. Solar power, along with other alternative sources for energy, is quite popular these days. Talking about Solar, the primary disadvantage of solar power is that it obviously cannot be created during the night and power generated is also reduced during times of cloud cover. Energy Storage is a flexible asset that provides unprecedented flexibility in grid optimization. Cost effective solar energy storage methods are urgently needed due to the increased demand for solar power and due to its variability. But in today’s scenario, energy storage systems are not commercially economic for all customers, and that to more work needs to be done by industry, government, and regulators to support the continuing cost reductions. It is expected that the Energy Storage costs would slide to 41% by 2020.The value that solar and storage can together add to the energy system is leading to a more efficient, cleaner, and more secure future. However, solar energy storage becomes critical when unsteady sources of energy provide. Thus, affordable energy storage system along with the cheaper Solar energy would be lethal combination making an ultimate Game Changer for the Power Industry and Sustainability.
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Redko, Kateryna, and Oleksandra Furs. "THE CURRENT SITUATION AND WORLD TRENDS OF GREEN ENERGY DEVELOPMEN." Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics” 1(13) (2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31339/2313-8114-2020-1(13)-55-60.
Full textAbstract:
As demand for electricity grows significantly, the main drivers of new capacity are the disposal of older, less efficient fossil fuel units; the near-term prospect of having tax credits for renewable energy; and long-term reductions in capital costs for renewable energy, especially solar photovoltaic. Low natural gas prices and favorable renewable energy costs make natural gas and renewable energy the main sources of new generation capacity by 2050. The main purpose of the scientific article is to cover the main problems of the electricity market of Ukraine, to analyze the process of promotion of green energy, to highlight the cases when the transition to alternative sources is a profitable process, in the context of uncertainty and rising prices for traditional energy sources. The article uses a number of general scientific and specific research methods, including methods of analysis and synthesis, scientific deduction and induction. The practical significance of the research is to develop recommendations for improving the state's regulatory function in the field of alternative energy. The large-scale introduction of non-traditional renewable energy in Ukraine will make a significant step in reducing the country's energy dependency, protecting the environment and creating the conditions for a country to join the European community. The scientific novelty is to study the stimulation of energy production using alternative sources, to study the creation of favorable economic conditions for the construction of alternative energy facilities, the development of a "green" economy and to ensure sustainable development of Ukraine. Conclusions and prospects for further research. In Ukraine, the alternative energy sector is developing slowly, but some structural shifts are noticeable, though far from planned. Many small and medium-sized enterprises have already installed solar panels in order to reduce the cost of production and generate additional profits. Further research requires the search for tools and mechanisms in the RES incentive system, with an assessment of the economic impact of their use, using modeling and forecasting methods and models. Keywords: electricity market, energy efficiency, energy intensity of the economy, renewable energy, green tariff
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Cerezo-Narváez, Alberto, María-José Bastante-Ceca, and José-María Piñero-Vilela. "Economic and Environmental Assessment on Implementing Solar Renewable Energy Systems in Spanish Residential Homes." Energies 14, no. 14 (2021): 4183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144183.
Full textAbstract:
In Europe, buildings are responsible for more than one third of the total final energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions. In the last twenty years, the European Union has published a succession of energy performance of building directives to define and ensure the fulfilment of a series of objectives regarding greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, energy efficiency and energy generation from renewable sources in buildings. For its part, Spain is adapting its legal framework, transposing these directives with the aim of achieving greater energy efficiency and sustainability for buildings. Under this context, an energy, economic and environmental assessment is performed to analyze the impact of these regulatory changes on a single-family home including a photovoltaic installation for self-consumption with surpluses and/or a solar thermal installation for domestic hot water supply, located in each one of the eight thousand one hundred thirty-one municipalities that make up Spain. The energy behavior of the original house is compared with that obtained after it is updated with these new facilities. The transient system simulation tool is used for the energy study. The results show that the European objectives are far exceeded. The energy savings achieved range from 67% to 126%, carbon dioxide emissions decrease by 42% to 100% and energy bills are reduced in cost by 32% to 81%. The findings of this work can be used by policymakers as guidelines for the development of national strategic plans and financial incentives for the promotion of small-scale residential photovoltaic and solar thermal applications, as well as by designers, supervisors, managers and developers to include them in their projects.
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Lund, Peter D., Klaus Skytte, Simon Bolwig, et al. "Pathway Analysis of a Zero-Emission Transition in the Nordic-Baltic Region." Energies 12, no. 17 (2019): 3337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173337.
Full textAbstract:
A zero-emission pathway for the Nordic and Baltic region in Europe is described based on the comprehensive policy and scenario analyses, accompanied by energy system modelling. The analyses show that a least-cost strategy would massively employ renewable energy, particularly in the power sector. Through strong coupling across energy sectors and countries, electricity would play a central role in the decarbonization of the main energy sectors. In particular power-to-heat conversion, where heat storage appears important in addition to existing hydropower. Technical and regulatory barriers in front of increased sector coupling and flexibility were identified, and policy measures are proposed to overcome these. In addition to a high carbon price, dynamic tariffs and taxation of electricity would be important to allow market signals for flexibility to reach end-users. A stronger power transmission connection from the Nordics to the mainland-Europe and the United Kingdom would be beneficial for the emission reductions and renewable energy use. The transition pathway analysis points out socio-technical issues such as social acceptance of large-scale new infrastructures (e.g., wind, cables). The energy system optimizations indicate that most of the investments needed for the zero-emission pathway until 2050 would take place already by 2030.
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Alonso, Àlex, Jordi de la Hoz, Helena Martín, Sergio Coronas, and José Matas. "Individual vs. Community: Economic Assessment of Energy Management Systems under Different Regulatory Frameworks." Energies 14, no. 3 (2021): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030676.
Full textAbstract:
In the context of the increasing popularity of self-sufficient communities around the globe, this study aims to compare the economic performance of energy management in two distinct situations: whether it is conducted individually or collectively within a community. After setting the context and completing a literature review, a research gap concerning the influence of regulatory frameworks in the economic results is identified. Therefore, this work presents this comparison under several frameworks employed to promote renewable energy, in order to provide a more realistic point of view and deliver insights in policy making. To this end, a mixed integer linear program (MILP) is developed, and the formulation of three key regulatory schemes is embedded into it: feed-in tariff, net metering, and self-consumption schemes. A what-if analysis is performed in order to take into account different combinations of rewarding parameters for each regulatory framework, as well as different profiles of consumption for the individual case. Results show that energy management within a community improves the overall average benefit of the customers up to 0.44 €/day·dwelling, for all of the studied frameworks except feed-in-tariff and some instances of type-B self-consumption, which can reduce it up to −0.87 €/day·dwelling. The conclusions determine fundamental differences between regulatory schemes and their suitability to promote collective or individual facilities, and emphasize the need to design a set of policies that take into account the habits of consumption of the individuals to foster effectively energy communities.
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Maninnerby, Bergerland, Lazarou, and Theocharis. "Electric Vehicle Penetration in Distribution Network: A Swedish Case Study." Applied System Innovation 2, no. 3 (2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi2030019.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to simulate the use of renewable energy in the form of different energy sources, such as solar cells, district heating, and in the presence of battery storage and for high penetration of electric vehicles in a typical Swedish power grid. The EnergyPLAN software is used. The purpose is to examine the demands in order to cope with the needs that may arise and to create a better understanding of how renewable energy affects the power balance and future investments in the case of a typical Swedish distribution system. The importance of this research is mainly based on the fact that it represents a real network, as it operates today, which is analyzed using the expected electric vehicle penetration. The aim is to investigate the expansion needs for maintaining the current quality for service despite the addition of new loads. In addition, the regional and national special regulatory and operational requirements are taken into account and described in this work.