Academic literature on the topic 'Renewable energy sources – South Africa'
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Journal articles on the topic "Renewable energy sources – South Africa"
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De Jongh, Derick, Dhirendra Ghoorah, and Anesu Makina. "South African renewable energy investment barriers: An investor perspective." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 2 (2014): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i2a2665.
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As recently as the year 2010, renewable energy contributed less than 1% of all the energy sources in South Africa. Possible reasons include the lack of private sector investment in Renewable Energy technologies. By way of a structured interview methodology, this paper explores the reasons why private investors are reluctant to invest in renewables. The responses point to political, economic, social and technological barriers limiting private investment in renewable energy. Other barriers that were identified include poverty, low levels of education, limited technological readiness and access to the electricity grid. Some of these barriers are specific to the South African context. The paper concludes that a closer relationship between government and the private sector is required to stimulate innovation in the renewable energy sector.
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An, J., and A. Mikhaylov. "Russian energy projects in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 31, no. 3 (2020): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2020/v31i3a7809.
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From early 2019, South Africa and Russia have planned to increase their energy trade. Russia can become one of the world’s five largest energy exporters. This study examines of the cost of a kilowatt of electricity generated by coal power projects in South Africa and compares nuclear electricity with other types of green energy. This method must help to improve the management decision-making process in South Africa for energy exporta. Reasons for this persistence include the marketing strategies of Russian companies for seeking new markets in industrialised and postindustrial countries where, due to intensive competition, sales of Russian high-tech products are often unsuccessful. Renewable energy gives a chance to potentially reduce poverty in South Africa. The study concludes that imported crude oil is more suited to the needs of the refining industry of South Africa. The consumption for this type of energy in areas not concerning industry is insignificant and its increase is unlikely to be observed in the future.
 Highlights• Nuclear energy is popular energy source in South Africa now.• Provision of sustainable energy services helps to find the sources for economic growth. • Renewable energy technologies have opportunity for reduce nuclear production in South Africa.• Bio-energy can become the main source of energy in South Africa.
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Ajibade, Andrea A. "National strategies to promote renewable energy development: Whither Nigeria?" Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy (The) 10, no. 1 (2019): 73–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jsdlp.v10i1.5.
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Renewable energy (RE) development enhances electrification, mitigates climate change and aids energy efficiency. Kenya, South Africa and Ghana, among other states within sub-Saharan Africa, have established legal regimes to integrate renewable energy into their energy mix. Through defined legal strategies for RE deployment, these states have committed to the promotion, development and utilization of RE. Despite the momentum towards renewable energy development across the region, Nigeria’s efforts fall short of establishing effective legal strategies. As Africa’s most populous nation it must do more to make RE part of its energy mix in order to impact electrification rates, mitigate climate change and aid socio-economic conditions. This article appraises the legal strategies for RE development in Kenya, South Africa and Ghana. Against this appraisal, it critically evaluates Nigeria’s legal strategies to promote and develop RE. It recommends legal reforms that are necessary to better integrate RE into Nigeria’s energy mix. The methodological approach of this article is doctrinal and library-based. It includes primary and secondary sources. Primary sources include laws, statutes, legal documents, conventions and statistics. Secondary sources include journal articles, internet sources and newspaper articles. All sources are subject to content analysis. It is expected that the article will be useful to policy and lawmakers across various tiers of government in Nigeria.Keywords: Renewable Energy Development, Electrification, Energy Efficiency, National Strategies.
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Sparks, Debbie, Amos Madhlopa, Samantha Keen, et al. "Renewable energy choices and their water requirements in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 4 (2014): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i4a2241.
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South Africa is an arid country, where water supply is often obtained from a distant source. There is increasing pressure on the limited water resources due to economic and population growth, with a concomitant increase in the energy requirement for water production. This problem will be exacerbated by the onset of climate change. Recently, there have been concerns about negative impacts arising from the exploitation of energy resources. In particular, the burning of fossil fuels is significantly contributing to climate change through the emission of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. In addition, fossil fuels are being depleted, and contributing to decreased energy security. As a result of this, the international community has initiated various interventions, including the transformation of policy and regulatory instruments, to promote sustainable energy. With this in mind, South Africa is making policy and regulatory shifts in line with international developments. Renewable energy is being promoted as one way of achieving sustainable energy provision in the country. However, some issues require scrutiny in order to understand the water footprint of renewable energy production. Due to the large gap that exists between water supply and demand, trade-offs in water allocation amongst different users are critical. In this vein, the main objective of this study was to investigate and review renewable energy choices and water requirements in South Africa. Data were acquired through a combination of a desktop study and expert interviews. Water withdrawal and consumption levels at a given stage of energy production were investigated. Most of the data was collected from secondary sources. Results show that there is limited data on all aspects of water usage in the production chain of energy, accounting in part for the significant variations in the values of water intensity that are reported in the literature. It is vital to take into account all aspects of the energy life cycle to enable isolation of stages where significant amounts of water are used. It is found that conventional fuels (nuclear and fossil fuels) withdraw significant quantities of water over the life-cycle of energy production, especially for thermoelectric power plants operated with a wet-cooling system. The quality of water is also adversely affected in some stages of energy production from these fuels. On the other hand, solar photovoltaic and wind energy exhibit the lowest demand for water, and could perhaps be considered the most viable renewable options in terms of water withdrawal and consumption.
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Matizamhuka, Wallace. "The Impact of Magnetic Materials in Renewable Energy-Related Technologies in the 21st Century Industrial Revolution: The Case of South Africa." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (November 1, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3149412.
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Magnetic materials specifically permanent magnets are critical for the efficient performance of many renewable energy technologies. The increased reliance on renewable energy sources has accelerated research in energy-related technologies the world over. The use of rare-earth (RE) metals in permanent magnets continues to be a source of greater concern owing to the limited RE supply coupled with dwindling reserves on the globe. This review focuses on how this has impacted on the state-of-the-art magnetic materials that continue to play a pivotal role in driving renewable energy technologies. Magnetic materials are perceived as key in driving the 21st century industrial revolution, and the participation of South Africa in this energy paradigm is critical in driving a new industrial revolution within the African continent. A number of opportunities are highlighted, and clarity is given on the several ubiquitous misconceptions and the risks on the heavy reliance on a single source for RE magnetic materials.
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Murombo, Tumai. "Legal and policy barriers to renewable and sustainable energy sources in South Africa." Journal of World Energy Law & Business 9, no. 2 (2016): 142–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jww001.
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Votteler, Roman Günter, and Alan Colin Brent. "A literature review on the potential of renewable electricity sources for mining operations in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 27, no. 2 (2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2016/v27i2a1337.
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The economic situation of mining corporations operating in South Africa has in recent years created considerable challenges in staying globally competitive. One reason for this is the increase in average electricity costs from 7% to 20% of total operational expenses since 2007. Forecasts for the next decade predict that this development will continue at similar rates. The reliability of Eskom has also decreased, with self-generation being increasingly considered. In addition, the South African government plans to launch a carbon tax in 2016, which will further add to the costs of current electricity sources. This paper investigates the potential of renewable electricity sources for mining operations in South Africa. It is based on an extensive literature analysis, which was conducted in the form of a conceptual review. The investigation of electricity usage patterns reveals that mining operations commonly have a relatively constant day and night consumption. One of the prerequisites for a suitable source is its ability to supply electricity constantly. Most renewable sources can therefore only be used in hybrid versions, owing to relatively high intermittencies, especially with electricity supply from solar photovoltaic and wind generation. Nevertheless, the levelised costs are substantially lower than diesel generators and are already similar to Eskom tariffs, whilst also lowering carbon emissions. The business case of self-generation is shown to be positive. An on-site project can be realised through a power purchase agreement or through own investments.
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Akom, K., T. Shongwe, and M. K. Joseph. "South Africa’s integrated energy planning framework, 2015–2050." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 32, no. 1 (2021): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2021/v32i1a8517.
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The Integrated Energy Plan (IEP) was designed to consider South Africa’s energy needs from 2015 to 2050, as a guide for energy structural savings and the development of energy policy. The main aim of the Department of Energy is to ensure the security of energy supply. The current energy situation in the country has its gains and challenges. With the growing population and infrastructural development, the country requires prudent measures to meet the country’s energy needs for 2020–2050. The country’s energy is currently dominated by coal-fired plants, which represent about 70% of the total installed capacity, crude oil contributes about 21%, with only 9% from all other energy sources, including renewables. This paper examines the scope of the IEP framework, key objectives of the IEP, the methodology applied to achieve those objectives, and the projections made for attaining the framework target. The paper further reviews the energy requirements for the key sectors of the economy and analyses the effects of CO2 emissions and the benefits of job creation for the entire period. Despite substantial renewable potential in South Africa, at present it contributes as little as 2% of the energy mix. The global renewable energy policy on CO2 emissions reduction, improvement of energy efficiency and deployment of renewable development are not met in the IEP framework.
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Foster-Pedley, J., and H. Hertzog. "Financing strategies for growth in the renewable energy industry in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 17, no. 4 (2006): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2006/v17i4a3209.
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This study analyses empirical qualitative data collected from key stakeholders in the renewable energy industry in South Africa. As a step on the path towards developing better success in financing for renewable energy entrepreneurs, a financing framework is proposed and used to create a holistic view of the financing process in the renewable energy sector. It allows stakeholders to get an understanding of all the motives, barriers, sources of capital and possible destinations of capital in one system. Many good reasons exist for South Africa to invest in renewable energy with motives dominated by environmental concerns, diversity of supply, job creation and economic development. Internationally, investment in renewable energy projects has been growing despite a significant slump in overall global investment trends. In a decentralised business model, smaller renewable energy based businesses will continue to have difficulty in raising finance in South Africa. Key barriers include the high price of energy and equipment resulting in poor profitability, the reliability and quality of government policy, a lack of awareness and experience and a lack of innovative financing solutions. The study finds there are many expectations for government to address the needs of the industry within the context of its current regulated status. There appears to be a preference for demand side interventions, which rely on levies, subsidies and tax incentives. This paper strives to offer new ways of looking at the financing problems currently being experienced in the industry and proposes an innovative framework to assist the stakeholders in the industry in structuring financing for renewable energy ventures.
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Thopil, M. S., R. C. Bansal, L. Zhang, and G. Sharma. "A review of grid connected distributed generation using renewable energy sources in South Africa." Energy Strategy Reviews 21 (August 2018): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2018.05.001.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Renewable energy sources – South Africa"
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Musango, Josephine Kaviti. "Technology assessment of renewable energy sustainability in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18149.
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Thesis (PhD (School of Public Leadership))--University of Stellenbosch, 2012.<br>Please download the required VENSIM software from: http://www.vensim.com/freedownload.html<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Technology assessment has changed in nature over the last four decades. It changed from an analytical tool for technology evaluation, which depends heavily on quantitative and qualitative modelling methodologies, into a strategic planning tool for policy-making concerning acceptable new technologies, which depends on participative policy problem analysis. The goal of technology assessment today is to generate policy options for solutions of organisational and societal problems, which at the operational level, utilise new technologies that are publicly acceptable; that is, viable policy options. Energy technology assessment for sustainability is inherently a complex and dynamic process that requires a holistic and transdisciplinary approach. In the South Africa context, specifically, there is no formal and coherent approach to energy technology assessment from a sustainability perspective. Without a formal comprehensive or well integrated technology assessment approach to evaluate the sustainability of any technology, the policy-makers, technology designers, and decision-makers are faced with difficulty in terms of making reasoned decisions about the appropriate technology options. This study developed a framework that incorporates a technology assessment approach, namely, system dynamics, within the broader scope of technology development for sustainability. The framework, termed the Systems Approach to Technology Sustainability Assessment (SATSA), integrates three key elements: technology development, sustainable development, and a dynamic systems approach. The study then provides a guiding process of applying the framework to energy technology assessment theory and practice within the context of sustainable development. Biodiesel, a cleaner burning replacement fuel, argued to potentially contribute to sustainable development, is used for the demonstration. Biodiesel development entails complex interactions of actors such as the technology developers, government at different levels, communities, as well as the natural environment. Different actions or responses in the greater system might hinder or undermine the positive effects of such a development. Based on the SATSA framework, a Bioenergy Technology Sustainability Assessment (BIOTSA) model was developed. The BIOTSA model was used to test the outcomes of a proposed biodiesel production development in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa on selected sustainability indicators. In addition, some policy scenarios were tested to compare how they assist in improving the selected indicators. The BIOTSA model results are useful in comparing dynamic consequences resulting from a proposed biodiesel production development and the respective policies and decisions that may arise from such a development. The testing and validation of the BIOTSA model was carried out based on structural validity, behavioural validity, and expert opinion. Potential policy scenario outcomes and their implication, on the selected sustainability indicators, were also tested. The opinions of the selected stakeholders indicated that the BIOTSA model was useful in providing an understanding of the potential impacts of the biodiesel development on selected sustainability indicators in the Eastern Cape Province. Thus, the SATSA framework can be applied for assessing sustainability of other renewable energy technologies. In addition, system dynamics provide a useful and a feasible dynamic systems approach for energy technology sustainability assessment. Finally, the model building process and transdisciplinary nature of this study enabled the identification of the potential problems that could arise during the biodiesel production development. In addition, gaps in data and knowledge were identified and the recommendation for future work in this field is highlighted. Nevertheless, the findings of the BIOTSA model could inform policy- and decision-making in biodiesel production development in South Africa. The development of similar models for other renewable energy development efforts is thus recommended. The current efforts to facilitate the large-scale roll out of concentrated solar thermal technologies in Southern Africa, for example, would require the development of a Solar Thermal Technology Sustainability Assessment (SOTTSA) model.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aard van tegnologie assessering het in die afgelope vier dekades verander. Dit het verander ten opsigte van ’n analitiese hulpmiddel vir tegnologie evaluering, wat hoofsaaklik staatmaak op kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe modelleringsmetodiek, na ’n strategiese beplanningshulpmiddel vir beleidvorming met betrekking tot nuwe aanvaarbare tegnologieë, wat afhanklik is van ’n deelnemende beleidsprobleem analise. Vandag se doel vir tegnologie assessering is om beleidsopsies vir oplossings van organisatoriese en sosiale probleme te genereer, wat op operasionele vlak gebruik maak van nuwe tegnologieë wat deur die publiek aanvaar is; met ander woorde, lewensvatbare beleidsopsies. Energie tegnologie assessering vir volhoubaarheid is sonder twyfel ’n komplekse en dinamiese proses wat ’n holistiese en transdisiplinêre benadering benodig. In die Suid- Afrikaanse konteks is daar geen formele en samehangende benadering tot tegnologie assessering vanaf ’n volhoubaarheidsperspektief nie. Beleidsmakers, tegnologie ontwerpers en besluitnemers mag sukkel om beredenerende besluite te neem oor die toepaslike tegnologie opsies sonder ’n formele omvattende of goed geïntegreerde tegnologie assesseringsbenadering om die volhoubaarheid van enige tegnologie te evalueer. Hierdie studie het ’n raamwerk ontwerp wat die tegnologie assesseringsbenadering inkorporeer binne die breë bestek van tegnologiese ontwikkeling vir volhoubaarheid naamlik, stelsel dinamika. Die raamwerk, genoem die Sisteem Benadering tot Tegnologie Volhoubaarheidsassessering (SBTVA) integreer drie sleutelelemente: tegnologiese ontwikkeling, volhoubaarheidsontwikkeling, en ʼn dinamiese stelsels benadering. Verder verskaf die studie ’n leidende proses te opsigte van die toepassing van die raamwerk tot energie tegnologie assesseringsteorie en praktyk binne die konteks van volhoubaarheidsontwikkeling. Biodiesel word gebruik vir die demonstrasie omdat dit gereken word as ’n skoner plaasvervanger vir brandstof en daar aangevoer word dat dit ’n potensiële bydraer tot volhoubaarheidsontwikkeling is. Die ontwikkeling van biodiesel behels komplekse interaksie tussen verskeie akteurs soos tegnologiese ontwikkelaars, die regering op verskillende vlakke, gemeenskappe asook die natuurlike omgewing. Verskeie aksies of reaksies in die groter sisteem mag dalk die positiewe effek van so ontwikkeling ondermyn of verhinder. ’n Biodiesel Tegnologiese Volhoubaarheidsassessering (BIOTVA) model is ontwerp gebaseer op die SBTVA raamwerk. Die BIOTVA model is gebruik om die uitkomste op geselekteerde volhoubaarheidsaanduiders van ’n voorgestelde biodiesel produksie ontwikkeling in die Oos- Kaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika te toets. Buiten vir die voorafgaande is sekere beleidtoekomsblikke ook getoets om te vergelyk hoe hulle sal help om die geselekteerde aanwysers te verbeter. Die BIOTVA model resultate is behulpsaam in die vergelyking van dinamiese gevolge wat voortspruit uit die voorgestelde biodiesel produksie ontwikkeling asook die onderskeie beleide en besluite wat mag ontstaan van so ’n ontwikkeling. Die toetsing en bekragtiging van die BIOTVA model was uitgevoer gebaseer op strukturele geldigheid, gedragsgeldigheid, en kundige opinie. Potensiële beleidtoekomsblikke uitkomste en die nagevolge, ten opsigte van die geselekteerde volhoubaarheidsaanduiders, is ook getoets. Die opinies van die geselekteerde aandeelhouers het aangedui dat die BIOTVA model bruikbaar is om ’n beter begrip te verskaf ten opsigte van die potensiële impak wat die biodiesel ontwikkeling op geselekteerde volhoubaarheidsaanduiders in die Oos-Kaap Provinsie sal hê. As gevolg hiervan kan die SBTVA raamwerk toegepas word om die volhoubaarheid van ander herwinbare energie tegnologieë te assesseer. Buiten die voorafgaande kan stelsel dinamika ’n bruikbare en uitvoerbare dinamiese stelselbenadering vir energie tegnologie volhoubaarheidsassessering verskaf. Ten slotte, die model bouproses en transdisiplinêre aarde van die studie het gehelp om potensiële probleme wat kan voorkom tydens die biodiesel produksie ontwikkeling te identifiseer. Daarby is gapings in data en kennis ook geïdentifiseer en die aanbevelings vir verdere studie in die veld is uitgelig. Nieteenstaande kan die bevindings van die BIOTVA model beleidmakers en besluitnemers in die biodiesel produksie ontwikkeling van Suid- Afrika inlig. Die ontwikkeling van soortgelyke modelle vir ander herwinbare energie ontwikkelingspogings word aanbeveel. As voorbeeld sal die huidige pogings om die grootskaalse uitrol van gekonsentreerde son termiese tegnologieë in Suider-Afrika te fasiliteer die ontwikkeling van ’n Son Termiese Tegnologie Volhoubaarheidsassesering (SOTTVA) model benodig.
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Stands, Sarah Reed. "Utility-scale renewable energy job creation : an investigation of the South African Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96791.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African Government developed the REIPPPP to ensure the implementation of Green Economy and job creation policies, while mitigating the current power crises with the short lead times of RE technologies. Current South African literature is ambiguous when discussing the legitimacy of the REIPPPP and the overall understanding of the programme and its associated outcomes in terms of job creation, are therefore, vague. A need therefore exists to unpack the quantitative job creation submissions of the REIPPPP and to carry out an investigation into the opportunities and challenges associated with meaningful job creation. Through a non-linear iterative exploratory design, hinging on the researcher’s position within industry, this empirical research comprises of two components.
Firstly, a literature study informs the development of a meaningful job creation framework which is used to analyse the programme’s bid documentation and publicly available data. Secondly, mixed-methods are utilised to collect quantitative data from the DoE and qualitative data from job creation stakeholders.
The result is an enriched understanding of the REIPPPP in terms of meaningful job creation, identifying trends, similarities and unexpected outcomes across methods. The study concludes that the programme does create meaningful jobs yet data is misaligned and currently unavailable to the public. Secondly, since job creation is a feature of South African Government development policy, a more robust emphasis is required in the REIPPPP weighting and auditing process, which includes further research of intended benefits and suggested improvements to align job creation data.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering het die hernubare energie onafhanklike kragprodusent verkrygingsprogram ontwikkel om die voorsiening van die werksskeppingsbeleid en groen-ekonomiebelied te verseker. Huidige Suid-Afrikaanse letterkunde is dubbelsinnig wanneer die wettigheid van die program bespreek word. Die algehele begrip van die program en sy geassosieerde uitkoms is dus vaag. Daar is n behoefte om die kwantitatiewe werkskeppingvoorleggings te analiseer en om ondersoek in te stel in die geleenthede en uitdagings wat geassosieer word met betekenisvolle werkskepping. Deur n nie- lineêre iteratiewe ondersoekende ontwerp, wat gebaseer is op die navorser se posisie in die industrie, bestaan hieride empiriese navorsing, uit twee komponente.
Eerstens, lig n literatuurstudie die ontwikkeling van n betekenisvolle werkskeppingsraamwerk in, en word gebruik om die program se boddokumentasie en publieke data te analiseer. Tweedens, word gemengde metodes gebruik om kwantitatiewe data van die departement van energie te versamel asook kwalitatiewe data van werkskeppingbelanghebbendes.
Die resultaat is n meer verrykende verstandhouding van die hernubare energie onafhanklike kragprodusent verkrygingsprogram in terme van betekenisvolle werkskepping asook die identifisering van tendense en onverwagse uitkomste. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat die program nie betekenisvolle werk skep nie en is tans onbeskikbaar vir die publiek. Tweedens, aangesien werkskepping 'n kenmerk is van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se ontwikkelingsbeleid, word 'n meer robuuste klem vereis op die hernubare energie onafhanklike kragprodusent verkrygingsprogram se ouditeringsproses en verdere navorsing van die beoogde voordele word voorgestel.
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Valenti, Devan. "Diversifying South Africa's renewable energy mix through policy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96742.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is one of the most energy-intensive economies in the world, with around 90 per
cent of its electricity generated using coal as a primary resource. As such, the South African
energy system remains on a highly unsustainable path, and the potential for long-term growth
and prosperity of the economy is thwarted. The alternative to conventional energy, renewable
energy, has unfortunately been relatively slow to take off in the South Africa market. This is
disappointing considering the country’s wealth of natural resources required for renewable
energy generation.
The potential of renewable energy to contribute to the South African energy mix is thus
significant. The transition to a green economy, and subsequently a more sustainable energy
future, is therefore achievable and realistic. However, national policies aimed at promoting
the deployment of renewable energy have been thwarted by inconsistencies, lack of
coordination, and proved relatively ineffective at increasing the country’s renewable energy
capacity to its full potential. The recent policy changes from a feed-in tariff to a competitive
tender approach dented investor confidence in the South African renewable energy industry
significantly. Nevertheless, renewable energy policy in South Africa is still in its infancy, and
valuable lessons are still to be learnt and incorporated into future policies going forward.
A critical analysis of the current policy identifies the need for amendment to the structure of
the policy landscape. The current policy strongly favours larger, more established and mature
renewable technologies, whilst completely neglecting smaller and less mature ones. This not
only results in a highly undiversified renewable energy mix, which has considerable
negatives in itself, but also reduces the ability of the policy to capture a host of significant
opportunities and advantages associated with small-scale renewable energy projects. The
importance of diversifying South Africa’s renewable energy mix was therefore ones of the
principal stances of this study, and intervention that ensured diversification within the
industry was therefore vital.
This study fundamentally designs and proposes a revised policy system that makes use of
both competitive tenders and feed-in tariffs within the policy framework. In essence, this
would allow for greater diversification within the renewable energy industry. The
competitive tender component should be used for larger, more established technologies and projects, while the feed-in tariff should be used to drastically stimulate investment in smaller
technologies and projects. By making use of a dual-mechanism system, the benefits
associated with small-scale renewable energy projects can be realized without any
noteworthy opportunity costs foregone. These benefits include diversification of the
renewable energy mix; stimulation of smaller technologies; increased job creation; and
stabilisation of supply volatility.
This study recommends that the current renewable energy policy in South Africa be
reassessed for both its relevancy within the South African context as well as its ability to
effectively promote the deployment of alternative energy technologies. In an ever-changing
and globalising world, where exogenous influences on national policies are stronger than
ever, it becomes necessary and of utmost importance that policies are evaluated constantly in
order to ensure their effectiveness is at optimal level.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie is een van die energie-intensiefstes ter wêreld, met steenkool
as hoofbron vir sowat 90 persent van die land se kragopwekking. Die Suid-Afrikaanse
energiestelsel as sulks bly dus op 'n onstabiele pad, en die potensiaal vir langdurige
ekonomiese groei en welvaart word geknel. As teenvoeter vir konvensionele krag het
hernubare energie steeds stadig veld gewen in die plaaslike mark – wat teleurstellend is as die
land se rykdom aan natuurlike bronne vir hernubare energie-opwekking in ag geneem word.
Hernubare energie het dus 'n aansienlike potensiaal om tot die Suid-Afrikaanse energiemengsel
by te dra. Die oorgang na 'n groen ekonomie, en gevolglik na 'n volhoubaarder
energie-toekoms, is daarom bereikbaar en realisties. Nasionale beleide oor hoe die uitrol van
hernubare energie bevorder word, is egter tot dusver gestrem deur ongereeldhede en 'n gebrek
aan koördinasie, en was gevolglik relatief ondoeltreffend om die land se hernubare
energiekapasiteit ten volle te verhoog. Die onlangse beleidsveranderinge vanaf 'n
toevoertarief na 'n mededingende tenderbenadering het beleggersvertroue aansienlik
geskaad. Suid-Afrika se hernubare energiebeleid is nietemin nog in sy kinderskoene, met
kosbare lesse wat geleer kan word en vir die pad vorentoe in toekomsplanne ingewerk kan
word.
'n Kritiese ontleding van die huidige beleid wys hoe nodig 'n aangepaste struktuur vir die
beleidsraamwerk is. Die huidige beleid begunstig groter, meer gevestigde en ontwikkelde
tegnologieë terwyl kleiner en minder ontwikkeldes heeltemal afgeskeep word. Dit het tot
gevolg nie net 'n hoogs ongediversifiseerde mengsel van hernubare energie nie, wat op sigself
'n aantal nadele inhou, maar boonop verminder dit die beleid se vermoë om vele
betekenisvolle geleenthede en voordele aan te gryp wat gepaard gaan met kleinskaalse
projekte vir hernubare energie. Dat die diversifisering van Suid-Afrika se hernubare
energiesamestelling belangrik is, was dus een van dié studie se hoofbenaderings, asook dat
ingryping ter wille van diversifisering binne die bedryf onontbeerlik is.
Hierdie studie bied 'n ingrypende ontwerp en voorstel vir 'n hersiene beleidstelsel, met
mededingende tenders asook toevoertariewe binne die beleidsraamwerk. Dit sal in wese
ruimte laat vir groter diversifikasie binne die hernubare energiebedryf. Die mededingende
tendergedeelte behoort vir groter, meer gevestigde tegnologieë en projekte gebruik te word,
terwyl die toevoertariewe kan dien om belegging in kleiner tegnologieë en projekte te stimuleer. Deur 'n stelsel van tweeledige meganismes kan die voordele van kleinskaalse
hernubare energieprojekte realiseer sonder die inboet van noemenswaardige
geleentheidskoste. Dié voordele sluit in, om enkeles te noem, die diversifikasie van die
hernubare energie-toneel; die stimuleer van kleiner tegnologieë met gepaardgaande groter
werkskepping; en toenemende plaaslike produkvervaardiging.
Met dié studie word aanbeveel dat Suid-Afrika se huidige beleid oor hernubare energie
heroorweeg word, rakende die relevansie daarvan binne die landskonteks asook die beleid se
vermoë om die ontplooiing van alternatiewe energietegnologieë doeltreffend te bevorder. In
'n voortdurend veranderende en globaliserende wêreld, met buite-invloede op nasionale
beleidsrigtings sterker as ooit, word dit noodsaaklik en uiters belangrik dat beleide
voortdurend heroorweeg word om die doeltreffendheid daarvan op die gunstigste vlak te
verseker.
4
Ettmayr, Christopher. "Local content requirements and the impact on the South African renewable energy sector." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6149.
Full textAbstract:
Economies aim to expand over time, which always implies the need for increased energy availability in support of this growth. Governments can use their procurement of energy generation to further enhance the benefit to their economies via certain policy tools. One such tool is Local Content Requirements (LCR) where procurement of a good dictates that a certain value has to be sourced locally. The argument for this tool is that spend is localised and manufacturing, as well as job creation, can be stimulated due to industry establishing in the host economy. However, this practice is distortionary in effect and it does not create a fair playing field for global trade. Furthermore, if the local content definition is weak, or open to manipulation, the goals of such a policy may not be achieved at all. This study looked into the local content requirements of South Africa’s Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP) and measured the impact of this policy on the renewable energy sector in general. It was found that, in order to implement a policy such as local content, the host economy had to have certain pre-existing conditions in order to avoid any negative welfare effects. Due to SA not holding all supportive pre-conditions for supporting local content policy, the impact and effect of LCRs has not been optimal and it has not been found to be a sustainable mechanism to continue using into the future indefinitely. The pricing of renewable energy was also found to be higher due to local content and such pricing is passed on to the energy consumer. Therefore, the net welfare impact created for South Africa is diminished in exchange for the creation of jobs and manufacturing, but due to the unsustainability and potential manipulation of the system the country is not maximising the welfare potential from the REIPPPP as it should. It was found that SA renewable energy resources do exist and the logistics infrastructure is strong, providing good potential for investment into renewable energy projects. The demand created by the REIPPPP provided a good market, but there was uncertainty in the long term planning and stability. So, from a market perspective this could be further enhanced. Government had created a sufficient platform for investment, but areas of development such as clusters, R&D and skills training would create a better support environment for LCR policy and strict monitoring of this would also be required to prevent any manipulation. The use of LCRs increases project costs and risk, which is passed onto the energy consumers, but this could be reduced if local goods were more readily available at the right price and at the right quality and quantity. Focus on clusters would once again assist in this regard as independent power producers (IPPs) and engineering procurement and construction (EPC) entities would be able to source components and goods locally in a more cost-effective manner. As the LCRs currently stand in the REIPPPP, it would seem that South Africa is making renewable energy more expensive and although it is argued that this is done for the benefit of creating a new industry and jobs, these are not sustainable and so the current LCR policy will only create short term benefits.
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Hare, Brent. "A talent management framework for the South African renewable energy sector." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/15912.
Full textAbstract:
Since the publication of the White Paper on energy Policy of 1998, South Africa has taken off on a new trajectory of sustainability. The South African government have identified that the renewable energy sector will play a critical role in advancing and improving the energy sector. They envisage that the sector will contribute to the development of a green economy and the creation of meaningful employment for all South Africans. With the renewable energy sector of South Africa being dependent on skills, many of which are pertinent for the success of the sector, sufficient skilled workers are required to provide a service to the growing sector. Upon engaging with individuals employed in the sector and embarking on the research it became apparent that there was a lack of a talent management framework for the sector. Talent management represents a means for companies to develop and sustain talent pipelines thereby creating a competitive advantage. Globally executives across the employment spectrum admit that they have challenges in building a strong talent pipeline. The South African Renewable Energy Sector (SARES) is not exempt from this reality, where it has been well documented that South Africa is struggling with a skills shortage. This makes it difficult to grow and develop a fledgling sector. The purpose of this treatise was to evaluate the need for a talent management framework for the South African Renewable Energy Sector. To evaluate this, a literature review was performed on concepts relating to the development of a talent management framework specifically for the sector. These concepts or independent variables were, engineering skills, competence, knowledge worker, policies supporting RE development as well as training and development. The talent management framework relied on ring fencing the study around the knowledge worker, by correlating the definition of an engineer to that of a knowledge worker. The results show that despite the proclamation made by the South African government that South Africa is geared to supply the skills required for SARES. The research found a need for educational institutes to produce more knowledge workers. The results of this research study showed that despite the low positive correlation between the five independent variables, being, engineering skills, competence, knowledge worker, policies supporting RE development they would still provide those responsible for recruitment and talent management with a platform to be able to develop a working talent management strategy. There is a need for the development of a suitable talent management framework, which would allow the sector to manage elements of talent management such as recruitment and retention of knowledge workers. The proposed talent management framework can be used to assist in consolidating the present recruitment practises as well as being used to develop a talent management strategy for the sector.
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Palmer, Vivian Julian. "An enabling environment for independent power producers in renewable electricity." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5868.
Full textAbstract:
The increasing demand for electricity, the rising price of energy from conventional sources and limited electricity supply are a global concern. The demand on electricity generation could be alleviated by diversifying the sources from which electricity is obtained to achieve the goals of long-term electricity supply. Diversification implies finding alternative sources of energy such as renewable energy for the production of electricity. The South African electricity system is under increased pressure to provide and maintain electricity supply to its users. Electricity production may be regarded as a key contributor to the social and economic development of South Africa. The challenges are so serious that it will gradually become increasingly difficult to extract sufficient resources to satisfy increasing electricity demand. Growth in the electricity and industrial sectors signifies profound changes in the entire energy industry. The South African power utility Eskom, supplies 94% of South Africa’s electricity but the risk of inadequate supply because of increasing electricity demand is mitigated through the employment of Independent Power Producers (IPPs) which supply to the grid. However, although a limited number of IPP entrepreneurs sell electricity to the Eskom grid, there is no enabling entrepreneurial environment in which they can thrive. There is no positive movement to inaugurate policies and processes. This has created an opportunity for Smart Grid access as a viable option to accommodate IPP entrepreneurs into the grid. Investing in renewable electricity sources may provide feasible alternatives for the electricity industry, it would alleviate pressure on current supply whilst creating an enabling entrepreneurial environment for IPP entrepreneurs and increase entrepreneurial activity. This study investigates a proposed model for an enabling entrepreneurial environment for IPPs in the RE sector that can be utilised to ensure increased entrepreneurial activity within the electricity industry. Establishing such an enabling environment would contribute positively to the alleviation of the electricity demand crisis, result in lower carbon emissions and create a sustainable, more diverse electricity generation mix. This proposed IPP industry model for an enabling entrepreneurial environment is presented to address the problems experienced at the different levels of the electricity industry. The model can be utilised to increase entrepreneurial activity while eradicating major electricity challenges at different levels in the South African electricity industry. The results indicate that that RE, in the form of solar and wind, has the potential to expand the South African electricity industry significantly. Therefore, in order to reform the South African electricity industry, stakeholders need to embrace entrepreneurship as IPP entrepreneurs. This can be done effectively by the incorporation of IPP entrepreneurs into the electricity network. However, an enabling entrepreneurial environment in which to operate must be ensured. In this study, five important variables support the establishment of an enabling entrepreneurial environment for IPP entrepreneurs. These have been identified as; Smart Grids, Entrepreneurship, Renewable electricity environment, SA policy and Stakeholder theory. An important contribution has been made towards Stakeholder Theory. This has proven to be instrumental within the RE sector of the electricity industry in South Africa, as the mentioned role players have a reciprocal role to play. Three surveys were conducted at three levels of the electricity industry, namely, at organisational, legislative and entrepreneurial levels and included Eskom Management, National Energy Regulator (NERSA) Management and Approved and Non-approved IPPs. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were utilised in this research study. The results indicate that SA Policy is instrumental in assisting stakeholders to facilitate the IPP process and feed the power from RE generation into the network. Most respondents were positive about the role of Smart Grids in future electricity generation and their contribution towards creating an enabling entrepreneurial environment for IPP entrepreneurs. Respondents indicated that by policy decisions, greater emphasis can be placed on the results of climate change and environmental challenges. Emphasis on the incorporation of stakeholders proved imperative to this group (IPPs). The results indicated that stakeholder management is a key factor contributing to the establishment of an enabling entrepreneurial environment. The major contribution of this study is a proposed entrepreneurial model that can improve future sustainability of the electricity supply.
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Dlamini, Letsiwe Thulisile Sibongile. "Investigating alternative funding sources for community equity ownership in renewable energy projects in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13637.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references.<br>The combined effect of a number of factors has forced the Government of South Africa to launch and seek to expand the renewable energy sector through the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REI4P). Such elements include environmental issues, especially climate change; the need to diversify energy sources in order for the country to be energy secure; and the developmental potential that investment in a new industry, in this instance the renewable energy industry, can bring in terms of job creation, economic growth and the exploitation of abundant natural resources. In addition to the REI4P, the Government has also been compelled to seek to expand energy supply in the country, in general, due to the energy crisis, which in turn, is closely associated with a population that is growing at a pace that is much faster than the rate at which energy can be readily supplied. Community Equity Ownership (CEO) or local community ownership is a unique feature of the REI4P that has recently come under close scrutiny due to its requirement for project companies to offer a minimum of 2.5% to 5% shares of their companies to local communities residing within a 50km radius of their renewable energy plants, in an effort to contribute toward their socio-economic development; the challenges presented by community trusts; and the subsequent resistance towards the notion of local community ownership by REI4P project companies. It is the subject of this research because it is still a critical and integral component of the REI4P and challenges associated with its financing have, in the past, jeopardised the accomplishment of the very goals for which it was constituted. The value of Social License to Operate (SLO) is that it can lay the foundation for positive relations to prevail between communities and Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in the pursuit of a viable renewable energy industry and increased energy supply in South Africa. To this end, the study demonstrates that whilst CEO is obligated in the REI4P, it also constitutes SLO because if communities own shares in REI4P projects, they are more likely to cooperate with them. Thus, the CEO, Socio-Economic Development (SED) and Enterprise Development (ED) requirements of the REI4P essentially constitute the SLO ‘building blocks’ for the Programme. Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) have been at the forefront of funding local community ownership, although other financial institutions, including commercial banks xiv have started financing it as well, while requiring guarantees and security from communities, which can offer neither. The continued implementation of the REI4P, as well as the launch of the Baseload IPP Programme and the Medium Term Risk Mitigation Project, will ultimately increase the total number of IPP Programmes in the country and will likely intensify the demand for finances to fund CEO. In view of this, where will the funding for this key aspect of the current and proposed IPP Programmes come from? This study sought to identify alternative funding options for CEO in order to ensure its continuity in both the REI4P and the proposed IPP Programmes. An exploratory research design was pursued for the study in view of data limitations arising from the infancy of the renewable energy sector in South Africa. Moreover, a questionnaire survey was undertaken and a purposive sampling technique was used to interrogate a select group of financial institutions and REI4P Independent Power Producers (IPPs), with a view to determine what their experiences have been in relation to funding CEO, as well as to identify alternative funding options for it, going forward. In this regard, a sample size of 15 was taken out of a combined total of 72 financial institutions and IPPs. Thematic content analysis was subsequently performed to process the data. The main risk associated with financing CEO that was identified by stakeholders has to do with a lack of security in lending to disadvantaged communities because they often have no collateral and can offer no guarantees that demonstrate their capacity to repay debts. Furthermore, the establishment of a Grant Scheme for funding CEO, on the one hand, and a Guarantee and Incentive Programme, on the other, wherein Government stands in as guarantor for communities as they borrow funds to facilitate CEO; were found to be potentially instrumental in widening the pool of funding for CEO. Increased vendor support and more ‘preferential’ loan terms and ‘softer’ loans from DFIs were also identified as critical in the endeavour to increase the funding sources for CEO. Although the use of the Government Pension Fund to warehouse shares on behalf of communities and utilising communal land as equity both hold some promise; they require further research. It is, therefore, concluded that there is potential for alternative funding options for community equity ownership in the REI4P. The study also found that, based on the experiences of survey respondents, there are inadequate sources of finance for CEO, in light of the increasing pressure on available financial opportunities. To this end, the delineation between the xv potential for funding local community shareholding in REI4P projects and actual access to funding is fundamental.
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Magaqa, Xolile Donaldson. "Renewable energy as alternative solution in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019725.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate and suggest technologies that need to be considered by the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality management in order to alleviate electricity power shortages. It is very important to address the problems of electricity power shortages in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality since it affects the households, offices and factories and it creates a negative image about the economic viability and investment opportunities in South Africa. Since ESKOM supplies electricity to the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, they both require solutions that can sustain electricity availability for the current and future consumption by the households and the South African economy. It is of importance to report that the main causes of power shortages are the energy, capacity and the reserve margin constraints in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality. The methodology used for this research was a mixed methods type of research. The literature review led to the formulation of research questionnaires that were subsequently used as the main tools for sourcing data in order to conduct an empirical study for this research. The empirical study was used to combine the quantitative and the qualitative research methodology in one research. The respondents to the structured and self-administered questionnaires comprised Beacon Bay and Mdantsane households that owned Solar Water Heaters. The other respondents that were interviewed with the aid of semi-structured questionnaires comprised ESKOM and the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality management teams. The responses from all the respondents were collected, arranged and presented in tables and graphs for the purpose of analysing and thereafter to report the outcomes. The outcomes were compared to the literature reviewed to test whether there is congruence between the two. This was done for the purpose of answering the following research question: Can alternative energy in the form of solar be a solution in improving power shortage in the Buffalo City Metro? Renewable energy was among the suggested solutions that were tested in other countries and found to be reliable. Renewable energy is divided into Solar Power Technology, Wind Power Technology, Small Hydro generation power, Biomass and other technologies. The Solar Power Technology is divided into three forms of energy. The first technology was Solar Photovoltaic Power, Concentrating Solar Power and the Solar Water Heating. The focus of this study was to investigate whether the use of Solar Power Technology in the form of Solar Water Heating can alleviate electricity power shortages in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality. The other renewable energy technologies are reported as the limitations in this research that created opportunities for further research. The literature and empirical studies confirmed that the use of Solar Water Heaters alleviate power shortages in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality since most of the respondents agreed that when Solar Water Heaters are installed and used in the households, electricity power is saved. The respondents further agreed that since Solar Water Heaters use the sun to heat water they do not use electric geysers anymore. They further agreed that a decrease in electricity expenses per household, per day, per month and per annum has been achieved due to the use of Solar Water Heaters. The Solar Water Heaters were reported by most respondents as confirmed in the literature that they are reliable since they do not trip when there is a planned or an emergency power outages in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality area because they are powered by the sunlight. They are safe and have a longer economic life. They can be used in areas that do not have existing power supply. The key findings were that, both quantitative and qualitative results yielded results that were congruent with the literature reviewed. The congruence was reported in terms of electricity power saving, reduction in electricity expenses, per household, its reliability, the longer economic life and the safety of Solar Water Heaters. The installation of Solar Water Heaters has proven to be a good decision since they alleviated power shortages in the households that are in the rural areas, townships and in the upmarket residential places. It was recommended to the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality and ESKOM management to install more Solar Water Heaters and to increase the subsidies for the buyers of Solar Water Heaters especially the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality; to increase the marketing of Solar Water Heaters and to further educate electricity users about the Demand Side Management. This approach will encourage electricity users to reduce their demand for electricity in order to reap the benefits of power savings and sustainability of electricity supply for the potential increase of the economy in Eastern Cape Province.
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Eno, Venessa Asik Awo. "Private sector participation in renewable energy: a survey of listed companies in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015636.
Full textAbstract:
Although renewable energy technology has received much attention over recent years the depletion of known fossil fuel reserves and the volatility of international fuel prices require that society looks beyond the current coal-dominated electricity generation methods. Investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency is important to reduce the negative economic, social and environmental impacts of energy production and consumption in South Africa. Currently, renewable energy contributes relatively little to primary energy and even less to the consumption of commercial energy. The challenge of transforming entire economies is enormous, especially if a country is as fossil-fuel-based and emission-intensive as South Africa. However, as it is already facing climate change impacts in an increasingly carbon constrained world; South Africa must drastically reduce its greenhouse gas emission intensity soon. The South African electricity sector is a vital part of the economy and at the same time contributes most to the emission problem. Transforming this sector is therefore urgently needed. First steps have been taken to enhance energy efficiency and promote renewable energy, but they have failed to have any large-scale effects. The two major barriers to investments in renewable energy technologies are based in the South African energy innovation system and its inherent power structures and in the economics of renewable energy technologies. Subsequently the private sector will have to play a significant role in closing the human resources gap by providing funds and expertise. Furthermore, the creation of employment opportunities and actively promoting structural change in the economy are seen, especially in industrialized countries, as goals that support the promotion of renewable energy. Moreover, with more support and assistance from the government and partnership with the private sector will be of immense help to achieve renewable energy goals.
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Smith, Brendon Michael. "Motives behind the implementation of renewable energy sources in South African businesses." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7667.
Full textAbstract:
There are numerous advantages and disadvantages for companies to implement renewable energy in South Africa. The motives (drivers or challenges) behind the decision to implement renewable energy resources or not is what this research will be addressing. Economic and environmental motives were the major motives behind implementing renewable energy sources in literature. The main objective for this research was to identify and describe the motives and challenges of implementing renewable energy sources in SA businesses, aligning these with sustainability pillars. The data collection method that was used in this research was documentation analysis and questionnaires. The companies that were chosen for this research were sampled from Kwa-Zulu Natal. Results showed that economic motives were the main decisions for companies implementing renewable energy or not, although there were also significant environmental and social motives that businesses need to consider. This research has provided an understanding of the motives that can have a positive or negative impact on companies who want to install renewable energy for their business.
Books on the topic "Renewable energy sources – South Africa"
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Council, Human Sciences Research, ed. Cleaner energy, cooler climate: Developing sustainable energy solutions for South Africa. HSRC Press, 2009.
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Winkler, Harald. Cleaner energy, cooler climate: Developing sustainable energy solutions for South Africa. HSRC Press, 2009.
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Fakir, Saliem. Investigation: obstacles and barriers to renewable energy in South Africa: A study. Dept.: Environmental Affairs and Tourism, 2008.
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Dialogue, Institute for Global. Climate change and development: Towards an alternative energy future for southern Africa? : proceedings of the IGD/FES conference held in Tshwane/Pretoria, South Africa on 17-18 August 2009. Institute for Global Dialogue, 2009.
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Timothy, Ranja, African Energy Policy Research Network., and Stockholm Environment Institute (Stockholm, Sweden), eds. Renewable energy technologies in Africa. Zed Books, 1997.
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Karekezi, Stephen. Renewable energy technologies in Africa. Zed Books in association with African Energy Policy Research Network (AFREPREN) and the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), 1997.
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Marc, Wohlert, Woods Matt Joseph 1978-, World Future Council, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, and Friends of the Earth, eds. Powering Africa through feed-in tariffs. Renewable Energy Ventures (K) Ltd., 2013.
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Renewables Here and Now (2005 Edinburgh). Renewables here and now: South East Scotland : [conference] Thursday 27th January, 2005. [LEEP], 2005.
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Thokozani, Simelance, and Abdle-Rahman Mohamed, eds. Energy transition in Africa. Africa Institute of South Africa, 2011.
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ASSOCHAM--MNES, South Asia Conference on Renewable Energy (2006 New Delhi India). ASSOCHAM--MNES South Asia Conference on Renewable Energy: Cooperation in renewable energy technologies : April 18-19, 2006, New Delhi : backgrounder. ASSOCHAM, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Renewable energy sources – South Africa"
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Elliott, David, and Terence Cook. "Spreading Renewables South: Into Africa." In Renewable Energy. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74787-3_3.
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Fig, David. "Reluctant Embrace: South Africa and Renewable Energy." In Emerging Economies. Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2101-2_10.
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Hosseini, Seyed Vahid, Ali Izadi, Seyed Hossein Madani, Yong Chen, and Mahmoud Chizari. "Design Procedure of a Hybrid Renewable Power Generation System." In Springer Proceedings in Energy. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_20.
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AbstractElectrification of small communities in districted off-grid area remains as a challenge for power generation industries. In the current study, various aspects of design of a standalone renewable power plant are examined and implemented in a case study of a rural area in Cape Town, South Africa. Estimating required electricity based on local demand profile, investment, operability, and maintenance costs of different generation technologies are studied in order to investigate their potential in an off-grid clean energy generation system. Several configurations of hybridization of solar system, wind, and micro gas turbine in combination with a battery are investigated. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and number of days with more than 3 h black out are compared.
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Fossile, Dayla Karolina, Sergio E. Gouvea da Costa, and Edson Pinheiro de Lima. "Sustainable Measurement Model of Renewable Energy Sources: An Application in Port Located in the South Region of Brazil." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64399-7_7.
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Montmasson-Clair, Gaylor, and Reena das Nair. "South Africa’s renewable energy experience:." In Competition Law and Economic Regulation in Southern Africa. Wits University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18772/22017070909.14.
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Meier, Peter, Maria Vagliasindi, and Mudassar Imran. "Case Study: South Africa." In The Design and Sustainability of Renewable Energy Incentives: An Economic Analysis. The World Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0314-7_ch6.
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Tsangrassoulis, A., M. Santamouris, M. Wilson, and N. Klitsikas. "South oriented vertical surfaces as potential light sources under sunny conditions." In World Renewable Energy Congress VI. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008043865-8/50074-x.
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K. Overen, Ochuko, Edson L. Meyer, and Golden Makaka. "Towards Sustainable Rural Development in South Africa through Passive Solar Housing Design." In Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85997.
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Mthembi, Fumani. "Pele’s renewable energy packages for households and small businesses across Africa." In Breakthrough: Corporate South Africa in a Green Economy. Africa Institute of South Africa, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r23w.14.
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"Main findings on Renewable Energy Sources policies in Mediterranean Partner Countries." In Renewable Energies in the Middle East and North Africa. OECD, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264183704-17-en.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Renewable energy sources – South Africa"
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Longe, O. M., K. Ouahada, H. C. Ferreira, and S. Chinnappen. "Renewable Energy Sources microgrid design for rural area in South Africa." In 2014 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2014.6816378.
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Nene, Siphesihle, and Henrietta Nagy. "Legal regulations and policy barriers to development of renewable energy sources in South Africa." In 20th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2021.20.tf049.
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Adetunji, Kayode E., Ivan Hofsajer, Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz, and Ling Cheng. "Miscellaneous Energy Profile Management Scheme for Optimal Integration of Electric Vehicles in a Distribution Network Considering Renewable Energy Sources." In 2021 Southern African Universities Power Engineering Conference/Robotics and Mechatronics/Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/saupec/robmech/prasa52254.2021.9377012.
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Duyverman, Henk J., and Emma Msaky. "Shale Oil and Gas in East Africa (Esp.Tanzania) with New Ideas on Reserves and Possible Synergies with Renewables." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2603293-ms.
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Short Abstract Shale oil and gas in East Africa, with new ideas on reserves and possible synergies with renewables Shale oil and gas production have lately revolutionized the oil and gas industry as a real "game-changer", especially in the US. This has prompted many companies and governments to search for these unconventionals with successes in the UK, Poland and Argentina. These unconventionals do often occur onshore in places, where there is no conventional hydrocarbon production, thus enabling the local government or companies to have a new energy source, which is especially valid in Onshore East Africa. New drilling technologies, which combine shale and geothermal drilling/production, are now being developed. Now it is possible to drill/produce both unconventionals and geothermal from a single well.Gas and oil could be produced from the central pipe, and hot water from the outer tubing, thereby reducing development cost for both methods. In Tanzania a study was performed to look at unconventional oil and gas resources in sedimentary basins. A lot of data on Karoo geology, maturity, TOC's and volumetrics will be presented. In general, one needs a thick sedimentary basin with a lot of shales, good maturity and TOC values, and a fairly unfaulted basin to prevent seismicity when fracking. In East Africa and Southern Africa at large only the Karoo sediments of Permian/Triassic age are a suitable candidate for large shale oil/gas reserves. The possible large Karoo shale gas development in South Africa is a good example. A large heavy oilfield at surface in Madagascar proves an oil source in the Karoo. In S.Kenya and also on Pemba oil shows are known, with a unknown Pre-Jurassic source. Preliminary resource calculations in Tanzania indicate possible resources in place of 50-200 Tcf of gas for the Selous basin, comparable in size with the South-African Karoo Basin. The depth of the source rocks make gas the most likely hydrocarbon phase. One has to note that calculating unconventional resources is much more complicated than with conventional resources, since the adsorbed gas (or oil) needs to be calculated from core or log analyses. An onshore well could also text the synergies with geothermal drilling. Recently, TPDC in Tanzania has started a new evaluation, based on new mapping, rock analyses and maturity studies, into the shale oil and gas potential. Altogether, shale gas (or oil) could be an interesting incentive for onshore Tanzania and East Africa at large.
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Longe, O. M., L. Myeni, and K. Ouahada. "Renewable Energy Solution for Electricity Access in Rural South Africa." In 2019 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isc246665.2019.9071693.
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Xia, X., D. Setlhaolo, and J. Zhang. "Residential demand response strategies for South Africa." In 2012 IEEE Power & Energy Society Conference and Exposition in Africa: Intelligent Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Resources (PowerAfrica 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/powerafrica.2012.6498654.
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Mulaudzi, Silas K., and Steve Bull. "An assessment of the potential of solar photovoltaic (PV) application in South Africa." In 2016 7th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irec.2016.7478917.
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Guaita-Pradas, Inmaculada, Inmaculada Marques Perez, and Bernabe Mari Soucase. "Economical and financial study of photovoltaic energy production in Africa: Case of Morocco, Côte d'Ivoire and South Africa." In 2015 3rd International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irsec.2015.7455147.
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Nhamo, G., and S. Y. Ho. "Renewable energy policy landscape in South Africa: moving towards a low carbon economy." In Energy and Sustainability 2011. WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/esus110231.
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Bello, Mobolaji, Clinton Carter-Brown, Riaan Smit, and Innocent E. Davidson. "Power Planning for renewable energy grid integration - Case Study of South Africa." In 2013 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesmg.2013.6672904.
Full textReports on the topic "Renewable energy sources – South Africa"
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Shickman, Kurt. Accelerating the deployment of energy efficient and renewable energy technologies in South Africa. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1409037.
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